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VETERINARY 



Materia Medica 



AND 



THERAPEUTICS 



BY 
Kenelm Winslow, M.D.; M.D.V.; B.A.S. (Harv.) 

FORMERLY INSTRUCTOR IN ZOOLOGY, BUSSEY (AGRICULTURAL) INSTITUTB 

AND ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF THERAPEUTICS, VETERINARY 

SCHOOL (BOTH) OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY 



SIXTH EDITION, REVISED AND ENLARGED 




New York 
WILLIAM E. JENKINS CO. 

publishers 
851-853 Sixth Avenue 



1908 






UBHARY of CWNGKEfiS' 
1 wu OoDies' rtBtmvofl 

SEP 9 ly'^a 



Copyright, 1901, 1905 

By William R. Jenkins 

Copyright,* 1907, 1908, by William R. Jenkins Co. 



[Registered at Stationers' Hall, London] 
Printed in the United Stat cti of America 



printed by the 

Press of William R. Jenkins Co. 

New York 



PREFACE TO THE SIXTH EDITION 



In this edition the chief change consists in the entire 
revision and almost complete rewriting ot tnat part ot the 
text treating of Physiological Action of Prugs. This is 
required by the many elaborate investigations of the newer 
school of pharmacologists, of which Prof. Arthur B. Cushny 
is the foremost English exponent. 

Our conception of the action of many of the inorganic 
agents — of the salts especially — has undergone a radical 
transformation owing to the fact that we now know that the 
salts are usually for the most part dissociated into electric 
positive and negative elements (ions), in the weak solutions 
present in the tissues, and that they thus form chemical 
combinations to which their pharmacological action is due. 
The action of a salt, then, is commonly that of its ions, and 
not that of its molecules or atoms. 

Among the revolutionary results of recent pharmaco- 
logical experiments, to which we would call special atten- 
tion in this revision, are those pertaining to the action of 
alcohol, ether and chloroform. Furthermore, readers will 
note the many additions to and changes in the physiological 
sections under iron, iodine, opium, caffeine, strychnine, 
pilocarpine, digitalis, veratrine, quinine and adrenalin. 
Also in the articles on Feeding and Counter-irritants. 

The wonderful experiments of Pawlow and others have 
upset the hitherto accepted teachings of the action of drugs 



PREFACE TO SIXTH EDITION 

on the digestive organs and have wiped out the class of 
drugs known as chohigogues. 

Finally, many therapeutic additions (see p. 752 et seq.) 
have been made in the constant endeavor of author and 
publisher to keep the book up to date. 

Kenelm Winslow. 

August, 1908. 



PREFACE TO THE FIFTH EDITION. 



lu accordance with the hitherto expressed desire of the 
author and publisher to keep this work at its highest point 
of efficiency, it has seemed necessary to again present a 
new and revised edition — the fourth edition of 1906 being 
exhausted. 

In the present revision the most notable feature is the 
substitution of a section on Condensed Treatment of Dis- 
eases of the Domestic Animals for the Index of Diseases 
and Remedial Measures, at the end of the book. In the 
preparation of this matter, very considerable time and 
pains have been taken to render this section a reflection and 
epitome of all that is most modern and progressive in veteri- 
nary therapeutics. 

Special indications for treatment, including drugs and 
therapeutic agents other than drugs, in the different phases 
and stages of all the important diseases of the domestic 
animals, are to be found. These diseases embrace not only 
medical and surgical disorders, but those of the EYE, SKIN 
and EAR. If the attempt has been in any degree successful, 
this new addition to the book should prove one of its most 
valuable features both to practitioners and students. 

Moreover, many changes have been made in the text 
in consonance with recent advances in our knowledge of the 
action of drugs. 

Kenelm Winslow. 



PREFACE TO FOURTH EDITION 



In the preparation of the fourth edition of this work, 
very considerable revision was made necessary on account 
of the many changes made in the eighth decennial revision 
of the United States Pharmacopoeia of September, 1905. 

To what an extent revision was required will be realized 
when it is known that there have been 123 additions, 106 
changes in the strength of preparations, and 139 changes in 
the official title of drugs in the new Pharmacopoeia. 

Thus the doses of many preparations have suffered the 
most radical change ; e.g., the dose of tincture of aconite is 
three times what it formerly was, and that of the tincture of 
strophanthus is but half the former dose. Some of the most 
familiar of our old friends are scarcely recognizable by their 
new names, e. g., Acetphenetidum (phenacetin), Arseni Tri- 
oxidum (acidum arsenosum), Phenol (acidum carbolicum), 
Spiritus Glycerylis Nitratis (Spiritus Glonoini), etc. All 
Extracta Fluida have been changed. Thus no longer we 
ivrite Extracti Nucis Vomicae Fluidi, but Fluidextracti Nucis 
Vomicae. The official names of many salts are altered : 
Tiydro chlorate into hydrochloride ; hydrobromate into 
hydrobromide ; and valerianate into valerate ; with cor- 
responding changes in the Latin terminations. While some 
of the changes in the new Pharmacopoeia do not affect vet- 
erinarians, yet professional prudence and pride demand 
that the veterinary practitioner conform to many of them to 
avoid mistakes in dosage and nomenclature. 



PREFACE TO FOURTH EDITION 

111 revising the General Index it was decided to 
make it a prououncing vocabulary. That a professional 
knowledge of the proper pronunciation of drugs and terms 
of pharmacology is deplorably absent will be appreciated 
the moment attention is directed to the matter. So many 
teachers disregard the subject, it follows that every practi- 
tioner has a pronunciation of his own — each equally 
incorrect. * 

Notwithstanding the short time which has elapsed since 
the last edition of this book, a number of additions have 
been made to keep it abreast of the times. Since the work 
has become the recognized authority in Veterinary Materia 
Medica and Therapeutics, and is the standard text-book on 
the subject in the veterinary colleges of the United States, 
the author and publisher feel it their duty to constantly 
revise its pages in order to hold the book up to that stand- 
ard which it has hitherto attained. 

Kenelm "Winslgw. 

August, 1906. 



PKEFACE TO FIRST EDITION. 



The writer wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to 
the works of Brunton, Wood, Hare, Edes, Ringer, Bar- 
tholow, White and Mann, in human medicine ; and to those 
of the following veterinary writers : Finlay Dun, Fried- 
berger and Frohner, Bllenberger, Koch, Cagny, Muller; 
and to the leading veterinary periodicals. 

The matter on " properties," " description," and, in 
many cases, " derivation," is according to the U. S. Phar- 
macopoeia, while the important preparations of both the 
U.S. and British Pharmacopoeias are included. The classi- 
fication and arrangement of drugs employed in this book 
are modifications of those adopted by W, Hale White in his 
excellent treatise on Materia Medica, Pharmacology and 
Therapeutics. 

Kenelm Winslow. 



CONTENTS. 



Peeliminary Considerations i 

Definitions 1 

Mode of Action of Drugs 2 

Absorption of Drugs 3 

Elimination of Drugs 4 

Circumstances Modifying the Action of Drugs 6 

Mode of Administration 6 

Dosage 10 

Anatomy and Physiology 11 

Time of Administration 13 

Habit 14 

Disease , 14 

Idiosyncrasy T. 14 

Osneral Actions of Drugs 15 

Drugs Acting on the Digestive Organs 15 

" " Circulation 33 

" " " Nervous System 38 

" " " Respiratory Organs 46 

*' " " Urinary Organs 52 

*' " " Sexual Organs 56 

*' Influencing Metabolism 59 

. " " Bodily Heat 60 

" Acting on the Skin 62 

Pharmacy , 70 

Incompatibility 83 

Prescription Writinq , 86 

Classification 113 



Vlll CONTENTS 

Inorganic Agents = Hi 

Vegetable Drugs 351 

Dose Table 661 

General Therapeutic Measures. 679 

Food and Feeding „ 679 

Counter-irritants = 696 

Cold and Heat 704 

Disinfectants, Antiseptics and Deodorants 718 

Venesection 728 

Transfusion 732 

Intravenous Saline Infusions. 732 

Hypodermoclysis 735 

Enteroclysis » „ 736 

Kunsel's Treatment for Milk Fever in Cows 737 

Lavage ,....<, , , 739 

Serum Therapy. , ,' 741 

Toxins. „.... 747 

Vaccines ^ 750 

General Vaccine Tlierapy ' 753 

Epitome of Modern Treatment op Diseases op the Domestic 

Animals 759 

CteNERAL Index 837 



PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS. 



Definitions. 

Pharmacology is deiived from the Greek, Pharmakos, 
a, drug, and is the sum of all exact knowledge pertaining to 
»irugs, and therefore embraces Materia Medica, Therapeu- 
tics, and Pharmacy. 

Materia Medica, derived from two Latin words signi- 
iying medical materials, treats of the derivation, natural 
history, physical and chemical properties, physiological 
actions, doses, and tests of purity of drugs. A special term 
sometimes used to describe the physical and chemical 
properties of drugs' is Pharmacognosy, while Pharmaco- 
dynamics refers to the action of drugs on healthy animals. 

Therapeutics, derived from the Greek, Therapevo, mean- 
ing to serve or attend the sick, is that branch of knowledge 
which treats of the application of all means — medicinal 
or otherwise — to the cure of disease or relief of pain. The 
term has been further subdivided as follows: Mationcd 
Therapeutics, which treats of the application of drugs as 
founded on their physiological actions; Empirical Thera- 
peutics, the use of drugs as based on clinical evidence; and 
General Thei-apeufics, the use of remedial agents other than 
drugs, e.g., Heat, Cold, Electricity, Food, etc. 

Pharmacy is the art of preparing, compounding, dis- 
pensing and preserving drugs. 

Toxicology, derived from the Greek, Toxikon, a poison, is 
that branch of knowledge which treats of the nature, actions, 
detection and treatment of poisons. 

A medicine is an agent of animal, vegetable or mineral 
origin used for the cure of disease or relief of pain. The 
word cure, signifies literally to care for, from the Latin 



2 PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS 

Curo, aud did not in its original sense mean to restore to 
liealtli, although that is its present interpretation. 

A Drug, dei-ived from the Dutch, Droog, meaning dry, 
is now used synonymously with medicine, although oi'igin- 
ally referring to an herb or dried medicinal plant. 

Mode of Action of Drugs. 

Driigs act locally when they influence a part with which 
they come in contact, and also when they affect one organ 
or apparatus after absorption. The first meaning is the 
usual one. 

Drugs act generally when they impress the body as a 
whole after absorption. Drugs applied to the unbroken 
skin usually act locally because they are commonly unab- 
sorbed ; also when drugs, insoluble in the digestive tract 
(as charcoal and chalk), are given internally they act locally 
for the same reason. The local action of drugs after ab- 
sorption is sometimes known as selective action, i.e., the power 
tbat most drugs possess to influence one organ or apparatus 
rather than the whole system. Oftentimes this local action, 
in the case of secreting glands, is accomplished through 
stimulation of these parts during elimination of the drug. 
Occasionally a medicine acts both on the part with which 
it comes in contact and also through the circulation ; e.g..^ 
tartar emetic causes emesis by local stimulation of the 
stomach and by stimulation of the vomiting centre after 
absorption. Furthermore, remedies are said to exert a 
primary (or immediate) and secondary (or remote) action. 

The secondary effect is the result of the primary action; 
e.g., a saline cathartic primarily removes serous fluid from 
the bowels and secondarily or remotely leads to absorption 
of serous exudations ; a counter-irritant primarily produces 
irritation of the skin and sensory nerve-endings, but second- 
arily relieves internal congestion by inducing reflex contrac- 
tion of the subjacent blood vessels. Most drugs are absorbed 
into the blood after their ingestion aud exert their action on 
■various parts of the body through the medium of the ner- 



ABSORPTION OF DRUGS 6 

vous system. Some drugs, however, may directly influence 
muscular tissue, as is seen in the supposed action of digitalis 
on the nerve-free heart's apex; while others may imme- 
diately act on the cells of an organ, as pilocarpine on 
the sweat glands. As in the latter instance, it is usually im- 
possible to determine whether medicines affect the cells 
of an organ or nerve-endings in the organ. The action of 
most vegetable drugs is thought to arise from the chemical 
affinity of their active principles for the part or parts acted 
upon. 

Thus the selective action of strychnine depends upon its 
forming a chemical compound with the protoplasm of the 
cells of the spinal cord. The action of many of the inorganic 
salts on the body is due to their physical properties, as dif- 
fusion and osmosis (see " salt action " under sodium chlo- 
ride, and action of sodium sulphate on bowels). Also the 
action of most salts is owing to their being in great part 
dissociated in the weak solutions found in the tissues into 
electrically positive (kation) and negative (anion) ions. 
The action of a salt is then usually the action of its ions and 
not of its molecule. Neither does the action of an ion repre- 
sent the chemical action of the atom, as when KCl is disso- 
ciated into a positive K ion and a negative CI ion. The 
action of the ion is a physical or electrical action. Some- 
times one ion is inert, as the CI ion in KCl. Sometimes one 
is inert and the other very toxic, as in KCIST, where the posi- 
tive or K ion is practically without action (see action of 
ions under " Special Salts "). 

N^o hypothesis can be formulated which will satisfac- 
torily account for the curative action of all medicines in all 
diseases and systems of medicine, as allopathy and homoeo- 
pathy, founded on such hypotheses, are valueless. 

Absorption of Drugs. 

Drugs are absorbed most rapidly in solution (especially 
in alcohol) and when the circulation is active. Absorption 
from the digestive tract is poor when the circulation is de- 
pressed or in congested states ; also from the subcutaneous 
tissues in similar conditions, more particularly in cedema 



4: PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS 

of these parts. Absorption from the stomach and bowels of 
healthy animals is chiefly influenced by the quantity of food 
in them. When these organs are emptj'', absorption is 
rapid ; but when full, it is slow. For this reason absorption 
is markedly tardy and imperfect in ruminants. In these 
raiimals there is a comppratively impervious skin-like 
mucous membrane and lack of vascularity in the f -st three 
gastric compartments; while a large amount of food is 
always to be found in the first and third stomachs; all of 
which tends to delay absorption and lessen the action of 
medicines given by the mouth. 

If drugs are irritating, they should be given to animals 
on the food, or after feeding, in order that they be sufficiently 
diluted. 

Elimination of Drugs. 

A drug is as much outside the bodv when within the 
digestive tube — so far as any action it may have on the body 
(unless an irritant) — as if it were on the skin. When ab- 
sorbed, a medicine passes into the blood vessels or lymphat- 
ics and thence into the general circulation. That portion 
which enters the portal circulation reaches the liver and 
may be destroyed in part (some alkaloids) by this organ. 
After entering the blood the drug may form unknown com- 
binations with the tissues for which it has an affinity — 
thereby exerting its remedial effect — and is decomposed or 
rarely accumulates in the body, but usually is eliminated 
either unchanged or as decomj^osition-products in the brcatn, 
or by the excretions or secretions of the kidneys, bowels, 
liver, sudoriparous, salivary and mammary glands, and 
mucous membranes. The urine is the most frequent channel 
of elimination for soluble drugs. The bowels constitute the 
next more common pathway of elimination. Volatile drugs 
(chloroform, ether) are eliminated very rapidly, usually in 
the breath. If a drug is eliminated slowly the duration of its 
action is correspondingly long, and vice versa. This fact will 
guide us in the frequency of administration of medicines, 
since if a drug which is tardily eliminated be given at fre- 
quent intervals it may be absorbed faster than it is excreted 



^ 



ELIMINATION OF DRUGS 5 

and so accumulate in the body and cause poisoning. The so- 
called Cumulative Action of a drug refers to the occurrence 
of a sudden and violent effect during its medicinal adminis- 
tration. This may be due, (1) to delayed followed by rapid 
absorption; or (2) to slow — or sudden arrest of — elimina- 
tion. The salts of the heavy metals, as lead, mercury, etc., 
and arsenical preparations are eliminated slowly. Digitalis 
and strychnine are said to be especially prone to produce a 
cumulative action. Strychnine m>ay, however, be given sub- 
eutaneously in gradually increasing doses without the likeli- 
hood of poisoning. Digitalis may cause a cumulative effect in 
being slowly oxidized in the body or in leading to contrac- 
tion of the renal vessels and suppression of urine-elimination. 
The drugs likely to cause a cumulative action must be ad- 
ministered infrequently, once, twice, or thrice daily ; whereas 
medicines which are rapidly decomposed and eliminated 
(alcohol, nitrites, etc.) may be given at very frequent inter- 
vals if desirable. The term excretion is often used synony- 
mously with elimination, but, strictly speaking, a drug is not 
eliminated unless it has been first absorbed. On the other 
hand, an insoluble drug passing unabsorbed through the ali- 
mentary canal is said properly to be excreted in the faeces. 



CIRCUMSTANCES MODIFYING THE ACTION 
OF DRUGS. 



Mode of Administration. 

* 

The following table gives the various methods of ad- 
ministering drugs in order of their rapidity of absorption, 
beginning with the jnethod by which absorption is most 
rapid, and following with those by which absorption is less 
and finally least rapid : 

1. Intravenous, by injection into the veins. 

2. By inhalation (volatile drugs). 

3. Subcutaneous, by injection into subcutaneous tissue. 

4. Intratracheal, by injection into the trachea. 

5. Oral, by the mouth. 

6. Rectal, by the rectum. 

7. Inunction, by the skin. 

1. Injection into the veins (usually into the jugu- 
lar) is not so commonly practiced as the subcutaneous 
method, as there is a certain minute danger of inducing 
])hlebitis, embolism and thrombosis. The danger is more 
theoretical than real, however, as we have frequently thrown 
from 5 3 (150 cc.) to 6^ 3 (200 cc.) of fluid extract of can- 
nabis indica into the jugular, and even chloral hydrate, 
a most irritating and caustic drug, in the dose of 1 3 
(30.) dissolved in 8 3 (240 cc.) of water, without producing 
any uutoward symptoms. No method of administration can 
secure more rapid absorption, since intravenous injection is 
absorption. This has constituted one of the theoretical 
objections to the method, that the sudden entrance of a 
drug might create shock. Injection into the jugular is 
useful when very rapid and effective action is imperative, 
as in causing immediate catharsis in colic and intestinal 



MODE OF ADMINISTRATION 7 

obstruction of horses. In such cases barium chloride and 
oserine sulphate are employed intravenously. The jugu- 
lar is occluded with the hand and the injection is made 
with the same care described below in reference to the 
subcutaneous method. The intravenous use of hot normal 
salt solution is frequently valuable in hemorrhage, shock 
and poisoning (see p. 733). 

2. Volatile drugs are absorbed with great rapidity and 
effect owing to the enormous vascular surface of the lungs 
in contact with the inhaled vapor. Ether, chloroform, 
ammonia and amyl-nitrite are given by this method. In- 
halation of medicated steam and sprays, used mainly for 
their local action on the respiratory tract, are also absorbed 
to some extent by the bronchial mucous membrane and 
lungs. This is a convenient and effective mode of applying 
local medication to horses in inflammatory troubles of the 
upper air passages, including the bronchial tubes, and in 
many cases may effect a cure without the use of internal 
remedies. 

3. Subcutaneous or hypodermatic injection is suitable 
for soluble, non-irritating drugs of small bulk, when a sure 
and rapid action is desired. The medicinal solution should 
be free from solid particles and microorganisms. If the 
solution is not clean, or is irritating, abscess may occur. 
The syringe and needle must also be absolutely clean. 
Solutions made by droj^ping tablets in pure drinking water 
will rarely cause abscess, and the syringe may be made 
aseptic by filling it with alcohol (70 per cent.) and wiping 
the needle with the same, previous to their employment. 
Solutions may be preserved for hypodermatic use with boric 
acid (1 per cent.), but soluble tablets are more convenient. 

In practising this method the hair should be removed 
from the seat of injection — preferably the thin skin under- 
laid by connective tissue behind the elbow or on the abdo- 
men — and the part washed ; then a loose fold of skin is 
picked up and held firmly between the thumb and forefinger 
of the left hand, while the needle is thrust under the skin, 



8 CIRCUMSTANCES MODIFYING THE ACTION OF DRUGS 

but not into a vein. The syringe is slowly emptied and 
the needle withdrawn, keeping slight pressure over the 
point of injection with the thumb for a few seconds. The 
use of irritating drugs — permissible in emergencies — as 
fluid extract of ergot, tincture of digitalis, ether and 
ammonia, is less apt to be followed by abscess if injected 
deeply into the muscular substance, but this method causes 
more pain than ordinar;^ injections. To avoid getting air 
in the veins, all the air is removed from the syringe before 
using, by holding it, needle upwards, and pushing in the 
plunger till a few drops of the solution are forced out of the 
needle. The danger of introducing air into the blood stream 
is greatly exaggerated, however, as the writer has proved by 
forcing vast quantities of air into the jugular vein of a horse 
without producing any untoward symptoms. The proper 
quantity of a solution for subcutaneous use is 5-30 minims 
for dogs ; 1-2 drachms for horses, although large amounts 
of salt solution may be injected into the subcutaneous tissue 
or muscles (hypodermoclysis) with great benefit in haemor- 
rhage, etc. See p. 735.) 

The minimum doses of drugs should be employed by 
the subcutaneous method. 

INDICATIONS FOR SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTION. 

(a) To secure a rapid action, as in relieving intense pain or motor 
excitement ; and to svipport a failing heart, respiration and vascular 
tone in severe operations, anaesthesia, or other poisoning. 

(b) When administration of drugs by the mouth is inadvisable or 
impossible, as in unconsciousness, dysphagia, convulsions or vomiting. 

(c) When a local as vi^ell as general action is beneficial, e.g., the 
use of strychnin in roaring and other local paralyses ; atropin in local 
muscular spasms ; veratrin in muscular rheumatism. 

4. Intratracheal injection is a strictly veterinary pro- 
cedure. The skin is incised aseptically with a sharp scalpel 
midway in the neck, and a stout needle (attached to a syringe) 
is thrust b tween the rings into the trachea. Larger quan- 
tities [H. ( 3 i.-ii.) (30.-60.)] and more irritating drugs are 
given in this way than by the subcutaneous method, and 
absorption is about as rapid ; the dose is the same. There 



MODE OF ADMINISTRATION 9 

is undoubtedly dauger, however, in giving irritant drugs by 
this method, especially chloral, and several cases of foreign- 
body pneumonia have come under our notice as the result 
of this mode of administration. It is the best method of 
benumbing or killing the parasites {S.^filaria and micrurus) 
infesting the trachea and bronchi, and has been employed 
to influence the mucous membrane of the larynx and trachea 
in certain inflammatory conditions. 

5. Drugs are usually given by the mouth and are absorbed 
from the stomach and intestines. Many non-irritating and 
not unpleasant drugs are taken voluntarily in the food, 
gruel, milk or drinking water by animals. Cats and dogs 
will often swallow medicine enclosed in a piece of meat. 
Absorption is more tardy than by the subcutaneous method, 
more rapid when given in solution into an empty stomach ; 
slower when administered in powder, pill or ball, and on a 
full stomach. Some drugs are probably absorbed from the 
stomach, only to be destroyed or stored in the liver (alka- 
loids and lipavy metals), and do not enter the general 
circulation at alL 

When drugs are administered for their local action 
on the stomach, in catarrh or ulcer, they should be given 
half hour to an hour before feeding; if given for their action 
in or on the intestines, they should be administered two or 
three hours after meals. 

6. Rectal injections of medicines (enemata or clysters) are 
practised when the use of drugs by the mouth is inadvis- 
able or impossible, as in uncousciousness, dysphagia, con- 
vulsions ; also to destroy parasites (oxyurides) in the rectum, 
to influence au inflamed or ulcerated rectal mucous mem- 
brane, and to remove intestinal contents (oil and glycerin). 

The dose of drugs by this method is generally twice 
that by the mouth, and absorption is slower and more im- 
perfect. The drug should be non-irritating, soluble, and not 
too balky, since a small amount is necessary (3 i-- 5 i- dogs ; 
5 ii.- 3 viii. horses); to avoid tenesmus and expulsion. Warm 
starch solution (made by boiling) or linseed tea with a little 
laudanum is a good vehicle for medicinal enemata, and re- 



10 CIRCUMSTANCES tlODIFYIXG THE ACTION OF DRUGS 

tentiou of eneraata is facilitated by pressure on the anus 
witli a towel for some minutes after tlie injection is given. 

Solids are sometimes employed by rectum in supposi- 
torir^^. For general uses of enemata, see p. 30. 

7. Drugs are absorbed very slightly by the skin, and then 
only when rubbed very vigorously into the epidermis (in- 
unction) with lanolin, fat or oil of some kind. Mercury, 
silver and iodine are most commonly employed for absorp- 
tion, but drugs are usually applied externally for their local 
action only and not to influence the general S5'stem through 
the blood. 

Dosag-e. 

The study of dosage is known as Posology. The action 
of drugs is altered both in degree and in kind by the dose. 
Thus, increasing the dose would naturally lead to an in- 
crease in the intensity of a drug's action, but it frequently 
changes the entire character of the action as well. 

Drugs, as strychnine, acting especially on the ner- 
vous system, often excite in therapeutic doses, but de- 
press and paralyze in toxic doses. Drugs, as digitalis, 
stimulating the heart in medicinal doses, usually depress 
and paralyze the organ in poisonous doses. Many drugs 
promoting urinary secretion, in ordinary doses, cause inflam- 
mation and urinary suppression in large doses. The best 
way to determine the dose of a drug is to estimate the 
amount required for each pound of live weight. This only 
applies to the same species and to animals of ordinary 
build. Fat is a comparatively inert tissue as far as the 
action of drugs is concerned, so that a very fat horse, 
weighing, for example, 1,200 pounds, would be affected 
in a more pronounced manner by a dose of medicine 
than would a lean horse of the same Weight and taking 
the same dose. In the case of young animals, and of 
those either above or under the ordinary size of the 
adult of any species, the dose should be proportioned — ac- 
cording to weight — to the average dose for the adult animal 
of that species. Thus, if the average weight of a horse is 
1,000 pounds, the dose of any drug for a colt weighing 



ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 11 

500 pounds would be half the usual dose for adult horses. 
In a general way the dose for all animals from birth to a 
few weeks old, is one -twentieth of that suitable for the 
mature animal of the same species ; for yearlings, about oue- 
third of the adult dose. The dose recommended for dogs 
is commonly the same as that given to man, but this rule 
does not apply in the case of some powerful drugs (strych- 
nine), where the dose should be adjusted to the weight, i.e., 
so much per pound, live weight. 

It is impossible to calculate the dose for all domestic 
animals as based on that for animals of one species, be- 
cause the differences in anatomy and physiology modify the 
actions of drugs in degree and kind, but the dose for sheep 
is about one-fourth of that for the laiger ruminants. 

The repetition of a dose is determined to a consider- 
able extent by the duration and rapidity of a drug's action. 
Agents used for their immediate effect, as those relieving 
pain and stimulating the circulation and respiration, are 
repeated frequently till the desired effect is attained. 
Medicines improving the condition of the digestion, blood 
and nutrition, as tonics of various kinds, require time for 
the accomplishment of their mission, and are usually given 
two or three times daily for a period of some weeks. 

Anatomy and Physiology, 

Certain differences in the action of medicines may be 
observed as occurring in the various species of animals, and 
in animals as contrasted in this respect with man. 

ACTION OF DRUGS ON ANIMALS AS COMPARED WITH THAT ON MAN. 

From a comparative standpoint the action of drugs on 
the nervous system of animals differs from that on man. 
This follows according to the "law of dissolution," which 
teaches that the more highly developed a part of the ner- 
vous system is in the evolutionary scale, the more sensitive 
is it to the influence of drugs. Since the cerebrum of man 
is relatively larger and more highly developed, in propor- 



12 CIRCUMSTANCES MODIFYING THE ACTION OF DRUGS 

tion to his weight, than is the case in animals, and since the 
spinal cord is larger and more highly developed in pro- 
portion to the brain in animals, it happens that drugs 
impressing the nervous system exert less effect on the brain, 
and more on the spinal cord, of animals than they do in mau. 
Thus opium is more powerful in its influence on the 
brain of man, and strychnin is moi'e potent iu its action on 
the spinal cord of animajs. Drugs are not absorbed so 
rapidly or perfectly in the enormous digestive apparatus of 
ruminants as in man; neither do emetics act in these animals, 
nor in horses; while in none of the lower animals are agents 
causing sweating so efficient as in man. 

ACTION OF DRUGS ON HORSES AS COMPARED WITH THAT ON OTHER 

ANIMALS. 

Differences exist relative to the action of drugs on the 
horse, as compared with other animals, chiefly in respect 
to the digestive apparatus. Emetics do not act on the horse, 
as this animal does not vomit unless the stomach is greatly 
distended with gas, which causes dilatation of the cardiac 
outlet. Moreov-er, the stomach is too bmall to be success- 
fully compressed by the abdominal walls, and the great 
)ength of the oesophagus between the stomach and dia- 
phragm, together with the horseshoe-like baud of fibres at 
its cardiac extremity, prevent the regurgitation of food. The 
intestines of the horse, on the other hand, are as volum- 
inous as the stomach is small, and therefore are powerfully 
influenced by irritants (as purgatives), although the action 
of cathartics is slow. The bowels of horses excrete vastly 
more of the fluid ingested than is the case in man or dogs 
— whose kidneys chiefly assume this function — and these 
latter organs are said to eliminate about 15 per cent, of the 
fluid ingesta in the former animals, as against 50 per cent, 
in man and dogs. 

ACTION OF DRUGS ON RUMINANTS AS COMPARED WITH THAT ON 
OTHER ANIMALS. 

The capacious four-fold stomach of ruminants always 



TIME OF ADMINISTRATION 13 

contains large amounts of food in the rumen and abomasum, 
while the impervious, poorly vascular and skin-like gastric 
mucous membrane renders absorption feeble and imperfect 
and enforces a comparatively larger dosage than is proper 
for horses of greater weight. Ruminants are also generally 
insusceptible to emetics. The skin and kidneys of rumi- 
nants are still less active than is the case in horses. 

ACTION OF DRUGS ON DOGS AND PIGS AS COMPARED WITH THAT ON 
OTHER ANIMALS. 

The action of medicine on dogs and pigs is similar in 
kind to that observed in man, but the former animals are less 
sensitive to drugs as a rule, since the dose suitable for a 
man weighing 150 pounds is appropriate for a dog of 40 
pounds weight. As exceptions to this rule, we find that dogs 
will not bear the human dose of calomel, oil of turpentine, 
or strychnine. Tn fact, the ordinary tonic dose of strych- 
nine (gr. -g^o) for man will throw a medium-sized dog into 
convulsions, and may kill a small animal, notwithstand- 
ing that this amount is recommended as a suitable canine 
dose in veterinary text books. 

Contrariwise, the dog is comparatively insensitive to 
many drugs powerfully influencing man, — notably aloes, 
colocynth and rhubarb. Most cathartics act more quickly 
on dogs than is the case with the other domestic animals, 
but saline purgatives are less appropriate in often causing 
vomiting, and because of their bulk. 

Time of Administration. 

This matter has been alluded to in speaking of the 
absorption of drugs. Medicines readily undergoing decom- 
position in the presence of other substances, as iodine and 
hydriodic acid, should be given on an empty stomach ; and 
likewise all drugs, when a speedy action is desired. Irrit- 
ants should be administered on a full stomach. 



14 CIRCUMSTANCES MODIFYING THE ACTION OF DRUGS 

JJtJiif.—Tlnfi circumstance does not Lave the same import- 
ance in veterinary medicine which it possesses in humau 
practice, since we control drug habits in animals. Animals 
usually become less susceptible to the action of drugs 
on their repetition, e.g., opium and cathartics. This rule 
does not hold in the case of drugs having a cumulative 
action, nor in the repeated use of irritants on the skin, for 
then their action is strongly intensified. 

Disease. — The action of drugs is profoundly influenced 
by disease. It is only possible to enumerate a few exam- 
ples. Pain is almost an antidote to opium, and large re- 
peated doses of the drug, previously innocuous, may, on the 
sudden cessation of pain, induce poisoning. Opium is also 
borne in enormous doses in peritonitis. Inflammation and 
congestion of the digestive organs hinders the absorption of 
all medicines. A congested condition of the alimentary 
canal, and even of the respiralcny tract in horses, contra- 
indicate the use of strong purgatives in these animals, 
since superpurgation may occur. A high temperature alters 
the action of many drugs. 

Opium is not so efficient as an analgesic in fevers, while 
antipyretics will not lower the temperature in healtl;. 
Stimulants are not nearly so potent in depressed bodily 
conditions, and counter-irritants will not produce their 
characteristic actions on the skin when the circulatory 
functions are at a low ebb. 

Idiosyncrasy. — Individual susceptibility to drugs is 
infrequent, but unfortunately cannot be anticipated. The 
writer has seen simple zinc oxide (free from adulteration or 
impurities) cause a frenzy of irritation when rubbed on a 
dog's skin, and a small dose of tartar emetic cause violent 
vomiting in a cow. Some animals are very susceptible to 
counter-irritants. Well-bred animals are commonly more 
responsive to drugs than others. 



GENERAL ACTIONS OF DRUGS. 



Drugs Acting on the Digestive Organs. 

Sialagogues are agents increasing the secretion of saliva. 
Antisialagogues are agents diminishing salivary secretion. 
Among the sources of saliva — the parotid, sublingual and 
submaxillary glands — the latter have received most study. 
The chorda tympani, with its centre in the medulla, is one of 
the two nerves supplying the submaxillary gland. It con- 
tains two sets of fibres, the secretory and vasodilator. 
Hence stimulation of this nerve, or its centre, whether im- 
mediately or reflexly, leads, by means of its vasodilator 
fibres, to dilatation of the blood vessels and enhanced vascu- 
larity of the gland, and so indirectly to greater secretion ; 
while, through excitation of the secretory fibres, the proto- 
plasnj of the glandular cells is influenced and secretion 
directly increased. 

Reflexly the gland is stimulated by drugs exciting the 
peripheral terminations of the gustatory (lingual branch of 
the fifth nerve) and glossopharangeal nerves in the mouth; 
the vagus endings in the stomach ; by agencies sending 
pleasurable impressions to the brain through the medium of 
the eyes or nose ; or by stimulation of other sensory nerves. 
The submaxillary gland is also supplied by a branch of the 
cervical sympathetic accompanying the submaxillary arter- 
ies. Stimulation of this nerve, or its centre, causes vascular 
constriction in the gland and inhibition of secretion. 

Sialagogues are often classed under three heads. 1st, 
Specific sialagogues, acting directly on the mechanism con- 
cerned with secretion, I.e., the gland cells, or nervous appara- 
tus. Pilocarpine is the best example of the specific class. 
It stimulates the gland cell or peripheral nerve endings. 
2ud, litfiex sialagogues, exciting sensory nerve terminations 

15 



16 GENEIUL ACIION OF DKUGS 

and indirectly or reflexlj stimulating the nervous mechan- 
ism controlling secretion. As examples of this class, may be 
mentioned alkalies, acids, emetics, and other agents stimu- 
lating the mucous membrane of the mouth and stomach. 
SLrd, Mixed sialagogiies, acting both specifically and reflexly. 
Physostigmine, nicotine or tobacco and mercury prepara- 
tions may be included in this category. 

Antisialagogv^s. — These drugs may act in various ways to 
lessen salivary secretion, but atropine is most notable in this 
regard. It acts by depressing the peripheral endings of the 
secretory nerves. 

Uses. — Sialagogues are not of much therapeutic value. 
Some are added to the drinking water given to animals suf- 
fering from fever, to relieve dryness of the mouth and thirst. 
They are then called refrigerants ; as, for example, potas- 
sium nitrate, diluted phosphoric and other acids. The 
sialagogues are sometirups employed to stimulate the 
mucous membrane of the pharynx in sore throat and relaxed 
conditions ; as, for example, potassium chlorate in electuary 
for horses. 

Excessive salivation produced by mercury salts or pilo- 
carpine is relieved by an autisialagogue, i.e., atropine. 

Stomachics are drugs which, in therapeutic doses, mildly 
stimulate the mucous membrane of the mouth and stomach, 
thereby increasing the secretions and vascularity of these 
parts, the appetite, and, in a less degree, gastric peristalsis. 
These agents also influence the intestines, but this effect will 
b3 considered under carminatives. 

Stomachics may be divided into bitters, aromatics (drugs 
containing a volatile oil and often very pungent), and aro- 
matic bitters (drugs containing a volatile oil and a bit- 
ter principle). While both the bitters and aromatics en- 
hance the appetite, the action of the latter is more powerful 
and fleeting. Yery large doses of stomachics are distinctly 
irritating, and cause anorexia, nausea, and vomiting in 
animals capable of the act. 



DRUGS ACTING ON THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS 



u 







STOMACHICS. 




BITTERS 


AROMATICS 




Gentian 




Coriander 




Calumba 




Capsicum 




Quassia 




Pepper 




Hydrastis 




Ginger 


Alcohol 


Taraxacum 




Cardamon 


Ether 






Fennel 


Chloroform 


AROMATIC 


BITTERS 


Fenugreek 


Alkalies (see Antacids) 


Cascarilla 




Anise 




Chamomile 




Calamus 




Serpentaria 




Mustard 

Spearmint 

Peppermint 





Uses. — Stomachics — particularly bitters — are service- 
able in improving the appetite and gastric digestion in atonic 
indigestion, and in enfeebled states of the digestive organs 
occurring in the course of chronic diseases or during conva- 
lescence from acute disorders. The aromatics are more 
frequently employed for their action on the intestines, when 
they are called carminatives. Bitters are contra-indicated 
in irritable or inflamed conditions of the alimentary tract. 

Antacids are drugs which are used to counteract acidity 
in the stomach and bowels resulting from indigestion and 
fermentation, or from excessive secretion of gastric juice. 
Some (not ammonia compounds) are also occasionally em- 
ployed to alkalize the blood and urine. 

Pawlow's sxperiments, substantiated h,y many others, 
show that alkalies inhibit not only the secretion of acid 
gastric juice, bat also all the other digestive secretions, i.e.^ 
the secretions of the intestines, liver (bile), and pancreas 
(pancreatic juice). 

If administered several hours after eating, antacids 
counteract acidity due to fermentation and relieve pain 
caused by this condition. Since fermentation is frequently 
the cause of tympanites, the antacids are conjoined to advan- 
tage with carminatives (sodium bicarbonate and ginger). 



18 GENERAL ACTIONS OF DRUGS 

The alkaline carbonates allay pain by means of the carbonic 
dioxide set free in their decomposition in the digestive tract, 
and the antacids are also beneficial in dissolving an exces- 
sive secretion of mucus in catarrhal conditions of the alimen- 
tary canal. 

The antacids are synonymous with alkalies, with the 
exception of the neutral vegetable salts — acetates, citrates 
and tartrates — of potassiu"^n and sodium, which are some- 
times classed under this head. These do not alkalize the 
contents of the stomach, but nevertheless are broken up in 
the body and transformed into carbonates and thus render 
the urine more alkaline during their elimination. Among 
those included in the following list the sodium compounds 
are much less active in alkalizing the urine than the potas- 
sium salts. Sodium bicarbonate is in most fiequent use in 
digestive disorders, but ammonium carbonate is particularly 
appropriate in flatulence, because it possesses more power 
in stimulating peristaltic action and expelling flatus. 

ANTACIDS. 

Sodium carbonate Ammonium carbonate 

Sodium bicarbonate Magnesia 

Potassium carbonate Magnesium carbonate 

Potassium bicarbonate Calcium carbonate (chalk) 

Solution of potash Solution of lime (lime water) 

Ammonia 

Acids. — Contrary to accepted ideas, Pawlow's experi- 
ments show that mineral acids directly stimulate the secre- 
tion of acid in the stomach, and, indirectly, the secretions 
of the intestines, liver and pancreas. In the latter part of 
gastric digestion, the acid product of the first part of diges- 
tion acts on the mucosa to cause the formation of a body 
called secretin. This is absorbed into the blood and stimu- 
lates the activity of all the gastric glands. In the intestines, 
acid chyme likewise leads to secretin formation, which like- 
wise is absorbed and stimulates the secretion of the intes- 
tines, liver and pancreas. 



DRUGS ACTING ON THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS 19 

Carminatives include the same drugs which were men^ 
tioned as stomachics, iucludiug valerian, asafetida and 
volatile oils generally, but the term as generally employed 
refers to their effect in exciting peristaltic action, and so 
expelling gas from the stomach and bowels. The uromatics 
are considerably more valuable for this purpose than the 
bitters. Carminatives also prevent griping caused by many 
cathartics, aid digestion, and disguise the taste of disagree- 
able drugs. Capsicum and ginger are most frequently pre- 
scribed in Veterinary practice. 

Digestives. — Pepsin is occasionally of benefit in the 
treatment of dogs and young animals in cases of enfeebled 
gastric digestion resulting from acute diseases or other gen- 
eral causes. It should be administered directly after eating, 
and is prescribed to advantage with hydrochloric acid. As 
a general proposition it is inadvisable to give agents which 
merely substitute an artificial for the natural digestion, except 
as a temporary expedient. A wiser course consists in re- 
moving the cause of indigestion by proper feeding or by 
enforcing abstinence from food, and in the use of remedies 
calculated to strengthen the natural digestive functions. 

Pancreatin may be given during, or immediately after, 
eating, and will assist gastric digestion for some time before 
sufl&cient acid is secreted to destroy it. In fact, some authors 
(Hare) insist that this substance is more valuable in any 
case than pepsin in aiding stomach digestion, although pan,- 
creatin is more commonly given, several hours after eating, 
to promote intestinal digestion. Papain is another agent 
which is employed as an artificial digestive of vegetable 
origin. Its value is not yet definitely determined. 

Antisejotics. — These agents are sometimes used to pre- 
vent or arrest fermentation of food in the stomach and 
bowels. Since fermentation is primarily due to indigestion, 
it is essential to remove the cause by diet and other rational 
means rather than to combat the effects of indigestion. 
Large doses of antiseptics hinder the digestive processes 
and may endanger the life of the patient, so that it is difl&cult 
to attain perfect antisepsis in the alimentary canal. 



20 GENERAL ACTIONS OF DRUGS 

Among the drugs more commonly employed for their 
antiseptic action on the contents of the digestive tract may 
be mentioned : 

Carbolic acid Bismuth salicylate 

Creosote Bismuth subgallate 

Creolin Sodium sulphite, bisulphite and 

Naphtol hyposulphite 

Naphtalin -. Hydrogen dioxide 

Bismuth subnitrate 

Emetics are drugs which cause vomiting. The act of 
vomiting proceeds from irritation of the vomiting centre in 
the medulla, which is in close proximity to the respiratory 
centre. This centre is either acted upon directly by drilgs 
circulating in the blood, or reflexly by agents stimulating 
sensory nerves in various parts of the body. Thus, irritation 
of the sensory nerve-endiugs of the mouth, throat, gullet, 
lungs, heart, stomach, bowels, biliary passages, peritoneum, 
uterus and kidneys, may produce vomition. Vomiting is 
occasioned by simultaneous contraction of the abdominal 
walls and the diaphragm. In this process the stomach is 
squeezed between the abdominal walls and diaphragm, and 
contraction of the longitudinal fibres, radiating from the 
lower end of the gullet, draws the stomach towards the 
diaphragm and so pulls open the cardiac orifice, while the 
pylorus is firmly contracted and closed. Some peculiarities 
must be noted in reference to vomition in the domestic ani- 
mals. Dogs, pigs and cats vomit readily and may be placed 
in the same category as man in this respect. Horses rarely 
vomit and are not easily nauseated by emetics. Vomiting 
is prevented in these animals by : 1. The small size of the 
stomach, which is not readily compressed between the ab- 
dominal walls and diaphragm. 2. The length of the gullet 
between the stomach and diaphragm, which forms a valve- 
like obstruction when the tube is shortened by contraction 
of the longitudinal fibres at its lower extremity in attempts 
at vomition. 3, A horse-shoe-like band of fibres at the car- 
diac orifice, which hinders dilatation of this opening. Kumj' 



DRUGS ACTING ON THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS 21 

nants are likewise com[iarativoly insusceptible to emetics 
because of the large size of their digestive apparatus, which 
is not easily compi'essed between the parietes and diaphragm. 
Therefore the vomiting centre remains probably in a state of 
non-developmeut in the horse and ruminant, by rea-on of 
non-use. 

Cattle and horses do, however, occasionally vomit. Cat- 
tle at sea frequently sniffer from mal de mer, and the writer 
has observed actual vomitioii in them following the use ot 
tartar emetic. Horses may vomit when the stomach is 
greatly distended with gas. 

Emetics may be classed as: 1. Specific, acting on the 
vomiting centre through the blood. 2. Local, by stimula- 
tion of the sensory nerve-endings in the mouth, throat, gullet 
and stomach. 3. Mixed, those acting in both ways. 

It is impossible, in our present state oE knowledge, to 
apply this classification accurately to individual drugs, but 
the following statements may be made: If an emetic is in- 
jected into the carotid and vomiting instantly occurs, the drug 
has probably acted upon the vomiting centre ; if some time 
elapses before the occurrence of vomition, it is probable that 
the drug has acted upon the stomach during its elimination 
by that organ. Contrariwise, if, after the ingestion of an 
emetic, a considerable period intervenes before vomiting 
comes on, it is probable that the agent has acted on the 
vomiting centre. 

Again, if a larger quantity of a drug is required when 
injected into the blood than when swallowed, to cause 
emesis, it is fair to suj^pose that the agent acts on' the 
stomach directly or dui-ing its elimination. Finally, if an 
emetic is thrown into the blood after the removal of the 
stomach and substitution of a bladder in its place, and vom- 
iting does not occur (Majendie's experiment with tartar 
emetic), it shows that the agent only acts on the st(nnach ; 
but if vomiting does occur, it indicates that the agent acts 
on the vomiting centre and causes emesis by contraction of 
the parietes and diaphragm, with this reservation, that the 



22 



GENERAL ACTIONS OF DRUGS 



druo; may have been eliminated by the oesopliagns and in- 
testines and have leflexly stimulated the vomiting centre 
through the medium of these parts. These remarks dem- 
onstrate the complexity of the subject. 

EMETICS. 
Specific Local Ilixed 

Apomorpliine Tepid water Tartar Emetic 

Seneira Mustar^ Ipecac 

Squills Salt Zinc Sulphate 

Lukewarm water Alum Copper Sulphate 

Ammonium Carbonate 

Apomorpliine is the only emetic given under the skin. 
It also acts well by the mouth, but causes more nausea and 
allied effects than drags acting locally. 

Mustard and salt, 1 teaspoonful each, in a cup of luke- 
warm water, form a convenient emetic for dogs. Ipecac is 
useful in respiratory diseases as an expectorant as well as 
emetic, and zinc sulphate is a prompt emetic in poisoning. 
The other emetics are practically unimportant. 

Emetics cause, beside vomition, several other pheno- 
mena which are sometimes utilized therapeutically. Among 
these may be mentioned, — nausea, salivation, violent respi- 
ratory efforts, compression of the abdominal glands and 
ducts and extrusion of their contents, passive congestion of 
the head, chest and peripheral parts by reason of compres- 
sion of the abdominal veins. Increased secretion of the 
rawcous membranes of the nose, eyes, stomach, gullet and 
bronchial tubes follow passive congestion. Muscular relax- 
ation always accompanies nausea, and sweating ensues fiom 
relaxation of the skin and leaking out of the secretion. The 
flow of bile is increased on account of pressure on the liver 
and gall-bladder, while the secretion is also augmented. 

The pulse and respiration are more frequent during 
emesis, but are diminished in force and frequency after-' 
wards. All these phenomena are more apparent after the 
use of specific emetics. 

■Uses. — These apply particularly to dogs. 

1 To empty the stomach in case of poisoning, over- 



DRUGS ACTING ON THE DIGESTIVE OEGANS 



23 



loading of the organ, and indigestion with convulsions in 
young animals : — Mustard, salt or zinc sulphate. 

2. To expel foreign bodies from the fauces and gullet 
(apomorphine siibcutaneously) ; or, by the forcible expira- 
tion attending vomition, to expel excessive secretion or exu- 
dation from the air passages in laryngitis or bronchitis : — 
Ipecac. 

3. To empty the gall-bladder in catarrhal jaundice and 
biliousness and to expel bile from the stomach. 

4 To lower blood pressure and increase secretion in 
the first stage of bronchitis : — Ipecac. 

. 5. To stop vomiting : — Ipecac in minute doses. 

Contra-indications. — Pregnancy ; hernia ; inflammation 
of the stomach, brain or abdominal viscera; bleeding from 
the stomach, bowels or lungs ; aneurism and asthenia. 

Gastric sedatives and anti-emetics are agents iised to re- 
lieve pain in the stomach and vomiting. These include : 



Ice 

Hot water 

Bismuth subcarbonate 

Bismuth subnitrate 

Carbon dioxide 

Hydrocyanic acid 

Morphine 

Menthol 

Carbolic acid 

Creasote 

Aconite 

Belladonna 

Hyoscyamus 



Cocaine 

Cerium oxalate 

Lime water 

Minute doses of arsenic 
" " " ipecac 

«' " " alcohol 

" " '■ iodine 



silver nitrate 



Chloroform 
Chloral 
Bromides 
Nitrites 



Most of these agents act locally, but opium and mor- 
phine, chloral, the bromides, prussic acid and the nitrites 
act centrally. 

USES OF GASTRIC SEDATIVES AND ANTI-EMETICS IN CANINE 
PRACTICE. 

It must be recognized that vomiting is merely a symptom. 
It is, therefore, essential to remove the cause. This may 
sometimes be accomplished by starving, the use of an 



24 GENEliAL ACTIONS OF DRUGS 

emetic, or tepid water. If vomiting is due to acute irrita- 
tion of the stomach, as is frequently the case in dogs, ice 
and bismuth subnitrate (gr. x.-xx.), with tincture of aconite 
(Tft-i.-ii.), form suitable remedies. When vomiting arises from 
indigestion and fermentation, carbolic acid with bismuth 
often act favorably. The vomiting following anaesthesia is 
probably of central origin. Here enemata of laudanum 
(Tl\-x.-xxx.) and sodium bromide (gr. x^.-xxx.) are beneficial. 
Ipecac, iodine, silver nitrate and the like are useful in vom- 
iting dependent upon an atonic or depressed state of the 
stomach. When vomiting is continuous, small quantities of 
milk and lime water, equal parts, or peptonized milk 
( 3 ii.-iv.), or a drachm of cracked ice with a few drops of 
brandy, should be given at half-hour intervals. It may be 
rarely necessary to resort to rectal feeding. 

Parga.l ives or cathartics are agents which empty the 
bowels. They act: (1) By stimulating peristaltic action. 
(2) By increasing the secretions (succus entericus) of the 
intestinal glands and, perhaps, transudation of fluitl from 
the blood vessels in the walls of the intestines. (3j By hin- 
dering absorption of secretions and fluids which normally 
occurs in the lower bowels. (4) Bj^ a combination of two or 
more of these methods. Purgatives may be divided into : 

1. Laxatives. — These include such agents as: 
Olive oil Nux vomica 
Cottonseed oil Castor oil ig^.^n dose 
Magnesia Linseed oil \ 
Sulphm' 

•" These drugs slightly increase intestinal action, chiefly 
by stimulation of peristalsis. 

2. Simple Purgatives. — These stimulate secretion and 
peristaltic action. Among them may be mentioned : 

Aloes Rhubarb 

Calomel Senna 

Linseed oil Cascara sagrada 

Castor oil Frangula 

3. Drastic Purgatives. — Drastics are essentially gastro- 
intestinal irritants, and in large doses cause mucous and 



DRUGS ACTING ON THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS 25 

bloody diarrhoea, congestion of the mucous membrane of 
the alimentary canal and severe colic. They may produce 
death in poisonous doses with collapse by reason of gastro- 
enteritis. Drastics greatly increase both peristaltic action 
and secretion, and are contra-indicated in irritable and in- 
flamed conditions of the digestive tract. They are, however, 
indicated for their revulsant or derivative effect (i.e., to dilate 
the blood vessels in the alimentary canal and to cause an 
outpouring of serum from the blood, thus relieving conges- 
tion in other parts) in some acute inflammations, as in brain 
diseases. Their medicinal action is often attended with 
considerable and irregular peristaltic contractions, so that 
griping occurs. The latter is prevented by suitable combi- 
nation with other purgatives ; with hyoscyamus and bella- 
donna ; or with carminatives, as ginger. The drastics in- 
clude : 

Croton oil Scammony 

Colocynth Jalap 

Gamboge Elaterium 

4. Hydragogue Purgatives. — Hydragogues are agents 
which chiefly inctease the fluidity of the intestinal contents. 
They include : 

(a) SALINE PURGATIVES 

Magnesium sulphate Sodium phosphate 

Sodium sulphate Potassium bitartrato 

(b) DRASTICS 

Jalap Scammony 

Elaterium 

The salines stimulate secretion by reason of their bit- 
terness, and by their irritant and specific properties. They, 
moreover, hold on to the fluid thus secreted and hinder its 
absorption because of their slow diffasibility. Purgation 
follows, owing to the mechanical effect of the increased 
fluidity in the bowels, and since the augmented bulk of the 
intestinal contents excites peristaltic action. When it is 
desirable to remove fluid from the blood the salt should be 
given in concentrated solution, but when a speedy purgative 



26 GENERAL ACTIONS OF DRUGS 

action only is required the saline should be administered in 
considerable dilution. This happens because salines con- 
tinue to cause an outpouring of fluid (succus entericus) into 
the intestines until a 5 to 6 per cent, solution of the salt is 
reached. The nearer to this degree of dilution (5-G per 
cent), therefore, the dose is given, the more quickly will it 
purge. ^ 

The drastics included in this class of purgatives have 
the power of markedly increasing intestinal secretion as well 
as peristaltic action. 

5, Cholagogue Purgatives. — Cholagogues are agents 
which assist in removing bile from the body. They are sup- 
posed to do this in two ways. 1. By directly stimulating the 
secretion of bile. These are called Direct Cliolagogues, or 
Hepatic Stimulants. 2. By increasing peristalsis in the 
upper portion of the small intestines, and thus hastening the 
expulsion of bile from! the bowels. These are called Indirect 
Cholagogues. Some cholagogues are not generally considered 
purgatives, but it is proper to classify all of them thus, since 
bile stimulates peristalsis. 



SUPPOSEDLY DIRECT CHOLAGOGUES. 

*Sodium Salicylate *Sodium Phosphate 

*Podophyllum Ipecac 

Aloes Euonynius 

■■ Rhubarb *Nitro--hydi-ochloric Acid 

Colchicum Corrosive Sublimate 

Sodium Sulphate 



These experiments may not apply to all animals owing 
to the differences in food requirements and anatomy. The 
drugs marked with an asterisk have been found by clinical 
evidence most valuable. 



DRUGS ACTING ON THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS 



INDIRECT CHOLAGOGUES. 

Calomel 
Mercury 
Most purgatives in a less degree. 

The bile occurring at any time within the bowels is in 
part absorbed and then re-secreted. This process may be 
repeated indefinitely, but is prevented by purgatives, espe- 
cially those increasing peristalsis in the duodenum and 
upper part of the jejunum (calomel), because they hurry 
along and expel the bile in the gut before it has time to be 
absorbed. 

In this way calomel and purgatives are indirect chola- 
gogues in removing bile from the body; not by stimulating 
its secretion, but by hastening its excretion from the bowels. 
The experiments of Rutherford and Vignal have hitherto 
been chiefly responsible for the scientific basis of our belief 
in cholagogues. Their results have been swept aside by the 
more recent and thorough researches of Stadelmann, on 
animals, and of Pfaff, on men, with biliary fistula?. 

These researches show that there is no agent which has 
any marked influence in increasing the secretion of bile, 
except bile itself. 

Salicylic acid and its compounds do, however, have a 
feeble cholagogue action. Moreover, there is no morbid con- 
dition in which increasing the flow of bile would prove rem- 
edial. We must regard the existence of cholagogue action 
then as exceedingly problematical at present. 

Clinically so-called cholagogues are, nevertheless, of 
great value — as much so as they were ever thought to be. 
This happens, not because they increase the flow of bile, 
but because they act as purgatives (calomel), or as intestinal 
antiseptics (calomel, salicylic acid), expelling or inhibiting 
the formation of toxins or in some way improving digestion 
(nitrohydrochloric acid). The conditions in which they act 



28 GENERAL ACTIONS OF DRUGS 

most favorably are indigestion with constipation, with or 
without icterus and clay colored stools. Such conditions 
were formerly thought to be due primarily to disordered 
liver or " biliousness," but the cases amenable to treatment 
really arise in the beginning from functional disorder of 
the stomach or intestines. The clinical value of so-called 
cholagogues is tlierefore not at all disturbed — only the theory 
accounting for their action. 



GENERAL USES OF PURGATIVES. 

1. To empty the bowels. — In this way are removed 
fsecal accumulations and poisonous matters resulting from 
bacterial infection, and from fermentative and putrefactive 
changes in the intestinal contents in indigestion. Foreign 
bodies, bile, pathological discharges and intestinal parasites 
are also expelled. 

Peristaltic action is quickened in chronic constipation, 
while spasmodic and painful conditions (colic) are relieved 
by ridding the bowels of the source of irritation causing the 
trouble. 

2. To remove fluid from the body. — This effect is more 
marked after the use of concentrated solutions of saline pur- 
gatives and other hydragogues. Concentration of the blood 
and resulting absorption of dropsies of renal and cardiac 
origin, or inflammatory effusions, can be accomplished by 
these agents. 

3. To revulse. — That is, to cause dilatation of the blood 
vessels in the intestinal walls and so Avithdraw blood from 
remotely congested areas, as in cerebritis. The drastics are 
appropriate for this service. Pain and nervous phenomena 
in other i-egions are sometimes benefited by the counter- 
irritant action of drastic cathartics. 

4. To deplete. — Cathartics, particularly concentrated 
saline solutions, deplete the body both locally and generally 
by withdrawal of serum from the blood vessels. Purgatives 



GENERAL USES OF PURGATIVES 29 

tend to combat inflammation (antiphlogistic action) in this 
way by lowering blood tension while they also favor reduc- 
tion of a febrile temperature. Local depletion by salines is 
especially indicated in diarrhcsa and dysentery, and in the 
first stages of acute inflammation of the digestive tract. 
Plethora and obesity are often treated by a depletive method 
with cathartics, 

5. To eliminate. — Deleterious material in the blood re- 
sulting from renal insufficiency, and probably from infection 
in acute diseases, maybe eliminated to a considerable extent 
by purgatives. So also may be h?emic sources of rheuma- 
matism, lymphangitis and lia?moglobin[emia. 

Contra-indications. — These refer rather to the special 
agent than to any disorder, for there is scarcely a condition 
in which some cathartic is not permissible. 

Drastics are inadmissible under the following circum- 
stances : in catarrhal conditions of the respiratory and 
digestive tracts, intestinal haemorrhage, collapse, anaemia, 
hernia, prolapse of rectum, metritis, nephritis, pregnancy, 
general debiiit}^ and in wounds of and operations upon the 
pelvic or abdominal viscera. 

In well-defined enteritis and peritonitis cathartics are 
to be avoided. In mechanical obstruction of the intestines 
surgical interference is indicated when practicable, but where 
this is impossible enemata and possibly purgatives may be 
employed. The intestines, developed to an extent dispro- 
portionate to the size of the stomach in the horse, are pow- 
erfully influenced by cathartics, so that in catarrh of the 
respiratory organs and influenza, metastasis, or change in 
the site of the inflammation may occur, and the intestines 
may become involved with the occurrence of excessive 
purging (super-purgation) after the ingestion of any but the 
mildest cathartics, as linseed oil. Aloes is the purgative 
given horses for ordinary purposes, while epsom and glauber 
salts are suitable for ruminants and pigs, and calomel and 
castor oil for dogs. Water assists the action of purgatives, 
and its ingestion should be encouraged by supplying a liberal 



30 GENERAL ACTIONS OF DRUGS 

quantity of common salt either with the purgative or on the 
food, and also by sweetening the drinking water with molasses 
in the case of cattle. If the action of cathartics is delayed, 
it is usually advisable to give enematn. 

Enemata,or Clysters. — These are fluid injections into the 
rectum and are used for the following puiposes : 

1. To empty the lower bowels when purgatives are 
inadmissible, as in intestinal obstruction, ulceration and 
inflammation, faecal accumulations, debilitated conditions, 
obstinate vomiting, unconsciousness, and in inability to 
swallow (sore throat and tetanus). 

2. To relieve pain, spasm (of intestines and bladder), 
and shock, when deep, hot enemata (lOS^-llS'^ F.) are used. 

3. To save life. After severe haemorrhage, deep injec- 
tions of hot normal salt solutions, 110 F^. (Enteroclysis, 
see p. 736.) 

4. To accelerate the action of purgatives, and as a 
preparation for abdominal and pelvic operations. 

5. To supply food. (See artificial feeding, ]i. 694.) 

6. For their local effect upon inflammation of the mucous 
membrane of the rectum and colon. Opium and boiled 
starch solution ; silver nitrate and tannic acid — in diarrhoea, 
dysentery, colitis and proctitis. 

7. To kill intestinal parasites (oxyurides), — solutions of 
quassia and common salt. 

8. To administer medicines in dysphagia due to pharyn- 
gitis, tetanus, unconsciousness (apoplexy, coma and convul- 
sions) ; to obstinate vomiting and other causes. 

9. To reduce temperature, — cold enemata in fever. 

10. To produce diuresis, — deep injections for retention 
and absorption into the blood. 

11. To improve muscular tone and intestinal peristalsis 
in chronic constipation, — cold enemata (55°-60° F.). 

12. To overcome twist and intussusception, 

13. To stimulate peristalsis, relieve congestion, and 
increase the flow of bile in catarrhal jaundice, — cold, deep 
irrigations (55^-60^ F.) are here indicated. 



USES OF ENEMATA 61 

Enemata are best given by allowiug water to gravitate 
into the bowel from a height of 2 to 4 feet. The ordinary- 
fountain syringe of human practice is suitable for the smaller 
animals, while for deep injections or irrigations a human rec- 
tal tube or soft catheter should be slipped over the hard rub- 
ber tubft. III the case of horses or cattle, enemata may bp si- 
phoned through a rubber tube or piece of small hose. This is 
accomplished by filling the tube with water and compressing 
it at either end to prevent the escape of water, while one end 
is submerged in a pail or tub raised 2-4 feet above the 
patient, and the other end is then introduced directly within 
the bowel ; or affixed to a rectal tube six feet lone;, when 
deep injections or irrigations are in order. A continuous 
flow is thus obtained. A still simpler method consists in 
pouring water into a funnel which has been fitted to one end 
of a rubber tube while the other end is passed into the 
rectum. That portion of the tube which is to be placed 
within the gut should always be lubricated with vaseline, 
oil or soap. Manual removal of hardened faeces (scybala) 
must be practised in all animals before the use of enemata. 
The finger or blunt curette may be utilized for this purpose 
in small patients. The injection of linseed or cottonseed 
oil (H.oi.; D. 3 ii.) an hour before the use of larger enemata 
assists in softening the intestinal contents. 

When deep injections are indicated, the hind quarters 
of the animal should be raised — small animals may be 
partially inverted — and the fluid allowed to flow in slowly, 
pushing in the rectal tube as the gut distends. Such enemata 
are more effective whether the object be to simply unload 
the bowels, to cause retention and absorption of the fluid, 
or to wash out the intestines. One to several gallons of 
warm water form a suitable quantity for unloading the 
bowels of large animals ; one-half pint to a quart, in the 
case of small patients. The injections should be repeated 
until a good evacuation is secured. To increase the purga- 
tive effect of enemata a cup each of soft soap, salt and 
molasses are added to a gallon of water ; or a tablespoonfnl 



32 GENERAL ACTIONS OF DRUGS 

each to a pint. Linseed oil or cottonseed oil are also mixed 
with water. Epsom salts are still more efficacious (H.ftii. 
to gallon of water. (D. 3 i,-iv. to pint); while oil of turpentine 
(H. 3 ii.-iv.; D. 3 i.-iv.) is very active and especially useful in 
colic and flatulence, mixed with the enema. When clysters 
are given to be absorbed they should always be slowly 
injected in quantities of one-half to-one gallon for horses; 
or one-half to one pint for dogs. In chronic constipation 
and torpidity of the bowels plain cold water (o5°-60° F.) 
injections are indicated. 

Medicated irrigations are most serviceable in catarrhal 
disorders of the bowels (dysentery, etc.), i.e., the fluid is 
allowed to flow in and out again till the solution returns 
clear. 

Drugs Acting' on the Circulation. 

I.— Acting Upon the Blood. 

(a) Blood Plasma. — The alkalinity of the blood plasma 
can be increased by the use of the salts of the alkaline and 
earth metals; i.e., potassium, sodium, lithium, ammonium, 
magnesium and calcium compounds. This effect is of value 
therapeutically in rheumatism, hasmoglobinsemia and uric- 
acidaemia. In the former two disorders, increasing the 
alkalinity of the blood plasma appears to assist in the 
elimination of toxic material, while in the latter condition 
the excretion of uric acid — existing in the blood as urates — 
is thought to be favored by potassium and lithium salts. 
These salts also alkalize the urine and increase its secretion. 
Drugs which remove considerable fluid from the body, as 
purgatives, diaphoretics and diuretics, necessarily alter the 
composition of the blood plasma. By removing fluid from 
the plasma, these agents are useful in aiding absorption of 
inflammatory exudations, dropsies and oedemas, since the 
mass of fluid removed is soon replaced from that contained 
in the food and tissues. In the various infectious and con- 
stitutional diseases treatment is largely directed to exciting 
the secretions and excretions with the purpose of eliminating 
products of tissue waste and bacterial action from the blood, 



DRUGS ACTING ON THE CIRCULATION 33 

which prove detrimental to the system. This line of treat- 
ment is pursued in uraemia, haemoglobinsemia and lymph- 
angitis. Venesection, saline infusions, hypodermoclysis and 
enteroclysis alter the character of the plasma and often have 
a life-saving value. (See p. 728-736.) 

(b) The Red Corpuscles. — The so-called blood tonics, or 
hcematinics influence the red corpuscles, increasing their 
number and content of haemoglobin when there is a defi- 
ciency of either. The effect upon the aagmentation of haemo- 
globin is more marked. 

H^MATINICS. 

Iron and its salts Corrosive sublimate 

Arsenic Potassium permanganate 

Copper salts Manganese dioxide 

The first two are immensely superior to the others in 
blood-making properties. Iron especially favors the forma- 
tion of haemoglobin; arsenic increases the number of red 
corpuscles. Certain agents possess toxicological significance 
by destroying the composition of liaemoglooin. Laige doses 
of the coal tar products, as acetanilid, antipyrin and phen- 
acetin, nitrites and potassium chlorate, convert haemoglobin 
into methaemoglobin, a mixture, probably, of hematin and 
soluble albumin ; while carbonic oxide, phosphorus, sul- 
phur, arsenic, iodine, hydrogen sulphide and turpentine, in 
large doses, reduce oxyhaemoglobin and prevent its com- 
bination with oxygen. Acetanilid, potassium chlorate and 
amyl-nitrite destroy the red blood cells, if absorbed in con- 
siderable amount. 

(c) White Corpuscles. — It is possible experimentally to 
arrest purulent exudations caused by iiritation and inflam- 
mation when quinine is introduced into the blood or applied 
locally to blood vessels. This happens because quinine and 
all cinchona salts, berberine sulphate and acetanilid — 
like other poisons to amoebae — prevent the amceboid 
movement or migration (diapedesis) of leucocytes through 
the vessel walls. Unfortunately it is impossible to give 
large enough doses in practice to realize such favorable 
results in inflammatory disorders. An enormous increase 



64. GENERAL ACTIONS OF DRUGS 

of leucocytes (leiicocytosis) occurs iu acute diseases accom- 
pauied by a local exudative process, and also in leukaemia, 
etc. Recent experience with nucleic acid and talliauiue 
(see p. 545) proves that tbey induce leucocytes and are 
valuable in bacterial infections. Arsenic, and in some cases 
quinine, appear to reduce the leucocytosis, and in leukaemia 
seem to thus aid recovery. Druj^js altering the consistency 
of the blood are : Calcium chloride and (to a less extent) 
other calcium salts, gelatin and potassium iodide, which 
increase the rate and degree of coagulation ; cod-liver oil, 
■which augments the solids in the blood ; and toxic doses of 
mercury, wliieh lessen the solids and coagulation and in- 
crease the fluidity of the blood. 

II. — Drugs Acting on the Heart. 

The mechanism controlling the lieart,wliich is influenced 
by drug"*, is as follows : 

1. Heart- muscle and ganglia. 

2. Inhibitory apparatus, including the vagus nerve roots 
originating from the medullary centre, and its fibres termi- 
nating in the heart. 

3. The accelerator apparatus, consisting of the accele- 
rator nerve — with centres in the cerebrum and medulla — 
and its fibres passing down the spinal cord to the dorsal 
nerves ; from thence through the first thoracic ganglion to 
the sympathetic, and so on to the cardiac plexus, with peri- 
pheral terminations in the heart. The ganglia in the heart 
are situated about the auriculo-ventricular groove and at the 
entrance of the superior and inferior venae cavae, and at the 
orifices of the pulmonary veins. 

The ganglia have been divided into the inhibitory, 
connected with the vagus nerve ; the motor ; and the 
accelerator ganglia; and they are supposed to be influenced 
by drugs as well as the rest of the mechanism detailed above. 
Our knowledge of the functions of these ganglia is imperfect 
and therefore of the action of drugs on them. 

The action of drugs on the heart-muscle has been deter- 
mined by estimating their influence on the lower two-thirds 



DRUGS ACTING ON THE CIRCULATION 35 

of tbe apex, which is comparatively free from nerve supply. 
The action of drugs on the inhibitory apparatus is of more 
importance than that exerted on the accelerator nerve, 
and we know more about it. Drugs usually affect the roots 
of the vagus nerve in the centre, or its peripheral termina- 
tions in the heart, rather than its trunk. The heart is 
influenced by drugs as follows : 

1. Stimulation of the inhibitory apparatus leads to slowing or 
weakening of the heart-beats, or to both. 

•2. Depression of the inhibitory apparatus results in quickening or 
strengthening the heart-beats, or both. 

3. Stimulation of the accelerator apparatus causes an increase in 
the rate or force of the heart beats, or both. 

4. Depression of the accelerator apparatus induces decrease in the 
rate or force of the lieart-beats, or both. 

5. Stimulation of the heart-muscle produces increase in the rate or 
force of the heart-beats, or both. 

6. Depression of the heart-muscle lowers the rate or force of the 
heart-beats, or both . 

The vagus centre is stimulated by agencies increasing 
blood-pressure, or causing asphyxia. On the other hand, 
agencies reducing blood-pressnre depress the vagus, or 
stimulate the accelerator nerve, or both. Thus, the nitrites, 
as amy I nitrite, nitro-glycerin and spirit of nitrous ether, 
quicken the heart by lowering vascular tension. External 
stimuli to sensory nerves reflexly stimulate the heart, as 
also do many locally irritating agents taken internally; e.g., 
strong alcoholic or ammoniacal preparations. 

Since drugs commonly influence more than one part of 
the mechanism controlliug the heart, and since it is difficult 
to determine the exact physiological details in such complex 
actions, we shall content ourselves with tabulating the 
actions of drugs ordinarily employed for their influence on 
the heart, remembering that while moderate doses produce 
the efi'ects enumerated below, poisonous doses often give 
rise to diametrically opposite actions. 

(a) Drugs increasing the force of the heart-heat. 

Digitalis '] 

Adrenalin | Barium salts ) ^ , ,, , 

Strophauthus [- Slow the pulse Camphor f Uo not alter rate 

Sparteine I Physostigmine ) particularly 

Squill 



36 GENERAL ACTIONS OF DRUGS 

(b) Drugs increasing the rate of hear^t-beats. 

Belladonna Stramonium 

Atropine Cocaine 

Hyoscyamus 

(c) Drugs increasing the force and rate of heart'beaits. 

Alcohol Strychnine 

Chloroform Caffeine 

Ether Quinine 

Ammonia Arsenic 
Ammonium carbonate 

(d) Drugs decreasing the force and rate of the heart-beats. 

Aconite Prussic acid 

Veratrum viride Ergot 

Antimony salts 

The drugs most frequency given to animals for tlieir 
action on the heart are alcohol, ether, digitalis, strophauthus, 
ammonia, ammonium carbonate, camphor, caffeine, strych- 
nine, atropine, aconite and veratrum viride. The reader is 
referred to special articles on these drugs for therapeutical 
indications and other details. 

III. — Drugs Acting on the Blood Vessels. 

The following table includes the mechanism regulating 
vascular tension : 

{Smooth muscular fibres 
Terminations of vasodilators and vaso- 
constrictors 

2. Nerve supply of vessels. ... -J ^^SlSStovs 

f Vasomotor centres in the medulla and 
I subsidiary centres in • the spinal 

3. Centres ■{ cord and sympathetic system, con- 

trolling the vasodilating and con- 
[ stricting nerves 

Each vessel is governed by two sets of fibres, — the 
constricting and dilating, — but we cannot discriminate 
between the action of a drug on the muscular fibres and the 
peripheral nerve endings in the vessel walls ; nor can we 



DRUGS ACTING ON THE CIRCULATION 37 

always tell whether a drug acts to stimulate one set of 
peripheral fibres or depress the other. 

Vascular tension is increased not only by contraction of 
vessels, but also by drugs which cause the heart to beat more 
quickly, and by those making its pulsations more forcible 
and complete, so that all the blood is squeezed out of the 
ventricle at each contraction. Contrariwise, blood pressure 
is diminished, not only by those drugs inducing vascular 
dilatation, but by those reducing the rate or force of the 
heart, or both. 

"We shall simply classify drugs influencing the vessels 
according as to whether they act after absorption into the 
blood, or only when applied locally to the vessel walls. 

(a) Drugs acting sijstemicaUy to contract vessels. 

Adrenalin Strophanthus Hamamelis 

Cocaine Squill Hj-drastis 

Ergot Sparteine Physostigmine 

Digitalis Strychnine 

(b) Drugs acting systemically to dilate vessels. 

Amyl nitrite Chloral 

Nitroglycerin Aconite 

Spirit of nitrous ether Opium 

Alcohol Belladonna (secondary action) 

Ether Hyoscyamus *' 

Chloroform Stramonium " 

(c) Agents acting locally to contract vessels. 
Cold Astringents 

(d) Agents acting locally to dilate vessels. 
Heat Counter-irritants 

Uses. — Drugs or agencies causing general dilatation of 
vessels are useful in overcoming internal congestions and 
colds by equalizing the circulation ; that is, by causing the 
blood to be distributed more equably about the body. They 
are also of benefit in morbid conditions attended with a 
high, vascular tension ; and are serviceable in dilating 
peripheral vessels and in causing perspiration and loss of 
heat in fevers (spirit of nitrous ether and alcohol). Drugs 
inducing general contraction of vessels are employed in 



38 GENERAL ACTIONS OF DRUGS 

disorders characterized by loss of tone, as in shock and 
collapse ; and in heart weakness or disease (digitalis and 
strychnine) ; also in internal haemorrhage and inflammations 
(ergot) ; and to aid the absorption of dropsies and cede mas. 
The uses of drugs locally contracting vessels will be 
described under Astringents (p. Ii3) and of agents locally 
dilating vessels under ccunter-irritants (p. 62). 



Drugs Acting on the Nervous System. 

I.— Drugs Influencing the Brain. 

It is impossible to classify drugs according to their 
action on the various centres of the brain, because our 
knowledge is insufficient. In a general way, drugs affect- 
ing the nervous system fall into two groups, — the excitant 
and depressant. But another difficulty arises in regard to 
classification from the fact that the same drug usually both 
excites and depresses. Many drugs influencing the nervous 
apparatus possess some exciting action, and most drugs 
which excite in small doses cause depression and paralysis 
after poisonous quantities. 

It is probable that alcohol, ether and chloroform are 
cerebral depressants from the very beginning, contrary 
to accepted ideas. Belladonna and its congeners, 
on the other hand, only excite the brain in large 
amounts ; while opium and Cannabis indica may excite 
the brain in small doses, but are used for their more common 
depressant action. The condition of the patient has some 
bearing on the action of a drug influencing the brain. Thus 
moderate doses of alcohol depress and stupefy healthy 
animals while stimulating the enfeebled and ill-nourished. 

The brain of the lower animals is undeveloped compared 
to that of man, and, in accordance with the general fact that 
the more highly a portion of the nervous mechanism is 
organized the more powerfully is it influenced by drugs, it 
follows til .t drugs acting on the brain and cord are more 



DRUGS ACTING ON THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 39 

prone to affect the cord in veterinary patients, while impres- 
sing the brain more potently in man. For this reason we 
notice in the horse that the primary period of excitability 
(sometimes seen, in man) following the administration of 
morphine is much prolonged and not infrequently com- 
pletely obliterates the somnifacient action of the drug in 
this animal. 

We shall be content to classify drugs acting on the 
nervous system according to their most pronounced action 
in moderate doses. 

(a) Cerebral Excitants. 

Camphor Quinine 

Caffeine Cocaine 

Uses. — These drugs are rarely used simply to excite the 
brain, but for*other purposes. Camphor, caffeine and quinine 
are employed to generally excite the nervous system in 
depressed conditions. Caffeine is a valuable antidote to the 
depressing cerebral action of opium in poisoning. 

(b) Cerebral Depressant ts. — It is fortunate that drugs 
progressively paralyzing the functions of the brain follow 
the so-called law of dissolution — i.e., paralyze the various 
functions of the brain in the inverse order of their evolu- 
tionary development. The centres last to be acquired are 
the first to be paralyzed (cerebral centres) ; while those of 
earliest origin (the respiratory, vagus and vasomotor centres) 
are last to succumb to the action of cerebral depressants. 
The cerebral depressants are used mostly to relieve pain, 
when they are called anodynes or analgesics. Pain is duo 
to irritation of any sensory nerve, or the sensory tract in 
the spinal cord, or of the sensory centres in the brain. Pain 
may be relieved by paralyzing any portion of this path 
and destroying connection with the perceptive centres in 
the brain. 

(1) Anodynes, by reason of their action on the brain. 

Opium Alcohol Cannabis Indica 

Morphine Antesthetics Gelseniium 

Codeine Chloral Bromides 



40 GENERAL ACTIONS OF DRUGS 

(2) Narcotics. — Tins term is a broad and somewhat 

inclusive one. Narcotics embrace drugs which depress the 

brain and cause sleep (hypnotics or soporifics) and stupor 

(some anodynes and anaesthetics), and finally ])aralyze the 

respiratory and circulatory functions. The following may 

be included in this group : 

Opium Anaestlietics Cannabis Indica Stramonium 

Alcohol Cliloral Belladonna Hyoscyamus 

(a) Hypnotics or Sojyorifics (drugs causing sleep) : 

Opium Bromides Paraldehyde Sulphonal 

Morphine Cannabis Indica Urethrane Trional 

Chloral 'O^ little importance in veterinary 

practice) 

Uses. — Hypnotics are not of much value in Veterinary 
medicine by simply promoting sleep. Their general sedative 
and anodyne actions ai e utilized in relieving motor excite- 
ment (spasms) or sensory excitement (pain). 

(b) General Ancesthefics. 

Ether Nitrous oxide Methylene bichloride 

Chloroform Ethylene dichloride Schleich's mixture 

(Of slight value in veterinary medicine) 

Anj^sthetics are agents which abolish sensation generally 
or locally. It is thought that the general anaesthetics act 
directly on the nerve cells. Anaesthetics — like narcotics 
generally — first stimulate and then depress the nerve centres, 
but depression is by far their most salient and useful effect. 

Anaesthetics destroy the functions of nerve centres in 
the cerebrum and spinal cord, and so abolish pain, sensation 
and reflex action. The law of dissolution is exerajDlified in 
their action. Anaesthesia is commonly described in three 
stages. (1) The first or stimulant stage is exhibited by excite- 
ment and struggling, owing in part to fright and in part to 
irritation of the respiratory tract by concentrated vapor. 
There are also coughing and chokiug in this stage, fol- 
lowing the local irritation of the vapor on the respiratory 
tract. There may be vomiting, and the circulation 
and respiration are reflexly stimulated. Stimula- 
tion now ceases, and depression of the cerebrum, 
together with the motor, sensory and reflex spinal 



DRUGS ACTING ON THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 41 

centres, appears, and usliers in the (2) ancestJietic stage, char- 
acterized by muscular rehixatiou and complete abolition of 
consciousness, sensation and motion. Between these two 
stages — the stimulant and anaesthetic — there sometimes 
occurs a transient state in which sensation is lost before 
consciousness. This has been styled the anodyne stage. 

Finally, the (3) j9«ra7?//'/c stage ensues, accompanied by 
depression and then paralysis of the three great vital 
medullary centres controlling the circulation and respiration, 
together with that of the lowest reflex centres, so that invol- 
untary micturition and defBecatiou occurs. The animal dies 
of a combination of vasomotor, heart and respiratory failure. 
If recovery should follow the paralytic stage, the bodily 
functions return in the reverse order to that in which they 
were lost; i.e., the lower vital functions first appear, followed 
finally by the higher cerebral functions. 

Uses. — Anaesthetics are employed in surgical operations 
to prevent pain and struggling ; in obstetrical operations 
and in the reduction of fractures, dislocations and hernia, to 
secure complete muscular relaxation ; to overcome spasms 
and convulsions resulting from disease or poisons ; to arrest 
severe pain in colic ; and finally to destroy aged or sick and 
useless animals. ' 

For fuller details see Anaesthesia (p. 299). 

(c) Drugs acting on the cortical motor centres of the brain, 

(1) DRUGS STIMULATING THE MOTOR CENTRES. 

Strychnine Physostigmine 

Atropine 

(2) DRUGS DEPRESSING THE MOTOR CENTRES. 

The Bromides Alcohol 

Chloral Anaesthetics 

The action of drugs on the cerebral cortical centres has 
been found by comparing the local effect of electrical stim- 
ulation before and after the internal use of drugs. 

Uses. — The drugs depressing the cortical motor area of 
the brain are valuable in convulsions and spasmodic disorders 



42 GENEllAL ACTIONS OF DRUGS 

and in motor excitement, particularly in epileptiform ^con- 
vulsions of dogs. 

II. — Drugs Acting on the Spinal Cord. 

The functions of the cord consist in the conduction of 
sensory impulses forward to the brain and of motor impulses 
backward to the muscles; in the origination of nervous 
force in centres controlling certain functions (sexual, sweat- 
ing, etc.) ; and in reflex action by which the cord transmits 
impulses from sensory to motor tract of the same side of 
the body, or laterally, from sensory to motor columns en 
opposite sides. 

While drugs probably influence the various centres in 
the cord, our knowledge of their action is chiefly limited to 
that exerted on the motor cells of the inferior cornua. 

If a drug stimulating the motor cells of the cord is 
given experimentally, slight peripheral irritation will reflexly 
cause convulsions, and, if the cord is severed from the brain, 
the same phenomena appear. 

(A) Drugs stimulating the motor cells of the inferior cornua. 

Strychnine i'^'^Tv S^l-T \ Primary action 

Brucine Anaesthetics Ergot J •' 

Thebaine 

Uses. — Strychnine is employed in paraplegia resulting 
from diseases of the spinal cord after irritation caused by 
the lesion has passed away. 

(B) Drugs dejjressing the motor cells of the inferior cornua. 



Physostigmine Emetine ^ I Antimony 

Bromides Turpentine % \ Silver 

Ergot m L Sodium * ( Zinc 

Nitrites -^ •< Potassium Saponin 

Gelsemium sc ( Lithium 



Chloral Ether Nicotine 

Morpliine Chloroform Veratrine 

Apomorphine Camphor Mercury 

Alcohol Carbolic acid Arsenic 



DRUGS ACTING ON THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 4J 

Uses. — Drugs depressing the motor cells of the cord are 
serviceable as antidotes in the treatment of poisoning by 
those exciting the same (chloral and bromides in strychnine 
poisoning), and in convulsive and spasmodic disorders, as 
chorea and tetanus. 

III. — Drugs Acting on the Nerves. 

The nerve terminations, rather than their trunks, are 
influenced by drugs. 

(A) Drugs influenciri<j periplieral sensory nerve-endings. 

(1) Stimulating sensory nerve - terminations. — Counter- 
irritants. (See p. 62.) 

General Uses. — They are applied externally (mustard 
and heat) to stimulate the heart and respiration in heart 
failure, shock and collapse. 

(2) Depressing sensory nerve-terminations. — These include 
local sedatives or anodynes, which lessen sensation ; and 
local anaesthetics, which abolish sensation. 

LOCAL ANODYNES 

Aconite Morphine Veratrine 

Menthol Chloral Heat 

Carbolic acid Prussic acid Cold 

Atropine Sodium bicarbonate 

LOCAL ANESTHETICS 

Cocaine Holocaine ar^i-air i Methyl-chloride 

Eucaine Cold ^^^^^ \ Ether 

Uses. — The local anodynes are employed to relieve pain 

of an inflammatory, rheumatic or neuralgic character, and 

itching. The local anaesthetics are employed to prevent 

pain in surgical operations. 

(B) Drugs influencing peripheral motor nerve-endings. 

(1) STIMULATING MOTOR NERVE-TERMINATIONS 

Strychnine Aconite Pyridine 

Pilocarpine Nicotine 

(2) DEPRESSING MOTOR NERVE-TERMINATIONS 

Curare Atropine Prussic acid 

Coniuni Cocaine Nicotine 

Amyl-nitrite Camphor and many others 



44 GENERAL ACTIONS OF DllUGS 

Uses, — Drugs iuflaeiiciug tlie peripheral motor nerve- 
endings are not of any practical therapeutical value. 

IV. — Drugs Acting on the Nerves of Special Sense. 

(A) Drugs acting on the eye. 

(1) Drugs influencing the pupU. — The mechanism controll- 
ing the pupil consists of the centres for the contraction of 
the pupil (in corpora quaclrigemina?), the centres for the 
dilatation of the pupil (in the medulla and aqueduct of 
Sylvius?), the third nerve, the cervical sympathetic and the 
circular and radiating (latter sometimes absent) muscular 
fibres of the iris. Drugs may act either centrally or locally 
on these structures. The pupil is dilated by drugs (1) 
depressing the contracting (oculomotor) centre, (2) the ter- 
minations of the third nerve or (3) the circular fibres of the 
iris ; and contrariwise, by (4) stimulating the dilating centre, 
(5) the terminations of the sympathetic or (6) the radial 
fibres of the iris; and, finally, by a combiuation of these 
actions. 

Again, the pupil is contracted by drugs stimulating 
(1) the oculomotor centre, (2) the terminations of the third 
nerve or (3) circular fibres of the iris ; and by depressing (4) 
the dilating centre, (5) the terminations of the sympathetic 
or (6) the radial fibres of the iiis ; anel also by a combina- 
tion of these actions. Drugs may act locally on the pupil 
through the medium of the circulation as well as when 
dropped into the eye. Furthermore, absorption and central 
action may occur when drugs ai'e dropped into the eye as 
well as when entering the blood through the more orrlinary 
channels. 

The drugs used in the treatment of the diseases of the 
eye are only those acting locall}'. Drugs influencing the 
pupil are divided into two classes : (1) those that contract 
the pupil (myotics) and (2) those that dilate the pupil 
(mydriatic--). 



DRUrfS ACTING ON THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 45 

(1) Mydriatics. 

(a) ACTING LOCALLY. 

Atropine 

Homatropine 

Hyoscyamine l Paralyse third nerve terminations 

Hyoscine 

Scopolamine 

Gelsemine J 

Cocaine Stimulates sympathetic endings. 

(b) ACTING CENTRALLY. 

Anaesthetics (late in their action) 

The dilating centre is stimulated by carbonic dioxide in 
the blood, and therefore dilatation of the pupil occurs in 
asphyxia ; also after irritation of sensory nerves, the sexual 
organs and digestive apparatus. 

Uses. — Mydriatics are useful in dilating the pupil for 
examination of the eye, and to prevent adhesions of the iris 
in central corneal ulcers ; in keratitis, to overcome photo- 
phobia and blepharospasm ; and in iritis, to secure rest oi 
the iris and ciliary muscles. 

(2) Myotics. 

(a) ACTING LOCALLY (b) ACTING CENTRALLY 

Physostigmine } Stimulate third Anaesthetics 
Pilocarpine ) nerve endings OiJiuni 

Uses. — Myotics are employed to prevent prolapse of the 
iris in wounds and ulcers of the cornea ; to antagonize the 
effect of atropine ; to prevent the entrance of light in painful 
disorders of the eye ; to lessen intra - ocular tension in 
glaucoma^; and, in alternation with mydriatics, to break up 
adhesions to the iris. All the local mydriatics and myotics 
mentioned above act on the ciliary muscle to destroy the 
power of accommodation. Intra-ocular tension in glaucoma 
is usually increased by atropine and other mydriatics, but is 
diminished by eserine. 

* By opening np the filtration angle at the periohery of the anterio" chamber 
and allowing drainage ot lymph through the lymph spaces there into the canal of 
Schlemm, or to contraction of the intraocular vessels, so lessening secretion 
(Gronholm). 



46 GENERAL ACTIONS OF DRUGS 

ft 

V. — Drugs Acting on the Ear. 

Strychnine makes the hearing (and sight) more acute ; 
while salicylic acid, salicylates and quinine cause, in man, 
subjective symptoms, including fulness, roaring and buzzing 
noises in the ears. 



Drugs Acting- on the Respiratory Organs. 

It is impossible to describe under this head all the 
drugs influencing the respiratory tract. Thus, agents affect- 
ing the circulation exert a powerful action on the blood 
supply and functions of the respiratory organs. The appli- 
cation of counter-irritants and heat and cold externally, 
reflexly produce notable alterations in pulmonary conditions. 
Emetics are indirectly serviceable in assisting the expulsion 
of exudations from tbe upper air passages in dogs. Further- 
more, medicines having a depressing action on the nervous 
system are of importance in respiratory disorders in reliev- 
ing cough and spasm. We shall consider here those agents 
acting on the respiratory apparatus itself. 

Drugs Acting on the Respiratory Mucous Membrane. 
(A) Drugs Acting Locally. 

1. Stimulating the mucous membranes and causing 
vascular dilatation, increased secretion and muscular con- 
traction of the walls. 

2. Producing a sedative action. 

3. Exerting an antiseptic influence. 

4. Relaxing spasm. 

5. Causing a local astringent action. 

6. Thinning exudations. 

Errlmies, or sternuatories, are drugs which are intro- 
duced into the nostrils to cause irritatioi), coughing and 
sneezing and expulsion of secretions, parasites and foreign 
bodies from the nasal chambers and upper air passages. 
They are rjirely of any value, and include tobacco, ipecac, 
euphorbium, ammonia, chlorine and sulphurous anhydride. 



DRUGS ACTING ON THE RESPIRATOUY ORGANS 47 

By inhalation (in pint of water at temp, of 140° F. or 
over, unless otherwise stated). 

(1) DRUGS EXERTING STIMULANT ACTION. 

Carbolic acid gr. xx. 

Creosote §ss. 

Oil of cubebs §ss. 

Tincture of benzoin |ss. 

Tincture of ipecac iss. 

Oil of turpentine 3ss.-3iiss. 

Oil of pine . . .3ss.-3iiss. 

(2) DRUGS EXERTING A SEDATIVE INFLUENCE. 

Diluted hydrocyanic acid (tti x.-xv. in 3i. cold water). 

(3) DRUGS PRODUCING AN ANTISEPTIC ACTION. 

Thymol gr. vii.-xii. 

Carbolic acid Si- 
Creosote §ss. 

Compound tincture of benzoin §ss. 

Sulphurous anhydride gas. 
Formaldehyde vapor. 

Oitof eucalyptus H x.-xx. (in §11. of alcohol) . 

Oil of cubebs §ss. 

Oil of juniper §ss. 

Benzoic acid 3ix. (in §viii. of alcohol). 

Tar water, undiluted. 

Potassium permanganate gr. xv.-3i. 

(Quinine hydrochlorate 3ss. 

(4) DRUGS RELAXING SPASM. 

Amyl nitrite H. (3ss.-i.) D. (Tiiii.-v.) undiluted. 

Extract of belladonna gr . ii -iv. 

" " hyoscyamus gr. viii.-xv. 

" " coniuni gx\ viii. 

(Burning stramonium leaves). 

(5) DRUGS CAUSING A LOCAL ASTRINGENT ACTION. 

Alum 38S. 

Zinc sulphate 3ss. 

Solution of ferric chloride 3i. 

Silver nitrate 5ss. 

(0) DRUGS THINNING SECRETION. 

Sodium bicarbonate 3ss. 

Solution of lime, undiluted. 

Ammonium chloride 3ss. 

Vinegar §ii. 

Lactic acid ?i. 



48 GENERAL ACTIONS OF DRUGS 

Uses. — Inlialations are often beneficial in tlie treatment 
of coryza, pharyngitis, laryngitis, tracheitis and bronchitis. 
In the first stage of catarrhal inflammation of the upper air 
passages, antiseptics may cut short tli^s attack. Simple 
steaming with vinegar or sodium bicarbonate moistens and 
soothes the dry, irritable mucous membrane and relieves 
congestion by promoting secretion. In the exudative stage, 
agents stimulating the respiratory mucous membrane and 
making the secretions less viscid are in order. If the mucous 
or purulent discharges are excessive, astringent sprays or 
inhalations are useful ; and if they are foul-smelling, drugs 
combining stimulant and antiseptic actions maybe employed. 
Inhalations may be given by means of a bronchitis kettle, or 
by atomization, to small animals. Care must be exercised 
that too large a quantity of the solution be not used lest 
absorption and poisoning ensue. Dogs may be placed over 
the perforated seat of a cane-bottomed chair with the steam- 
ing apparatus underneath. 

A hot brick is sometimes employed to give inhalalions 
to horses by dropping it into a pail containing the proper 
solution. The head should not usually be covered during 
inhalation if the breathing is embarrassed or the respiratory 
tract obstructed, since fresh air is imperative. Simple steam- 
ing may be conducted for an hour. Inhalations containing 
special drugs may be given for fifteen minutes. 

(B) Drugs Acting Systemically. 

Expectorants are agents which influence the bronchial 
mucous membrane and its secretion. They aid pv hinder 
expectoration in man, but are much less efficient in this 
respect in Veterinary medicine, because the act of expector- 
ation is performed with difficulty by the lower animals. 
Nevertheless, expectorants are useful in altering the character 
of the secretion and lessening the irritation caused by dry, 
tenacious discharges, and in stimulating the mucous mem- 
branes and improving their circulation and nutrition. 
Moreover, some drugs (volatile oils) exert an antiseptic 



DRUGS ACTING ON THE EESPIRATORY ORGANS 49 

action on the broncliial mucous membrane during their 
elimination. 

Expectorants 

(1) INCREASING SECRETION 

Depressing the heart and loivering vascular tension 
^" depressing expectorants 'V 

Apomorphine Ipecac Antimony and potas- 

Potassium iodide Pilocarpine siuni tartrate 

Stimulating the heart and increasing vascular tension 
(" stimulating expectorants ''J 

Ammonium chloride Sulphur Terpin hjairate 

Squill Tar Terebene 

Camphor Turpentine Volatile oils 
Balsams 

(2) DIMINISHING SECRETION 

Belladonna Stramonium Opium 

Hyoscyamus Acids 

Volatile oils, and drugs containing them, first increase and then decrease 
bronchial secretion as a secondary effect. 

(3) ALTERING THE NUTRITION OF BRONCHIAL MUCOUS MEMBRANE 

Potassium iodide Cod-liver oil Sulphur 

Ammonium chloride 

(4) EXERTING AN ANTISEPTIC ACTION 

Turpentine Tar Balsam of Tolu 

Terebene Ammoniacum Cubebs 

Terpin hydrate Balsam of Peru Copaiba 

Uses. — Expectorants are chiefly prescribed in bronchitis. 
In the BJirly or dry stage drugs increasing secretion and at 
the same time depressing the circulation are often employed 
in sthenic cases. These drugs possess less value in the 
treatment of the horse, on account of comparative insuscep- 
tibility to them, than in the case of dogs. 

If exudation is excessive, then drugs lessening secretion 
are indicated. "When the disorder is persistent, agents alter- 
ing and improving the nutrition of the bronchial mucous 
membrane are beneficial. Bronchitis accompanied by a 



50 GENERAL ACTIONS OF DRUGS 

copious foul Gecretion is treated with volatile oils, which 
exert au antiseptic action on the air passages. Expectorants 
are usually administered with other agents influencing the 
respiratory tract; e.g., drugs relieving cough and spasm and 
those stimulating the respiratory movements or circulation. 

Drugs Stimulating the.Eespiratory Centres. 

Strychnine Stramonium 

Atropine Ammonium carbonate 

Belladonna btrong ammonia 

Hyoscyamus 

External counter-irritation and heat. 

Drugs Depressing the Kespiratory Centres. 

Many drugs depress and paralyze the respiratory centres 
in large doses, but they are seldom used medicinally for 
this purpose. 

Uses. — Drugs stimulating the respiratory centres and 
movements are of great value in diseases of the chest — 
especially bronchitis — attended with obstruction in the air 
passages and cyanosis. They promote coughing and efforts 
at expulsion of secretion and facilitate the entrance of 
oxygen into the blood. Some, possibly ammonia, stimulate 
the movements of the cilise lining the tracheal mucous 
membrane. 

Strychnine is, perhaps, the most powerful respiratory 
stimulant ; atropine is indicated where exudation is abundant, 
while ammonium carbonate is prescribed to increase secre- 
tion. Certain drugs sometimes cause in large doses Cheyne- 
Stokes breathing in animals, e.g., opium, chloral, bromides, 
digitalis, ammonium carbonate and strychnine, owing to 
disturbance of the respiratory centre. 

Drugs Relaxing Spasm op the Bronchial Muscular 
Tunic and Relieving Cough. 





LOCALLY 


White of egg 


Linseed tea 


Mucilage 


Syrups 



External counter-irritation and heat 



DEUGS ACTING ON THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS 51 

SYSTEMICALLY 

Opium Nitrites 

Codeine Chloral 

Hyoscyamus Bromides 

Stramonium Chloroform 

Cannabis Indica Phenacetin 

Uses of Drugs Allaying Spasm and Cough. 

Coughing is a reflex act following irritation of sensory 
nerve endings in any part of the respiratory tract (usually 
of afferent vagal branches), in the pharynx, pleura, ears, teeth, 
stomach and liver. Sensory impulses conveyed to the 
reflex centre for coughing, — near the respiratory centre in the 
medulla, — are there transformed into motor impulses and 
result in coughing. Drugs may stop coughing by acting 
locally to relieve congestion and irritation (demulcents) or 
they may exert a topical sedative action on the nerve end- 
ings. They also act systemically by quieting the reflex centre 
for coughing, or the sensory or motor nerve endings ; also 
by abating congestion in promoting secretion (expectorants), 
or in influencing the circulation. 

Cough may be beneficial when it assists the expulsion 
of exudation, but is not so when it is constant and ineffective, 
as in congestion of the trachea, bronchial mucous mem- 
branes, lungs or pleura ; in pulmonary consolidation ; and 
in coughs originating outside of the respiratory tract. We 
should try to arrest coughing by agents removing the cause 
(congestion or irritation), such as counter-irritants, expector- 
ants, local applications (sprays, inhalations) and heart 
stimulants; but if these are inefficient and coughing is 
immoderate, we may resort to the use of sedative agents. 
Some preparation of opium is most frequently employed to 
stop coughing, but should be avoided if cyanosis exists, 
since inspiratory and expulsive efforts are weakened by the 
drug. Belladonna, on the other hand, stimulates the respi- 
ratory centres and arrests cough by depressing both the 
afferent and efferent vagal terminations in the lungs, while — 
like opium — lessening secretion. These drugs are often 



52 GENERAL ACTIONS OF DRL'GS 

combiueLl. "When spasm of the bronchioles exists, as in 
asthma, and sometimes in bronchitis, the nitrites are partic- 
ularly valuable. , 



Drugs Acting on the Urinary Organs. 

^ Diurefics are drags increasiiif]; the secretion of urine. 
Three factors are concerned with the urinary flow. (1) The 
composition of the blood. (2) The state of local (renal) 
and general blood pressure. (3) The activity of the 
renal cells. The renal mechanism influenced by drugs com- 
prises : 

(1) The Malpighian glomerules, which excrete water, salts 
and some excrementitious matters from the blood by 
osmosis. Their activity depends upon their blood supply, 
which is increased by agents causing dilatation of their 
afferent vessels, or contraction of the efferent vessels; and 
by drugs increasing general blood tension. Drugs aug- 
menting the mass of blood and tension in the Malpighian 
bodies enlarge the surface of cubical epithelium covering 
the capillary loops and promote osmosis of fluid into the 
cavity of the Malpighian capsule. 

(2) The nucleated polyhedral cells lining the convoluted tubes. 
— These secrete the solid products resulting from the retro- 
grade metamorphosis of nitrogenous bodies circulating in 
the blood, as urea, together with water. 

(3) The constricted tubes. — These regulate the urinary 
secretion by either impeding its passage by constriction of 
their walls, thus aiding absorption, or by their active 
peristalsis facilitating the flow of urine. 

(4) Nervous mechanism.— This governs the secretory 
activity of the cells of the convoluted tubes, regulates the 
tension in the vessels of the malpighian bodies, and possibly 
controls the unstriped muscle of the constricted tubes. It 
comprises : 

*The exact physiological details accounting for the a?tioa of individual 
iiuretics is still largely a matter of conjecture. 



DRUGS ACTING ON THE URINARY ORGANS 53 

(a) Four medullary centres. 

Vasomotor ) Vasodilator centres 

(controlling renal vessels) f Vasoconstrictor centres 

Secretory (Stimulating cells ol convoluted tubes) 

Inhibitory (Depressing activity of renal cells) 

(b) Subsidiary centres in the spinal cord, solar and renal plexus. 

(c) Secretory nerve-endings in kidneys. 

(d) Muscular fibre in renal vessels. 

(e) Renal cells. 

These structures may be either stimulated or depressed, 
or the same drug may cause diuresis in various ways by a 
combination of actions. 

Diuretics more commonly act in two ways. (1) By 
influencing renal circulation; (2) by stimulating the secre- 
tory nerve-endings in the renal cells or the cells them- 
selves. 

(1). Diuretics increasing general or local {renal) blood tension. 

These drugs increase cardiac action in some cases, and 
in others stimulate or depress the vasomotor centres, or the 
terminations of the vasoconstrictors or dilators in the renal 
vessels — to cause dilatation of the branches of the renal 
artery carrying blood to the capillary loops in the Malpighian 
bodies, or to produce coutractiou of the arterial branches 
conducting blood away from the Malpighian tufts — in either 
way increasing local blood tension and secretion of urine. 

Local blood tension is thought to be augmented by the 
nitrites and alcohol acting on the vasomotor centre or renal 
vessels to dilate the afferent vessels of the Malpighian 
glomerules, in addition to stimulating the heart. Buchu, 
turpentine, juniper and cautharides are said to act locally 
on the kidneys to contract the efferent vessels of the Mal- 
pighian bodies. Digitalis, strophanthus, squill, caffeine and 
strychnine stimulate the heart and contract the vessels 
generally, while locally they are believed to cause contrac- 
tion of the efferent vessels of the Malpighian bodies by 
action on the vasomotor centres. The entrance of water 
into the circulation increases the mass of blood, vascular 
tension, and thus the flow of urine. 



54 GENERAL ACTIONS OF DRUGS 

(2) Diuretics stimulating the secretory nerve-endings or 
renal cells. 

Potassium nitrate Colcjiicum 

" acetate Calomel 

' ' citrate Urea 

" bitartrate Theobromine sodio-salicy late 

Lithimn salts (Diuretinj 

.Salines generally Caffeine 

Uses. — Diuretics are useful in removing deleterious and 
waste solid matters in the blood resulting from disease or 
the imperfect oxidation of albuminoid substances. In fevers 
the potassium nitrate and other potassium salts are employed 
with spirit of nitrous ether, alcohol and digitalis. They are 
antipyretics by eliminating pyrogenic material. Tissue 
waste is increased by diuretics, and they are serviceable in 
plethora, rheumatism and obesity. In acute diseases of the 
kidneys, salines and digitalis are indicated ; in chrouic renal 
disorders more stimulating agents are often used, as juniper, 
buchii, etc. Diuretics remove water from the system. They 
are, therefore, employed in oedema and dropsy of renal or 
cardiac origin, and in chronic effusions, as in pleuritis and 
pericarditis. Blood tension is lowered by withdrawal of 
water from the blood, and congestion may be relieved in 
various parts of the body. Diuretics lessen irritation of the 
kidneys by diluting the urine when the secretion is concen- 
trated or contains toxins or other irritants (uric acid, calcium 
oxalate, etc.). Finally, stimulating diuretics (buchu, turpen- 
tine, etc.), are indicated in chronic inflammatory diseases of 
the kidneys and bladder, and in relaxedand paretic disorders 
of the bladder (incontinence of urine) to excite the reflex 
and motor functions of the sphincter and detrusor muscles. 

Drugs Influencing the Beaction of Urine. 

In man and animals secreting an acid urine, the basic 
phosphates of sodium and potassium in the blood are 
decomposed by the renal cells, and acid phosphate of sodium 
or potassium — being more diffusible — are eliminated, giving 
the urine its characteristic reaction, while the bases remain 



DRUGS ACTING ON THE UEINARY ORGANS 55 

behind. In the ease of the herbivora the urine is alkaline, 
because there are larger quantities of magnesium and 
calcium salts in the food, which precipitate phosphoric acid 
in the stomach, and because there is an excess of alkaline 
sodium and potassium salts in the blood. The urine may 
best be made acid by benzoic acid, which is converted into 
hippuric acid during its passage through the kidneys. Sali- 
cylic acid, urotropin, the mineral acids (as acid salts), and 
large quantities of the vegetable acids and boric acid tend to 
acidify the urine in a less degree. An acid urine may be 
made alkaline by alkalies, as salts of potassium, lithium, sod- 
ium and calcium, together with the vegetable salts, tartrates, 
citrates and acetates, which circulate as carbonates in the 
blood. Drugs promoting diuresis make the urine less acid 
because the basic sodium phosphate in the blood is not so 
readily broken up in the kidney when it diffuses through the 
cells in great dilution. Ammonia fails to make the urine 
alkaline because it is transformed into urea. 

Uses. — Benzoic acid is sometimes of benefit in acidify- 
ing and disinfecting an alkaline decomposing urine of pyelitis 
or cystitis. Recently urotropin has been used more success- 
fully for these purposes. The alkalies are thought to be useful 
in alkalizing the blood in certain disorders (rheumatism), 
hannoglobina^mia, etc.), and the urine of carnivora, to prevent 
the precipitation of uric acid in the urine or to aid its solu- 
tion when already precipitated. 

Drugs Ifluencing the Composition of Urine. 

Drugs contracting efferent vessels of the Malpighian 
bodies diminish the flow of blood and urea-excretion and 
increase the elimination of water; while those dilating the 
afferent vessels cause more blood to pass through the kidney 
and promote the secretion of solids and water. Drugs 
stimulating the cells of the convoluted tubes augment 
especially the urinary solids. The composition of the urine 



56 GENERAL ACTIONS OF DKUGS 

is also altered by most drugs eliminated iii it, leading to 
changes in color, odor, reaction and the appearance of blood 
pigment, etc.* « 

Urinary Antiseptics. 

Certain drugs are sometimes given with the purpose of 

preventing decomposition of the urine in purulent pyelitis 

and cystitis. Among these are : 

Urotropin Salicylic acid Copaiba 

Benzoic cid Salol Cubebs 

Boric acid Buchu Volatile oils 

Urinary Sedatives. 

The foregoing list, in preventing decomposition, and : 

Hyoscyamus Opium 

Belladonna Alkalies (with an acid urine) 



Drugs Acting on the Sexual Organs. 

(A) Influencing Chiefly the Male Generative Organs. 

The mechanism concerned with the sexual functions is 
presided over by cerebral and spinal lumbar centres. Agents 
may immediately excite the spinal centres or cause local 
irritation of sensory nerves in various parts of the body — 
more particularly in the neighborhood of the genital organs 
— and thus reflexly stimulate the lumbar centres. 



* Thus blood appears in the urine after toxic doses of turpentine, 
cantharides and salicylic acid ; and blood pigment, in poisoning by 
potassium chlorate, acetanilid. nitrites, glycerin and mushrooms (mus- 
carin) ; and occasionally by overdoses of mineral acids, naphtol, naph- 
talin and arsenic. Rhubarb and senna impart their coloring matter 
(chrysarobiti) to uriue, which makes acid urine brown, but alkaline 
urine a deep blood or purplish red. Carbolic acid, creosote, naphtalin 
and other tar-products, together with gaultheria and uva ui'si (due to 
contained arbutin), stain the urine a greenish-brown or blackish hue. 
Santonia dyes an alkaline urine cherry or purple-red, while an acid 
urine is turned yellow or greenish. Logwood gives its color to acid 
urine, while an alkaline urine is rendered red or violet. Poisonous 
doses of sulphonal and trional give rise to a claret-colored urine, owing 
to hematoporphyiin. Gamboge and carrots bestow their colors on the 
urine. Turpentine is said to give urine the odor of violets, but large 
doses impart the peculiar odor of the oil itself. Cubebs, copaiba, evca- 
lyptus, valerian, musk, asafetida, sandal wood oil, asparagus and tur- 
pentine (large doses) communicate their special odor to the urine. 



DRUGS ACTING ON THE SEXUAL ORGANS- ' 57 

The cerebral centres are mainly affected by visual, nasal 
or oral impressions, and also reflexly by irritation of sensory 
nerve-endings, more especially those situated in the sexual 
organs. 

(1) Aphrodisiacs are drugs exciting sexual desire (and 
increasing sexual power in the male). They include : 

DIRECT APHRODISIACS 

Strychnine, Phosphorus, Alcohol (act on centres) 
Cantharides (local irritant) 

INDIRECT APHRODISIACS 

In debility : Iron, Strychnine, Arsenic, (full diet) 

(2) Anaphrodisiacs are drugs lessening sexual desire. 
They are : 

Opium, Bromides, Purgatives, Nauseants, (bleeding), (spare diet) 

Uses. — Drugs directly exciting sexual appetite are of no 
therapeutic value, and the local irritants, as cantharides, 
are, moreover, likely to work harm by producing inflamma- 
tion of the urinary tract. Loss of sexual desire and power 
should usually be treated by improving the general nutrition 
with tonics and good feeding and by regulating the use of 
the sexual organs, unless the trouble is due to organic 
disease. Drugs diminishing sexual appetite may be useful 
in quieting the centres and rendering them less sensitive to 
sources of local irritation. It is, however, more sensible to 
remove the cause of irritation, as smegma preputii, acid 
urine, urinary calculi, intestinal parasites, scybala, fissure of 
the rectum, haemorrhoids, etc. Anaphrodisiacs may be 
employed to subdue excessive sexual excitement and ner- 
vousness (hysteria) sometimes accompanying " heat " in 
the female. 

(B) Infitiencing the female sexual organs. 

(1) Emmenagogues are drugs which favor the occurrence 
of " heat " (ovulation) in the female when it is irregular or 
abnormally absent. We are at present ignorant of their 
exact mode of action. Some act directly, perhaps, by stim- 
ulating the centres or uterus. 



68 GENERAL ACTIONS OF DRUGS 

DIRECT EMMENAGOGUES 

Savin, Rue, Cantharides (irritants) 
Ergot » 

INDIRECT EMMENAGOGUES 

Purgatives (Aloes) 

In debility : Iron, Arsenic, Strychnine (full diet) 

Uses. — The irritant emmenagogues are usually ineffectual 
in medicinal doses, while they may cause inflammation of 
the urinary tract and abortion (in pregnant animals) in large 
doses. The use of the indirect emmenagogues is more 
rational and effective. Aloes is thought to stimulate the 
uterus reflexly by irritation of the large intestines, and may 
also act locally on the uterus after absorption. Absence of 
oestrum, ordinarily a symptom resulting from a general or 
local condition, should be treated if possible by removing 
the cause (debility, plethora, deformity). 

(2) Ecbollics, or oxytocics, are drugs stimulating uterine 
contraction during or directly after parturition. The exact 
physiological details concerned in this action are unknown. 
They are : 

Ergot Quinine 

Cotton root bark Hydrastis 

Corn smut Savin 

(3) Drugs restraining uterine contractions. 

Anaesthetics Chloral 

Opium Bromides 

Cannabis Indica 

Uses. — Ecbollics (preeminently ergot) are used to con- 
tract the uterus and arrest haemorrhage after parturition ; 
or to stimulate the womb during parturition in inertia. In 
poisonous doses they may lead to abortion during pregnancy. 
Drugs restraining uterine contraction (especially opium) 
are sometimes given to prevent threatened abortion. 

(4) Drugs infiuencing milk-secretion. 

(a) Galactagogues are drugs increasing the flow of milk. 
They include : 

Pilocarpine Leaves of castor oil plant (inter- 

Alcohol nally or locally on udder as 

(Full diet) poultice). 



DKUGS INFLUENCING METABOLISM 



59 



Drug treatment is ineffective in increasing the secretion 
of milk ; rich feeding is the chief desideratum. Many drugs 
are eliminated in milk and may produce their characteristic 
effects in animals or man drinking it. Among these are : 



Opium 


Arsenic 


Copper 


All volatile oils 


Mercury 


Carbolic acid 


Purgative salts 


Lead 


Colchicum 


Rhubarb 


Zinc 


Euphorbium 


Senna 


Iron 


Ergot 


Castor oil 


Bismuth 


Salicylic acid 


Scammony 


Neutral salts 


Veratrin 


Jalop 


Ammonia 


Strychnine 


Iodine 


Acids 


Croton oil 


Potassium iodide 


Sulphur 


Aloes 


Antimony 


Atropin 


Turpentine 



(b) Antigaladagogues. — Belladonna is the only efficient 
drug lessening the secretion of milk, applied locally or given 
internally. It paralyzes the peripheral secretory nerve- 
endings and is useful in mammitis by diminishing the circu- 
latory activity in the mammary gland. 



Drugs Influencing' Metabolism. 

(1) Alteratives. — The term " alterative " is a vague, inde- 
finable word used to describe the action of certain drugs, 
modifying tissue change and improving nutrition in somo 
disorders. The word is simply a cloak for iguorHuce and 
should be dropped. The value of alteratives has been dis- 
covered by cliiiicM,! experience. The following are often 
classed as alteratives : 



Arsenic and its preparations 
Mercury and its salts 
Iodine and its salts 
Cod liver oil 



Phosphoric acid 
Colchicum 
Sarsaparilla 
Sulphur 



Uses. — Alteratives are employed in those diseases in 
which experience has proved them 'to be beneficial. 



60 GENERAL ACTIONS OF DRUGS 

Tonics. — The word "tonic" is another term even more 
vague and all-embracing than " alterative," and, therefore, 
impossible to accurately define. Tonics improve the 
general nutrition and health, and, as ordinarily understood, 
refer to drugs promoting appetite and digestion (bitter 
tonics, as gentian) ; the state of the blood (hsematinics, as 
iron and arsenic) ; or the condition of certain organs (heart 
tonics, as digitalis ; nerve tonics, as strychnine). 

Tonics are indicated in the treatment of debility (gen- 
eral or special) and anaemia. 



Drugrs Influencing Bodily Heat. 

Antipyretics are drugs lowering the temperature of the 
body in iever. The mechanism concerned with temperature 
changes is as follows : 

(1) Heat i^roduclion. — There is a centre in the corpus 
striatum for heat production. Probably this controls mus- 
cular activity, which is chiefly instrumental in the production 
of bodily heat. 

(2) Heat loss, — There is a centre for heat dissipation 
situated in the medulla. This controls the vasomotors and 
state of vascular tension ; the activity of the sweat glands 
and respiration ; and, therefore, the amount of heat lost by 
radiation from the blood vessels of the skin, by evaporation 
of sweat, and by the act of respiration. Heat is also lost 
by the passage of fseces and urine. 

(3) Heat regulation. — There are heat-regulating centres 
in the cortex cerebri (?) which coordinate or adjust the 
relations existing between the heat-producing and heat- 
dissipating centres. 

Finally, the bodily temperature is reflexly influenced by 
sensory impulses originating in various parts of the body, 
and conveyed by afferent nerves to the three braiu-centres 
controlling temperature. Agents lowering bodily tempera- 
ture in fever may act to depress the heat-producing centre ; 
to stimulate the heat-dissipating centre ; to dilate vessels ; 



DRUGS INFLUENCING BODILY HEAT 



61 



to increase the secretions (particularly of sweat) ; to influence 
the circulation by drugs or venesection ; to physically 
abstract heat, and to remove sources of fever in the digestive 
tract. 

TABLE SHOWING THE PROBABLE MODE OF ACTION OF 
ANTIPYRETICS. 

C Phenacetin 
I Antipyrin 
r Depress heat-produc- \ ^cetanilid 

Salicylic acid 



ing; centre 



' Lessen heat 
duction 



03 

O 

M 

H 

Oh 
I— I 
H 



pro- { 



[_ Salic in 



l- Influence circulation ^ 

f Slightly stimulate 
heat-dissipating 
centre 



Aconite 

Veratrum 

Digitalis 

Antimony 

"Venesection 

Acetanilid 
Antipyrin 
Phenacetin 



. Increase heat loss 



Cause sweating and 
dilate vessels 



f Alcohol 

Spirit of nitrous 
■{ ether 
I Opium 
|_ Ipecac 

( Cold, externally 
1 and internally 



Abstract heat 

I Purgatives (remove 
pyrogenic material) 

Antipyretics do not lower temperature in health when 
given in medicinal doses. 

Uties. — Antipyretics are employed to diminish fever. It 
is wiser to lessen heat production than to increase heat loss 
(by diarphoretics, diuretics, circulatory depressants, bleed- 
ing, etc.), because heat production is stimulated by the latter 
process. The modern antipyretics (acetanilid, antipyrin 
and phenacetin) act chiefly to lessen heat production, and 
are, therefore, most serviceable, but even these drugs should 
usually be avoided unless fever is exceedingly high or long- 
continued. This follows because a high bodily temperature 
is often inimical to bacterial life and growth, and because 



62 GENERAL ACTIONS OF DRUGS 

fever is a natural protective agency, being tlie result of 
increased oxidation, and destroys toxins and pyrogenic sub- 
stances. Acetauilid, antipyrin and plienacetin, moreover, 
depress the circulation in large doses and alter the red 
corpuscles so as to interfere with their oxygen-carrying 
functions. Cold is the best antipyretic agency when it 
can be employed, in not only reducing temperature and in- 
creasing the elimination of toxins in the urine, but in 
powerfully stimulating the nervous system and vital func- 
tions. (See p. 704.) 



Drugs Acting on the Skin. 

(A) Drugs Influencing the Blood Vessels of the Skin. 
(1) Locally dilating superficial vessels. 

IRRITANTS OR COUNTER-IRRITANTS. 

Cantharides Corrosive mercuric chloride 

Iodine Arsenous acid 

Mustard Silver nitrate 

Capsicum Zinc chloride 

Croton oil Carbolic acid 

Oil of turpentine and other Mineral acids 

volatile oils Caustic alkalies 

Ammonia M^ater Anaesthetics and alcohol(when eva- 

Camphor poration is prevented) 

Red mercuric iodide (Heat) 

Drugs are classified as follows, according to the degree 
of irritation they produce : 

Rubefacients are drugs which cause vascular dilatation 
and redness of the skiu when locally applied, such as mus- 
tard and iodine (and heat). 

Vesicants are drugs producing inflammation of the skin 
and exudation of serum under the epidermis (vesicles), 
"when locally applied, such as cantharides. 

Pustulants are drugs inducing a still higher grade of 
inflammation when locally applied, accompanied by migra- 
tion of leucocytes from the vessels into the vesicles, forming 
pustules. 



DRUGS ACTING ON THE SKIN 63 

Caustics, or Escliarotics, are agents wliicli, when locally- 
applied, lead to so great a degree of irritation that the 
vitality of tissues is destroyed, e.g., nitric acid, caustic potash 
and the white-hot iron. 

Uses. — Irritants are often called counter-irritants when 
they are used against (counter) existing irritation or inflam- 
mation by reflexly causing contraction of vessels in congested 
or inflamed underlying parts. Thus a blister on the chest 
leads to contraction of the vessels in the inflamed pleura 
and relieves pleuritis. Counter-irritants are, therefore, 
employed locally to overcome internal congestion and 
inflammation. Rubefacients are often applied over the 
whole surface of the body (mustard and turpentine) to dilate 
superficial vessels and equalize the circulation in colds, 
chills and internal congestions. Vesicants are used to alter 
the circulation and nutrition of adjacent parts and to secure 
resolution antl absorptiou of iuflaiumatory products in joint 
and periosteal disorders. (For details see Counter-irritants, 

p. 69n ) 

(2) Locally contracting superficial vessels. 

Astringents are drugs which, when locally applied, make 
the tissues drier and denser and lessen secretions. Their 
action is probably dependent on various factors : partial 
coagulation of the albuminous fluids of the tissues ; coagu- 
lation of morbid secretions ; removal of water ; and contrac- 
tion of the muscular coat of the blood vessels. They are 
local irritants with the exception of lead acetate and bismuth 
salts. The astringents are : 



Salts 



Styptics, or Hcemostatics, are drugs which arrest hsBmor- 



' Lead 


Adrenalin 


A luminum 


Tannic acid, and drugs contain- 


Zinc 


ing it 


Silver 


Hydrastis 


Copper 


Cocaine 


Ferrio 


Antipyrin 


Bismuth 


Ether ) On evapora- 
Methylene chloride j tion 


Hamamelis 


Ergot 


(Cold) 



64 GENERAL ACTIONS OF DRUGS 

rhage, when locally applied, both by coagulation of albumin 
of the blood and by direct contraction of the vessels and 
tissues surrounding them. Adrenalin and solutions of ferric 
alum, ferric chloride and snbsulphate are the most powerful 
styptics, although all astringents possess an haemostatic 
action. 

Uses. — Astringents are employed in local loss of tone 
and relaxation of tissues accompanied by serous, mucous or 
purulent exudation from mucous membranes or raw surfaces. 
The irritating astringents are usually contra-indicated in 
acute inflammatory conditions, but are thought to prevent 
the out-wandering of leucocytes through the blood vessels, 
which results in purulent exudation. 

Styptics are employed in the treatment of haemorrhage 
from mucous membranes, or in bleeding from other parts 
which cannot be stopped by surgical means, heat or cold. 
The coagulated blood is prone to sepsis, speedy decomposi- 
tion and infection. 

(B) Drugs Locally Softening, Soothing and Protecting 
THE Skin, or Emollients. 

They include : 

Lard Olive oil 

Petrolatum Cottonseed oil 

Cacao butter Lanolin 

(Fomentations — Poultices) 

Demulcents are drugs exerting a soothing, protecting and 
softening influence on the mucous membrane of the aliment- 
ary canal, when given internally. They are mostly gums, 
syrups and albuminous fluids, as : 

Acacia Glycerin 

Linseed infusion or tea White of egg 

Liquorice Milk 

Syrup Starch 

Molasses Svs^eet oil 
Honey 

Uses. — Emollients are serviceable in softening the skin 
when it has a tendency to be dry and fissured ; also in 



DnUGS ACTING ON THE SKIN 65 

chafing and superficial iuflammation when emollients pro- 
tect the skin from the natural irritation of the air. 

Demulcents are of value in inflammation of the mucous 
membraue of the digestive tract (olive oil, not starch or 
gums, which may decompose and irritate), and again in 
catarrh of the mucous membrane of the upper respii-atory 
tract, because they not only exert a direct sedative influence 
on the throat, but, either reflexly or in some measure 
directly, act on the bronchial tubes. Demulcents are often 
employed to relieve irritation in the urinary tract, but after 
their decomposition in the alimentary canal and absorption 
into the blootl they can not act as such. They act chiefly 
by supplying water. 

(C) Drugs Influencing the Secretion of Sweat. 

The mechanism controlling the sudoriparous glands and 
secretion of sweat, comprises sweat centres in the spinal 
cord ; secretory nerves proceeding from them with termina- 
tions in the glands ; the gland cells, and blood vessels of 
the skin. Any portion of this mechanism may be afiected 
by drugs to increase or diminish sweat secretion. 

(1) Drugs increasing the secretion of sweat, or diaplioretics. 
They may : • 

(1) Stimulate the sweat centres. 

(2) Excite the secretory nerve-endings in the glands. 

(3) Increase the activity of the gland cells. 

(4) Stimulate the vasodilators and increase the vascu- 
larity of the skin. Stimulation of the secretory and vasodi- 
lator nerves usually go haml in hand, since they accompany 
each other in their course to the sweat glands. 

DIAPHORETICS 



Pilocarpine 

Alcohol 

Spirit of nitrous ether 

Heart stimulants 

External heat 

(Warm drinks) 



Pilocarpine stimulates the gland 
cells, or secretory nerve-endings. 
The others act indirectly by pro- 
moting the vascularity of the 
skin, and thus the activity of 
the sweat glands. 



66 GENERAL ACTIONS OF DRUGS 



' Stimulate sweat centres 



Antimony salts 

Solution of ammonium acetate 

Opium 

Camphor 

Ipecac 

Potassium acetate ) Action unknown 

Potassium citrate j 

Aconite 

(2) Drugs diminishing the secretion of siueat, or anhidrotics. 

They may depress the various parts of the mechanism 
which are stimulated by diarphoretics. They are : 

Atropine ^ Acids 

Belladonna j Paralyze sec- Zinc salts 

Hyoscyamus V retory nerve- Nux vomica !► Action unde- 

Stramonmm j endmgs. Q amine j 

(Cold externally) J Salicylic acid J 

Uses. — There are two indications for the use of diapho- 
retics. First, to bring blood to the surface and to cause 
sweating, thus equalizing the circulation in " colds," chills 
and congestions and reducing temperature in fever by 
evaporation and radiation of heat from the skin. Ammonium 
acetate, alcohol and spirit of nitrous ether are commonly 
used in the treatment of the disorders first noted, but 
acetanilid and phenacetiu are more powerful antipyretics. 
Second, to eliminate morbid material from the blood in 
failure of the kidneys, as urinary suppression, or uraemia. 
These conditions are comparatively rare in veterinary prac- 
tice. The skin of the lower animals generally is much less 
responsive to diaphoretics than that of man, while horses 
and cattle are more susceptible to these agents than dogs, 
cats or pigs. 

A warm covering and atmosphere assist the dilation of 
the peripheral vessels and activity of the gland cells and 
should always be secured to aid diaphoresis. Anhidrotics 
are of little service in veterinary medicine. Excessive 
sweating is usually a sign of debility and is remedied by 
rest, tonics and good feeding. 



DRUGS WHICH DESTROY MICRO-ORGANISMS AND PARASITES 67 

Drugs Which Destroy Microorganisms and 
Parasites. 

(1) Disinfectants or Germicides are agents which destroy 
the microorganisms causing infectious and contagious 
diseases, fermentation and putrefaction. Examples : 

Corrosive mercuric chloride Sulphurous acid 

Carbolic acid Chlorine 

Lime Heat 
Chlorinated lime 

(2) Antiseptics are agents which prevent the growth and 
development of the microorganisms occasioning fermenta- 
tion, putrefaction and disease ; more especially the micro- 
cocci producing suppuration. Those used externally for 
surgical purposes are : 



Corrosive sublimate 


Zinc chloride 


lodol 


Carbolic acid 


Zinc sulphate 


Boric acid 


Creolin 


Formalin 


Benzoin 


Lysol 


Iodoform 


Thymol 


Hydrogen dioxide 


Salicylic acid 


Balsam of Peru 


Potassium permanganate 


Aristol 


Alcohol 


Antiseptics which are given internally : 




Naphtol 


Bismuth sal 


icylate 


Salol 


' ' subnitrate 


Creolin 


Quinine 




Carbolic acid 


Volatile oils 


! and others 



Deodorants^ or Deodorizers, are agents which destroyer 
counteract a foul odor. Those possessing any real value 
are also disinfectants and antiseptics, and remove the source 
of the odor. 

(For further details see special article on disinfectants, 
antiseptics and deodorants, p. 718 ) 

Anthelmintics or Vermicides are drugs which kill intestinal 
worms, as the various species of taenia (tape worm) ; of 
ascaris (round worm), and oxyuris (thread, seat or whip 
worm), inhabiting the alimentary canal of the domestic 
animals. They are absorbed with difficulty, or they would 
poison the host as well as the parasites. 



68 GENERAL ACTIONS OF DRUGS 

Anthelmintics inimical to toenia are: 

Aspidium (horse and dog) Calomel 
Oil of turpentine Arsenic 

?°"^'° . . 1 A^ ^ ^ t^""^^ 1 .«ffn„ 1 Aid in expulsion 

Areca nut (sheep and lambs) Linseed, cotton- ! ^^ dead rtara- 
Pumpkin seed seed or castor j ^j^^^ ^ 

oil J 

Anthelmintics destroying ^ascarides: 

HORSES. 

Creolin Iron ^ 

Aloes Gentian 



Oil of turpentine 



Arsenic 



Arsenic Copper sulphate J 

Calomel 

DOGS. 
Areca nut Spigelia 

Santonin 

Anthelmintics hilling oxyurides. 

Rectal injections containing salt, solution of lime, 
quassia, iron salts, alum and oil of turpentine are used to 
destroy these parasites infesting the lower bowel. 

Anthelmintics destroying strongylidoe. 

Thymol Turpentine Aspidium 

Anthelmintics destroying cestri equi ("Bots"). 

Carbon disulphide Hydrochloric acid ^ 

Chloroform Bitters | 

Iron J- Tonics 

Arsenic 

Copper sulphate J 

Vermifuges are purgatives (as aloes and oil) used to 
expel dead parasites from the bowels after the administra- 
tion of anthelmintics. 

Parasiticides, or antiparasitics, are drugs which destroy 
parasites, more especially those inhabiting the skin. We 
may classify them as those used: 

(1) Against Tinea (Ringworm and Favus). 

Mercurial ointments Chrysarobin ointment Salicylic acid 

Tincture of iodine Cantharides Boric acid 

Giycerite of carbolic acid Croton oil Thymol 

Creolin Formalin Sulphurous acid 
Creosote 



DRUGS WHICH DESTROY MICRO-ORGANISMS AND PARASITES 69 

(2) Against AcarL (Scab, itch and mange.) 

Sulphur Carbolic acid 

Tar Corrosive sublimate 

Peruvian balsam Salicylic acid 

Styrax Cantharides 

(3) Againsi Pediculi. (Lice.) 

Staphisagria Carbolic acid 

Oil of tar Creolin 

Peruvian balsam Tobacco 

Styrax Pyrethrum 
Oil of anise 

(4) Against Pulex irritans, (Flea.) 

Pyrethrum Oil of anise 

Carbolic soap 

(5) Against Actinomycosis. 

Tincture of iodine Iodoform 

Potassium iodide Copper sulphate 

Glycerite of carbolic acid Corrosive sublimate 

(6) Against Oideum albicans. (Thrush, aphtha, aphthous 
stomatitis.) 

Boric acid Alum 

Potassium chlorate Salicylic acid 

Potassium Permanganate Hydrochloric acid 

(7) Against Strongylus micrurus and jilaria. (Intra', 
tracheal' injections of carbolic acid and turpentine.) 

(For details concerning the use of parasiticides, see 
special articles on the drugs enumerated above and p. 798.) 



PHARMACY. 



The More Important Medicinal Bodies and 
Principles Contained in Drugs. 

Alkaloideum, pi. Alhdoklea, — Alkaloids. Characteristics : 

1. Alkaloids are nitrogenous bodies, being the active 
principles of many vegetable drugs. 

2. They resemble mineral bases in that they have an 
alkaline reaction and unite with acids to form soluble crys- 
talline salts. Hence their name, alkaloids. 

3. Chemically they are ammonia compounds. One or 
more atoms of H (in NH3) are replaced by various radicals. 

4. They are mostly insoluble in water, but very soluble 
in alcohol. Solutions possess a bitter taste. 

5. They are similar to animal alkaloids and probably 
have a like origin, — i.e., from the decomposition of albumi- 
noid material. 

6. Alkaloids are precipitated in solutions by tannin, 
forming insoluble tannates. 

7. They are usually solids and their salts are soluble 
and convenient for hypodermic use. 

8. Their Latin ending is ina ; English, ine ; viz. : Mor- 
phina, morphine. 

Examples : An alkaloid of cinchona is quinine ; of 
belladonna, atropine. 

Ghicosideum, pi. Glucosidea. — Glocosides are "neutral, 
non-nitrogenous organic bodies, representing the active prin- 
ciples of many vegetable drugs. They yield glucose and other 
substances on decomposition. Hence their name. Their 
Latin ending is inum ; English, in ; viz., salicinum, salicin. 

Examples : A glucoside of digitalis is digitalin ; of 
santoninum is santonin. 

70 



MEDICINAL BODIES ATTO TRINCIPLES CONTAINED IN DRUGS 71 

Oleum, pi. Olea. — Fixed oils are combinations of glycerin 
■with fatty acids ; usually oleic, stearic, marjijaric or palmitic 
acids. They are liqiiid at ordinai-y temperatures and soluble 
in benzin, chloroform and ether. Exposed to the air they 
undergo acid fermentation, resulting in "rancidity." Fixed 
oils are expressed from fruits and seeds of plants and animal 
tissue. They are "fixed" because they cannot be distilled. 
They leave a greasy mark on paper. 

Examples : Cod liver oil, castor oil, olive oil, linseed oil 
and croton oil. 

Oleum, pi. Olea. — Fats are solid, fixed oils. 

Examples : Lard, cacao butter. 

Oleum desfillatum, pi. Olea destillata. — Distilled oils are 
obtained by the distillation of flowers, fruits, leaves or seeds 
of plants; by maceration, infusion, expression; or by 
extraction with solvents. They are either liquid or solid 
and possess an aromatic odor and taste. They are lighter 
than water, and soluble in alcohol, ether, and very slightly 
soluble in water. Distilled oils are miscible with fatty sub- 
stances and mineral oils. They do not leave a greasy mark 
on paper. 

Synonyms : Essential oils, volatile oils and ethereal 
oils. Alcoholic solutions of these oils are known as essences. 

Examples : Oil of peppermint, oil of cloves, oil of win- 
tergreen. 

Oleo-resina, pi. Oleo-resince. — Oleo-resins are semi-solid 
mixtures of resins and volatile oils. Many are natural 
products, exuding from trees, as crude turpentine, which 
contains the volatile oil of turpentine and a resin, or what 
is commonly termed " rosin." They are soluble in ether. 

Examples : Oleo-resin of capsicum, oleo-resin of* aspi- 
dium. 

Besina, pi. Besince.— 'Resins are brittle, amorphous solids, 
soluble in alcohol and alkalies. They are obtained from 
oleo-resins by simple distillation, as in the case of turpen- 
tine ; or may be extracted from plants by means of heat or 
alcohol. 



72 PHARMACY 

Examples : The resins of Burgundy pitch and podo- 
phyllum, 

Balsamum, pi. Bahama. — Balsams are oleo-resins with 
the addition of either cinnamic or benzoic acids, or both. 
They are soiids or liquids. 

Examples : Balsam of Peru, balsam of Tolu. 

Gummus, ■pl.Gununi* — Gums are solid exudations from 
plants. They are generally soluble in water, and their solu- 
tions are precipitated by alcohol. 

Example : Gum acacia. 

Gum Resina, pi. Gum-Eesince, are solid exudations from 
plants consisting of a mixture of a gum and a resin. 

Pharmaceutical Processes. 

Many of the technical methods are those employed in 
chemistry, but of those more especially used in pharmacy 
are the following : 

PROCESSES OF MECHANICAL DIVISION. 

Slicing. — This prepares the drug for further reduction, 
and is the first of all pharmaceutical processes. 

Bruising or Contusion. — Consists in breaking the drug 
by force, and is usually performed with an iron mortar and 
pestle. 

Rasping or Filing. — For those drugs not easily reduced 
by the former processes, as guaiac wood. 

Trituration. — Performed with mortar and pestle. The 
effect produced where there is a circular motion, accom- 
panied by pressure. 

Grinding and Sifting. — In order to exhaust drugs some 
must be ground and sifted to a finer powder than others. 
To accomplish this, after grinding, we use sieves of differ- 
ent degrees of fineness, designated by numbers 20, 40, 60, 
80, ].00. These have reference to the number of meshes 
contained to the square inch. Therefore, when a 60 powder 
is directed to be used, it is that which will pass through 
a sieve containing 60 meshes to the square inch. 

* Gummi (indeclinable noun), often used for gum or gums. 



PHAEMACEUTICAL PEOCESSES 73 

Levigation. — Somewhat similar to trituration, but per- 
formed with a slab and muller. These should be made of 
glass, or some non-absorbent material. 

EJufriation. — This consists in mixing the powder, ob- 
tained by some of the former comminuting processes, with 
water ; agitating it ; allowing the coarser particles to settle, 
and pouring off the supernatant liquid which holds the finer 
particles in suspension. The powder settles from the latter 
and is dried. 

MECHANICAL PKOCESSES. 

Processes by which liquids are separated from solids, 
and by which active principles and soluble constituents are 
separated from the inert portion of the drug. 

Decantation. — The process by which solids are allowed 
to subside in a mixture and the supernatant liquid is slowly 
poured off or decanted. Liquids which will not mix, or that 
are of different Sp. Gr., may be decanted one from the other. 

Filtration. — This is the process of separating a solid 
insoluble substance from a liquid by passing the liquid 
containing it through a porous substance called & filter. The 
filter commonly used consists of unsized or bibulous paper, 
although cotton, muslin, felt, earthenware, and other sub- 
stances are employed. 

Percolation consists in the following process: A pul- 
verized vegetable drug (containing both soluble and in- 
soluble constituents) is placed in a conical vessel, or per- 
colator, and subjected to the action of a liquid called a 
menstruum, when the soluble portion, or percolate, flows 
from the lower opening. The menstruum as it descends 
becomes more and more saturated with the soluble con- 
stituents of the drug. The first that escapes is the strong- 
est, and each successive portion of the percolate becomes 
weaker until the drug is exhausted. The percolate should 
not drop faster than one or two drops a second. Percolation 
is employed in making tinctures, fluid and solid extracts, 
syrups and some other fluid pharmaceutical preparations. 



74 PHARMACY 

Clarification. — Is the process whereby cloudy substances 
are made clear by the addition of some coagulable sub- 
stances, as albumin or ichthyocoUa. It is the adding to any 
fluid, containing a sediment, a substance which will carry 
down all undissolved partiples, then filtering or decanting 
the liquid. 

CHEMICAL PROCESSES USED IN PHARMACY. 

Solution. — The process by which soluble substances 
assume the fluid state through the action of a liquid. 

Lixiviation. — Employed to separate a soluble constituent 
from an insoluble porous body. The substance to be lixi- 
viated is mixed with water and placed in a conical vessel, 
the bottom of which is covered with straw or coarse sand, 
and, after maceration has continued sufficiently, the satu- 
rated portion, called the lye, is drawn off from an opening in 
the lower part of the vessel. 

Crystallization.— Is, the concentration of a liquid con- 
taining a soluble solid by means of heat, when on allowing 
it to stand until cool, crystals form. Stirring during cooling 
will produce granulation. Solution, filtration and crystalliza- 
tion are the three best ways of obtaining ^we salts. 

PROCESSES REQUIRING THE APPLICATION OF HEAT. 

Liquefaction. — Is the melting of substances which at 
ordinary temperature are hard, and when cool return to the 
same condition as before heating, as resin, wax, lard, tallow. 

Evaporation. — Is the conversion of a liquid into steam 
or vapor. Liquids which evaporate at ordinary tempera- 
ture are called volatile, as alcohol. To keep the heat 
below the boiling point of water, we use the water bath, 
which cannot reach a higher temperature than 100° C. To 
gradually increase the heat, use the sand bath. 



PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS 75 

Distillation. — Is the vaporization of a liquid in a 
retort or a still, by heat, and conduction of the vapor 
through a cooled tube, where it is condensed and passes 
into a receiver and is called the distillate. Distillation is 
used to purify liquids or recover a volatile liquid from a 
solid, solution or mixture. Where two liquids ar'i mixed 
that have different points of vaporization and are separated 
in this way, the process is called redijication. 

Sublimation. — Distillation of a volatile solid. When 
the product is in a solid form, it is called a suUimate, as 
iodine, camphor, etc. ; when in flakes, it is called flowers, as 
sulphur. 

Maceration. — A term used to denote the action of liquids 
upon drugs at ordinary temperature. 

Digestion. — Same process, with heat raised to 40° C. 

3Ienstruum. — Any fluid substance used to dissolve a 
solid body or extract its medicinal principles. 

Excipient. — Any substance used to give a pill mass 
proper consistency. 

Exsiccate. — The process of removing all moisture, even 
the water of crystallization, from a crystal, by the use of heat. 

Desiccate. — To remove all excess of moisture. Heat not 
usually employed in this process. 

Incineration. — The combustion of a substance for its 
ashes. 

Reduction is employed to recover a metal in its purity, 
when in a combined state. 



Pharmaceutical Preparations. 

The " United States Pharmacopoeia " is an authoritative 
book, including the drugs of most value, with a description 
of their properties, tests for their purity, and methods for 
making their preparations. It is revised each decade by a 
convention of represpntative delegates from medical schools 



76 PHARMACY^ 

and societies, schools of pharmacy and pharmaceutical asso- 
ciations, with the collaboration of medical officers from the 
army, navy and marine hospital service. The last edition 
dates from September 1, 1905. All matter occurring in the 
"Pharmacopoeia" is said to be according to the IT. S. P., or 
officiah That occurring in the " British Pharmacopoeia " is 
marked B. P. 



Official Preparations. 

I, — Preparations Whose Solvent is Water. 

Decoctum, pi. Decocta. — Decoctions are solutions of crude 
drugs in water, obtained by boiling. Unless specified 
otherwise, their strength is 5 per cent., and the boiling is 
conducted fifteen minutes. Decoctions tend to undergo 
rapid decomposition, and are only suitable in case of those 
drugs whose active principle is soluble in water. They are 
unsuitable when the active principle of a drug is volatile, 
decomposed by heat, or whea it contains much starch, which 
would form an easily decomposable, thick mass. 

Drugs containing hard, woody substances, especially 
albumin, which coagulates in boiling and remains in the 
crude drug, are those especially adapted for this method. 

Infusum, pi. Infusa. — Infusions are aqueous solutions of 
drugs made by maceration in boiling water without the aid 
of ebullition. Maceration is done for half an hour, and the 
strength is 5 per cent., unless otherwise ordered. The same 
disadvantages apply in the case of infusions as with decoc- 
tions, in addition to the longer time required for their 
preparation. Some drugs, as digitalis or ergot, which yield 
their active principles to water and are more powerful when 
freshly made, are suitable for this process. 

Liquor, pi. Liquores. — Solutions are preparations holding 
active non-volatile principles in solution in water. They 
have no uniform strength. 



OFFICIAL PREPARATIONS 77 

Aqua, pi. Aquce. — Waters are aqueous solutions of vola- 
tile principles. They have no uniform strength and are 
mostly solutions of volatile oils or gases. 

Mistura, pi. 3Iisturce. — Mixtures are compounds consist- 
ing of a combination of fluid preparations or compounds in 
which solid substances are dissolved or held in suspension 
by an appropriate vehicle. The term is thus very compre- 
hensive, including most prescriptions for fluids used in 
practice, but more narrowly it applies in pharmacy to insol- 
uble materials suspended by suitable menstrua in water, the 
whole to be shaken before used. They have no definite 
strength. 

Emulsum, pi. Emulsa. — Emulsions are similar to mix- 
tures in that an oily substance in a state of fine division is 
held in suspension in a gummy or albuminous vehicle. 
They have no uniform strength. 

Syrupus, pi. Syrupi. — Syrups are saccharine solutions. 
The vehicle is usually water, although vinegar and alcohol 
may be used, and they are all medicated except the simple 
syrup. They are not of uniform striength. 

II. — Preparations Whose Solvent is Alcohol. 

Tinctura, pi. Tindurce. — Tinctures are alcoholic solu- 
tions of non-volatile principles, made usually by maceration 
and percolation of the crude drug. They vary in strength ; 
the more powerful contain 10 per cent., the weaker usually 
20 per cent, of the crude drug. The alcohol in tinctures is 
often an important factor in the action of the preparation. 
Strong or diluted alcohol is used according to the solubility 
of the active principle. 

Spiritus, pi. Spiritus. — Spirits are alcoholic solutions of 
volatile substances, either gases, liquids or solids. They 
have no uniform strength. 

Elixir, pi. Elixirs. — Elixirs are alcoholic solutions of 
drugs containing sugar and aromatic substances. 

III.— Preparations Having Wine as a Solvent. 

Vinum, v>\. Vina. — Wines are weak tinctures containinor 



78 PHAKMACY 

a small amount of alcohol, the remainder of the solvent 
being white wiue. They have no definite strength. 

IV. — Preparations Having as a Solvent Diluted 
Acetic Acid. 

Acetum, pi. Aceta. — Vinegars are solutions of the active 
principles of drugs in acetic acid prepared by maceration 
and percolation. They are not of uniform strength. 

V. — Preparations Made by Solution and Evaporation. 

Extradum, pi. Extrada. — Extracts are concentrated 
preparations of the crude drug. Ordinarily alcoholic solu- 
tions of the crude drug are obtained by maceration and 
percolation, and then evaporated to a pasty mass. They 
are usually stronger, weight for weight, than the crude drug, 
but are not of uniform strength. 

Fhddextradum, pi. Fluidextrada. — Fluidextracts are 
permanent, concentrated medicinal solutions of uniform 
strength. 1 cc. of the fluidextract is equivalent to 1 gtn. oi 
the crude drug. This result is obtained by percolation 
(usually with alcohol) and partial evaporation.* 

VI. — Preparations Made by Distillation or Occurring 
Naturally, as Exudations from Trees. 

Oleo-Resina, pi. Oleo-Besince. — Oleo-Resins are officially 
extracts obtained by percolation of the crude drug with 
ether, and evaporation of the solvent. They have no uni- 
form strength. 

PuJvis, pi, Pulveres. — Powders are preparations of finely 
pulverized drugs. Sugar of milk is frequently added, on 
account of its hardness, to aid in pulverization and as a 
diluent. Comparatively tasteless, non-irritating and often 
insoluble drugs are given in this form. Drugs that are vo- 
latile, deliquescent or irritating are otherwise administered. 
Powders are used to advantage in veterinary practice, since 
they are often taken voluntarily on food. 

Trituratio, pi. Triturationes. — Triturates are combina- 

* The last (eighth) edition of the U. S. Pharniacopa'ia directs that 
many of the fluidextracts be assayed so that they will contain a definite 
prescribed amount of the active principle. 



OFFICIAL PREPARATIONS 79 

tions of drugs and sugar of milk, prepared by trituration. 
They occur in powder or are pressed into tablets. 

Oleum, pi. Olea. — Fixed oils are usually obtained by 
mechanical expression from the product of plants or the 
tissue of animals. 

Pilula, pi. Pilulce. — Pills are preparations of drugs made 
into globular form by the addition of a suitable excipient, 
and should be of a convenient size for swallowing. 

Massa, pi. Massce. — Masses are pasty mixtures suitable 
for making pills. 

Suppositorium, pi. Stippositoina. — Suppositories are 
medicinal substances incorporated with cacao butter and 
moulded into solid, usually conical, bodies intended for 
introduction into the rectum or vagina, where they melt at 
the temperature of the body. 

Covfcdio, pi. Confediones. — Confections are pasty masses, 
consisting of powder incorporated with syrup. 

VIII. — Preparations Intended for External Use. 

Linimentum, Y>\. Linimenta. —Jjimmenta are liquid pre- 
parations with an oily, alcoholic or soapy basis. 

Oleatum, pi. Oleata. — Oleates are medicinal solutions in 
oleic acid. 

Unguentum, pi. Unguenta. — Ointments are preparations 
having a fatty basis (80 per cent, of lard). 

Ceratum, pi. Cerata. — Cerates are similar to ointments 
but harder, owing to the addition of 10 per cent, more wax. 

Ghjceritum, pi. Glycerita. — Glycerites are preparations 
whose solvent is glycerin. 

Emplastrum, pi. Emplastra. — Plasters are solid, sticky, 
supple preparations intended for application to the skin, 
where they become adhesive at the temperature of the body. 
In veterinary parlance they are often known as " charges." 

CJiarta, pi. Chartce. — Papers are fragments of medicated 
paper. 

Collodium, pi. CoUodia. — Collodions are solutions of gun 



80 pharmacy' 

cotton in ether and alcohol, leaving a thin, dry, adhesive 
coating when applied externally. 

IX. — Peepakations Having Honey as an Excipient. 
Mel, pi. Melita. — Honeys. 

X. — Non-Official Preparations Peculiar to Veterinary 

Practice. 

Bolus, pi. Boli. — Balls are substitutes for pills. They 
are of elongated, cylindrical shape, about two and one-half 
inches long, and should weigh about two ounces when 
intended for horses. Various excipients are used to make 
a mass of the proper consistency. For immediate use, 
molasses and licorice root may be employed, and brown 
tissue paper is used as a covering for the balls. Gelatine 
capsules may take the place of balls, and should be covered 
with paper to prevent slipping through the fingers when wet 
with saliva. Linseed meal is a good excipient on account of 
its gum. Soap is often used, and glycerin makes a good 
preservative and keeps the mass moist. 

Heat is often necessary in preparing a ball mass when 
the materials are resinous (as aloes) or waxy. A ball is 
given to a horse by holding it in the right hand, the tips of 
the fingers and thumb surrounding it in the form of a cone. 
The tongue of the animal being drawn to the operator's left 
with his left hand, the right is then quickly passed along the 
roof of the patient's mouth (avoiding the edges of the back 
teeth) until the back of the tongue is reached, when the ball 
is dropped, the right hand rapidly removed and the tongue 
released. 

If the mouth is narrow or the animal unmanageable, a 
balling iron or speculum is used to keep the mouth open. 
The horse may be backed into a narrow stall and the head 
steadied by an attendant with the assistance of a " twitch " 
on the nose. Substances of an irritating nature may be 
given in this form, and balls are also used when the disposi- 
tion of the patient does not admit the giving of a drench. 



OFFICIAL PKEPARATIONS 81 

Haustus, pi. Haiistus. — A drench is an extemporaneous 
fluid mixture, intended for immediate use as a single dose. 

Soluble substances are best given in solution to obtain 
the most rapid results, unless irritating. Even then they 
may be pfefarable when sufficiently diluted with water and 
demulcents. Insoluble drugs may at times be given to 
advantage in a mixture rather than in the form of a ball or 
powder. Most official fluid preparations require dilution 
before administration, but for convenience small doses of 
tinctures and fluid extracts are dropped upon the tongue of 
horses unless the preparations are exceptionally acrid. 
Drenches are particularly applicable for cattle and sheep, as 
solids are not quickly absorbed in their capacious digestive 
apparatus, and drenches are given them with ease. 

The amount of liquid conveniently administered to 
horses is from one to two pints ; to dogs, from two to four 
ounces ; to sheep, six to eight ounces. Cattle take readily 
unlimited quantities. Care should be observed that drenches 
are so diluted as to be harmless to the mucous membrane, 
and, if containing insoluble drugs, that these be held in 
suspension by a suitable vehicle or thoroughly shaken before 
iising. Drenches are best given to horses by making a loop 
on the end of a rope, passing the upper jaw through this, 
the other end of the rope being passed through a pulley in 
the ceiling and held by the operator or assistant. The horse 
should be first backed into a narrow stall. The neck of the 
bottle (which should properly be made of horn or tin) con- 
taining the drench, being introduced and held in the right 
hand of the operator between the outside of the back teeth 
and the inside of the cheek of the patient, the left hand is 
used to steady the nose of the animal, but the nostrils should 
not be obstructed. 

In giving drenches to cattle the operator stands on their 
left and passes his right arm between the horns over the 
poll and down in front of the face, grasping the nasal septum 
between the thumb and forefinger. The neck of the bottle 
is then thrust with the left hand into the animal's mouth. 



82 PHARMACY V 

Dogs are given drenclies with the aid of an assistant, who 
hohls the mouth dosed with one hand, while he makes a cup 
by pulling the corner of the lip away from the teeth with the 
other hand, into which the medicine may be slowly poured, 
the animal easily swallowing it. Small dogs may be placed 
sitting upon a table. A large dog may be put upon his hind 
quarters in a corner, and his head held between the knees 
of the operator. Cats are given drenches by rolling them 
in a heavy blanket with only the head out and the jaws held 
apart by means of two loops of tape about either jaw 
behind the incisor teeth. The jaws are then pulled apart 
by drawing on either loop from above and below the 
animal's head. 

Drenches should never be poured into animals if in an 
unconscious condition, for then they are unable to swallow, 
and the fluid may gravitate into the trachea. If coughing 
ensues during the administration of a drench, the procedure 
should be immediately stopped. 

Electuarium, pi. Electuaria. — Electuaries are medicinal 
pastes intended to be smeared on the teeth of animals, where 
they melt at the temperature of the body and become 
absorbed. Molasses, honey, glycerin, syrup or mucilage 
are used as excipients. Electuaries are used for their local 
action on the mouth and throat, and for convenience in 
administration, if so crude a method maybe thus described. 
A certain specified quantity of the electuary may be weighed 
by the dispenser and serve as a sample, or a domestic 
utensil may be employed to measure the dose, which is 
smeared with a thin, flat stick on the back teeth or tongue 
of the patient. 



INCOMPATIBILITY. 



Before entering upon the study of prescription writing, 
i^i is essential to consider the results of improper combina- 
tion of drugs, i.e., incompatibility. 

While a knowledge of chemistry, pharmacy and the 
physiological actions of drugs is necessary to avoid incom- 
patibility, it is yet possible to formulate certain rules which 
will assist us in escaping unfortunate combinations. 

Incompatibility is conveniently divided into three 
cl&sses : I. Chemical. II. Physical, III. Physiological. 

I. Chemical incompatibility occurs when drugs are so 
mixed that an unsuitable alteration in their chemical com- 
position takes place. Certain substances should usually be 
prescribed alone because of the frequency with which 
chemical changes arise when they are combined with other 
medicines. These are : 

Lead, silver and zinc salts Mineral acids 

Iodine and iodides Solution of potassa and lime 

Tannic and gallic acids Quinine sulphate 

Liquid iron pi:eparation8 Hydrocyanic acid 

Corrosive sublimate 

The possibilities of the following combinations must be 
kept in mind to avoid incompatibility : 

1. Solutions of alkaloids are incompatible with tannic 
acid, alkalies, alkaline salts, and iodides and bromides, 
because precipitation occurs, 

2. Glucosides are decomposed by acids and are, there- 
fore, incompatible with them. 

3. Acids may not be added to alkalies, alkaline salts or 
vegetable acid salts, because decomposition and chemical 
change will ensue. 

83 



84 INCOMPATIBILJTY 

4. A mixture of salts iu solution will decompose if 
either an insoluble compound or double salt can be formed; 
otlierwise no change will take place. 

5. Chloral is incompatible with alkaline solutions, 
because chloroform is generated. 

6. Chloroform and potassium cyanide form prussic acid. 

7. Potassium chlorate, nitrate, or permanganate liberate 
oxygen and should not be mixed with readily oxidizable 
substances, such as charcoal, sugar, sulphur, glycerin, car- 
bolic acid, iodine, turpentine and organic materials, lest 
explosive compounds be formed. 

8. Lime water precipitates mercury salts. 

9. Both calomel and antipyrin are incompatible with 
sweet spirit of nitre. 

10. Calomel may not be combined with nitrohydro- 
chloric acid lest corrosive sublimate result. 

11. Calomel and prussic acid form the poisonous mer- 
curic cyanide. 

12. Liquid iron compounds are incompatible with fluid 
preparations of the vegetable bitters (except those of calumba 
and quassia), because the tannic acid in them throws down 
a precipitate. 

13. Considerable quantities of acid are incompatible 
with tinctures, since ethers are produced. 

14. "Water precipitates resinous tinctures. 

15. Gum arable is incompatible with lead and iron salts, 
and mineral acids. 

16. Strychnine is precipitated in solution by potassium 
bromide. 

17. Pepsin and pancreatin are mutually destructive in 
fluid combination. 

18. Solutions of potassium chlorate and iodide unite to 
form a poisonous compound. 

It is beyond our scope to attempt the enumeration of 
all possible drug-incompatibilities. The special incompati- 
bilities of each drug may be found under the proper heading 
in the detailed description of them. Furthermore, we may 



INCOMPATIBILITY 85 

avoid incompatibility by (above all) simplicity in prescrip- 
tion writing, i.e., the use of few drugs in combination. Water 
or alcohol are generally the best solvents. 

II. Physical incompatibility consists in the production 
of unsightly-looking mixtures, but without necessarily any 
chemical alteration of their ingredients ; for example, the 
addition of water to insoluble powders, oils and chloroform. 
While such combinations are pharmaceutically improper, 
they may sometimes be used to advantage in practice. 

III, Physiological incompatibility consists in the union 
of drugs possessing antagonistic physiological actions. For 
instance, the combination of pui'gatives and astringents ; of 
morphine and atropine ; of digitalis aud nitroglycerin. Such 
prescriptions may be valuable therapeutically when the 
antagonism is not complete. This follows because, while the 
deleterious action of one drug may be offset by another, its 
beneiScial effect may at the same time exist or be accentuated. 
Thus the anodyne influence of morphine is increased by 
combination with atropine, but both the depressing action 
of morphine on the respiration and its constipating tenden- 
cies are lessened. by atropine. 



PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 



"Words and Phrases Commonly Used in Prescrip- 
tion Writing, With their Abbreviations.* 



LATIN WORD. 



ABBREVIATIONS. 



TRANSLATION. 



Acidum 

Ad 

Ad libitum 

Adde 

Ana 

Aqua fontana 

Aqua destillata 

Bene 

Bis in dies 

Cape, Capiat 

Capsula 

Ceratuni 

Chart a (karta) 

Chartula (kartula) 

Cochleare magnum 

Cochleare parvum 

Cola. Colatus 

Collyrium 

Compositus 

Congius 

Confectio 

Cortex 

Cum 

Decoctum 

Dilute, Dilutus 

Divide 

Dividendus 

Dividatur in parts sequ- 

ales. 
Dosis 

Emplastrum 
Enema 
Extractum 
Fac, fiat, fiant 

Filtrum, Filtra 

Fluidus 

Gl3'centum 

86 



Acid. 

Ad lib. 
Add. 
A.aa. 
Aq. font. 
" dest. 

Bis. ind. 

Cap. 

Caps. 

Cerat. 

Chart. 

Chart. 

Coch. mag. 

Coch. parv. 

Col. 

CoUyr. 

Co. Comp. 

C. 

Conf. 

Cort. 

Decoc. 
Dil. 
D. Div. 
Dividend. 
D. in p. seq. 

Dos. 

Emp. 

Enem. 

Ext. 

F. 

Fil. 
Fl. f. 
Glyc. 



An acid 
To, up to 
At pleasure 
Add (thou). 
Of each 
Water, spring 

distilled 
Well 

Twice daily 
Take. Let him take 
A capsule 
A cerate 

A paper (medicated) 
A little paper for a 

powder 
A tablespoon 
A teaspoon 
Strain, strained 
An eye wash 
Compound 
A gallon 
A confection 
Bark 
With 

A decoction 
Dilute (thou), diluted 
Divide (thou) 
To be divided 
Let it be divided into 

equal parts 
A dose 
A plaster 
An enema 
An extract 
Make, let be made, let 

them be made 
A filter. Filter (thou) 
Fluid 
A glycerine 



PKESCRIPTION WRITING 



87. 



LATIN WORD. 



ABBREVIATIONS. 



TRANSLATION. 



Gutta, GuttEe 

Gvxttatini 

Haustus 

Hora 

In dies 

Infusuni 

Injectio 

Lac 

Libra 

Liquor, or Liq'uor 

Lotio (losheo) 

Magnus 

Massa 

Misc'e 

Mistura 

Mucilago 

Nox, Nocte Maneque 

Numerus, Nuniero 

Octarius 

Pars 

Partes a?quales 

Parvus 

Pilula 

Pro re nata 

Pulvis 

Quantum Sufficiat 

Quaqua hora 

Saturatus 

Semissis 

Semidrachma 

Sesuncia 

Signa 

Solve, Solutus 

Solutio 

Spiritus 

Suppositoria 

Syrups 

Talis 

Tinctura 

Ter in die 

Unguentuni 

Vinum 

Vehiculuni 



Gtt. 

Guttat. 

Haust. 

H. Hor. 

Ind. 

Inf. 

Inj. 

Lb. 
Liq. 

Mag. 

Mass. 

M. 

Mist. 

MuciL 



No. 
O. 

P. £6. 

Parv. 
Pil. 
P. r. n. 

Pulv. 

Q. S. (followed by 

genitive) 
Q. h. 
Sat. 
Ss. 

Seniidr. 
Sesunc. 
S. Sig. 
Solv. 
Sol. 
Spr. 
Suppos. 
Syr. 
Tal. 

Tra. Tr. 
T. i. d, 
Ungt. 
Vin. 
Vehic. 



A drop, drops 

Drop by drop 

A draught 

An hour 

Daily 

An infusion 

An injection 

Milk 

A pound, a Troy pound 

A solution 

A lotion 

Large 

A pill-mass 

Mix 

A mixture 

A mucilage 

Night, at night and in 

the morning 
A number, in number 
A pint 

A part (governs genitive) 
Equal ijarts 
Small 
A pill 
According to circum- 

.stances; occasionally 
A powder 
As much as is necessary 

Every hour 

Saturated 

A half 

A half drachm 

An ounce and a half 

Sign 

Dissolve, dissolved 

A solution 

A spirit 

A suppository 

A syrup 

Such, or, like 

A tincture 

Three times a day 

An ointment 

A wine 

A menstrum 



Abstracted from Mann's " Prescription Writing." 



88 rRESCPJPTION WBITING 

A prescription, derived from the Latin Pme, before, and 
Scriptum, written, comes to us from the early custom of 
physicians in writing down their advice beforehand for their 
patients' guidance. As now used it is the written formula 
of the practitioner describing to the pharmacist the manner 
of compounding and dispensing medicines, and to the 
attendant the mode of administering them. 

Formulae are official when simply taken from the 
" United States Pharmacopoeia," and extemporaneous when 
concocted off-hand by the practitioner. Extemporaneoiis 
formulae are simple when composed of one ingredient ; a 
compound prescription is composed of several parts, which 
may be considered as follows : 

I. Heading. 
II. Names and quantities of drugs. 

III. Direction to compounder. 

IV. Direction to attendant. 
V. Signature of writer. 

The heading, "Recipe," is derived from the Latin, the 
imperative of the verb meaning to take, and is ordinarily rep- 
resented by the sign ^, a corruption of 91, the sign of the 
Zodiac for Jupiter. After the Christian era the sign of the 
Cross was used, or N. D., for Nomine Deo, in God's name; 
J. D. for Jiivane Deo, meaning God helping, etc. We have 
now reverted to the old sign, which is all that remains of an 
appeal to Jupiter. This symbol seems to put the practi- 
tioner, even if involuntarily, into a position of reverence in 
thus offering a prayer in embryo (the old physicians always 
wrote one) whenever one writes a prescription, l^he custom 
also suggests that we are not yet sufficiently sure of our 
Materia Medica after all these centuries, to sacrifice the 
efficacy of prayer. 

In regard to the names and quantities of drugs, we find 
in the text books that one should always strive after a 
classical arrangement, whereby four ingredients are essential 
to accomplish any result. These include : 



PEESCEIPTION WRITING 89 

I. The basis, or active medicinal substance. 
II. The adjuvant, or assistant. 
III. The corrigent, or corrective. 
lY. The excipient, vehicle, or menstruum. 

But Ave shall find that while such a classical arrangt;- 
ment may exist in the text-books, we are usually content in 
practice with the basis, together with a vehicle. The 
classical arrangement is essential in order that the old Latin 
motto be fulfilled : " Curare cifo, Mo et jucmde" Curare— 
to cure (the basis) ; cito — quickly (the adjuvant) ; ^m^o— safely 
(the corrigent) ; jucuiute — pleasantly (the excipient). 

In a physic ball for horses we may employ aloes as a 
basis; calomel as an adjuvant; giuger as a corrective; 
molasses as an excipient. More commonly in fluid prepara- 
tions we prescribe several bases, or ingredients for curative 
purposes, neglecting any adjuvant or corrigent and simply 
using water as a vehicle. It is often of distinct advantage 
to write for a combination of several drugs whose action 
looks towards a common euih Yet one should always lean 
to simplicity rather than complexity in the number of 
ingredients. While it is difiicult to avoid chemical antago- 
nism, how much harder is it to prevent untoward physio- 
logical combinations in the body, which we can in nowise 
foretell. In olden times ignorance led practitioners to try 
the effect of an enormous number of drugs, with the hope 
that out of the charge one at least of the pellets in these 
shot-gun prescriptions might strike the desired spot, if the 
others failed to do so. But we now believe that the damage 
done by all the shot which miss far surpasses the good 
accomplished by the successful missile. Four hundred 
different remedies are included in one of these old formulae, 
whereas now it is rare to find four in a prescription. 

In relation to the third part of the prescription (the 
directions to the compounder), we find that a few regulation 
Latin phrases or words express these directions. If one is 
unfamiliar with Latin, one can easily memorize these words 



90 PKESCRIPTION WRITING 

and phrases iinderstandingly. The directions to the 
attendant are heralded by the Latin Signa, or Signetur, 
meaning label, or let it be labelled ; abbreviated, " Sig.," or 
merely " S.," and being for the use of the attendant of the 
patient, are in English. The directions should be very 
precise. One should not write : " Use as directed," or " Give 
in water," but indicate exactly the quantity of medicine to 
be administered, the precise amount of water with which it 
is to be diluted, and the time at which it is to be given. 
For instance: "Give one tablespoonful in half a pint of 
water three times daily after feeding." 

Poisons should be marked as such. It is well some- 
times to indicate that the prescription is " for a horse," in 
order to avoid mistakes and to quell the qualms of the 
conscientious druggist. 

Preparations which are not to be used internally should 
be labelled " external use." Under " Signature " the name 
of the writer and date is included. If desirable, one may 
inscribe " Do not repeat." Quantities used in prescription 
writing are indicated by the signs of the apothecaries or 
Troy system of weights for solids. For liquids, signs rep- 
resenting units of the wine measure are employed. The 
Troy grain and ounce are used by apothecaries as units of 
weights in dispensing prescriptions. In ordering large 
quantities (as pounds) the avoirdupois pound of 16 ounces 
is employed, and in buying ounces of drugs without a pre- 
scription the avoirdupois ounce is also utilized. . The 
avoirdupois ounce contains 437 grains ; the Troy ounce 
contains 480 grains. The grain is of similar value in both 
systems. 

TROY, OR apothecaries' WEIGHT. 



Weight 


Sign 


Latin name 


Pound 


%' 


Libra 


Ounce 


z 


Uncia 


Drachm 


z 


Drachma 


Scruple 


^ 


Scrupulum 


Grain 


gr. 


Granum 



PKESCRIPTION WRITING 



91 





WINE MEASURE, 




3Ieasure 


Sign 


Latin Name 


Gallon .... 


C 


Congius 


Pint 





Octarius 


Fluid Ounce 


Fl. 5 .... 


Fluida Uncia 


Fluid Drachm 


Fl. 3 .... 


Fluida Drachma 


Minim 


n 


Minimum 



A drop is often iised synonymously with minim, which 
is correct if the substance spoken of is water, or a liquid of 
nearly similar density. If the liquid- is not of similar den- 
sity, then a minim, or the sixtieth part of a drachm, is far 
from being a drop as measured by dropping a liquid from 
any ordinary utensil. Any amount from 4.5 drops to 276 
drops, measured in this way, may be obtained from a 
drachm of fluid, according to its density, mode of dropping, 
and kind of vessel from which it is dropped. 

A gutta (gtt.), then, is of no fixed value, but means a 
drop as dropped from a vessel; while a minim is alwa3's the 
sixtieth part of a drachm. 

RELATIVE VALUE OF UNITS IN THE WINE MEASURE. 



c 







3 




3 




m 


IC 


8 


= 


138 


= 


1034 


= 


61,440 




Oi. 


= 


16 


= 


138 


= 


7,680 








si- 


= 


8 
Z i. 


= 


480 
60 



RELATIVE VALUE OF UNITS IN TROY SYSTEM, 
lb ^ 5 3 Gr. 

1 = 13 = 96 = 388 = 5,760 

11. = . 8 = 34 = 480 

3i. = 3 = 60 

3i. = 30 

The abbreviation, FL, is usually omitted in prescription 
writing, as referring to fluids, the character of the prepara- 
tion being sufficiently apparent. The Roman numerals are 
used to express the quantities employed. The Roman 
numerals are written under a horizontal line, the i's or j's 
are dotted (they are identical in Latin) and the dot serves 
to enforce and check the numbers used. Fractions are 



92 PRESCRIPTION W^RITING 

usually expressed in ordinary Arabic characters, except |, 
which is often indicated by a double s (ss), standing for 
semis, the Latin for one-half. 

APPROXIMATE EQUIVALENTS OF "WINE UNITS IN DOMESTIC 
MEASURES. 



Teaspoon 


= 


3 i.-ii. 


= 


5Cc. 


Desert spoon 


= 


3ii. 


= 


10 Cc. 


Table sjwon 


= 


3 SS. 


= 


15 Co. 


Cup 


= 


3i^^ 


= 


130 Cc, 


Tumbler 


= 


3 viii- 


= 


250 Cc. 



There are usually about -six teaspoonf uls to the fluid 
ounce. It is a good plan to have some regard for the size 
of vials generally kept by druggists, and to write for a 
quantity to fill the bottle. The bottles commonly in use in 
human and canine practice are the 2 and 4 drachm ; the 1, 
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, and 16 ounce. 

The 2 drachm bottles are useful for measuring the dose 
of fluid extracts for horses ; the 3 ounce bottle is convenient 
in writing prescriptions in the metric system for dogs, as it 
holds approximately 100 Cc. The 4 ounce bottle is the 
common size, employed in canine practice, containing ^4 
doses of one teaspoonful each. The | pt. and pt. bottles 
are more appropriate for larger animals. 

THE METRIC SYSTEM. 

The metric system will be described, because it is the 
universal system employed in scientific writings, and is now 
.official. It is based on the fact that a uniform, unchange- 
able standard is employed as the unit of all measures, 
whether of weight, capacity or area. This standard is the 
ten-millionth part of the distance from either pole to the 
equator, and is denominated a meter (39.371 inches), and is 
the standard of length. The cube of 0.1 of a meter is taken 
as the unit of capacity and called a litre (2.1135 pints). The 
weight of water at its greatest density, 4° C. (39.2° F.), 
which this cube will contain, is termed a kilogram (2.2046 
lbs. Avoirdupois), and is the unit of the measure of weight. 



PKESCRIPTION WRITING 



93 



METRIC DIAGRAM. 

The weiglit of water that the small cube will contain 
is one gramme. This is the unit of weight of the metric 
system. 



One=tjenth Metre Long 



1 Gm. 



C 



3 
U 

o 
o 
o 






94 PEESCRIPTION WMTING 

But for prescriptions and other small weighings lesser 
units than the kilo and liter are required and therefore the 
cube of one-hundredth of a meter is taken and the weight 
of water which this cube holds is recognized as the unit of 
weight and called a gram (15,432 grains). The quantity of 
water contained in the cube of one-hundredth of a meter 
is used as a unit in measuring capacity in chemical and 
pharmaceutical practice and termed a cubic centimeter. 
The multiples of these measures, proceeding in decimal 
progression, are distinguished by Greek numerals as pre- 
fixes, i.e., Deca-10, Hecto-100, Kilo-1000. The subdivisions 
of the unit are represented by the Latin prefixes, as Deci-0.1, 
Centi-0.01, Milli-0.001. Hence, using the gram as the unit, 
we can arrange a table as follows : 



Kilogram 


— 


1.000 grams 


r= 


1.000.0 


Hectogram 


= 


100 grams 


= 


100.0 


Decagram 


= 


10 grains 


= 


10.0 


Gram 


= 


1 gram 


= 


1.0 


Decigram 


= 


L gram 


= 


0.1 


Centigram 


= 


iJo g'-am 


= 


0.0 1 


Milligram 


= 


TOGO gram 


= 


0.001 



The metric system has the advantage of being arranged 
decimally, which makes the computation of percentages 
easy, and the transference of a quantity of one denomination 
to that of another, by merely shifting a decimal point. 
There are other advantages which make it of value to 
practitioners. Our present system is not uniform with that 
of any other country. The English, while using the same 
nomenclature for weights and measures, pt^t a different 
value upon them. The system has another value, at least 
theoretically, in having one unit for weights and measures. 
The unit of the fltiid measure is 1 cubic centimeter of water, 
which at 4P C. weighs one gram. As a matter of fact, 
fluids are dispensed in the metric system by meastiring 
them in Cc, and if liquids were all of the same density 
as water, they would be equivalent to grams of water 
when measured in Cc. Unfortunately, this is not the 
case. Theoretically, medicine should be dispensed by 



PKESCKIPTION WRITING 95 

weight in the metric system, but as medicines, when given 
to patients, are usually measured by bulk, they cannot be 
dispensed by weight without producing a complication. 
For example, suppose that we order chloroform in a pre- 
scription in the metric system, — 

^ Chloroformi 30 | 

S. Two teaspoonfuls in water. 

John Smith. 

thinking we are dispensing 10 grams,* for a teaspoonful 
holds 5 grams of water. But as chloroform weighs ^ more 
than water, we really have ordered 10 -(- y = 15 Gm. of chloro- 
form. Therefore, in writing a prescription for chloroform with 
other ingredients, weighed in Gm., we would have to add ^ 
of the number of Gm. of chloroform in the prescription to the 
number previously estimated in order to make the chloroform 
of the same bulk as other liquids of the density of water. 

In order to avoid reducing substances of density differ- 
ing from that of water, to terms of equivalency with that of 
water, it is the custom, and now official, to weigh solids in Gm. 
and measure liquids in Cc. This is an exact method if the 
doses of drugs are learned in the same way: i.e., if the doses 
of solids are learned in Gm. and prescribed in Gm., and the 
doses of liquids are learned in Cc. and prescribed in Cc. 

In writing prescriptions in the metric system a line is 
drawn perpendicularly across the right-hand side of the 
blank to indicate the decimal point ; multiples of the unit 
being placed to the left of the line, while fractious are 
written to the right of the decimal line. In using this system 
we are spai'ed the annoyance of special signs and different 
tables for weights and measures. As matters now stand we 
must be cognizant of both systems, and be able to convert 
the old into the new, or vice versa. One drachm is equiva- 
lent to four grams, 3 i- = Gm. 4. Therefore, Gm. 1 = 3 ^ or 
Gr. 15. Then, Gr. i. = j\ of Gm. i.; or 

15) 1.000 (.066 
90 

100 
90 

* For oiicli iliise. 



9G PKESCRIPTION WAITING 

The equivalent of Gr.l is Gm. .06. In order to determine 
the equivalent of fractions of a grain in grams, we divide .06 
by the denominator and multiply the result by the numerator 
of the fraction of a grain. For example : 

Gr. f = I of .06 Gm.; as .06 Gm. = Gr. i., then 

3) .06 (.02 X 3 = .04. Therefore, Gr. | = .04 Gm. 
6 



Again : to find the equivalent of Gr.^ in Gm. 

8) .066 (.008 X 1 = .008 
64 

2 
Therefore, Gr.J = .008 Gm. 

We stated that 3 i. = 4 Gm. It follows that 3 i. would 
equal 32 Gm. As a fact, 3i- apothecaries' 'weight, is equiva- 
lent to a trifle less than Gm. 4.; and an ounce, apothecaries' 
weight, is usually considered equal to 30 Gm. (exactly 31.10 
Gm.) for the sake of convenience. A fluid ounce in wine 
measure is precisely equivalent to 29.57 Cc. We have here 
another reason why both solid and fluid ounces should be 
valued at 30 Gm. or Cc. Although it is the custom to regard 
the minim of liquid as the equivalent of one grain, it is 
inexact. An apothecaries' ounce weighs 480 Gr.; a fluid ounce 
of wine measure weighs 457 Gr. Multiples of grams or cubic 
centimeters may be designated as such, instead of using the 
technical terms. It is perfectly proper to speak of 100 Gm. 
as one hundred grams, although technically equal to a 
hectogram. .1 Gm. may be called one-tenth gram, although 
technically a decigram. Similar remarks apply to Cc, yet 
1,000 Cc. (approximately 1 quart) equal one liter, and this 
term is in common use. 



PRESCRIPTION WRITING 



97 



TABLE FOR CONVERTING APOTHECARIES WEIGHTS AND 
MEASURES INTO GRAMS AND CUBIC CENTIMETERS.* 



SOLIDS. 


FLUIDS. 


Troy Weight. 


Metric. 


Apothecaries' 
Measure. 


Metric. 


Grains. 


Grams. 


Minims. 


Cc. 


eV 


.001 


1 


.06 


^'o 


.0015 


2 


.12 


3*0 


.002 


3 


.18 


Vo 


.008 


4 


.24 


1^ 


.004 


5 


.30 


iV 


.005 


6 


.36 • 


^ 


.006 


7 


.43 


1 

8 


.008 


8 


.50 


i 


.010 


9 


.55 


X 
4 


.016 


10 


.60 


i 


.02 


15 


.72 


i 


.03 


16 


1.00 


1 


.065 


20 


1.25 


2 


.13 


25 


1.55 


'J 


.20 


30 


1.90 


4 


.26 


35 


2.20 


5 


.32 


40 


2.50 


6 


.39 


48 


3.00 


8 


.52 


50 


3.12 


10 


.65 


60 (f 3 i.) 


3 75 


15 


1.00 


72 


4.50 


20 Oi.) 


1.30 


80 


5.00 


24 


1.50 


90 


5.60 


26 


1.62 


96 


6.00 


30 


1.95 


100 


6 25 


40 


2.60 


120 


7.50 


50 


3.20 


160 


10 00 


CO ( 3 i.) 


3.90 


180 


11.25 


120 ( 3 ii.) 


7.80 


240 (f I ss.) 


15.00 


180 


1165 


f 3v. 


18.75 


240 


15.50 


f 3vi. 


22 50 


300 


19.40 


f 3vii. 


26.25 


360 


23.30 


f si- 


30 00 


420 


27.20 


f f ii. 


60.00 


480 


31.10 


f ? iii. 


90 00 


I ii- 


62.20 


f §iv. 


120.00 


1 iv. 


124.40 


f §v. 


1.50 00 


!vi. 


186.60 


f 3vi. 


180.00 


Z viii. 


248.80 


f 3 viii. 


240.00 



98 



PRESCEIPTION WRITING 



METRIC WEIGHTS. 


EXACT EQUIVALENTS IN 


APPROXIMATE EQUIVA- 




GRAINS. 


LENTS IN GRAINS. 


.001 


.0154 


6^5 


.002 


.0308 


3^ 


.003 


.0468 


A 


.004 


.0617 


iS 


.005 


.0771 


iV 


.006 


.0926 


A 


.007 


.1080 


i 


.008 


.1334 


i 


.009 


.1389 


1 


.01 


.1548 


1 


.02 


.3086 


i 

3 


.03 


.4630 


1% 


.04 


.6173 


/r 


.05 


.7717 


* 


.06 


.9260 


1^0 


.07 ■ 


1.0803 


1 


.08 


1.2347 


li 


.09 


1.3890 


H 


.10 


1.543 


i| 


.20 


3.086 


3 


.30 


4.630 


4i 


.40 


6.173 


6 


.50 


7.717 


n 


.60 


9.260 


9 


.70 


10.803 


11 


.80 


12.347 


121 


.90 


13.890 


14 


1.00 


15.432 


15 


2.00 


30 864 


3 ss. 


3.00 


46.296 


• 3ii. 


4.00 


61.728 


3i. 


5 00 


77.160 


3iv. 


6.00 


92 592 


3 iss. 


7.00 


108.024 


3VSS, 


8.00 


123.456 


3ii. 


9.00 


138 888 


3vii, 


10.00 


154.320 


3 liss. 



* Tables from Mann's Prescription Writing. 



Rules for Forming the Genitive Case in 
Prescription Writing. 

The Latin names of drugs, as we learn them, when 
consisting of a single word, are in the nominative case. For 
example : oleum, an oil. The genitive case of a Latin word 
means of (the word), and is equivalent to the English pos- 



PRESCRIPTION WRITING 99 

sessive. Thus the Latin name Oleum Lini, consists of two 
words. The first, oleum, is the Latin nominative for oil, and 
the second word, lini, is the Latin genitive of tlie word meaning 
linseed. The name signifies, then, oleum (oil) and lini (of 
linseed). In writing prescriptions it is usually essential to 
put the Latin name of the drug in the genitive case, follow- 
ing the use of the heading 1^, standing for the Latin imper- 
ative Recipe, meaning in English, Take. 
For example : 

Potassii nitratis | i. 

Literally translated this means : 

Take 

Of potassium nitrate, ounce 1. 

There is only one other case which is used in writing 
prescriptions (the accusative), but this can be avoided by 
using abbreviations in the few instances in which it should 
be employed. The following rules can be memorized (with 
their exceptions) in order to form the genitive case (singular): 

(1) Latin names of drugs ending in "a" form their 
genitive in ae. The only exceptions are three : Physostigma 
takes the genitive in tis, plujsostigmatis. Folia (leaves), pi. 
genitive, foliorum. Theobroma, genitive theohromatis. In 
most instances the genitive of Latin nouns ending in a, can 
be made in practice by dropping the nominative ending (a) 
and adding ae in its place, viz. : Tinctur-a (a tincture), gen- 
itive tinctur-ae (of a tincture). 

(2) All pharmacopoeial nouns ending in us, um [os and on), 
form their genitive in i. This genitive case can be formed 
in practice by dropping the nominative ending {us or um) 
and adding i in its place, viz.: bol-us, a ball ; genitive hol.-i, of 
a ball. Extract-um, an extract ; genitive extract-i, of an 
extract. 

The nouns ending in os and on are very few. Excep- 
tions : Rhus, genitive rhois. Flos, genitive Jloris. Frudus, 
guercus a,nd sjoiritus do not change in the genitive, as it is the 
same as the nominative case. 



100 PKESCRIPTION WRITING 

(3) All other Latin names of drugs, of whatever ter- 
mination (except those ending as described under rules 1 
and 2) have their genitive in s and is. 

The genitive case can be formed in practice, in some 
instances, by adding is to the nominative, as, for example, 
chloral, genitive chloral-is ; aether, genitive sether-is. To 
many nouns ending in the nominative in as or is, we not 
only add is to the nominative, but also change the latter 
letter of the nominative case. For instance, to sulphas 
(suli^hate) not only do we add is, sulphas-is, but we change 
the latter letter, s, of sulphas into a t, so that the proper 
genitive of sulphas is sulphat-is. 

The same remark applies to all the other Latin names of 
salts, as sulphis, genitive sulphit-is ; nitras, genitive nitrat-is ; 
hydrochloras, genitive hydrochlorat-is ; citras, genitive 
citrat-is ; phosphas, genitive phosphat-is ; acetas, genitive 
acetat-is. Cortex is not cortex-is in the genitive, but corticis. 
Mas, genitive not mas-is, but maris. Adeps, genitive not 
adeps-is, but adipis. Mucilago, pepo and pulvis lengthen 
and change in the genitive to mucilagin-is, pepon-is and 
pulver-is. Aloe, genitive not aloeis, but aloes, adding s and 
not is. 

(4) Some Latin names of drugs do not change their 
ending in the genitive because indeclinable and not latinized 
or else they belong to the fourth declension, where the 
genitive case is the same as the nominative. Examples : 
Spiritus, quercus andfructus, already mentioned, as excep- 
tions to rule 2. Cannabis, digitalis, sinapis and hydrastis. 
The genitive of these nouns is the same as the nominative. 

The following are indeclinable : Amyl, buchu, catechu, 
coca, curare, jaborandi, kino, phenol, salol, naphtol, thymol, 
menthol, cusso, gummi, etc. 

If the Latin names tor quantities and amounts thereof 
are written out in full (instead of using signs for quantities, 
and numbers for the amounts), the quantities and amounts 
in Latin must be put into the accusative case, as they are 
the objects of the verb, recipe. 



PRESCRIPnoN WRITING 101 

For example : 

Sodii Sulphatis, uncias duas. 

Translated : 

Take 

Of sodium sulphate, ounces two. 

The Latin noun iincia (ounce) is in the accusative case, 
and the adjective duas is also in the accusative, agreeing- 
with uncicus. But to write out prescriptions in full, as above, 
is not customary and would be considered pedantic. 

Again : The Latin names of the ingredients should be 
written in the accusative case when no noun for weight or 
measure is employed. For example : 

Pilulas catharticas compositas duas. 

Translated literally : 

Take 

Pills cathartic compound, two. Or, take two compound 
cathartic pills. 

Pilulas (pills) is in the accusative, object of the verb 
recipe. Catharticas, compositas, and duas are adjectives, 
agreeing with pilulas. We can only write this prescription 
correctly, without using the accusative case, by abbreviating 
it as follows : 

Pil. Cath. Co. ii. 



Examples of Prescriptions for Different 
Preparations. 

TO WRITE A PRESCRIPTION FOR A PILL. 

1. We calculate the number of pills we wish to pre- 
scribe and then multiply the dose of each ingredient in the 
pill by that number. We will suppose that we desire to 
prescribe 30 pills to a dog, containing reduced iron, soco- 
trine aloes and sulphate of strychnine. The dose of reduced 



102 PRESCRIPTION WlJlTING 

iron is gi'.ii.; of socotrine aloes gr.ss.; of stryclinine sul- 
phate gVy^. Multiply each dose by 30 : 

Reduced iron gr.ii. X 30 = gr 60 

Aloes gr.i^ X 30 = gr.l5 

Strychnine gi'iso X 30 = gr.J^ 

The Latin of aloes socotriue is aloe, genitive aloes, of 
aloes ; socotrina, genitive socotrin-<x, of socotrine. 

The Latin of sti-ychnine sulphate is strychnlna, genitive 
strychnin-ce of strychnine ; sulphas, genitive sulphat-is, of 
sulphate. 

The Latin of reduced iron is ferrum, genitive ferr-i, of 
iron • redudum, genitive reduct-i, of reduced. Hence : 

Ferri reducti 3 i. 

Aloes socotrinae ' gr.xv. 

Strychnina^ sulpliatis gr-/€ 

Misce et divide in pilulas xxx. 

(Abbreviated) M. et div. in pil. xxx. 

Signa. Give one pill three times daily. 

John Smith. 

The Latin names of the drugs being put in the genitive, 
and the signs and numbers for the proper quantities and 
amounts added, we come to the Latin directions to the 
pharmacist. (Misce) mix (et) and (divide) divide (in pilulas, 
accusative plural) in pills xxx. This is a regulation phrase 
and can be employed whenever we write a prescription for 
pills, so that it should be memorized. It can be abbreviated 
correctly as follows : 

M. et div. in pil. xxx. 

Instead of writing the prescription as just described, we 
can calculate the dose needed of each ingredient in the pill, 
and then write a prescription for one pill and direct the 
pharmacist to make 30 pills like it. 

9 Ferri reducti gr-ii- 

Aloes socotrinae gr.ss. 

Strychninge sulpliatis gr.y^o 

Misce et fiat pilula 1.; dispense pilulas tales numero xxx. 



PRESCRIPTION WRITING lOiJ 

(Abbreviated) M. et f. pil. 1. Dispense pil. tales No. xxx. 
Signa or S. (as before.) 

Translated : (Misce) mix (et) and (fiat) let there be made 
(pilula) pill 1 ; (dispense) dispense (pilulas) pills, (tales) such, 
(numero) in number, xxx. Abbreviated as above, (Signa) S. 
= Label. 

The same prescription may be written in the metric 
system : Gr.l = .06 gin. Fractious of a grain are converted 
into grams, therefore, by dividing .06 by the denominator of 
the fraction and multiplying the result by the numerator. 
The dose of aloes (gr.J) is transformed into grams then, as 
follows : 

2) .06(.03 X 1 = .03 
.06 

GO 

Gr.y|-(j- is converted into grams thus : 

130) .0600 ( .0005 X 1 = .0005 gm. 
6U0 



Solids in Gm. Liquids in Co. 



9 



Ferri reducti 12 

Aloes socotrinse , 03 

Strychninae sulphatis 0005 

M. et f . i^il. 1 ; dispense pil. tales No, xxx. 
Sig. (as before). 

This prescription may be abbreviated in this- manner : 



Ferri reducti. 

Aloes soc 

Strych. sulph. 
M., etc. 



12 
03 
0005 



Prescriptions for balls are calculated, and written in 
every respect like those for pills- We may write the above 
prescription in another form, in case we prescribe a pill or 
ball mass to be made, or an official mass to be divided into 
pills. Suppose we write a prescription for a physic mass, 
suitable for horses. We conclude to write for a quantity 
of the mass sufficient to make eight balls. Each ball con- 



104 PRESCRIPTION WRITING 

tains a single dose of aloes and sufficient excipient to make 
the mass of the proper consistency. The dose of aloes is 
one ounce, and we know by experience that it will take an 
equal amount of molasses and one drachm of powdered 
ginger to make a proper ball mass. Multiplying each of the 
ingredients, then, by 8, we find we need 8 ounces each of 
aloes and molasses, and 1 ounce of pulverized ginger, to 
make a mass which shall be divided into 8 balls. 

The Latin names and genitives of socotrine aloes we 
have already described. Molasses is syrupus fuscus in 
Latin, or brown syrup. Syrujms, genitive syrup-i, of syrup. 
Fuscus, genitive fusc-i, of brown. The Latin for powdered 
ginger is pulvis, powder, genitive 29?^??;er-2's, of powder. 
Zingiber, ginger, genitive zingiber-is, of ginger. 

We will proceed to write the prescription thus : 

Aloes socotrin^e 

Syrupi fusci aa 3 viii. 

Pulveris zingiberis § i. 

Misce et flat massa, in bolos viii., dividenda. 
(Abbreviated) M. etf. mass., in bolos viii., dividend. 

Sig. Give one ball at once. 

John Smith. 

The Latin directions to the pharmacist are translated : 
(Misce) mix (et) and (fiat) let there be made (massa) a mass 
(in bolos, accusative pi), in balls viii. (dividenda) to be 
divided. 

This is also a stock phrase and should be memorized as 
applying to pills or balls made from a mass. 

The prescription is abbreviated : ' . 

Aloes soc. 

Syr. fusci aa § viii. 

Pulv. zingiber §1. 

M. et f. mass., in bolos viii., dividend, (as above) 
Or : Misce et divide in bolos viii. 
• (Abbrev. ) M. et div. in bolos viii. 
Translated : Mix and divide into balls 8. 



PRESCRIPTION WRITING 105, 

Or : M. et facbolos viii. (abbrev.) M. et f. bolos viii. 

Translated : Mix and make balls 8. 

Mixtures are compounds iu which fluids are mixed or 
solids dissolved or held in suspension by a suitable vehicle, 
Wo must first decide upon the number of doses which we 
wish to prescribe, and then the quantity of the mixture to 
be given at each dose. 

Suppose we wish to give sweet spirit of nitre and 
quinine to a horse. We conclude to give the mixture three 
times daily for several days. The dose of the nitrous ether 
will be an ounce; the quiniue will be dissolved in it. 
Bottles are iu use containing 12 to 16 ounces, or 1 pint. We 
will decide upon the -pint bottle. This, then, will hold 16 
ounces, or 16 doses of sweet spirit of nitre. In each dose of 
the nitre we want dissolved gr.20 of quinine sulphate. 
16 X ^'r.20 = gr.320 = 3 v. 3i. Now, 5 drachms of 
quinine sulphate will not dissolve in 16 ounces of sweet 
spirit of nitre, so that we will add enough dilated sulphuric 
acid to dissolve the quinine. We do not know how much 
sulphuric acid will be requireel, so we write alter acid sul- 
phuric, Q. S., for quantum sufiiciat, i.e., as much as suffices 
(to dissolve, understood). 

Again, we do not know exactly how much bulk the 
quinine will take up when dissolved in the nitre ; nor what 
amount of acid will be required. Yet, on the other hand, 
we want to fill our bottle. To get over these difficulties we 
will write after sweet spirit of nitre ad, underlined (to) ; in 
other words, we order the druggist to take of sweet spirit of 
nitre enough to (make, understood) a pint. 

The Latin for quinine is quinina, genitive quinin-ce, of 
quinine. The Latin for sulphate is .sulphas, genative sid- 
phat-is, of sulphate. The Latin for spirit of nitrous ether 
is spiritiis, genitive spiritus, of spirit; nitrosus, genitive 
nitros-i, of nitrous; ce/Aer, genitive Oither-is, of ether. The 
Latin for sulphuric acid diluted is acidum, genitive acid-i, 
of acid; sulphuricus, genitive sidphuric-i, of sulphuric; 
diliUus, genitive dilut-i, of diluted. 



106 PRESCRIPTION WRITING 

We may now write our prescription as follows; 

Quininse sulphatis j v. 31. 

Acidi sulphurici diluti Q. S. 

Spiritus a?theris nitrosi ad Oi. 

Misce. 

(Furnish 3 i. bottle for measure). 
Signa. Small bottleful three times daily in half a pint of water. 

John Smith. 
Abbreviated : 

Quin. sulph 3 v. 3i. 

Acid, sulphurici dil Q. S. 

Spts. tether, nitrosi ad Oi. 

M. 

S. (as above). 

We will write a prescription for a mixture containing 
12 iloses of clilorul and potassium bromide for a dog. The 
quantity of the mixture given at each dose will be a tea- 
spoonful. Now, there are six teaspoonfuls in one ounce. 
We will order a 2-ounce bottle, which will, therefore, hold 
12 doses of a teaspoonful each. The dose of chloral is gr.v. 
5 X 12 = gY.60, or 3 i- The dose of potassium bromide is 
gr.x. 10 X 12 = gr.l20, or ~ ii. Then we will order enough 
water to fill the bottle. The Latin for chloral is cldoraJ, 
genitive chloral-is, of chloral ; Latin for potassium bromide 
is potassium, genitive potassi-i, of potassium ; Tjromiduyn, 
genitive hromid-i, of bromide ; Latin for water is aqua, 
genitive aqu-ce, of water. 

Chloralis 3 i. 

Potassii broniidi 3 ii. 

Aquae ad • 3 ii. 

M. "" 

Signa. Teas, in 1 tablespoonf ul of water every 3 hours. 

John Smith. 

A drench is a mixture which is given the horse in one 
dose. We will write a prescription for a horse, containing 
ether, chloroform and laudanum, to be administered as a 
drench. The Latin for ether is cether, genitive cether-is, of ether; 



PRESCRIPTION WRITING 107 

dose, 3 i. The Latin for chloroform is si dor of or mum, geui- 
tive chloro/orni-i, of chloroform ; doae, 3 ii- The Latin for 
laudanum is tinctura op'd ; tlnctura, genitive tinctur-ce, of 
tincture; opium, genitive opi-i, of opium; dose, 3 ii. The 
prescription reads : 

^theris 31. 

Chlorof ormi 3 ii. 

Tincturae opii 3 ii. 

Misce et fiat haustus. 

Translated :, (Misce) mix, (et) and (fiat) let there be 
made (haustus) a dreuch. 

(Abbreviated) M. et f . liaust. 

Sig. Give at once in one dose in pint of water. 

John Smith. 

In writing a prescription for powders, we may either 
write for one powder and direct the druggist to dispense 
several more like it, or write for the whole amount of the 
ingredients and order them divided into the required num- 
ber of doses or papers. In the first case we will write for a 
powder containing one dose of each of the drugs. 

For example, we may write a prescription for calomel 
and santonin, with sugar of milk as an excipieut, since the 
dose of the drug is inconveniently small. This powder is 
suitable for a medium-sized dog. 

The Latin for calomel, or the lower chloride of mercury, 
is hydrargyrum, genitive liydrargyr-i, of mercury ; clilori- 
dum, genitive cMorid-i, of chloride ; mite, genitive rnit-is, of 
lower ; dose, gr.ii. The Latin for santonin is santoiiinum, 
genitive santonin-i, of santonin ; dose, gr.i. The Latin for 
sugar of milk is saccJiarum, genitive sacchar-i, of sugar ; lac, 
genitive lac-tis,oi milk; amount, gr.x. The prescription will 
read : 

Hydrarg\'ri cliloridi niitis gi'-ii. 

Santonini gri- 

Sacchan lactis gr.x. 

Misce et fiat pulvis 1 ; dispense pulveres tales vi. 



108 PRESCRIPTION WRITING 

Translated : Mix, and let there be made powder 1 : dis- 
pense powders such vi. 

(Abbreviated) M. et f. pulv. 1; dispense pulv. tales vi. 

Sig. Give one pow^der every two hours. 

John Smith. 

In the second case, if we write a prescription for six 
powders, we multiply the dose of the ingredients in each 
powder by 6, and then order the prescription to be dispensed 
in six papers. 

Hydrarg. chlorid. mitis gr.xii. 

Santonin g^- vi. 

Sacch. lactis 3 i. 

Misce et divide inchartulas numero..vi. 

Translated : Mix and divide into papers in number vi. 
(Abbreviated) M. etdiv. in ch't. No. vi. 
Sig. (as before) . 

To write the above in the metric system. The dose of 
calomel is gr.ii. = .12 gm. .12 X 6 = .72, or gr.xii. The dose 
of santonin is gr.i. = .06 gin. .03 x 6 = .36 gm., or gr.vi. 
The amount of sugar of milk used as an excipient in each 
powder is gr.x. .06 X 10 = .6 gm., the amount prescribed in 
each powder. The amount necessary for six powders is 
.6x6^ 3.6 gm., approximately 4 gm. 

Solids in Gm. Liquids in Cc. 

Hydrarg. chlorid. mitis I 72 

Santonin | 36 

Sach. lactis 4 

M. et div. ch't. in No vi. 

Sig. (as before). 

We will write a prescription for a horse, in the form of 
a powder, containing dried iron sulphate, nux vomica and 
sodium bicarbonate. The Latin for iron sulphate (dried) is 
ferrum, genitive ferr-i, of iron ; sulphas, genitive sulphat-is, 
of sulphate ; exsiccatus, genitive exsiccat-i, of dried ; dose, 
3 i. The Latin for nux vomica is oiux, genitive nuc-is, of 
nut; vomica, geniti'^e vomic-ce, of vomica; dose, 3 i- The 



PRESCRIPTION WRITING 109 

Latin of sodium bicarbonate is sodium, genitive sodi-i, of 
sodium ; bicarbonas, genitive bicm-bonat-is, of bicarbonate. 
We will order a sufficient quantity of the ingredients to 
make thirty powders. The dose of iron and nux vomica is 
3 i. X 30 = 3 iii., 3 vi. The dose of sodium bicarbonate 
is 3 ii. X 30 = 3 vii.ss. 

Ferri sulphatis exsiccati 

Pulveris nucis vomicae aa § iii., 3 vi. 

Sodii bicarbonatis § vii.ss. 

Misce et divide in chartulas xxx. 

Translated : Mix and divide into papers xxx. 

(Abbreviated) M, et div. in ch't. xxx. 

Sig. Give one powder three times daily on the food. 

John Smith. 

In order to avoid the expense of having powders divided 
into papers, we may frequently direct one dose to be 
weighed by the druggist, and a measure to be furnished 
holding the quantity. 

Ferri sulph. exsicc. 

Pulv. nucis vom aa I iii., 3 vi. 

Sod. bicarb | vii.ss. 

Misce et fiat pulvis. 
Translated : Mix and let there be made a powder. 
(Abbreviated) M. et f. pulv. (Furnish measure holding ^ ss.) 
Sig. Give measureful on food three times daily. 

John Smith. 

To transform this prescription into terms of the metric 
system: si. = Gm.30.; 3i- = Gm.4. Hence ^iii., 3vi. = 
Gm.114; § vii.ss. = Gm.225. 

Solids in Gm. Liquids in Co. 
Ferri sulph. exsicc. 

Pulv. nucis vom aa 114 

Sodii bicarb 225 

M. et f. pulv., etc. 
S. (as before). 



110 PRESCRIPTION WRITING 

Electuaries are not suitable preparations in which to 
prescribe powerful drugs, as we cannot secure any degree 
of accuracy in the dosage. This happens because we do not 
usually know the exact amount of excipient which will be 
required to make the paste of the proper consistency. We 
will write for an electuary containing potassium chlorate, 
licorice and molasses. The Latin for potassium chlorate is 
potassium, genitive potassi-i, of potassium ; cMoras, genitive 
cMorat-iSf of chlorate ; dose, 3 ii- The Latin for powder of 
licorice root is (powder has been given before) glycyrrhiza, 
genitive glycyrrhiz-ce, of licorice ; radix, genitive radic-is, of 
root. The Latin for molasses is syrupus, genitive syrup-i, of 
syrup ; fuscus, genitive fusc-i, of brown ; dose of licorice root 
and molasses immaterial. They are used as excipienta. 

Potassii chloratis 

Pulveris glycyrrhizse radicis . . aa . . ^ iv. 

Syrupi fusci Q.S. 

Misce et fiat electuarium. 
Translated: Mix and let there be made an electuary. 
(Abbreviated) M. et f. electuarium. 

(Weigh 3 vi. as sample). 
S. Give amount equal to sample every 2 hours smeared on teeth. 

John Smith. 

"We cannot tell precisely what quantity of potassium 
chlorate will be administered in the 3 vi. ordered in this 
prescription, but we can be assured that it will not be larger 
than 3 drachms, which is a small dose for the horse. 

Suppositories are occasionally prescribed to dogs. The 
excipient is cacao butter, of which about 15 grains is 
required. We will write a prescription containing iodoform 
and extract of Belladonna root, to be dispensed in suppos- 
itories for a medium-sized dog. The Latin for iodoform is 
iodo/ormum, genitive iodoform-i, of iodoform ; dose, gr.|. 
The Latin for extract of belladonna root is belladonna, 
genitive belladonn-ce, of belladonna; extracfum, genitive 
extract- i, of extract; radix, genitive radic-is, of root; dose, 
gr.j. The Latin for cacao batter is oleum theohroma ; 



PRESCRIPTION WRITING 111 

oJenm, gf^nitivp oJe-i, of oil ; ilieohrnma, pjpniMve fheohrom- 
afit, of theobroma. Tlie (]nantity of cacao butter may be 
safely left to the discretion of the pharmacist. We will 
multiply the dose by ten, to make ten suppositories. 

lodoformi gi"-^- 

Extract! l)ellHdonna} radicis gr.ii.ss. 

Olei theobromatis Q.S. 

Misce et fiant suppositoria x. 
Translated : Mix and let there be made suppositories x. 
(Abbreviated) M. et f. suppos. x. 

Sig. Introduce one into the bowel every 4 hours. 

John Smith. 

In writing prescriptions for ointments the degree of 
dilution of the medicinal substance, or substances, must be 
determined. In case the dilution is done in percentage, the 
metric system is particularly useful. A five-per-cent, oint- 
ment of the yellow oxide of mercury is of value in some 
cases of conjunctivitis. We will write for 5 Gm. 

The Latin- for yellow oxide of mercury is liydrargyrum 
oxidum flavum; hydrargyrttm, genitive hydrargyr-i, of 
mercury ; oxidum, genitive oxid-i, of oxide ; flavum, genitive 
Jlavi, of yellow. 

The excipient will be simple ointment. Latin for simple 
ointment is unguentum, genitive unguent-i, of ointment. If 
we order 5 gm. of simple ointment we can determine the 
amount of mercury necessary to form a 5-per-cent. prepara- 
tion with it by simply moving the decimal line forward two 
places, .05, which will give a 1-per-cent. ointment of mer- 
cury ; and then, by multiplying by 5, .05 X 5 = .25, we 
secure a 5-per-cent. ointment. 

Solids in Gm. Liquids in Cc. 

Hydrargyri oxidi flavi 25 

Unguenti 5 

Misce et fiat unguentum. 
Translated : Mix and let there be made an ointment. 
(Abbreviated) M. et f. ung. 

Sig. Use externally. John SMITH. 



112 PRESCRIPTION AYRITING 

There is nothing of special note to consider in regard 
to writing prescriptions for liniments. We will write a 
prescription for Carron oil us an example. 

Carron oil is composed of equal volumes of solution of 
lime and cottonseed oil. The Latin for oil of cottonseed is 
oUum gossipii seminis ; oleum, genitive ole-i, of oil ; gossypium, 
genitive gossypi-i, of cotton ; Piemen, genitive seniin-ia, oi 
seed. The Latin for solution of lime is liquor calcis ; 
liquor, genitive liquor-is, of liquor ; calx, genitive calc-is, of 
lime. 

Liquons calcis. 

Olei gossypii seminis aa 3 iii. 

Misce et tiat linimentum. 

Translated : Mix and let there be made a liniment. 

(Abbreviated) M. et f . liniment. 

Sig. Apply externally. 

John SMitH 



CLASSIFICATION. 



PAKT I. 

Inorganic Agents. 

Section I. — Water, and Solution of Hydrogen Dioxide. 
Section II. — Alkaline Metals ; Potassiuna, Sodium, Ammonium ard 
Lithium. 

Section III. — Alkaline Earth Metals; Calcium, Barium, Magnesium, 

Heavy Metals ; including Sections IV. -VI. 
Section IV. — Aluminum, Cerium, Plumbum, Argentum, Zincum, 

Cuprum and Bismuthum. 
Section V. — Ferrum, Manganum. 
Section VI. — Hydrargyrum, 
Section VII. — Arsenic, Antimony. 
Section VIII. — Phosphorus. 

Section IX. —Chlorine, Iodine, Bromine. Orthofonn. 
Section X. — Sulphur. 
Section XI. — Acids. 
Section XII. — Carbon Compounds. 

Class 1. Carbon. 

Class 2. Alcohol, Ether, Chloroform. 

Class 3. Nitrites. 

Class 4. Chloral, 

Class 5. Antipyretics, Analgesics. 

Class 6, Antiseptics, 

Class 7. Miscellaneous Carbon Compounds. 



PAET II. 
Vegetable Drugs. 

Section I, — Drugs acting on the brain. 

Class 1. Depressing the brain ; Opium. 

Class 2, Stimulating the brain ; Belladonna, 
Section II. — Drugs acting on the spinal cord. 

Class 1. Stimulating the inferior cornua ; Nux Vomica, Strychnine. 

Class 2. Depressing the inferior cornua ; Physostigma, Gelsemium. 



Ill CLASSIFICATION 

Section III. — Drugs acting cliiefly on the motor nerves. 

Class 1. Depressing the motor nerves ; Tobacco and Conium. 

Section IV. — Drugs acting on the sensory nerves. 

Class 1. Depressing the sensory nerves ; Cocaine, Eucain, Holocain. 
Section V. — Drugs acting on the secretory nerves. 

Class 1. Stimulating the secretory nerves ; Pilocarpus. 
Section VI. — Drugs acting on the heart'. 

Class 1. Increasing til e force and decreasing the frequency of the 

heart ; Digitalis, Strophanthus, Convallaria and Squill. 
Class 2. Decreasing the force and frequency of the heart'; Aconite, 
Veratrum Viride and Album, Veratrine. 

kSection VII. — Drugs acting on the respiration. 
Ipecac. 

Section VIII. — Vegetable Antipyretics and Antiseptics. 

Class 1. Cinchona and its Alkaloids. 

Class 2. Salicylic Acid, Salicin, Salol, Oil of Gaultheria and Methyl 
Salicylate. 
Section IX.— Volatile Oils or Drugs containing theni. 

Class 1. Used mainly for their action on the skin : Turpentine, Oil 
of Turpectine, Terebene, Terpin Hydrate, Burgundy 
Pitch. Canada Turpentine, Resin, Tar, Pitch, Oil of Cade, 
Balsam of Peru, Balsam of Tolu, Benzoin, Benzoic Acid, 
Black and White Mustard, Eucalyptus, Arnica, Myrrh. 

Class 2. Used mainly for their stomachic and carminative action 
upon the digestive tract : Capsicum, Ginger, Peppermint, 
Menthol, Spearmint, Anise, Cardamon, Coriander, Fennel, 
Fenugreek. 

Class 3. \J3ed mainly for their antispasmodic action in stimulating 
the nervous system : Valerian, Ammonium, Ferric and 
Zinc Valerianates, AsJifoetida and Ammoniacum. 

Class 4. Used mainly for their stimulant and diuretic action on the 
genito-urinary tract : Buchu and Oil of Juniper. 

Class 5. Used mainly for its emmenagogue action on the female 
generative organs ; Savin. 

Class 6. Tallianine. 
Section X. — Vegetable Bitters.— Gentian, Quassia, Cascarilla, Calumba.. 

Taraxacum, Hydrastis, Calamus. 
Section XI. — Vegetable Cathartics. 

Class 1. Simple Purgatives. — Aloes, Linseed Oil, Castor Oil, Rham- 
nus Purshiana, Frangula, Rhamnus Catharticus, Rhubarb 
(Chrysarobin), Senna. 



CLASSIFICATION 115 

Class 2. Drastic Purgatives. — Croton Oil, Scammony, Jalap, Gam- 
boge, Elaterin, Colocynth, Podophyllum, Podophyllin. 

Section XII. — Tannic Acid and Drugs containing it. 

Nutgall, Tannic Acid, Gallic Acid, Pyrogallol, White Oak 
Catechu, Kino, Krameria, Haematoxylon, Hamamelis. 

Section XIII. — Vegetable Demulcents. 

Olive Oil, Cottonseed Oil, Soap, Soft Soap, Glycerin, Linseed, 
Acacia, Tragacanth, Althaea, Sugar. 

Section XIV. — Vegetable Drugs killing Parasites. 

ClaBs 1. Used to destroy tape worms : Aspidium, Areca Nut, 

Kamala, Kouso, Granatum. 
Class 3. Used to destroy round worms : Santonica. 
Class 3. Used to destroy oxyurides: Quassia. 
Class 4. Used to destroy lice: Stavesacre. 
Class 5. Used to destroy fleas: Pyrethrum. 

Section XV.— Vegetable Drugs stimulating unstriated muscle, par 
ticularly of the uterus. 

Ergot, Cotton Root Bark. 
Section iJVI. — Colchicum. 
Section XVII. — Vegetable Drugs acting mechanically. 

Starch, Oil of Theobroma, Purified Cotton, Pyroxylin, Collodion, 
Euphorbium, Adrenalin. 

Section XVIII.— Medicinal Agents of Animal Origin. 

Cantharides, Lard, Suet. Hydrous Wool Fat, Yellow and White 
Wax, Spermaceti, Honey, Milk, Sugar, Pepsin, Pancreatin, 
Ox Gall, Papain, Cod Liver Oil, Ichthyol, Thiol. 



NOTE. 



ABBREVIATIONS USED IN REFERENCE TO THE SYNONYMS IN THE 
DESCRIPTIONS OF DRUGS. 

B. P. . . British Pharmacopoeia. 

E English. 

P. G. . .German Pharmacopoeia. 

Fr French. 

G German. 

Three doses of each medicine are usually given; one for horses and 
cattle; one for sheep and swine, and one for cats and dogs, unless 
otherwise specified. The quantities are expressed in units of the Apothe- 
caries' Weight or Wine Measure and also in the metric system. The 



116 CLASSIFICATION 

solids in the latter to be dispensed in grams, the liquids in cubic centi- 
meters. Only those official drugs and preparations of the United States 
and British Pharmacopoeia's will be mentioned, which are considered to 
be of value to practitioners of Veterinary Medicine. In connection 
with doses the following abbreviations are used : 

H Horse. 

C Cattle. 

Sh, & Sw. .Sheep and Swine. 
D Dogs. 

The same dose may be given to either dogs or cats of equal weight* 



PAKT I. 
INORGANIC AGENTS. 



SECTION I. 

Water. 

Aqua, Water. Aqua Destit>lata, Distilled Water. H,0. 
(The latter used in filling many prescriptions.) 

Action external — The reader is referred to special articles 
on "Cold and Heat" (p. 704), "Food and Feeding" (p. 679), 
and " Counter Irritants " (p. G96), for details concerning the 
action and uses of water, respectively, as a medium of heat 
and cold, as an article of diet in health and disease, and as 
a counter irritant. Cold water, externally, at first stimulates 
reflexly heat production, with slight rise of temperature, 
increased carbonic acid elimination and contraction of the 
vessels and muscles of the skin. If the cold water applica- 
tion is continued, the bodily heat falls, owing to physical 
abstraction of heat. "Reaction" follows the removal of 
cold, if properly applied, with dilatation of the superficial 
vessels (and sensation of warmth and exhilaration in man). 
Moderate warm water (105^ F.) applications stimulate cuta- 
neous vascularity, favor diarphoresis, and diminish urinary 
secretion. Hot water (110--120° F.) applications act as 
counter irritants in dilating the peripheral vessels, contract- 
ing those in more remote parts, and relieving pain, spasm, 
congestion and inflammation. 

Actum internal. — Water is quickly absorbed and thus 
swells the secretion of urine, and, to a less extent, that of 
bile, saliva and pancreatic juice. Intestinal peristalsis is 
facilitated by a considerable amount of water. Water also 
increases tissue change, and elimination of carbonic dioxide 
and urea ; promotes the appetite and washes out the tissues 

and urinary tract, thus removing waste matters from the body. 

iir 



118 INORGANIC AGENTS 

The elimination of uric acid is lessened by water. Large 
quantities of water, if not taken at meal time — when they 
dilute the digestive juices and disorder digestion — favor the 
formation of fat. 

Uses external. — See "Heat and Cold," p. 704. 

Uses internal. — Healthy animals may be given as much, 
water as they desire, with certain restrictions in relation to 
work and feeding. It is unwise to allow horses much water, 
either immediately before or after severe work, or after 
feeding. If water is given before severe work it increases 
the bulk of intestinal contents, is apt to cause digestive 
disturbance, and interferes with the movements of the 
diaphragm. For these same reasons water should only be 
permitted in small amount (at a time) in "heaves" of horses. 

If a quantity of water is allowed horses after hard work, 
colic is very likely to occur. Working horses should, 
therefore, be watered, in reasonable amount, while at work ; 
and, if this is impracticable, may be allowed but a few 
mouthfuls of water, or a gallon of oatmeal gruel after severe 
work, with whole hay but no grain until after an hour's rest. 
When horses at rest drink much water after eating, the 
contents of the stomach (wliich is unusually small in this 
animal) are washed into the intestines and are not so 
thoroughly digested. This accomplishes two bad results : 
it deprives the animal of some nourishment and engenders 
digestive trouble and diarrhoea. 

The best plan is to give resting horses water before 
eating, or to keep it at their command at all times. Cold 
water is desirable, frequently and in limited quantities, in 
fever, although there is a popular fear of it. Hot water 
assists the action of diaphoretics ; cold water that of 
diuretics. Lukewarm water is an emetic, but hot water, in 
small and repeated doses, allays nausea and vomiting. Water 
is restricted in ordinary diarrhoeas, obesity, and to assist the 
absorption of exudations. The drinking of water should be 
encouraged by a liberal allowance of salt (which in itself aids 
digestion), in animals in a poor condition, to increase their 
appetite iand flesh. Water is valuable in diluting a con- 



SOLUTION OF HYDROGEN DIOXIDE 119 

oeiitrated urine from which calculi are liable to be deposited. 
High rectal injections of water are absorbed, and conse- 
quently flush out the kidneys. 

Solution of Hydrogen Dioxide. 

Aqua Hydrogenii Dioxidi. Solution of Hydrogen Dioxide. 

(U. S. P.) 

Synonym. — Liquor Hydrogenii Peroxidi, Hydrogen 
Peroxide. A slightly acid aqueous solution of hydrogen 
dioxide (H„0.) containing, when freshly prepared, about 
3 per cent., by weight, of the pure dioxide, corresponding to 
about 10 volumes of available oxygen. 

Derivation. — Add barium dioxide, 300, to cold, distilled 
\rater, 500 ; agitate and keep at a temperature of 100° C. 
(50° F.). To this mixture (of barium hydrate) add a solu- 
tion of phosphoric acid, 96, in cold distilled water, 320, and 
shake them together thoroughly. Filter, and wash the 
precipitate (barium phosphate) with distilled water until the 
filtrate measures 1000. Add diluted sulphuric acid to the 
filtrate (until cloudiness disappears in a small filtered por- 
tion of it; absence of barium), and starch 10. Agitate fre- 
quently. Filter and refilter till the solution becomes clear 

Properties. — A colorless liquid, without odor, acidulous 
to the taste and producing a peculiar sensation and soapy 
froth in the mouth ; liable to deteriorate by age, exjiosure 
to heat, or protracted agitation. Spec. gr. 1,006 to 1,012. 

Reaction slightly acid. When exposed to the air at the 
ordinary temperature, or when heated in a water bath at a 
temperature not exceeding 60° C. (140*^ F.) the solution 
loses chiefly water. When rapidly heated it is liable to 
decompose suddenly. (The value of a given sample of 
hydrogen dioxide may be roughly ascertaiiied by adding a 
few drachms to a few crystals of potassium permanganate 
in a test tube. The greater the amount of effervescence the 
better the hj'drogen dioxide. — Wallian.) 

Dose.—B.. & C, 3 i.-ii. (30.-60.); D., " i.-ii. (4.-8.) 

Action and Uses. — Hydrogen dioxide is probably the 
most powerful, non-toxic, surgical autisepfcic and disinfect- 



120 INORGANIC AGENTS 

It is not poisonous to higher animals, and liberates oxygen 
immediately in the presence of all forms of living matter, 
excised organs, and drawn blood, thus destroying all bacteria 
and organized ferments. It is, moreover, a most efficient 
cleansing agent in wounds, the gaseous froth mechanically 
removing detritus better than irrigation. It thus acts like 
soap-suds in ordinary washing 23i'ocesses. Injected intra- 
venously hydrogen dioxide causes death through the forma- 
tion of gas (oxygen) emboli — in its catalysis in the blood — 
by plugging the heart and blood-vessels of the brain and 
lungs. 

The microbicidal action is transient and not persistent ; 
only water remains. Therefore hydrogen dioxide is useless 
for the production of continuous antiseptic action. The 
drug is an antiseptic in the digestive tract, and some oxygen 
may be absorbed by the blood, but this is extremely doubt- 
ful. The official solution contains 10 volumes of oxygen ; 
that is, it yields up 10 times its bulk of oxygen gas. Most 
proprietary j^reparations are stronger, and contain 12 
volumes of oxygen, and are more powerfully disinfectant. 

Hydrogen j)eroxide is particularly valuable as an anti- 
septic on suppurating and septic wounds, necrosed tissue, 
abscess cavities, sinus', ulcers, morbid growths and suppu- 
rating mucous membranes. In fistulae of the withers and poll, 
hydrogen dioxide acts as an efficient cleansing and antiseptic 
agent, and it should be injected prior to the use of other anti- 
septics, stimulants and caustics, as carbolic acid in glycerin 
(see -p. 329). Hydrogen dioxide is probably the best remedy 
we possess in the treatment of acute catarrh of the pharynx 
and tonsils in dogs and cats Avhen applied directly to the 
throat, diluted with two parts of lime water, with an atom- 
izer or brush, or on absorbent cotton on an applicator. It is 
comtmonly employed in full strength and only in glass, 
porcelain, or hard rubber vessels or instruments. The drug 
should not be used in cavities wdiere an outlet for the free 
escape of gas is wanting. Peroxide of hydrogen decomposes 
pus with effervescence, and thus is a guide to its presence or 
absence ; it also destroys the pus cocci. 

Hydrogen dioxide is a safe and efficient agent in disin- 
fectin£>' drinking wator, and is of some value in gastric 



POTASSIUM 121 

fermentative indigestion of clogs where the vomitus and 
faeces show evidence of gas formation or frothiness, and is 
absolutely safe. Kecently good results have been reported 
from the use of hydrogen dioxide, diluted with three parts 
of lime water, in dysentery when given as high enemata 
twice daily. 

SECTION 11. 
Alkaline Metals — Potassium, Sodium, Ammonium, 

Lithium. 

Potassium. 

Potassium is not used in medicine in the metallic state. 
Its compounds may be considered in three groups: 1, 
Potassa ; 2, the Carbonates (acetate and citrate); 3, the 
Mineral Salts. 

Potassium compounds were formerly obtained from 
wood ashes by lixiviation ; from sea water by evaporation, 
and from argol, a substance deposited in wine casks. Now 
they are obtained from potassium muriate, mined in Stass- 
furt, Saxony, which is thought to result- from the boiling 
away of sea water in past ages. 

genekal action of potassium salts.* 

In lethal doses the action of all the j)otassium com- 
pounds is very similar. 

Stomach and Intestines.- — The potassium salts, with the 
exception of the vegetable compqunds, are irritants to the 
gastro-intestinal tract, if ingested in concentrated form. 

Heart. — When injected into a vein, potassium has a di- 
rect, paralyzing action of the heart muscle, and in lethal doses 
there is cardiac arrest in diastole. Much the same action is, 
moreover, observed on all higher forms of tissue. The func- 
tional activity of the nerves and muscles is depressed and 
abolished, more especially that of the brain and cord, so that 
paralysis of central origin occurs. 

Potassium has, however, no depressing influence upon 
tlie heart when given by the mouth as enormously greater 

* The action of salts on the body is determined not by the action 
of the chemical compound or its molecule but by the action of the ions 
which are dissociated when the salt fjoes into solution. Thus the action 
of Potassium on the body may be studied by observing the action of 
KCl since the influence of the CI ion (anion) may be ignored as it 
induces no physiological effect upon the organism. 



122 INOEGANIC AGENTS 

. amounts than are ever given medicinally are daily consumed 
in the food. Bunge estimates from 50 to 100 gms., may be 
thus daily ingested in food by man. This fact explodes the 
fallacy that sodium salts are less depressant to the heart than 
the corresponding salts of potassium and are preferable as 
medicinal agents to the latter. 

Blood. — When given for any considerable period, the 
potassium, like the sodium salts, impoverish the system and 
produce a more fluid state of the blood. Large doses of the 
potassium salts are likely, to occasion purging, while small 
doses are apt to cause diuresis. The carbonates and vege- 
table salts resemble each other in action, but that of the 
mineral salts is peculiar to the individual compound. 

PoTAssii Hydroxidum. Potassiuui Hydroxide. KOH. 

(U.S. P.) 

Smnonyms. — Potassa caustica, B. P. ; potash, potassium 
hydrate, caustic potash, lapis causicus chirurgorum, E. ; pot- 
asse caustique, Fr. ; aetz kali, G ; kali causticum fusum,P.G. 

Derivation.— ^K solution of potassium hydrate is evapo- 
rated ; the residue is fused and run into moulds. 

Properties. — Dry, white, translucent pencils or fused 
masses, hard and brittle, showing • a crystalline fracture ; 
odorless, or having a faint odor of lye, and of a very acid 
and caustic taste. Exposed to the air, it very rapidly 
(590 F.)* absorbs carbon dioxide and moisture, and deli- 
quesces. Soluble at 15° C. (59° F.) in about 0.5 part of 
water, and in 2 parts of alcohol ; very soluble in boiling water 
and in boiling alcohol; slightly soluble in ether. 

Liquor Potassii Hydroxidi. Solution of Potassium Hy- 
droxide. (U. S. P.) 

An aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide (KOH), 
containing about 5 per cent, of the hydroxide. 

Synonym. — Liquor potassae, B. P., solution of potas- 
sium hydrate, kali hydricum solution, lixivium causticum, 
solution of potash, E. ; potasse caustique liquide, lessive 
caustique, Fr. ; aetzkalilauge, G. ; liquor kali caustici, P. G. 

Derivation. — Boiling a solution of potassium carbonate 

* When solubility is mentioned hereafter, reference will be had to 
solubility at the above temperature. 



POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE 123 

with calcium hydrate leaves potassium hydrate in solution, 
while calcium carbonate is precipitated. 

K, CO3 + Ca (OH), = 2 KOH + Ca CO3. 
Properties. — A clear, colorless liquid, odorless, having a 
very acrid and caustic taste and a strongly alkaline reaction. 
It has a soapy feel and taste, 

• Dose.—R. & C, 3 ss.-i. (15.-30.) ; Sh. & Sw., 3 ss.-i. 
(2.-4); D., n^v.-xx. (.3-1.3). ' 

PoTA^SA Cum Calce. Potassa with Lime. (Non-official.) 
(Equal parts of potassa and lime.) 

Synonym. — Vienna paste. 

Properties. — A grayish-white powder, deliquescent, 
having a strongly alkaline reaction ; should be soluble in 
diluted hydrochloric acid without leaving more than a small 
residue. 

Action and Uses. — Potassium hydroxide, its solution, and 
potassa cum calce are mainly of value as escharotics. Liquor 
potassse is unfit for internal use unless greatly diluted with 
water. It resembles potassium carbonate in its effects. 
Caustic potash is very destructive of tissue by dissolving 
proteids and forming alkali-proteids. It is most diffusible 
and, therefore, difficult to limit its action. This we may do, 
however, by applying a plaster to a part, with a hole in it, 
through which the caustic stick is applied. Before using 
the caustic, the outside of the plaster should be covered with 
oil or grease, but not the part under the aperture in it. 
After removing the plaster the operation of the caustic may 
be arrested by vinegar. . Cauterization by this means is very 
painful under ordinary circumstances, but may be made 
comparatively painless by incorporating one part of mor- 
phine muriate with three parts of potassa cum calce, and 
adding enough chloroform to make a paste. 

Caustic potash is indicated where extensive destruction 
of tissue is desirable, as in the treatment of the bites of rabid 
dogs and of snakes. It is less commonly used for the 



124 INOEGANIC AGENTS 

removal of warts and small growths, and as a caustic on 
indolent or exuberant granulations. 

Potash has been employed to form an issue, or artificial 
ulcer for the production of counter irritation. Potash may 
be prescribed in bronchitis, for its action, common to the 
alkalies, in thinning and increasing the bronchial secretions. 
An excellent mild stimulating liniment consists of : 

01, Terebinthinse 50.00 

01. Succini 30.00 

Saponis pulv 10.00 

Potassae 2.00 

AquEe ad 1,000.00 

M. et fiat linimentum. 

The potash s^iponifies the oils and exerts a stimulating 
action on the skin. Potassium bicarbonate is less irritating 
and morn suitable for the latter indication. Potash is some- 
times recommended as an antacid and sedative in gastric 
disoiders, but is inferior to sodium bicarbonate for this 
purpose. 

PoTASSii Carbonas. Potassiuui Carbonate. KoCog . 
(XJ. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — Salts of tartar. 

Derivation. — The solution resulting from the lixiviation 
of wood ashes is boiled to dryness, and the resultant mass 
is the "potash" of commerce. This is purified to some 
eitent by burning in ovens, forming "p'earlash," a mixture 
of the hydrate and carbonate. Water dissolves mainly the 
carbonate which is obtained by evaporation of the aqueous 
solution. 

Properties. — A white, granular powder, odorless, and 
having a strongly alkaline taste ; very deliquescent. Soluble 
in 1.1 parts of water ; insoluble in alcohol. 

Dose.—R. & C, 3 ss.-i. (15.-30.); Sh. & Sw., 3 ss.-i. (2.-4); 
D., gr.v.-xx. (.3-1.3). 



POTASSIUM BICARBONATE 125 

PoTASSii BiCARBONAS. Potassium Bicarbouate. KHCos 
(U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — DoppelkohlejisaurHs kali, G. 

Derivation. — Obtained by passiug a scream of Coj through 
a solution of the carbonate. 

K,C03. + CO, + H,0 = 2 KHC03. 

Properties. — Colorless, transparent, monocliuic prisms, 
odorless and having a saline and slightly alkaline taste. 
Permanent in the air. Soluble in 3.2 parts of water. Almost 
insoluble in alcohol. Becomes converted into the carbonate 
by boiling. 

Dose.—B.. & C, 3 ss.-i. (15.-30.); Sh. & Sw., 3 ss.-i. (2.-4.); 
D., gr.v.-xx. (.3-1.3). 

Preferable to carbonate for internal use, as it is less 
irritating. 

PoTASSii AcETAS. Potassium Acetate. KCgHjOo 
(U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — Terra foliata tartari, E.; Essigsaures kali, G. 

Derivation. — Add acetic acid in excess to potassium 
carbonate. Evaporate to dryness and fuse residue. 

K,C03 + 2 HC,H30, = 2 KC,H30, + H,0 +C0,. 

Properties. — A white powder, or crystalline masses of a 
satiny lustre ; odorless and having a warming, saline taste. 
Very deliquescent on exposure to the air. Soluble in 0.36 
part of water and in 1.9 parts of alcohol. 

Dose. — Same as bicarbonate. 

POTASSII CiTRAS. Potassium Citrate. KgCgHsO; 
(U. S. & B. P.) 
Synonym. — Citrate de potasse, Fr.; Citronsaures kali, G. 
Derivation. — Neutralize potassium carbonate with a 
solatioii of citric acid, and evapoiHte to dryut^ss. 
3 K,CO, + 2 H3C,H,0, = 2K3C,H,0, + '3H,0 + 3 CO,. 
Properties. — Transparent, prismatic crystals, or a white, 
granular powder ; odorless and having a cooling, saline 



.126 * INOKGf-^NIC AGEJN^'TS . 

taste. Deliquescent on exposiu'e to air. Soluble in 0.6 
part of water ; sparingly soluble in alqohol. 
Dose. — Same as bicarbonate. 

■ •' , , • . ■ ' . '' 

ACTION OF THE CARBONATES AND VEGETABLE SALTS. 

^ . The carbonate is to*o irritating for internal use, wbile 
the- bicarbonate is more so than the similar sodium salt. 
^Tlierefdre the latter is in more dommon use as an antacid. 
Antacids neutralize abnormal acidity, due to fermentation, 'if 
given some time after eating in large dp'ses. 

. The vegetable salts (the acetate and citrate) are con- 
verted into the carbonate in the blood .and ^re non-irritating. 
The bicarbonate is also absorbed into the blood as the car- ^ 
bonate. These salts, together with the hydrate, alkalize the 
blood and urine. ' It is thought by many authorities that 
they increase oxidation within the body, as it is known that 
they do sq outside the body in contact with organic matter. 
As 'a result of all experiments with tile hydrates and car- 
bonates, neither' oxidation nor metabolism appear to be 
materially influenced. 

Uric acid elimination is not affected, but ,urea may be 
increased, replacing ammonia in the uT-ine. The action of. 
these salts is due wholly to the hvdroxyl (OH) ion. The 
action of the carbonates is only less in degree and rapidity 
than^ the hydrates since OH is f re^d in the body when car- 
bonates combine with water. The carbonates are mainly use- 
ful as antacids ; .the citrate and acetate as diuretics. 

Uses. — Potassium carbonate' forms a useful addition to. 
mixtures for application to the» skin, as, through its strong 
alkalinity, it removes grease "and ^baceous matter, per- 
mitting medicinal agents. to penetrate the skin. -A mixture 
of potassium carbonate, 15.0 (.^ss.)-; sublimed sulphur, 50.0 
(5i--3v.) ; and water, 12 lite.rs (3 gallons), makes a service- 
able application for the milder forms of rhange and eczema. 
Th'C. animal should be Avell washed with the mixture in a 
tub every second day, and periivian balsam, oil of cade or 
tar should be applied daily. Potassium bicarbonate in 
aqueous solution is serviceable in relieving itching (gr.v.-^i.) ' 
While probably not so generally efficient* as the correspond- 
ing sodium salt,' it is' of bFhefit when given an hour after ■ 
feeding to horses Subject to cqHc at that' time. It is more 



'•fc\ 



POTASSIUM NITRATE 127 

useful than sodium bicarbonate in alkalizing an over-acid 
urine (dogs), and in dissolving and eliminating uric acid from 
the blood. Potassium citrate and acetate are indicated in irri- 
tation or inflammation of the kidneys and bladder and cause 
absorption of exudations (pleural effusions, for example), 
through their diuretic power. They are also good uric acid 
solvents. They are sometimes prescribed in fever on account 
of slight diarphoretic and powerful diuretic properties, and 
in bronchitis with the purposes of increasing and thinning 
secretion. 

The salts under consideration stimulate bronchial secre- 
tion and make it thinner, and are recommended accordingly 
in bronchitis. They are less efficient than potassium iodide 
for these purposes in this affection. 

PoTAasii NiTBAS. Potassium Nitrate. KNO3 (U.S. &B.P.) 

Synonym. — Nitre, saltpetre, E.; nitre prismatique, azo- 
tate (nitrate) de potasse, Fr.; saltpetersaures kali, kalisal- 
peter, G. 

Derivation.— ^aXi^eixe is formed in the soil in certain 
regions and climates and is made artificially, by the putre- 
faction of animal or vegetable material, in the presence of 
heat, moisture, oxygen, and alkaline or earthy bases capable 
of fixing the nitric acid set free in this process, known as 
nitrification. The natural conditions for nitrification are 
present in some parts of India, and saltpetre is largely 
imported from Calcutta. Artificially, nitre beds are made 
of animal and vegetable matter, wood ashes, and calcareous 
eartli or old plaster from houses. Sodium nitrate is im- 
ported extensively from Chili, where it occurs as a mineral 
product, and is used widely in this country in artificial 
fertilizers. Chili saltpetre may be converted into nitre by 
treatment with potash. 

Properties. — Colorless, transparent, six-sided, rhombic 
prisms, or a crystalline powder, odorless and having a cool- 
ing, saline and pungent taste. Permanent in the air. Sol- 
uble in 3.8 parts of water ; very sparingly soluble in alcohol. 



128 INOilGANIC AGENTS 

Dose.—H. & C, Bss.-i. (15.-30.) ; Sh. & Sw., 5ss.-i. 
(2.-4.); B., gr.v.-xx. ).3-1.3). 

Action. External. — Eefrigerant. 

Action Internal. — Stomach and Intestines. — Nitre 
causes, in lethal doses, violent gastro-enteritis, often neph- 
ritis, muscular weakness, coma, collapse and depression of the 
circulation. The pulse becomes both slow and weak. There 
is muscular weakness and paralysis. Potassium nitrate is 
one of the most irritating salts of this grouj), but its toxic 
effect depends upon the influence of the nitrate ion, and — 
when concentrated — upon its '^ salt action " (see p. 140) in 
withdrawing water from the tissues. 

Blood. — Toxic doses of nitre have a slight decomposing 
action (hemolysis) on the blood. 

Heart. — Nitre is said to be more depressing to the heart 
than the other potassium compounds. There is no basis for 
this belief. 

Lungs. — The resj^iration is slowed by considerable doses 
of potassium nitrate, and it exerts an antispasmodic action 
by depression of the unstriped fibres of the bronchi. 

Kidneys. — Diuresis is the predominant medicinal ac- 
tion of nitre. It may induce diuresis through its "■ salt ac- 
tion " (see p. 140) but in that case should escape unchanged 
in the urine. Apparently little or none is thus eliminated, 
except after large doses. In moderate doses the salt is 
changed in the body. It is conjectured that it is first con- 
verted into nitrites, then into ammonia, and finally escapes 
from the lungs as free nitrogen. 

The diuretic action is chiefly due to direct stimulation 
olthe renal cells. 

Potassium nitrate is more frequently prescribed than 
any other potassium salt in veterinary practice, and is com- 
monly considered one of the best febrifuges. Its only service 
in fevers is as a diiiretic. Its use as a febrifuge has there- 
fore been long abandoned in human medicine. 

Administration. — Nitre is dissolved in a pail of drink- 
ing water and kept constantly at the larger animal's disposal. 
The salt is rendered harmless by dilution ; vascular tension 
and diuresis are increased by the water, and the solution is 



POTASSIUM CHLORATE 129 

cooling and grateful to the taste in fever. Smaller doses 
(5 ss.) may be given on the food to horses. 

Uses. — Nitre, ammonium chloride, and common salt, 
each one part, are dissolved in three parts water, and some- 
times used for their refrigerant effect on local inflammatory 
conditions. Ice poultices are more efficient. The value of 
nitre is over-estimated in veterinary practice. It is recom- 
mended in purpura and rheumatism as alterative. Here 
again it is less serviceable than ergot in the former, or sali- 
cylic acid and alkalies in the latter disease. Nitre is, how- 
ever, in common use in such febrile affections as pneumonia 
and influenza in horses. 

Powdered potassium nitrate — mixed with an equal 
amount of stramonium leaves — is sometimes employed in 
asthma and bronchitis of dogs as an inhalation by burning 
the mixture. 

PoTAssii Chlokas. Potassium Chlorate. KCIO3. 
(U. S. &B. P.) 

Synonym. — Kali oxymuriaticum, E. ; chlorate de pot- 
asse, Fr. ; chlorsaures kali, G. 

Derivation. — Pass chlorine into a mixture of potassium 
carbonate and calcium hydrate; dissolve the result in boil- 
ing water and recover the chlorate by crystallization. 

K2CO3 + 6 Ca (0H)2 + 12 CI = 2 KCIO3 -f Ca 
C03 + 5 Ca CI2 + 6 IIoO. 

Properties. — Colorless, lustrous, monoclinic prisms or 
plates, or a white powder, odorless, and having a cooling, 
saline taste. Permanent in the air. Soluble in 10.7 parts 
of water. Insoluble in absolute alcohol, but slightly solu- 
ble in mixtures of alcohol and water. Explodes readily 
when rubbed with sugar, sulphur, charcoal, glycerine and 
man}'^ other substances. 

Dose.—R. & C. 5ss.-i. (15.-30.) ; Sh & Sw., 3 ss.-i. 
(2.-4) ; D., gi'.v.-xx. (.3-13). 

Action Internal. — Stomach and Boirels. — In concentra- 
ted form potassium chlorate is an irritant to mucous mem- 
branes — causing vomiting and purging in the alimentary 
tract — owing to its withdrawal of water from the tissues. 
Its " salt action " is also seen in its increasin-^ tension in the 



130 INORGANIC AGENTS 

renal glomeruli and thus causing diuresis (see p. 140, sodium 
chloride)! Lethal doses occasion gastro-enteritis, diarrha-a, 
cyanosis, depression of the heart, coma and death from as- 
phyxia. Jaundice and dark-colored urine occur in sub-acute 
poisoning. 

The Blood. — The blood is unaffected by mediciuc'il doses, 
but in poisoning the red corpuscles are broken down and 
crenated. The haemoglobin is converted into meth?emoglo- 
bin, which is probably a mixture of hirmatin and soluble 
albumin. Haemoglobin, methsemglobin and hannatin and dis- 
integrated corpuscles appear in the urine. The blood is 
chocolate-colored after death. The liver, spleen, kidneys and 
intestines are softened and filled with disorganized blood. It 
was formerly thought that potassium chlorate parted with 
its oxygen in the blood, and it w^as prescribed in many 
disorders as an oxidizing agent. While the blood changes 
are due to its oxidizing action, yet potassium chlorate gives up 
very little oxygen to the body since almost all of the salt 
absorbed escapes unchanged from the organism. On the 
contrary, the important symptoms of poisoning are due to 
lack of oxygen (asphyxia), methsemoglobin not liberating its 
oxygen readily to the tissues. Death from fat embolism is 
not uncommon during convalescence from poisoning. 

Elimination. — Potassium chlorate is eliminated un- 
changed by all channels; mainly by the urine (90 to 96 per 
cent.), but also by the sweat, saliva, etc. Acting locally as a 
stimulant in the mouthy and then affecting the throat a second 
time by its elimination in the saliva, potassium chlorate is 
frequently prescribed in diseases of the mouth and pharynx 
afi a topical stimulant. It is given in electuaTy, solution, or 
ball internally. 

Summary. — Sialogogue and diuretic. 

Uses. — Stomatitis is treated by chlorate of potassium in 
saturated solution applied on a swab. The salt is valuable 
in the treatment of pharyngitis in electuary. A favorite 
combination consists of fluid extract of belladonna, § i. ; 
potassium chlorate, % ii. ; powdered licorice root, § ^^•■) with 
sufficient molasses to make an olectuarv. One ounce is to be 



POTASSIUM BITARTRATE ,131 

smeared on the teeth of a horse thrice Jaily.^ An half oiiijce 
of a saturated solution of potassium chlorate, with a ' fcW 
drops of laudanimi, 'forms a useful injection for hsenjorrjioids 
in dogs. ' .' *^ 

PoTASSii BiTAKTRAS. Potassium Bitartrate. KH4C4HO6 

■ (U.S. P.) ■ ■ .. ■ 

Synonym^ — Potassii tartras acida, B.P.;. cream o^ tar- 
tar, cremor tartari, acid tartrate of potash, E. ; tartarus de- 
puratus, P.G. ; pierre de vin, I^r. ; weinstein, G. • . 

Derivatio7i. — Obtained from crude. tartar fargol) depos- 
ited on the sides of wine cask« during fermentation of g'rape 
■juice, bv purification. * ; 

Properties. — Colorless or slightly opaque, rhombic -crvs- 
tals, or a white, somewhat, gritty powder ; odorless and having 
a pleasant, acidulous taste. Permanent in the air. Soluble 
,in about, 201* parts of w^ater; .very sparingly soluble. -in alco- 
hol. Re acton acid. • ' 

-Dose.—H. & C, S ss.-r.- (15.-30.) ; Sh. & Sw., 3 ss:. (15.) ; 
D., 3SS.-1. (2.-4.). ' ;• . _ ;• . "; . 

Action internahf-— Intestines. — Potassium bitartrate is 

i\ non-irritating purgative in large doses. It is a hydragogue 

cathartic and has a strong affinity for water; abstracting.it 

. from the blood vessfels in the bowels, _hblding the same; in 

■ f olution, and thus flushing out the intestines, (see p. .136). ;^ 

Blood. — Potassium bitartrate is in part decomjiosed, 
converted into^ the garbonate, and. absorbed as such into the 
blood. The oTeater'part'js excreted by the bowels unchanged. 
A portion of the latter* niay have been absorbed and elim- 
inated by the intestines. " ,,^ ♦ v" " . \ 

Kidneys. — Potassiuftl bitartrat-e is an active diuretic 
and renders the urine more alkaline, but for some reason iY is 
not ordinarily employed in ^veterinary practice. J^veverthe- 
less, it is the best and safest diuretic w4iich can be u.'^^e'd' by. 
the veterinarian in the treatment of the horse and siaialler 
animals. «' ' > " ' 

Summary. — Diuretic iji " small doses. Hydfagogue 

* Also in membranous croup (roup) of fowl (gr.x.). and in tliat of 
foals, calves and pi.gs (,gr. X3tx.),.it is useful when giv.en in solution \v.ith 
an equal do^e of the tiiVcture of chloride of iron/ : - 



132 INORGANIC AGENTS 

cathartic in large doses. It should be given in solution and 
is useful in dropsies, more particularly of renal origin ; also 
in catarrhal jaundice, aud as a laxative for foals and calves. 
In cases where the urine of the horse is thick, stringy and 
high-colored, potassium bitartrate will cause it to regain its 
normal state. It may be easily administered in either food 
or drinking water', and its diuretic effect is enhanced when 
the salt is given with a large amount of water. 

Sodium. 

{The metal is not employed in medicine.) 
SoDii Hydroxidum. Sodium Hydroxide. NaOH. (U.S. P.) 

Synony7n.—^odA caustica, B.P.; soda, sodium hydrate, 
caustic soda, natruin causticum, S. hydricum, E.; sonde 
caustique, Fr.; natron setznatron, G- 

Derivation. — It is made from liquor sodse by evapora- 
tion, and run in moulds. 

Properties. — Dry, white, translucent pencils, or fused 
masses, showing a crystalline fracture ; odorless, and having 
an acrid aud caustic taste. Exposed to the air it rapidly 
deliquesces, absorbs carbon dioxide, aud becomes covered 
with a dry coatiiig of carbonate. Soluble iu 1.7 parts of 
water ; very soluble in alcohol. 

Liquor Sodii Hydroxidi. Solution of Sodium Hydroxide. 
(U. S. & B. P.) 

An aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide, containing 
about 5 per cent, of hydroxide. 

Synonym. — Solution of sodium hydrate, E.; natrum 
hydricum solutum, soude caustique liquide, Fr.; liquor natri 
caustici, P. G.; ?etznatron lauge, G. 

Derivation. — An aqueous solution of sodium carbonate 
is boiled with calcium hydrate, aud the supernatant liquid 
is siphoned off. 

Na,C03 + Ca(OH), = 2 NaOH + CaCO,. 

Properties. — A clear, colorless liquid, odorless, having a 
very acrid and caustic taste, and a strongly alkaline reaction. 



SODIUM CARBONATE 133 

Dose.—TI. & C, 3ss.-i. (15.-30.); Sb. & Sw., 3 ss.-i. 
(2.-4.); D., Il^v.-xx. (.3-1.3). 

Action and Ihes. — Sodium hydroxide and its solution 
resemble compounds of potassium, but are used cliieflj for 
chemical and pharmaceutical purposes. 

Liquor sodii hyutoxidi should be given largely diluted 
with water. In poisoniug by the caustic alkalies or soap 
lye, use emetics or stomach pump; and give vinegar^ 
diluted acetic acid, lemon juice and demulcents. 

Sodii Carbonas. Sodium Carbonate. Na^ CO3 10 HoO. 
(U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — Washing soda, sal soda, carbonas sodicns, 
E.; natrum carbonicum crudum, P. G.; carbonate de sonde, 
Fr.; kohlensaures natron, soda, G. 

Derivation. — Made by Leblanc's process. Three steps : 

1st. Salt and sulphuric acid heated together. 2 Na CI + 
H, SO, = Na, SO, + 2 HCI. 

2nd. Sodium sulphate is heated with carbon. Na.^SO^ + 
4 C = Na, S + 4 CO. 

3rd. Sodium sulphide heated with chalk. Na, S + Ca 
C03 = Na, CO3+ CaS. 

Properties. — Colorless, monoclinic crystals, odorless and 
having a strongly alkaline taste. In dry air the salt efflor- 
esces, loses about half its water of crystallization and 
becomes a white powder. Soluble in 1.6 parts of water and 
in 1.02 parts of glycerin. Reaction alkaline. 

Sodii Carbonas Exsiccatus. Dried Sodium Carbonate. 
Na,C03. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — Natrum carbonicum siccum, P. G.; carbo- 
nate de sonde, Fr.; getrocknete soda, G. 

Derivation. — Sodium carbonate (200 gm.) is broken into 
small fragments and allowed to effloresce in dry air. It is 
then heated to drive off Avater of crystallization, till it weighs 
100 Gm. 



134 INORGANIC AGENTS 

Properties. — A loose, white powder, corresponfling in 
solubility to sodium carbonate. Reaction alkaline. Action 
of sodium carbonate similar to the hydrate, but infrequently 
employed in medicine. 

Dosc—B.. & a, -ii.-vi. (8.-24); Sh. & Sw., gr.xx.-xl. 
(1.3-2.6); D., gr.v.-xx. (.3-1.3). Given in large amount of 
water. 

SoDii BiCARBONAS. Sodium Bicarbonate. Na HCO3. 
(U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym.. — Soda, baking soda, sodium sesquicarbonate, 
natrum carbonicum acidulum, bicarbonas sodicus, sodium 
hydrocarbonate, bicarbonate of soda, E.; natrum bi carboni- 
cum, P. G.; bicarbonate de sonde, sel digestive de vichy, Fr.; 
doppelkohlensaures natron, G. 

Derivation. — Pass C0„ through a solution of sodium 
carbonate. Na, CO3 + CO, + H,0 = 2 Na HCO3. 

Properties. — A white, opaque powder, odorless, and 
having a cooling, mildly alkaline taste. Permanent in dry. 
but slowly decomposed in moist air. Soluble in 11.3 parts 
of water, insoluble in alcohol and ether. Slight alkaline 
reaction. 

lacompatihles. — Decomposed by acid and acid salts, as 
bi.smuth subnitrate. 

i)ose.— H.,3ss.-ii. (15.-60.); Sh. & Sw., 3 ss.-i. (2.-4); D., 
gr.v.-xxx. (.3-2.). 

GENERAL ACTION OF SODIUM SALTS. 

Sodium and its salts are not nearly so poisonous as 
similar potassium compounds, because they are less depress- 
ing to the circulatory, muscular and nervous systems, but 
death has occurred after enormous doses. The salts possess a 
local paralyzing action on nerve and muscular tissue. They 
are absorbed and eliminated more slowly than the corre- 
sponding potassium compounds. Sodium salts alkalize the 
blood and urine, but are only slightly diuretic. Sodium 



SODIUM BICARBONATE 135 

carbonate, phosphate, and sulphate diminish the solids in 
the bile and, therefore, increase its fluidity 

Sodium Bicarbonate. 

'Action External. — Sodium bicarbonate lessens irrita- 
bility of the skin in itching and burns. 

Action Internal. — When sodium bicarbonate is given 
internally it neutralizes gastric acidity, whether it be normal, 
abnormal from indigestion and fermentation, or excessive 
fhyperchlorhydia.) It does not in any event stimulate an 
increase of normal acid gastric juice, as has hitherto been 
taught. Its constant administration weakens the digestive 
powers and creates anemia, general cachexia, and scorbutic 
symptoms. Sodium bicarbonate liberates carbonic dioxide 
in the stomach, whch is a sedative and peristaltic stimulant, 
thus expelling gas and relieving pain in the viscus. It dis- 
solves mucus and thins the biliary secretion. It is, there- 
fore, useful in catarrh of the gastro-intestinal tract. 

Blood. — The blood is made more alkaline. 

Kidneys. — The urine is alkalized, but the salt is only 
feebly diuretic ("salt action," p. 140). 

Uses External. — In aqueous solution (1-50) sodium bi- 
carbonate relieves itching in urticaria, prurigo and chronic 
eczema. It also allays the pain of slight burns and of acute 
rheumatism. For this purpose cloths should be soaked in 
saturated solutions and placed upon the affected parts. 
Added to water (3 i.-Oi.) in which instruments are to be 
boiled, it prevents rusting. 

Uses Internal. — Sodium bicarbonate is one of the most 
useful remedies in gastric or intestinal indigestion associated 
with abnormal acidity, or flatulence and distress. It does not 
always remove the cause of indigestion, however, and, there- 
fore, should be combined with agents which do: e.g., cathar- 
tics, antiseptics, carminatives and stomachics. For this 
reason sodium bicarbonate is often prescribed to dogs with 
bismuth, subcarbonate, salol or beta naphtol; to horses 
with gentian or nux vomica and ginger. 

Sodium bicarbonate is of value in alkalizing the blood 
in acute rheumatism, and in threatened couia in diabetes 
mellitus; large doses of the salt given in solution by the 
mouth or intravenously, neutralize diacetic acid in the blood 
and may avert a fatal ending. 



13G INORGANIC AGENTS 

The salt assists the action of calomel, with which it 
should be generally conjoined, since it stimulates the flow 
of bile and aids the alkaline intestinal juices in transform- 
ing the inactive chloride into the active oxide. Sodium 
llparbonate is occasionally given in acute bronchitis, but it 
is distinctly inferior to the corresponding potassium salt in 
thinning and increasing bronchial secretions. 

This salt is highly recommended in the treatment of 
hspmoglobina^mia (azoturia) in horses, when given in quanti- 
ties of 10-30 ounces daily. Theoretically, sodium bicarbo- 
nate is of benefit in this disease, by neutralizing acid pro- 
ducts of metabolism which lead to solution of the haemo- 
globin. Sodium bicarbonate relieves thirst in polyuria of 
horses, when placed in their drinking water, and should be 
added to the food of cattle and sheep, when they are highly 
fed (in fattening), to avert calculus. 

Administration. — Sodium bicarbonate mav be given in 
solution or on the tongue or food in the j)ure state. 

SoDii Sulphas. Sodium Sulphate. jSTaa SO4 lOHgO. 
(U. S. &B. P.) 

Synonym. — Glauber's salts, sulfas sodicus (natricus), 
sal mirabile Glauberi, sulphate of soda, E. ; sulfat de sonde, 
sel de Glauber, Fr. ; Glaubersalz, G. 

Derivation. — jSTeutralize the residue left in the manu- 
facture of IICl from -salt, with sodium carbonate. 2 Na 
HSO4 -h Xao CO3 = 2 Nao SO^ + COo + HoO. 

Properties. — Large, colorless, transparent, monoclinic 
prisms, or granular crystals, odorless, and having a bitter, 
saline taste. The salt effloresces rapidly in the air, and 
finally loses all its water of crystallization. Soluble in 2.8 
parts of water ; insoluble in alcohol ; soluble in glycerin. 

Dose.—Q., Ibi.-iss. (500.-750.) ; H. (laxative), § ii.-iv. 
(60.-120); Sh., I ii.-iv. (60.-120.). 

Action Internal. — Digestive Tract. — The action of the 
saline cathartics depends upon the slow absorption of certain 
acid ions or anions (sulphates, phosphates, tartrates, and 
citrates) as compared with others (chlorides, bromides, and 
iodides). The latter, being readily absorbed into the blood, 
cause diuresis. The former salts fail of absorption — to any 
considerable extent — in the bowel, and so their solutions in- 



SODIUM SULPHATE 137 

crease the fluidity of the ingesta and aid in the expulsion of 
feces. Peristaltic action is also excited through increase of 
tiie mass of intestinal contents. 

Concentrated (hypertonic) solutions of the saline pur- 
gatives withdraw water from the blood vessels of the bowels 
because the solution in the intestines has a greater osmotic 
pressure than the blood. When the solution in the bowel be- 
comes sufficiently diluted to be isotonic with the blood some 
absorption and diuresis occurs ("salt action," see p. 140). 

The blood and urine first become concentrated, and thirst 
is induced by the action of the saline purgatives in both with- 
drawing water from the blood and in preventing absorption 
of water from the food. 

Later diuresis may take place, especially when absorp- 
tion of the saline occurs through failure of purgation. 

The basic ion, or kation, of some salts is less absorbable 
than that of others (as Mg), and when such a basic ion is 
combined with an acid ion of slow absorption (as in Mg 
SO4) the purgative effect is naturally at its maximum. 

Any cholagogue action, formerly attributed to the saline 
purgatives, has been proved to be wanting. The saline cath- 
artics are sometimes called hydragogues. 

Sodium sulphate is not used much in human practice 
on account of its nauseating taste and it is said to produce 
more griping. For the larger animals it is sometimes pre- 
ferred to tlie magnesium salt in veterinary medicine. Sodium 
sulphate is the principal ingredient of Carlsbad salts, which 
have recently come into vogue with veterinarians, although 
long valued in human medicine. The formula for the arti- 
ficial Carlsbad salts (Sal carolinum factitium), which is the 
preparation commonly used, is as follows: 

R Sodii sulphatis exsiccati 40.0 

Sodii bicarbonatis 35.0 

Sodii chloridi 15.0 

Potassii sulphatis 2.0 

M. et fiat pulvis. 
Sig. One to two heaping tablespoonfuls on the food 
two or three times daily for horses. 

Sodium sulphate is thus given as Carlsbad salts or 
alone in small doses as a laxative, but in constipation asso- 
ciated with indigestion and malnutrition, gentian, powdered 
rhubarb, iron and other stomacliics and tonics are often 
combined; while, in fever, small doses of Glauber's salts are 



138 INORGANIC AGENTS 

useful in promoting the activity of the skin and kidneys, 
and for this purpose may be given with spirit of nitrous 
ether, to which diluted sulphuric acid and the compound 
tincture may be added to improve appetite and digestion. 
Glauber's salts are useful in aiding the action of peristaltic 
agents, as aloes. Small doses are given to horses in their 
drinking water while the aloes is acting. 

Sodium sulphate is of benefit in the treatment of diar- 
rhrca, dysentery and overloaded and impacted colon of horses 
when given in frequent and repeated doses in connection 
with linseed oil. 

An enema, consisting of one pound of Glauber's salts in 
a quart of water, to which two ounces of oil of turpentine 
and four onnces of glycerine may with advantage be added, 
should be injected high into the bowel to secure rapid pur- 
gation in horses suffering with colic. 

Glauber's and Epsom salts are the most common pur- 
gatives given to ruminants. It is therefore impossible to 
enumerate special indications for their employment in the 
case of these animals. To assist the action, one teaspoonful 
each of ginger and molasses are given with each ounce of 
Glauber's or Epsom salts, and often an equal weight of 
sodium chloride. When a speedy action is desired, Glau- 
ber's salts should be administered with a large amount of 
water and thirst should be encouraged by the addition 
of common salt. When, on the other hand, it is essential to 
remove fluid and morbid effusions from the bod}', the 
iiurgative salt should be exhibited in concentration and the 
patient should be deprived of water to a considerable ex- 
tent. Glauber's and Epsom salts are not used so commonly 
in canine practice as calomel and castor oil, but find more 
favor with German than English-speaking veterinarians. 

Sometimes salts are serviceable in irritable states of 
the bowels in dogs (piles, duodenitis and intestinal catarrh) 
in teaspoonful doses ; and when given every second day, as 
a laxative, in eczema. Vomiting, however, not uncommonly 
follows the ingestion of salts by dogs. 

Carlsbad salts form a good cathartic for cage birds. 
About f3 grains are added to an ounce of their drinking water 
in the case of small birds. 



SODIUM CHLORIDE 139 

SoDii Chloeidum. Sodium Chloride. N'aCl. 
(U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — Common or table salt, muriate of soda, sal 
commune or culinare, ehloruretum sodicum, E. ; natrium 
chloratum purum, P. G. ; chlorure de sodium, sel commun, 
sel de cuisine, Fr. ; cblornatrium, kochsalz, G. 

Derivation. — Mined in a native state and obtained by 
evaporation of brine, spring or sea water. 

Properties. — 'Colorless, transparent, cubical crystals, or 
a white, crystalline powder, odorless, and having a purely 
saline taste. Permanent in dry air. Soluble in 2.8 parts of 
water ; almost insoluble in alcohol ; insoluble in ether or 
chloroform. Reaction neutral. 

Z>ose.— Cathartic, C, Ibss.-i (250.-500.) ; Sh.,5 i.-ii. 
(30.-60.). 

Action External. — Salt is a stimulant to the skin when 
applied in concentrated solution. 

Action Internal. — Salt is an essential constituent of 
food, and necessary to the composition of HCl in the gastric 
juice, and of blood plasma from which it is constantly elim- 
inated in the urine. Herbivorous animals require sodium 
chloride in addition to that contained in their food ; for blood 
is rich in common salt, while vegetables abound more especi- 
ally in potassium salts. The potassium salts, according to 
Bunge, on entering the blood bring about a chemical reaction, 
whereby sodium chloride circulating in the plasma is split ; 
the chlorine in sodium chloride combines with potassium, 
while the acid set free from the potassium salt unites with 
sodium, and both products are swept away with the urine, thus 
removing sodium chloride from the blood. This is only 
replaced by that taken as food.* Animals deprived of salt 
suffer from anaemia, general weakness and a?deina. 

Stomach and Intestines. — Salt has caused gastro-enter- 
itis and death in enormous doses. Large doses occasion 
emesis in dogs. Irritation of the stomach is caused by vrith- 
drawal of water from the mucous membranes by strong 

* Some doubt is cnst upon tliis hypothesis by Lapicque who rebates 
that African tribes, living- wholly upon vegetables, use wood ashes 
(chiefly potassium) in place of table salt. 



140 INORGANIC AGENTS 

solutions (osmotic action). This is called " salt action " and 
is common to all salts of the alkalies. Salt in the food often 
improves digestion — probably by bettering the taste of the 
food and exciting the appetite and so, reflexly, stimulating 
the flow of gastric jnice. On the same principle that the 
^ight, taste, and smell of food are the chief factors in the 
first secretion of HCl. Salt acts in the bowels as a mild 
hydragogue purgative. It is unfit as a cathartic for horses 
or dogs, but is useful for cattle and sheep when combined 
with magnesium or sodium sulphate. Salt creates thirst 
and, therefore, promotes the indigestion of water. A large 
supply of water flushes the system and removes deleterious 
and imj^erfectly oxidized matters. 

Blood.— The red corpuscles are augmented by salt. 

Metabolism. — Salt solutions in the blood withdraw fluid 
lymph from the tissues by osmotic action. In this way they 
appear to stimulate tissue change as there is an increased 
elimination of nitrogen in the urine. Vascular tension is 
thus augmented and activity of the malpighian bodies, and 
therefore diuresis results. This is another example of " salt 
action " and is common to the other salts of the alkalies. 

Sum.mary. — Emetic, cathartic, digestive. 

Uses External. — A solution consisting of one ounce each 
of salt, nitre and sal ammoniac, in one quart of water, may 
be used on bruises and sprains as a stimulant and refrig- 
erant lotion. Severe haemorrhage, collapse and surgical 
shock are treated most successfully by injections of hot 
normal salt solution into a vein, under the skin, or into the 
r<^tum. The solution maintains the proper salinity of. the 
blood, replaces the mass of blood lost, and supplies heat. 
The solution is made by adding one heaping teaspoonful of 
salt to a quart of boiled water at a temperature of 100° to 
105° r. From 2 to 4 quarts may be given to horses, and 
from 1/2 to 1 pint to dogs. (See p. 732.) Salt is an efficient 
antidote externally and internally to silver nitrate. 

Uses Internal. — Salt is a serviceable emetic for dogs, 
when zinc sulphate is not at hand, in emergencies and pois- 
oning. One teaspoonful may be stirred into a cup of luke- 
warm water with a tablespoonful of mustard. It is a useful 



SODIUM PHOSPHATE 141 

addition to Epsom salts, since it increases thirst and the 
ingestion of water, and assists purgation in overloaded 
conditions of the first and third stomachs of ruminants. 
One-half pound of salt is administered to cajjtle with one- 
half to one pound of Epsom salts, one-quarter pound of 
ginger and a pint of molasses in two quarts of water. The 
habitual ingestion of salt is prejudicial to ascarides and 
diminishes the secretion of mucus in which they live. It 
is even more efiicacious in destroying oxynrides inhabiting 
the lower bowels. Enemata containing 1 to 2 tablespoonfuls 
of salt to the pint of water are employed for this purpose. 
Salt should be constantly kept in the feed boxes of horses 
and cattle. 

Animals convalescing from acute diseases, and those 
with feeble digestion, need salt particularly. Horses are 
commonly given a bran mash once a week, with plenty of 
salt to enhance its laxative and hygienic action. Dogs 
usually procure sufficient salt in their ordinary food, but it 
should be added to their diet in the treatment of obesity. 
Repeated doses of salt aid the absorption of serous pleural 
effusions. 

SoDii Phobpeas. Sodium Phosphate. Na^HPO^ + l£H.O. 

(U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — Phosphas sodicus (natricus), sal mirabile 
perlatum, phosphate of soda, E.; natrum phosphoricum, 
P. G.; phosphate de sonde, Fr.; phosphorsaures natrum, G. 

Derivation. — Digest bone ash with sulphuric acid. 
Ca3 2P0, + 2 H, SO, = Ca H, 2 PO, (acid calcium phos- 
phate) + 2 Ca SO,. Filter and add sodium carbonate to 
filtrate. 

Ca H, 2 PO, + Na, CO, == Na, H PO, + H,0 + CO + 
Ca HPO4. Evaporate, and sodiam phosphate crystallizes 
out. 

Properties. — Large, colorless, monoclinic prisms, odor- 
less, and having a cooling, saline taste. The crystals 
effloresce in the dry air and gradually lose 6 molecules of 



142 • INOKGANIC AGENTS 

their water of crystallization. Soluble in 5.8 parts of water; 
insoluble in alcohol ; slightly alkaline reaction. 

j^Qse. — Same as sodium sulphate ; D., 3 i.-ii. (4.-8.), as 
laxative. 

The phosphate resembles the sulphate, but is a milder 
purgative and is wrongly thought to be an hepatic stimu- 
lant. It is indicated in jaundice due to duodenitis, and as a 
laxative for foals and calves. It is occasionally prescribed 
in rickets as a source of phosphorus, but the calcium phos- 
phate is more appropriate. 

SoDii SuLPHis. Sodium Sulphite. Nag SO^ 7 H„0. 
(U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — Natrumsulfuriosum,sulfis sodicus (natricus), 
sulphite of soda, E.; sulfite de sonde, Fr.; schwefligsaures 
natron, G. 

Derivation. — Saturate a solution of sodium carbonate or 
hydrate with sulphurous anhydride gas. Na^ CO, 4- S0o= 
Na, SO3 + CO,. 

Properties. — Colorless, transparent, monoclinic prisms, 
odorless, and having a cooling, saline, sulphurous taste. In 
air the salt effloresces, and is slowly oxidized to sulphate. 
Soluble in 4 parts of water ; sparingly soluble in alcohol ; 
Neutral or feebly alkaline. 

Z>o.se.— H. & C, 3i. (30.); Sh. & Sw., 3 ss.-i. (2.-4); D., 
gr.v.-xxs. (.3-2.). 

SoDii Bisulphite. Sodium Bisulphite. NaHSOs. (U. S. P.) 

Derivation. — Obtained from sodium carbonate or bicar- 
bonate and sulphurous anhydride gas. 

Properties. — Opaque, prismatic crystals, or a granular 
powder, exhaling an odor of sulphur dioxide and having a 
disagreeable, sulphurous taste. Exposed to the air the salt 
loses sulphur dioxide and is gradually oxidized to sulphate. 
Soluble iu 4 parts of water and in 72 parts of alcohol ; reac- 
tion acid. 

Dose. — Same as sodium sulphite. 



SODIUM THIOSULPHATE 143 

SoDii Thiosulphas. Sodium Thiosulphate. Kag 83 Oo 
5 H2O. (U. S. P.) 

Synonym. — Sodium hyposulphite, hyposulphate of soda, 
E. ; natrum suhsulfurosum (hyposulfurosum, P. G. ; hypo- 
sulphis sodicus, hyposulfite de soude, sulfite solfure de soude, 
Fr. ; unterschwe fligsaures natron, G. 

Derivation. — Dissolve sulphur in a boiling aqueous 
solution of sodium sulphite. 

Properties. — Colorless, transparent, monoclinic prisms, 
odorless, and having a cooling, afterwards bitter, taste. 
Permanent in air below 33° C. (91.4° F.), but efflorescent in 
dry air above that temperature. Soluble in 0.65 part of 
water ; insoluble in alcohol ; slightly soluble in oil of tur- 
pentine ; reaction neutral. 

Dose. — Same as sodium sulphite. 

Administration. — The sulphites are given in solution, 
or mny be added in powder to the food of horses. 

ACTIOX OF THE SULPHITES BISULPHITES AND HYPOSULPHITES 

Action External. — These salts are antiseptics, deodor- 
izers and parasiticides externally and in the digestive tract. 
The antiseptic action is due to the destructive effect of 
the sulphites in withdrawing oxygen from organic matter to 
oxidize themselves into sulphates. Given internally, 96 per 
cent, of sodium sulphite escapes in the urine as a sulphate, 
while but 3 per cent, is eliminated unchanged. It has been 
taught that the sulphites are converted into sulphur dioxide 
(SO2) by the acids in the stomach but this is very doubtful. 

Uses. — A 15 per cent, solution or ointment of the sul- 
phites are used against pruritis and parasitic skin diseases. 
The salts are recommended in indigestion with fermentation, 
flatulence and foul-smelling faeces and in general septic con- 
ditions, but have proved as useless a§ most other drugs in 
the latter states. Sternberg found that neither the sulphites 
nor hyposulphites exerted any germicidal action on bacteria 
in culture media. 



144 INOKGANIC AGENTS 

The oUier sodium salts are of no particular value in 
veterinary practice except sodium bromide See Bromine, 
p. 241.) 

Ammonium.* 

Ammonium is not employed in medicine. Ammonia 
(iNHs) exists in the free state as a gas, and is used in medi- 
cine in solution in water or alcohol. 

Aqua Ammonite. Ammonia Water. (U. S. P.) 

Synonym. — Liquor ammoniiP, B. P. ; spirits of harts- 
horn, E. ; liquor ammonii caustici, P. G. ; spiritus salis am- 
moniaci causticus, ammonia aqua soluta, ammoniaque 
liquide, eau (solution, liqueur) d'ammoniaque, Fr. ; sal- 
maikgeist, a?tzammoniak, ammoniakfllissigkeit, G. An aque- 
ous solution of ammonia (iSTIIg), containing 10 per cent., by 
weight, of the gas. 

Properties. — A colorless, transparent liquid, having a 
very pungent odor, an acrid, alkaline taste, and a strongly 
alkaline reaction. Spec. gr. 0.960. 

Derivation. — Evolve ammonia gas by heating am- 
monium chloride with calcium hydrate, and pass it into 
water. 

2 XH, CI + Ca(0H)2 = 2]SrH3 + 2 HoO + Ca QU 

Dose.—R. & C, §ss.-i. (15.-30.); Sh. & Sw., 5i.-ii. 
(4.-8.); D., T11X.-XX. (.6-1.3). 

PREPARATION. 

Linimentum Amnionice. Ammonia Liniment. (U. S. & B. P.) 
Ammonia water, 250 ; cottonseed oil, 600 ; alcohol, 50. (U. S. P.) 

Aqua Ammonij: Fortiob. Stronger Ammonia Water. 
(U. S. P.) 

Synonym. — Liquor ammonia; fortis, stronger solution 
of ammonia, B. P. ; eau d'ammoniaque forte, Fr. ; starker 
salmiakgeist, G. 

An aqueous solution of ammonia (NHg), containing 28 
per cent., by weight of the gas. 

Derication. — Same as aqua ammonije. 

Properties. — A colorless, transparent liquid, having an 



* The radical Ammonium ('NH4) of the Ammonium compounds is not a metal 
although it resembles so closely — in physical, chemical, and physiological properties 
^the other alkaline metals, that it is usually classed with them. 



STROXGEK AMMONIV WATER 145 

excessively puugent odor, a very acrid and alkaliue taste, 
and a strongly alkaline reaction. Spec. gr.O.OOl. 

Dose.—li. & a, 3 ii.-vi. (8.-21) ; Sli. & Sw., 3 i. (4.) ; D., 
Hl^v.-x. (.3-.6). 

PREPARATION. 

S^nvitus Ammotiice. Spirit of Annmonia. (U. S. P.) 

Synonym — Spiritus ammoniaci caustici dyondii, ammoniated alco- 
hol, E. ; liquor ammonia? caustici spirituosus, P. G. ; alcoole d'amrao- 
niaque, liqueur d'ammoniaque vineuse, Fr. ; weingeistige animoniak- 
flussigkeit, G. 

An alcoholic solution of ammonia (NH3), containing 10 per cent., 
by weight, of the gas. 

Properties. — A colorless liquid, having a strong odor of ammonia, 
and a spec. gr. of about 0.810. 

This preparation combines the stimulating properties of ammonia 
and alcohol. 

Dose.— B..&C., 5 ss.-i. (15.-80.); Sh.&Sw., ji.-ii. (4.-8.);D., nix.- 
XX. (.6-1.3). 

AMMONIA PREPARATIONS. 

Action External. — Ammonia is a powerful irritant in 
stronger solution, or gas. If it is applied for a sufficient 
time, liyperaemia, vesication and sloughing ensue. 

Action Internal. — Stomach. — If swallowed in concentrated 
solution death may take place instantaneously from oedema 
and spasm of the glottis. Otherwise, more or less extensive 
inflammation of the alimentary canal will follow, according 
to the amount ingested. Diluted vinegar and lemon juice, 
together with the whito of egg, or sweet oil, should be 
given as antidotes. Tracheotomy may be indicated, if there 
is glottic obstruction. Ammonia, in passing through the 
mouth, throat, gullet and stomach, reflexly stimulates the 
heart and respiration before absorption can occur. 

Ammonia is an antacid in the stomach, but should not 
be employed in gastric irritability. 

Respiratory Tract. — Inhalation of stronger ammonia 
through the nostrils causes reflex stimulation of the heart 
and respiration by irritation of the nasal branches of the 
fifth nerve. Care must be exercised to prevent inflammation 



146 INOEGAA^IC AGEA^TS 

of the air passages. Ammonia stimulates the respiratory 
centre when it is injected into the blood. Given under the 
skin in lethal doses, ammonia causes death by paralysis of 
the respiratory centres. 

Circulation. — It is probable that ammonia only acts re- 
flexly to stimulate the heart through irritation of the stom- 
ach, when it is ingested. If given intravenously or subcu- 
taneously, ammonia stimulates directly the heart muscle, 
and probably the accelerator and vasomotor centres, making 
the cardiac pulsations stronger and quicker and increasing 
vascular tension. Rarely the vagus centre is stimulated and 
the heart's action slowed. Lethal doses paralyze the cardiac 
muscle. Ammonia differs from alcohol in being more evan- 
escent as a stimulant, in not affecting the brain nor meta- 
bolism, and in not acting as a food. 

Blood. — The normal blood contains ammonia, w'hich is 
supposed to aid in maintaining its fluidity. The action on the 
blood is unknown. Ammonia is thought to prevent coagii- 
lation of blood within the vessels in conditions favorable to 
thrombosis. 

Nervous System. — An intravenous injection of a lethal 
dose of ammonia occasions tetanic convulsions in animals, 
owing to stimulation of the reflex and motor functions of the 
cord. Medicinal doses excite the spinal reflex and motor 
centres. Where ammonia is applied directly to nerve tissue 
it excites in dilute solution, but paralyzes functional activity 
in concentration. The brain is unaffected by the therapeutic 
administration of ammonia. 

Elimination. — Ammonia combines with acid in the 
stomach and is absorbed into the blood. Ammonia and its car- 
bonate are oxidized in the body and transformed into urea, 
in. wdiich form ammonia compounds escape in th'e urine. 
Urea being the most active diuretic there is some augmented 
flow. The urine is, however, not alkalized as by the salts of 
the other alkaline metals. 

Summary. — Heart and respiratory stimulant and ant- 
acid. Externally, rubefacient, vesicant, and escharotic. 

Uses.- — The indications for ammonia are closely in ac- 
cord with its physiological actions. 

Externally. — It is frequently used in stimulating lini- 



AMMOIs'IUM CARBONATE 147 

ments. One part each of water of ammonia and oil of tur- 
pentiue, may be combined to advantage witli 4 to 6 parts of 
camphor liniment. Ammonia water is one of the best 
remedies to relieve pain and antagonize the action of insect 
bites, as stings of bees and wasps. It should be applied 
directly to the poisoned part. 

Internally. — Ammonia is indicated when rapid stimula- 
tion of the heart and respiration is desirable. In emer- 
gencies it may be given intravenously (aq. amnion, fort. 1 ; 
water, 4 parts) ; or b}- inhalation. It is serviceable in the 
treatment of prussic acid and aconite poisoning, syncope, 
collapse and shock following surgical operations ; also in 
snake bites. The spirit of ammonia may be prescribed in 
fevers as a stimulant. Ammonia is inferior to ammonium 
carbonate or the aromatic spirit in the care of colic and 
tympanites. 

Ammonii Carbonas. Ammonium Carbonate. NH^ HCOj 
NH,NH,CO,. (U.S.&B.P.) 

Synonym. — Yolatile salt, sal volatile siccum, carbonas 
ammonicus, E.; ammonium carbonicum. P.. G.; carbonate 
d'ammoniaque, alkali volatil concret, sel volatil d'Angleterre, 
Fr.; fliichtige, laugensalz, reines hirchhornsalz, kohlensaures 
ammonium, G. 

Derivation. — A mixture of ammonium chloride or 
sulphate, and calcium carbonate, is sublimed and resub- 
limed. Ammonium carbonate, so-called, is a mixture of 
ammonium carbonate and bicarbonate. ^ 

4 NH, CI + 2 Ca CO3 = NH, HCO^ .NH.NH, CO, 4- 2 
CaCL + NH3 4- H,0. 

Properties. — White, hard, translucent, striated masses, 
having a strongly ammoniacal odor without empyreuma, 
and a sharp saline taste. On exposure to the air the salt 
loses both ammonia and carbonic dioxide, becoming opaque, 
and is finally converted into friable, porous lumps, or a 
white powder. Soluble in about 5 parts of water. Alcohol 
only dissolves the carbonate (NH^ NH„ COo). 



148 INORGANIC AGENTS 

Dose.—B.., 3ii. (8.); C, 3in.-vi. (12.-24.); Sb. & Sw., 
gr.xv.-xl. (1.-2.6); D., gr.iii.-s. (.2-. 6); D., emetic, gr.xv. (1.). 

PREPARATION. 

Spiritus Amvionice Aromaticus. Aromatic Si^irit of Ammonia. 
(U. S. &B. P.) 

Synonym.— Sal volatile, alcoolat ammoniacal aromatique, Fr,; 
aromatischer ammoniakgeist, G. 

Ammouium carbonate 34 

Ammonia water 90 

Oil of lemon 10 

Oil of lavender flowers 1 

Oil of nutmeg 1 

Alcohol.. 700 

Distilled water to make 1000 

Properties. — A nearly colorless liquid when freshly prepared, but 
gradually acquiring a somewhat darker tint. It has a pungent, ammcj- 
niacal odor and taste. Spec. gr.0. 905. 

Dose.— H. &C., 3i.-ii. (30-60.); Sh. & Sw., 3 ii.-iv. (8.-15.); D., 
3 ss.-i. (3.-4.), well diluted. 

The aromatic spirit of ammonia nearly resembles ammo- 
nium carbonate in action, but tLe alcohol aud volatile oils 
add to the stimulant qualities of ammonia and ammonium 
carbonate. 

Action Intetyial. — Ammonium carbonate is decomposed 
by acid in the stomach and escapes in the urine as urea. It 
stimulates gastric secretion, vascularity and motion, and 
also excites intestinal peristalsis. It is, therefore, a stom- 
achic and carminative. It is also an antacid, aud, in large 
doses, an emetic to dogs. The action of ammonium carbo- 
nate is almost identical with that of ammonia water in 
stimulating the heart and respiration, but it has more power 
in augmenting the bronchial secretions. 

Summary. — Cardiac aud respiratory stimulant, expecto- 
rant, stomachic and emetic. 

Administration. — Ammonium carbonate is given in ball, 
or in solution in cold water, to avoid irritating fumes ; also, 
with syrup or gruel. It is often prescribed with other 
stimulants and antispasmodics, as alcohol, capsicum, cam- 
phor and asafoetida. 



AMMONIUM CHLORIDE 149 

Uses. — The indications for the administration of ammo- 
nium carbonate are much the same as those for ammonia 
preparations. It is a more useful expectorant, however, and 
it and the aromatic spirit are more serviceable in the treat- 
ment of flatulence. For the latter condition in horses with 
colic a ball containing ammonium carbonate 3 ii-j a'ld cap- 
sicum 3 i", with sufficient linseed meal and molasses to make 
the proj)er bulk and consistency, is often efficient. We may- 
use ammonium carbonate alone in the case of acute or 
chronic bronchitis, or it may be combined with other 
stimulants, or expectorants, as ammonium chloride. In 
electric shock, so common au accident in the larger cities 
from "live" wires, the administration of full doses of 
aromatic spirit diluted with half a pint of water will prove 
a most effective heart stimulant when the animal can 
swallow. 

Ammonii Chloeidum. Ammonium Chloride. NH^ 01. 
(U. S. & B. P.) 

STjnonym. — Sal ammoniac, ammonia muriatica or hydro- 
chloratum, chloruretum ammonicum, salammonicum, ammo- 
nias hydrochloras or murias, muriate of ammonia, E.; 
chlorure d'ammonium, sel ammonite, muriate d'ammoniaque, 
Fr.; salmiak, chlorammoniuni, G. 

Properties. — A white, crystalline powder without odor, 
having a cooling, saline taste, and permanent in the air. 
Soluble in three parts of water ; almost insoluble in alcohol. 
Reaction neutral. 

Dose.—B.., 3ii. (8.); C, 3iii.-vi. (12.-24.); Sh. & Sw., 
gr.xv.-xl. (1-2 6); D., gr.iii.-x. (.2-.6). 

Action Internal. — When ingested, sal ammoniac is a feeble 
heart and respiratory stimulant, and is not comparable to the 
ammonia compounds or ammonium carbonate in this respect. 
It is eliminated in great part unchanged by the urine, but 
also by the other channels. In its excretion it stimulates 
the mucous membranes, increases their secretions generally, 



150 INOKGANIC AGENTS 

and is thougbt to improve tlieir nutrition. Hence it has 
been termed an alterative. Ammonium chloride both 
excites the secretion of the bronchial mucous membrane and 
renders it less viscid in inflammatory conditions. It is 
mildly diarphoretic and diuretic. 

Summary. — Externally, refrigerant ; internally, expec- 
torant, alterative, feebly diarphoretic and diuretic. 

Uses. — Four ounces each of nitre and sal ammoniac may 
be dissolved in two quarts of water as a refrigerant lotion. 
Sal ammoniac is indicated more especially in the second 
stage of acute bronchitis, in chronic bronchitis, and in 
chronic intestinal catarrh with diarrhoea. Ammonium 
chloride may be given to dogs with glycerin and chloroform 
water as a cough mixture. If cough is excessive, codeine or 
morphine sulphate can be added to this prescription with 
advantage. 

Liquor Ammonii Acetatis. Solution of Ammonium Acetate. 
(U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — Spirit of Mindererus, spiritus Mindereri, 
acetas ammpnicus liquidus, E.; liquor ammonii acetici, P. G.; 
acetate d'ammoniaque liquide, esprit de Mindererus, Fr.; 
essigsaure ammonium-fliissigkeit, G. 

An aqueous solution of ammonium acetate (NH^CjHgOo) 
containing about 7 per cent, of the salt, together with small 
amounts of acetic acid and carbon dioxide. 

Derivation. — Ammonium carbonate is gradually added 
to cold, diluted acetic acid until the latter is neutralized. 

Properties. — A clear, colorless liquid, free from empy- 
reuma, of a mildly saline, acidulous taste, and an acid 
reaction. 

Incompatibles. — Acids and alkalies. 

Dose.—R. & a, 3ii.-iv. (60.-120.); D., Sii.-^iii- (8.-30.). 

Action. — Spirit of Mindererus stimulates the secretory 
cells of the kidneys and sudoriparous glands. In the 
stomach it exerts a mild, antacid action. 



LITHIUM CARBONATE 151 

Summary. — Externally, refrigerant ; internally, diuretic, 
diaphoretic and antacid. 

Uses. — Liquor ammonii acetatis is an exceedingly feeble 
medicine and is often employed as a vehicle with more pow- 
erful agents of its class, e.g., spiritus aetheris nitrosi. It is 
useful as a febrifuge. 

^ Tine, aconiti T^xxiv. 

Sodii bromidi 3 ii. 

Sp'r. aetheris nitrosi 3 ss. 

M, Liquor, ammonii acetatis ad 3 iv. 

S. Teas, every hour. 

The foregoing prescription is a good palliative combi- 
nation for dogs suffering with fever and restlessness. The 
solution of ammonium acetate is frequently conjoined with 
sweet spirit of nitre and ammonium chloride or potassium 
iodide, in the treatment of acute respiratory diseases of 
horses, e.g., influenza, bronchitis, and pneumonia. It may 
be added to the rVinking water without rendering it unpala- 
table. 

Lithium. 

{The Metal is not Used in Medicine.) 

LiTHii Carbo.>jas. Lithium Carbonate. Li., C03. 
(U. S. ct B. P.) 

Synonym. — Carbouas lithicus, carbonate of lithia, E.; 
lithium carbonicum, P. G.; carbonate de lithine, carbonate 
lithique, Fr.; kohlensaures lithion, G. 

Derivation. — Made by action of lithium chloride on 
acid ammonium carbonate. 

2Li CI + NH, HCO3 = Li.CO, + NH.Cl + HCl. Pari- 
fied by washing with alcohol and drying. 

Properties. — A light, white powder, odorless, and having 
an alkaline taste. Permanent in the air. Soluble in 80 
parts of water ; insoluble in alcohol. Reaction alkaline. 

Dose. — D., gr.iii.-x. (.2-.6). 



152 INORGANIC AGENTS 

LiTHii CiTRAS. Lithium Citrate. LijCgHsO,. 
(U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — Lithium citricum, citrate of lithia, E.; citrate 
de lithine, Fr.; citronsaures lithiou, G. 

Derivation. — Made by actiou of citric acid on lithium 
carbonate. 

2H,C,H,0, + 3Li,C03 = 2 Li3C«H,0, + 3 H,0 + 3 CO,. 
Recovered by evaporation and crystallization. 

Properties. — A white powder, odorless, and having a 
cooling, faintly alkaline taste ; deliquescent on exposure to 
air ; soluble in 2 parts of water ; almost insoluble in alcohol 
or ether. Reaction neutral. 

Dose. — D., gr.v.-xx. (.3-1.3). 

ACTION OF LITHIUM SALTS. 

Lithium salts are said to form soluble compounds with 
uric acid in the blood, and so assist its elimination in the 
urine. As lithium combines more readily with acid sodium 
phosphate in the blood than with uric acid, it is doubtful 
whether it is a very efficient uric acid* solvput in tlip borly. 
The lithium salts alkalize the urine and notably increase its 
secretion. 

Summary. — Lithium salts are diuretics, and uric acid 
solvents in some degree. The carbonate may be given in 
powder or pill ; the citrate in solution. 

Uses. — Lithium compounds are of little value in veteri- 
nary medicine. They are serviceable, however, in the 
treatment of dogs with a very acid urine of high specific 
gravity ; with uric acid calculus, or those affected witli 
chronic rheumatism. The salts will not dissolve calculi in 
the body, but prevent their formation. 

Water is extremely useful in such conditions. Lithium 
citrate may be placed in the drinking water. Thirst should 
be encouraged by the administration of salt on the food, and 
high rectal injections may be given to create absorption of 
water by this channel. Lithium salicylate is thought to be 

* Uric acid can not exist as such in blood, which is an alkaline fluid. 



PRErARED CHALK 153 

the better salt for rheumatism. It is probable tliat treat- 
ment with salicylic acid and lithium citrate would be more 
satisfactory. 



SECTION III. 

Alkaline Earth Metals : Calcium, Barium and 

Magnesium. 

Calcium. 

{The Metal Calcium is not Employed in 3Iedicine.) 

Creta PrtEPARATA. Prepared Chalk. Ca C03. 
(U. S. & B. P.) 

Si/nonym. — Diop chalk, E.; craie preparee, Fr.; prapa- 
rirte kreide, G. 

Derivation. — Made from chalk by levigation, elutriation 
and dessication. 

Properties. — A white, amorphous powder, often moulded 
into conical drops ; odorless and tasteless ; permanent in 
the air. Almost insoluble in water ; insoluble in alcohol. 

Incompatibles. — Sulphates and acids. 

Dose.— a., 5i.-ii. (30.-60.); C, 3 ii.-iv. (60.-120.); Sh. & 
Sw., 3 ii--iv. (8.-15.); D., gr.x.- 3 i. (.6-4.). 

PREPARATIONS. 

Pulvis Cretce Compositus. Compound Chalk Powder. (U. S. P.) 
Chalk, 30; acacia, 20; sugar, 50. 
Z»ose.— D., gr.x.- 3 i. (.6-4.). 

Mistura Cretce. Chalk Mixture. (U. S. P.) 
Compound chalk powder, 200; cinnamon water, 400; water to make 
1000. 

Dose.— D., ?i.-ii. (30.-60.) 

Piihns Cretce Aroniaticus. (B. P.) 
Do.sf?.— D., gr. s.- 3 i. (.6-4.). 

Pulvis Cretce Aromaticns Cum Opio. (B. P.) 
(Contains 2i'2 per cent, opium.) 
Do.se.— D.. er. x.-xl. (.6-2.6). 



154 INORGANIC AGENTS 

Calcii Carbonas PRiECiPiTATUS. Precipitated Calcium Car- 
bonate. CaC03. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — Calcis carbonas prsecipitata, B. P.; pre- 
cipitated carbonate of lime, creta prsecipitata, carbonas cal- 
cicus prsecipitatus, E.; calcaria carbonica praecipitata, P. G.; 
carbonate de cliaux precipito, craie precipitee, Fr.; prae- 
cipitirten kolilensauren kalk, G. 

Derivation. — Obtained by precipitation of calcium chlo- 
ride with sodium carbonate. 

CaCI, -f Na,C03 = CaCO, + 2 N;iC!. Dry the precipi- 
tate. 

Properties. — A fine, white ]iowder, without odor or taste, 
and permanent in the air. Nt^arly insoluble in water; insol- 
uble in alcohol. The solubility is increased by presence of 
carbon dioxide. Permanent in air. 

Dose.—H.., 3 i.-ii. (30.-60.); C, 3 ii.-iv. (60.-120.); Sh. & 
Sw., 3 ii.-iv. (8.-15.); D., gr.x.- 3 i. (.6-4.). 

Calcium Carbonate. 

Action External. — Dessicant and slightly astringent 
powder ; also protective. 

Action Internal. — Alimentary Canal. — Calcium carbonate 
is the slowest acting antacid, because of its comparative 
insolubility, and is of value when it can exert its long- 
continued influence throughout the digestive tract. It 
resembles bismuth in^ mechanically coating or protecting 
inflamed or irritable surfaces. It is not so astringent nor 
antiseptic as the bismuth salts, and these are .generally 
preferable to chalk for the smaller animals. It is excreted 
unchanged in the fseces. 

Adniinistration. — Calcium carbonate may be given to 
dogs in troches, pills or powder ; to other animals in powder, 
balls or electuary. Chalk is commonly prescribed suspended 
in flour gruel, milk or mucilage to the larger animals. The 
official preparations are suitable for dogs. 

Uses. — Chalk forms a dusting powder for moist eczema, 



LIME 155 

slight burns and intertrigo. Zinc oxide and starch (1 to 4) is, 
however, a better preparation. Chalk is the most useful 
antacid for diarrhoea accompanied by fermentation of the 
intestinal contents, while its local astringent and protecting 
influence assist in overcoming the trouble. It is especially 
good for foals and calves given in flour gruel, and often 
combined with catechu, ginger and opium. The following 
prescription is appropriate for dogs with diarrhoea : 

Tine, kino, tine, catechu co. and tine, opii camphor, aa 
3ss.; mistura cretse to make 3 iv. S. Teaspoonful every 
three hours. A serviceable ball for horses with diarrhoea 
contains: Creolin, chalk and ginger, aa 3SS.; powdered 
opium, 3 i. 

Calx. Lime. CaO. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — Burned lime, quicklime, calcaria, calx viva, 
calx usta, oxydum calcicum, E.; calcaria usta, P. G.; chaux, 
chaux vive, Fr.; kalk, gebrannter kalk, G. 

Derivation. — Prepared by burning white marble, oyster 
shells, or the purest varieties of natural calcium carbonate, 
to expel carbon dioxide. 

Projoerties. — Hard, white, or grayish-white masses, which 
in contact with air gradually attract moisture and carbon 
dioxide and fall to a white powder ; odorless ; of a sharp, 
caustic taste. Reaction intensely alkaline. Soluble in 
about 750 parts of water ; insoluble in alcohol. 

PREPARATIONS. 

Liquor Calcis. Solution of Lime. (U. S. & B. P.) 

A saturated, aqueous solution of calcium hydrate. 

Synonym. — Lime water, solution of calcium hydrate, aqua calca- 
rise ustee, aqua calcis, calcaria soluta, oxydum calcicum, aqua solutum, 
E. ; aqua calcarias, P. G. ; eau (liquor) de chaux, Fr. ; kalkwasser, G. 

Derivation. — Dissolve lime in water. The jjercentage of calcium 
hydrate [Ca (0H)o] varies with the temperature, being somewhat over 
0.17 percent, at 15° C. (59° F.), and diminishing as the temperature rises. 

Properties. — A clear, colorless liquid without odor, and having a 
saline and feebly caustic taste. It absorbs carbon dioxide from the air, 
so that a pellicle of calcium carbonate forms on the surface of the liquid. 
Reaction strongly alkaline. 



156 inorgajstic agents 

Dose.— H. & C, g iv.-vi. (120.-180.); Calves, S ii. (60,); D,, 
3 i.-viii. (4.-30.). 

Si/rupus Calcis. Syrup of Lime. (U. S. P.) 
Lime, G5 ; sugai", 400 ; water to make 1000. 

Dose. — Calves and dogs, 3 ss.-i. (2.-4.). Well diluted vi^ith water or 
milk. 

Linimentum Calcis. Lime Liniment. (U. S. & B. P.) 
Synonym. — Carron oil. 

Solution of lime and linseed oil, of each one volume. 
Dose. — Foals and calves, S ii.-iv. (60.-120.). 

Calcii Hydras. Slaked Lime. (B. P.) 
Used as disinfectant in stables. 

ACTION OF LIME AND SOLUTION OF LIME. 

Extejiml. — Lime is caustic, but less so tlian potassium 
or sodium hj-drate. It is an irritant. The dust of quick- 
lime will cause coujunctivitis. If inhaled, it will cause in- 
flammation of the air passages; if swallowed, irritation of 
the digestive tract. The hydrate is a caustic also, but is not 
so active as lime. Solution of lime is a sedative and astrin- 
gent. 

Internal. — Neither lime nor slaked lime (calcium hy- 
drate) are used internally, except in the official preparations. 
The action of lime and its solution is due, not to calcium, 
but to the hydroxyl ion — that is, to the alkalinity. As com- 
pared with the alkalies the action is much slower and less 
in degree, on account of the comparative insolubility of cal- 
cium compounds. Solution of lime acts as a sedative, ant- 
acid and astringent in the stomach. It dissolves mucous 
secretions. Lime w-ater is also a mild astringent in the 
bowels. 

Uses. — Lime is employed outside of the body to destroy 
putrefying organic matter *by combining Avith water and 
forming slaked lime, which absorbs many of the products 
o'f decomposition. Whitewash, a mixture of slaked lime 
and water, is not a disinfectant, although it covers sources 
of infection. It may be made so by combination with 
sufficient crude carbolic acid to make a 2 per cent, solution. 
Linimentum calcis is one of the most satisfactory applica- 
tions for superficial burns and acute eczema. Old clean 
cotton or linen cloths are soaked in it and spread over the 
burned surface of the body. This preparation has been 
facetiously called " carrion " instead of carron oil, because 
it is not germicidal. Antiseptic applications are of course 
desirable in burns, giving rise to a raw surface, and 



PRECIPITATED CALCIUM rilOSPHATE 157 

the addition of two per cent, of carbolic acid will 
not only render the preparation antiseptic, but more 
or less anaesthetic as well. When the burn is extensive 
boric :icid with vaseline (1 to 8) will be safer. Ortho- 
form (see p. 258) is the most comfortable application 
which can be made on burns, but is expensive. A mix- 
ture of slaked lime and charcoal, equal parts, makes a 
useful stimulant, absorbent, dessicant, and antiseptic 
di'essing powder for wounds and ulcers in horses. Lime 
water is serviceable in relieving itching in skin diseases, 
and dries up moist surfaces through its astringent proper- 
ties. With carbolic acid (1 to 50) lime water is most efficient 
in allaying pruritus. Lime water is inimical to apthous 
ulcerations and may be employed to swab out the mouth in 
this disease. Enemata of lime water destroy pin worms. 
Solution of lime is one of the best remedies in the treatment 
of vomiting in dogs. It is a direct sedative to the stomach, 
and, mixed with milk, equal volumes, prevents the rapid 
coagulation of the casein, lessens the formation of large, 
tough curds in the stomach, and assists the retention and 
digestion of milk. Syrup of lime is twenty-four times 
stronger in calcium hydrate than lime water, and is more 
astringent. It may be given to foals and calves suffering 
from indigestion and diarrhoea. It should be administered 
in a considerable quantity of milk. 

Lime water may be given as an antidote in poisoning by 
acids. Carron oil is a good, mild laxative and antacid for 
horses with "heaves." It is given on the food. Furthermore, 
it is an excellent purgative for foals and calves in the treat- 
ment of diarrhoea and indigestion. 

Calcii Phosphas Pr^cipitatus. Precipitated Calcium Phos- 
phate. Ca3(P0J,. (IT. S. P.) 
Synonym. — Calcis phosphas praecipitata, B. P.; precipi- 
tated phosphate of lime, phosphas calcicus praecipitatus, E.; 
calcaria phosphorica, P. G.; phosphate de chaux hydrate, 
Fr.; phosphorsaure kalkerde, G. 



158 INORGANIC AGENTS 

Derivation. — Obtained from bone ash (impure calcium 
phosphate) bj solution in hydrochloric acid and purified by 
precipitation with ammonia water and by washing with 
water. 

Properties. — A light, white, amorphous powder ; odor- 
less and tasteless and permanent in the air. Almost insol- 
uble in cold water; insoluble in alcohol; easily soluble in 
hydrochloric or nitric acids. 

Dose.—R., oii.-iv. (8.-15.); C, 5 ss.-i. (15.-30.); Sh, 
& Sw., 5i.-ii. (4.-8.); D., gr.v.-xx. (.3-1.3). 

Sykupus Calcii Lactophosphatis. Syrup of Calcium 
Lactophosphate. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Precipitated calcium carbonate, 25; lactic acid, 60; 
phosphoric acid, 36; orange flower water, 50; sugar, 725; 
water, a sufficient quantity to make 1,000. 

Dose. — Foals and calves, § ss.-i. (15.-30.); D., 3 i.-iv. 
(4.-15.). 

Calcium Phosphate. 

'Action and Uses. — Calcium salts are most important 
constituents of the body, being essential for the contractibility 
of muscles, the activity of nerves, the coagulability of blood 
and as calcium phosphate, forming 50 per cent, of bones. 
Calcium salts mostly pass unchanged through the bowels. A 
small amount is absorbed and eliminated by the large bowel 
and by the kidneys. The food ordinarily contains an 
amount of lime in excess of the needs of the body. By with- 
holding lime from the food animals may develop conditions 
similar to rickets. 

Rickets, however, is not usually due to lack of lime salts, 
but to an abnormal condition in which the lime ingested can 
not be deposited in the bones, although abounding in the 
blood. Lime being deficient in the bones in rickets and osteo- 
malacia, it has been given in these conditions and also in 
caries and fragilitas ossium. Unless the food has been de- 
ficient in calcium salts their use will probably be of little 
benefit. 



CALCIUM CHLORIDE 159 

The same comment applies to the administration of cal- 
cium salts in delayed union in fractures and in anaemia, mal- 
nutrition, and weakness of joung animals. In the latter con- 
ditions the calcium salt should be given with iron. 

Administration. — Precipitated calcium phosphate may 
be given on the food, but is more readily absorbed if it is 
administered in the syrup of calcium lactophosphate. 

Calcii Chloridum. Calcium Chloride. CaCl2. 
(U. S. & B. P.) 

Derivation. — I^eutralize hydrochloric acid with cal- 
cium carbonate and evaporate: 2 H ClXCaCOg^CaClgX 
CO2 + H2O. Fusion at the lowest possible temperature 
renders the salt anhydrous. 

Properties. — White, translucent, hard fragments ; odor- 
less ; having a sharp, saline taste, and very deliquescent. 
Soluble in 1.3 part of water, in 8 parts of alcohol. 

Dose.—R. k C, S ss.-i. (15.-30.) ; D., gr.5-20 (.3-1.3). 

Actions and Uses. — Calcium chloride has been used of 
late extensively both to prevent and arrest hemorrhage. 
Outside of the body, calcium chloride causes blood to coagu- 
late more quickly and firmly than usual, and the same kind 
of action appears to obtain—/, e., rendering blood more 
coagulable — when the salt is . given internally. Calcium 
chloride is an efficient hemostatic in hematemesis, hemo- 
ptysis, purpura hemorrhagica and in all conditions giving 
rise to hemorrhage. When administered by the mouth 
several days before surgical operations in maximum doses 
it may lessen hemorrhage in cases likely to be attended by 
much bleeding. Two per cent, solutions of gelatin in normal 
salt solution have been given by the mouth, rectum and 
subcutaneously for the same purposes, and it is thouglit 
that the gelatin owes its power in arresting hemorrhage to 
the calciimi (0.6 per cent.) contained in it. Unless gelatin 
is sterilized fractionally for half an hour on three to five 
successive days, tetanus may ensue when it is injected under 
the skin, and numerous cases have been repo-rted following 
such use in human surgery. The simplest manner of 
employing gelatin to arrest hemorrhage internally is by 



160 INORGANIC AGENTS 

injections per rectum ; 1^ ounces foi- small animals and 10 
ounces to a pint for larger animals of the following aqueous 
solution, given at body temperature after the bowel has 
received a cleansing enema of boiled water. The solution 
is made of gelatin to the amount of 6 per cent, and calcium 
chloride to the amount of 1 per cent., to which a little 
laudanum may be added to prevent expulsion. It should 
be repeated every five hours as long as there is danger of 
hemorrhage. Recent experiments by H. C. Wood, Jr., 
appear to show that gelatin may be given ad libitum by the 
mouth and retain its hemostatic action; therefore gelatin 
should be given freely in this way as well. Aqueous solu- 
tions of gelatin 10 per cent, with calcium chloride 1 per cent., 
have been used locally to arrest bleeding in wounds and 
cavities of the body, but considering the danger of tetanus 
and the fact that adrenalin chloride is a better local hemo- 
static, such a use of gelatin is inadvisable. 

Gelatinum. Purified Gelatin. (U. S. P.) 

Calx Chlorata. (Spb Chlorine, ]\ 237.) 

Calcii Sulphas Exsiccatus. (U. S. P.) Dri^d Calcium 
Sulphate, or Plaster of Paris, used for bandages. 

Barium. 

(Barium is not used in the metallic state.) 
Baku Chloridum. Barium Chloride. BaClg. (Non-official.) 

Derivation. — Native barium sulphate is fused with 
charcoal. The resulting sulphide is treated with hydro- 
chloric acid. BaSO, + 2C = BaS + 2 CO,. BaS + 2 HCl 
= BaCl, + H,S. 

Properties. — Occurs in colorless, glistening rhombic 
plates ; taste bitter and disagreable ; permanent in dry air ; 
soluble in 2.5 parts of cold water; reaction neutral. 

Dose. — H., 3 ii.-iv. (8.-15.); intravenously, gr.xv.-xxx.(l.-2.'i 

Action Internal. — Barium chloride is an intense irritant 
if swallowed in consideiable amount and in insufficient 
dilution. Large medicinal doses stimulate the muscular 
coat of the bowels and cause increased peristalsis and 



BARIUM 161 

purging. Evacuations from the bowels follow in horses 
one-half to one hour after the salt is given in drench ; in one 
to two hours after administration to these animals in ball ; 
in a few minutes after intravenous injection. Subcutaneous 
application will occasion abscess. The drug resembles 
phvsostigmine in its action on the intestines. 

Heart and Blood Vessels, — Barium chloride makes the 
ventricular contractions of the heart stronger and slower. 
The salt acts entirely on the heart muscle and does not 
influence the vagi. Lethal doses are followed by slower and 
slower ventricular contractions, succeeded by peristalsis of 
the cardiac muscle, and, finally, by stoppage of the heart in 
systole. 

Barium chloride also directly excites the muscular walls 
of the capillaries, and, like physostigmine, increases vascular 
tension in small doses. 

Muscles. — Barium chloride stimulates muscular con- 
traction when it is applied locally. The potassium salts 
antagonize the action of barium chloride on the circulation 
and muscles. Toxic doses, given intravenously, cause con- 
vulsions owing to stimulation of the spinal cord and medulla. 
This is succeeded by paralysis of the central nervous system. 

Summary. — Circulatory stimulant, and purgative in 
large medicinal doses. 

Uses. — Barium chloride is a new remedy in veterinary 
medicine. Many practitioners are afraid to use barium 
chloride, but repeated use of the drug has convinced us that 
it is absolutely safe when given in the dose of 1 gram or 15 
grains, intravenously, or 8 to 15 grams (2 to 4 drachms) by 
the mouth in solution for the horse. The intravenous dose 
of 1 gram, or the dose per orem of 8 grams, may be repeated 
with safety in one hour if necessary. Barium chloride is of 
the greatest value in colic and obstinate constipation of 
horses. It may for the time cause some increase of pain, 
but not nearly as much as follows the use of eserine or 
arecoline, and it quickly passes off when the bowels are 
moved. Great care should be exercised to avoid introduc- 
tion of the barium solution into the connective tissue while 
injecting it into the vein. The needle of the hypodermic 



162 INOEGANIC AGENTS 

syringe should be introduced into the jugular about midway 
of the neck, and, after some drops of blood have exuded 
from the vein, the syringe is attached and slowly emptied, 
when the plunger is withdrawn until some blood enters the 
syringe. Then the needle may be removed with safety. 
It is rarely necessary to repeat the dose of barium chloride, 
and small doses of fluid extract of cannabis indica may be 
given to lessen colic while barium is acting, when it is given 
by the mouth. 

Extensive experiments of Mnir* with barium chloride 
lead him to conclude that the salt may be administered 
intravenously in the amount of 1.0 to 2.0 gm. (15 to 30 gr.) 
in 1 to 2 drachms of sterile water ; that 2 gm. is a safe dose 
by the intrajugular method for a horse of ordinary weight 
and fair condition ; that the drug acts promptly when given 
in this way, catharsis being produced within one to nine 
minutes, and that even volvulus may be relieved ; that there 
are no unpleasant symptoms following the smaller dose 
(1 gm.), and that even after the 2 gm. dose there are only 
slight signs of pain and sweating ; that while the passages 
from the bowels are few in number the total amount of 
feces is large ; finally, that the drug has the advantage of 
being cheap. 

That the toxic line is closely approached in giving 
barium chloride in the dose of 2 gm. intravenously, is shown 
by experiment 31 * in which a gelding weigliing 900 pounds 
received two 2 gm. doses intrajngularly about 2J hours 
apart, when death occurred from heart failure in nine 
minutes after the second dose. 



* Jour, of Comp. Med. and Vet. Archives, Jan. and Feb, 1899. 



MAGNESIUM SULPHATE 163 

Magnesium. 

{The metal is not used in medicine.) 

Magnesii Sulphas. Magnesium Sulphate. MgSO^ -|- 
7HoO. (U. S. &B. P.) 

Synonym. — Epsom salt, sal amarum, sal Epsomense, 
sal anglicum, sulfas magnesicus, etc., E. ; magnesia sulfurica, 
P.G. ; sulfate de magnesie, sel d'Epsom, sel de sedlitz, sel 
amer, Fr. ; bittersalz, schwefelsaure magnesia, G. 

Derivation. — It is obtained from native dolomite, a 
double carbonate of magnesium and calcium, or magnesite 
(MgCOa). MgCOg + H2SO4 = MgSO, + HoO + COo. 

Properties. — Small, colorless, rhombic prisms, or acicu- 
lar crystals, without odor, and having a cooling, saline and 
bitter taste; slowly efflorescent in dry air; soluble in 1.5 
parts of water ; insoluble in alcohol ; reaction neutral. 

Incompatihles. — Lime water, alkaline carbonates, phos- 
phoric acid, phosphates, silver nitrate and lead acetate. 

Dose. — H., laxative, 5 ii--i^'- (60.-120.); C, purgative, 
ibi.-ii. (500.-1,000.); laxative, 5 iii.-iv. (90.-120.); Calves, 
5ii.-iii. (60.-90.) ;'Sh., 5 iv.-vi. (120.-180.); D., 5i.-iv. 
(4.-15.) 

Action Internal. — Epsom and Glauber's salts are the 
best purgatives for general purposes in the treatment of cattle 
and sheep. Its mode of action is similar to that described 
under sodium sulphate. Briefly, magnesium sulphate causes 
purgation by increasing intestinal secretion, retarding absorp- 
tion of fluid from the bowels, and probably by stimulating 
peristalsis. The salt moves the bowels, in the case of the lar- 
ger animals, usually within twelve or fifteen hours. 

Epsom salt is absorbed to some extent, and is elimi- 
nated by the kidneys and sweat glands, increasing the secre- 
tions of these organs, especially when the dose is small. 

Summary. — Hydragogue cathartic. Feeble diuretic 
and diaphoretic. 

Uses. — For uses the reader is referred to Sodium Sul- 
phate (p. 136), as they are almost identical. Solutions of 
magnesium sulphate produce local anaesthesia when injected 
under the skin or intraspinally. 



164 INORGANIC AGENTS 

Magnesii Carbonas. Magnesium Carbonate. 
(MgCo3),. Mg(OH), + 5 H,0. (U. S. P.) 

Sijnonym. — Magnesii carbonas ponderosa, or magnesii 
carbonas levis, B. P.; magnesia alba, magnesia hydrico- 
carbonica, carbonas magnesicus, carbonate of magnesia, E.; 
magnesia carbonica, P. G.; carbonate de magnesie, magnesia 
blanche, Fr.; weisse magnesia, G. 

Derivation. — Mix concentrated, boiling, aqueous solu- 
tions of magnesium sulphate and sodium carbonate, and 
evaporate. 

5 MgSO, + 5 Na, CO, + H,0 = (MgCOJ, Mg(OH), 
+ 5 NA2SO4 + CO2. Purified by digestion with water, 
filtration and drying. 

Properties. — Slight, white, friable masses (heavy mag- 
nesium), or a light, white powder (light magnesium), without 
odor, and having a slightly earthy taste ; permanent in the 
air ; almost insoluble in water, to which, however, it imparts 
a slightly alkaline reaction ; insoluble in alcohol. 

Dose. — Foals and calves, 3 i.-ii. (4.-8.) ; D., gr.v - 3 i. 
(..34.). 

Magnesii Oxidum. Magnesium Oxide or Magnesia. MgO. 

(U. S. P.) 

Synonym. — Magnesia levis, light magnesia, B.P.; calcined 
magnesia, magnesia calcinata, E.; magnesia usta, P. G.; 
magnesie, magnesie calcinee, Fr.; gebrannte magnesia, G. 

Derivation. — Heat magnesium carbonate. 4 (MgCOj). 
Mg(OH), + 5 H,0 = 5 MgO + 6 H,0 + 4 CO, Water 
and carbon dioxide are driven off and magnesia (MgO) is left. 

Properties. — A white, very light, very fine powder, with- 
out odor, and having an earthy, but not a saline taste. On 
exposure to the air it absorbs moisture and carbon dioxide ; 
almost insoluble in water ; insoluble in alcohol. 

Dose. — Foals and calves, 3 i.-ii. (4.-8.); D., gr.v.- 3 i. 
(.3-4.). 



HEAVY MAGNESIA 165 

Magnesii Oxidum Ponderosum. Heavy Magnesium Oxide, 
or Heavy Magnesia. MgO. (U. S. P.) 

Derivation. — Made from light magnesia by trituration 
with alcohol, drying and pulverizing. 

Properties. — A M-liite, dense, very fine powder. Only 
differs in tests from light magnesia in that it does not readily 
unite with water to form a gelatinous hydrate. 

Dose. — Foals and calves, 3 i--ii. (4.-8.); D., gr.v.-3i. 
(.3-4). 

action of magnesium carbonates and oxides. 

Internal. — Alimentary Canal. — These salts are antacid 
and neutralize abnormal acidity, due to fermentation, 
when exhibited after a meal. The carbonate also exerts 
a sedative action in liberating carbon dioxide in the 
stomach, and both the carbonate and oxide unite with the 
gastric juice to form chlorides, lactates and bicarbonates. 
These compounds are mild, saline purgatives. 

Blood and Urine. — The oxide and carbonate of magne- 
sium alkalize the blood and urine, and are slight diuretics. 
They resemble potassium and sodium bicarbonates, as 
antacids, but are milder Because feebly absorbed. 

Uses. — Phillip's milk of magnesia is a good laxative and 
antacid preparation for puppies. One or more teaspoonfuls 
may be added to milk, which will be taken voluntarily. 
Magnesia is a useful remedy for foals and calves affected 
with intestinal indigestion, tympanites and acid diarrhoea. 
It may be given to advantage in powder : magnesia and 
rhubarb, 2 drachms each ; with ginger, one drachm. This 
dose should be administered in milk or flour gruel. Magnesia 
may give rise to intestinal concretions if its use is persisted 
in for a considerable period. 

Magnesium carbonate and oxide are antidotes to mineral 
acids, oxalic acid, salts of mercury, arsenic and copper, and 
alkaloids, by alkalizing the gastric contents and rendering 
these bodies insoluble. Arsenic antidote is kept on hand 
at drug stores and is made by adding solution of ferric 



166 INORGANIC AGENTS 

sulphate to an aqueous mixture of magnesia (see Ferri 
Oxidum HyJratum cum Magnesia, p. 196). 

Heavy Metals : Including Aluminum, Cerium, Plumbum, 

Aegentum, Zincum, Cuprum, Bismuthum, Ferrum, 

Manganum and Hydrargyrum. 

Aluminum. 

(The metal is not tised as medicine.) 

Alumen. Alum. ALK, (SO J, + 24 H,0. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — Potassium alum, aluminum and potassium 
sulphate, sulphate of aluminium and potassium, E.; alun, 
sulphate d'alumine et de potasse, Fr.; alaun, kalialaun, G. 

Derivation. — From alum slate, clay, shale or schist, a 
native mixture of aluminium silicate and iron sulphide. 
This is roasted and exposed to the air, when the sulphur is 
oxidized into sulphuiic acid and combines in part with 
aluminium and iron to form sulphates. The mass is 
lixiviated with water, and aluminum and iron sulphates 
together with sulphuric acid are recovered in solution. The 
solution is concentrated and to it is added potassium 
c'lilorifle. The double sulphate of potassium and aluminum 
(.ilum) is formed, which crystallizes out on cooling, while 
])otassium sulphate and ferric chloride remain as bye- 
products. Alum is purified by recrystallization. 

Properties. — Large, colorless, octohedral crystals, some- 
times modified by cubes, or in crystalline fragments; without 
odor, but having a sweetish and strongly astringent taste. 
On exposure to the air the crystals are liable to absorb 
ammonia and acquire a whitish coating. Soluble in 9 parts 
of water. It is also soluble in warm glycerin ; insoluble in 
alcohol ; reaction acid. 

Incompatibles. — Iron, lead and merciiry salts, alkalies, 
lime, tartrates and tannic acid. 

Z)o.se.— H. & C, 3 ii.-iv. (8.-15.); Sh. & Sw., gr.xx.-3i. 
(1.3-4); D., gr.v.-x. (.3-.6); emetic, D., 3i. (4.). 



DRIED ALUM 167 

Alumen Exsiccatum. Dried Alum. Al^Ka (SO,)^ 
(U. S. P.) 

Synonym. — Alumen ustum, B,P.; burnt alum, E.; alum 
calcine (desseche brule), Fr.; gebrannter alaun, G. 

Derivation. — Heat 100 gm. of alum moderately until 
aqueous vapor ceases to be disengaged, and the product is; 
reduced to 55 gm. 

Alumini Hydboxidum. Aluminum Hydroxide. AL(OH)g 

(U. S. P.) 

Synonym. — Aluminum hydrate, hydrated alumina, E.; 
alumine, Fr.; thonerdehydrat, reine thonerde, G. 

Derivation. — Alum, 100 Gm.; sodium carbonate, 100 Gm.; 
water, a sufficient quantity. Mix hot, boiling solutions of 
alum and sodium carbonate. Precipitate strained, washed, 
and dried. 

Properties. — A white, light, amorphous powder ; odorless 

and tasteless ; permanent in dry air ; insoluble in water or 
alcohol. 

Dose. — Same as alum. 

Alumini Sulphas. Aluminum Sulphate. Al2(SOj3 + 16H.,0. 

(U. S. P.) 

Synonym. — Sulphate of aluminum, E.; sulphate d'alum- 
ine, Fr.; schwefelsaure thonerde, G. 

Derivation. — Aluminum hydroxide [Al (0H)3] is dis- 
solved in diluted sulphuric acid, and the solution is filtered 
and evaporated to dryness. 

Properties. — A white, crystalline powder, without odor, 
having a sweetish and afterwards astringent taste ; perma- 
nent in the air ; soluble in 1.2 parts of water ; insoluble in 
alcohol ; reaction acid. 

Dose. — Same as alum. 



168 inorganic agents 

Aluminum Salts. 

Action External. — Dried alum is a superficial caustic, in 
contact with raw surfaces, on account of its affinity for water. 
It is only used externally. Alum lias no action on unbroken 
skin, but applied to mucous membranes or denuded parts it is 
antiseptic and astringent ; coagulates albumin of discharges ; 
precipitates or coagulates albumin of the tissues; squeezes 
blood out of the vessels; reduces inflammation and makes the 
part whiter, tougher and denser. Alum is an haemostatic, 
stopping bleeding by compression of the structures surround- 
ing the vessels, and by causing blood to clot. Alum coagu- 
lates casein aud gelatin in the presence of an alkali. 

Action Infernal. — Stomach and Intestines. — Enormous 
doses of alum produce gastro-enteritis, while large doses 
cause vomiting in carnivora. All the gecretions are dimin- 
ished in the alimentary canal, and constipation ensues, 
unless the dose is excessive. Traces of alum are said to ap- 
pear in the urine, but little is absorbed from the digestive 
tract and systemic poisoning is not caused by the ingestion of 
alum. Intravenous injection of salts of aluminum produce 
vomiting, weakness, tremors, convulsions, paraplegia, diar- 
rhea, and nephritis. Aluminum induces degeneration of 
the brain and cord, and inflammation of the bowel and kid- 
neys in its elimination by these parts — like the other heavy 
metals. Alum does not, therefore, occasion any stringent 
action in the body outside of the digestive tract, and is ex- 
creted by the bowels. 

Uses External. — Alum is employed mainly for local 
surgical purposes. In arresting slight hem'orrhages it may 
be applied in saturated solution on absorbent cotton pledgets, 
or in the form of burnt alum dusted upon the bleeding sur- 
face. Epistaxis may be controlled by the injection of a 
strong solution into the nostrils, or by insufflation of burnt 
alum. Alum is sometimes used on granulating surfaces of 
indolent ulcers, or woimds, as a slight caustic, stimulant and 
antiseptic. It can be employed alone, or as a dusting powder, 
containing: alum, 1 part; charcoal, 4 parts; and salicylic 
acid, 2 parts. Alumen exsiccatum will often prevent the es- 



ALUM 169 

cape of synovia from small punctured wounds when applied 
to their apertures. Solutions (gr.iii.-v. to § i*) a^^e occas- 
ionally instilled into the eye in conjunctivitis, but alum is 
not generally so satisfactory as boric acid, zinc sulphate, or 
silver nitrate, in this disease. Alum crystals may be applied 
with profit to granular lids. Alum is used more frequently 
in the treatment of stomatitis, or apthous sore mouth. It 
is also beneficial in ptyalism. A 5 per cent, solution may be 
utilized to touch the inflamed oral parts by means of a swab. 
A spray of the sam'e strength is serviceable for the cure of 
laryngitis and bronchitis in dogs. 

A 2 per cent, solution is appropriate as an injection for 
otorrhoea, or canker of the ear, attacking dogs, A similar 
solution will relieve leucorrhoea, pruritus vulvae, and pro- 
lapsus ani. The following combination, containing dried 
alum, forms an excellent preparation for application to dead 
tissue. It causes sloughing of the necrotic mass and is in- 
dicated when the use of the knife is inadmissible. 

Alumenis exsiecati 25.0 

Acidi arsenosi 15.0 

Aeidi carbolici 10.0 

Cerati 25.0 

M. et fiat unguentum. 

Uses Internal. — Alum is a prompt, safe and non-de- 
pressing emetic for dogs. It is suitable in poisoning, or when 
the secretions are excessive in laryngitis or bronchitis. 
Teaspoonful doses should be given in solution in syrup 
every 15 minutes in these latter diseases, until vomiting 
occurs. Aluminum hydroxide is an antacid and astringent. 
It combines with acid in the stomach (antacid) and goes 
into a soluble form when it acts as an astringent in the 
bowels. It is, therefore, more applicable for internal use in 
the treatment of diarrhoea and dysentery. Other astring- 
ents, such as tannic acid in some form, lead acetate, or copper 
sulphate, are; however, usually more valuable in diarrhoea! 
disorders. Aluminum sulphate may be used interchange- 
ably with alum, externally or internally. 



170 INORGANIC AGENTS 

Cerium. 

(Cerium is not employed medicinally.) 

Cerii Oxalas. Cerium Oxalate. Ce^ (CoOJj + 9 HoO. 
(U. S. & B. P.) 

Sijnonym. — Cerous oxalate. 

Derivation. — Precipitate a solution of ammonium oxalate 
with a soluble salt of cerium. 

Properties— K white, granular powder, without odor or 
taste, and permanent in the air ; insoluble in water, alcohol 
or ether. 

Dose.—D., gr.iii.'V. (.18-.3). 

Action and Uses. — The physiological details concerning 
the action of cerium are unknown. It is useful in relieving 
vomiting of a reflex or nervous character, and is often com- 
bined with bismuth salts. Cerium is absorbed with diffi- 
culty from the digestive tract. Given intravenously, it 
produces poisoning resembling that of bismuth. 

SECTION IV. 

Plumbum, Argentum, Zincum, Cuprum and Bismuthum. 

Plumbum. 

{Lead is not used in the metallic state in vetcriyiary medicine, 
except as a last resort.) 

' Plumbi Oxidum. Lead Oxide. PbO. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Syno7iym. — Litharge, E.; lithargyrum, P. G.; b'leiglatte, Go 
Derivation. — Made by roasting lead in the air. 
Properties. — A heavy, yellowish or reddish-yellow pow- 
der, or minute scales, without odor or taste. On exposure 
to the air it slowly absorbs moisture and carbon dioxide. 
Almost insoluble in water ; insoluble in alcohol. Reaction 
faintly alkaline. Lead oxide is only valuable for its prepa- 
rations. 



LEAD ACETATE 171 

PREPARATION. 

Emplastrum Phimbi. Lead Plaster. (U. S. & B. P.) 
(Diachylon Plaster.) 
Lead oxide, 32; olive oil, 60; water, a sufficient quantity. Basis of 
other preparations. 

Plumbi Acetas. Lead Acetate. Pb (CjHjOJa + 3 HjO. 
(U. S. & B. P.) " 

Synonym. — Sugar of lead, E.; sel (sucre) de saturne, Fr.; 
essigsanres bleioxyd, bleizucker, G. 

Derivation. —'H.esit lead oxide in acetic acid and water. 

PbO + 2 HC,H30, + 2 H,0 = Pb(C,H30,), + 3H,0. 
Lead acetate crystallizes on cooling. 

Properties. — Colorless, shining, transparent, monoclinic 
prisms or plates, or heavy, white crystalline masses, or 
granular crystals, having a faintly acetous odor and a 
sweetish, astringent, afterwards metallic, taste. Efflorescent 
and absorbing carbon dioxide on exposure to the air. 
Soluble in 2.3 parts of water and in 21 parts of alcohol. 
Reaction slightly acid. 

Incompatibles. — Hard water, alkalies, mineral acids and 
salts, potassium iodide, opium, veget^ible astringents and 
albuminous liquids. 

Dose.—B.. & C, 3i. (4.);Sh. k Sw., gr.xv.-xx. (1.-1.3); D., 
gr,i.-ii. (.06-.12). 

PREPARATIONS. 

Made from lead acetate in which lead exists as the subacetate, 

PbsO (CaHsOg)^. 

Liquor Plumhi Suhacetath. Solution of Lead Subacetate. (U. S. P.) 
Liquor Plumbi Suhacetutis Fortis. (B. P.) 

Synonym. — Goulard's extract, acetum plumbicuni, acetum Saturni, 
plumbum hydrico-aceticum solutum, subacetas plumbicus liquidus, E.; 
liquor plumbici subacetici. P. G.; sous-acetate de plomb liquide, extract 
de Goulard de vinaigre, plomb. Fr. ; bleiessig, G. 

Composition. — An aqueous liquid, containing in solution about 25 
•jjer cent, of lead subacetate (approximately), PboO (CaHsOs).. 

Liquor Plumbi Subacetatis Dilntus. Diluted Solution of Lead Subacetate. 

(U. S. & B. P.) 
Synonym.— head WaU i: Lead Subacetate, 3; water to make 100. 



172 INORGANIC AGENTS 

Ceratum Plnmhi SubacetaUs. Cerate of Lead Subacetate. (U. S. P.) 
Solution of lead subacetate, 20; camphor cerate, 80. 

Plumbi Carbonas. Lead Carbonate. (PbC03)2 Pb(OH)j. 
(Non-official.) 

Synonym. — White lead, E.; ceruse, Fr., bleiweiss, G. 

Derivation. — Expose lead to the action of acetic acid 
vapor and air with carbonic dioxide. 

4 Pb + 2 HC„H30, + 2 O, + 2 CO, = (PbCo3), Pb 
(OH), + Pb(C,H3dj,. 

Properties. — A heavy, white, opaque powder, or a pul- 
verulent mass, without odor or taste. Permanent in air. 
Insoluble in water or alcohol. Used only externally. 

Plumbi Nitras. Lead Nitrate. Pb (NO3),. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — Salpetei'saures bleioxyd, bleisalpeter, G. 

Derivation. — Dissolve lead in nitric acid. 

Properties. — Colorless, transparent, octohedral crystals, 
or white, nearly opaque crystals; without odor, and having 
a sweetish, astringent, and afterwards metallic taste ; 
permanent in the air ; reaction acid ; soluble in 2 parts of 
water ; almost insoluble in alcohol. Only used externally 
in 1 per cent, solution as an astringent and deodorant in 
gangrenous surfaces, etc. 

Plumbi Iodidum. Lead Iodide. Pb I^. (U. S. &, B. P.) 

Derivation — Treat solution of lead nitrate with that of 
potassium iodide. 

Pb (NO3), + 2 KI = Pbl, -f 2 KNO3. Dry the pre- 
cipitate. 

Properties. — A heavy, bright yellow powder, without 
odor or taste; permanent in the air; soluble in about 2,000 
parts of water ; very slightly soluble in alcohol ; used only 
externally. 



ACTION OF LEAD SALTS 173 

PREPARATION. 

Unguentum Plumhi lodidi. Ointment of Lead Iodide. (B. P.) 
Employed externally to absorb glandular swellings. 

ACTION" OF LEAD SALTS. 

External. — Soluble lead salts differ somewhat from 
salts of the other heavy metals in being more astringent and 
less irritant. This happens because thej form a denser pre- 
cipitate with albumin of the tissues and of secretions. The 
actate which is generally used is dissociated slowly in 
solution in contact with the tissues. The metallic ion coag- 
ulates albumin by forming a lead albuminate, so producing 
a protective pellicle over raw surfaces ; while the acid 
constituent has little effect (lack of irritation). It thus 
makes the tissues drier, denser and harder — and contracts 
vessels — but has no action on the unbroken skin. 

Intenial. — Soluble salts of lead in concentrated solution 
■ — and at times insoluble salts — cause gastro-enteritis in 
large doses. Lead salts are absorbed in medicinal doses 
whether taken in a soluble or insoluble state. The chemical 
form of the lead compound at the time of absorption is 
unknown. Lead is deposited in the tissues, especially in the 
liver and kidney, and is very slowly eliminated in the urine 
and intestinal mCucus, bile, milk and saliva. Lead salts 
have a marked astringent action on the entire digestive 
canal and diminish secretions accordingly. After absorption 
lead salts have no remote astringent action. 

Toxicology. — Poisoning not infrequently occurs in ani- 
mals at pasture, from eating paint, sheet lead, or products of 
lead works. The drinking w^ater may be contaminated with 
lead, especially from new pipes, or lead receptacles in M'hieh 
water has been standing. Hard water is not affected by lead 
pipes, since an insoluble crust of lead phosphate and sulph- 
ate is deposited upon the interior of the pipes. There is an 
acute and chronic form of poisoning. The first is caused by 
single large doses of soluble lead salts, and is characterized 
by gastro-enteritis and colic; rarely there are symptoms of 
absorption, as convulsions, coma, paralysis and death. The 
fa?ces are sometimes colored black with lead sulphide; the 
vomitus is white from lead chloride. Three groups of symp- 



174 INORGANIC AGENTS 

toms may be briefly tabulated, which occur to a greater or 
less degree in chronic lead poisoning: 

DIGESTIVE SYMPTOMS. 

Lead line on gums. I'hirst. 

Colic. Abdomen retracted, or "tucked 

Constipation. up.'' 

Anorexia. 

NERVOUS SYSTEMS. 

Paralysis of tendons — extensors — Anesthesia, 

of extremities. Arthralgia. 

Animals stand on knees before. Dizziness. 

Animals stand on toes behind. Tremors. 

Convulsions. Delirium. 

General paralysis. Coma. 

Wasting of muscles. Amblyopia. 

The nervous symptoms are due to peripheral neuritis and to influ- 
ence on the brain and cord. 

GE]!TEBAL SYMPTOMS. 

Dyspnoea. (Edema. 

Pulse accelerated. General debility. 

Emaciation. Interstitial nephritis. 

Anaemia. 

Animals die in chronic poisoning from paralysis of the 
respiratory muscles, or in convulsions. The lead line on tne 
margin of the gums, at their junction with the teeth, is due 
to sulphuretted hydrogen in the mouth, acting upon the 
lead deposited in the gums, and forming lead sulphide. 
The treatment consists in removing the cause, relieving the 
symptoms and in hastening elimination. Potassium iodide 
eliminates lead in a soluble form into the bowels and 
kidneys. Magnesium sulphate converts lead into an insolu- 
ble sulphate in the intestines and then sweeps out the salt. 
The stomach pump or emetics should be employed in acute 
poisoning. Alum is the best emetic. This treatment should 
be followed by the administration of opium and Epsom salts. 

Administration. — Lead acetate is given to the larger 
animals in solution or ball; to the smaller patients in pill; 
to young animals in solution in milk. 

Uses External. — Lead acetate is useful in the treatment 
of skin diseases, as weeping eczema and erythema, and in 
excoriations, blistered surfaces, bruises, strains, and burns. 
An efficient lotion having an astringent and sedative action 



SILVER NITRATE 175 

in such conditions, contains: laudanum, 1 part; Goulard's 
extract, 4 parts; and oil, glycerin or water, 16 parts. The 
'' white lotion " of veterinary medicine is made by adding 3 
drachms each of lead acetate and zinc sulphate to a pint of 
Avater, It is a favorite astringent, sedative and antiseptic 
application for strains, bruises, scratches, bursitis and teno- 
synovitis in horses. Compresses soaked in it are bandaged 
to the part. Also as an injection in urethritis, and exter- 
nally in balanitis of dogs. The stronger solution of lead 
subacetate should not be employed extensively on raw 
surfaces or mucous membranes undiluted. The diluted 
solution of lead subacetate may be used as an injection for 
leucorrhoea. Lead acetate should be diluted with 20 to 40 
parts of vinegar or water. Lead acetate is not suitable for 
collyria, if there is any ulceration of the cornea, because a 
permanent film may be deposited and obscure the sight. 
Lead iodide, in 10 to 20 per cent, ointment with petrolatum, 
has proven of service in aiding resolution of induration or 
caked condition of the udder in acute mammitis, if applied 
twice daily with thorough massage, before suppuration has 
set in. 

Uses Internal. — Lead acetate is serviceable in the treat- 
ment of diarrhoea, dysentery, and hemorrhage from the 
stomach and bowels. It is frequently prescribed in these 
diseases with opium, but should not be used for a long 
period. 

Argentum. 

^Argenti ^N'lTEAS. Silver Nitrate. AglTog. (U. S. &B. P.) 

Derivation. — Dissolve silver in nitric acid with heat. 

3 Ag2 + 6 HNO3 = 6 AgN03 + 3 Ho. Evaporate 
and crystallize. 

Properties. — Colorless, transparent, tabular, rhombic 
crystals, becoming gray, or grayish-black on exposure to 
light in the presence of organic matter ; without odor, but 
having a bitter, caustic and strongly metallic taste ; reaction 
neutral; soluble in 0.6 part of water and 26 parts of alcohol. 

Iincompatihles. — Alkalies and their carbonates, acids 
'(except nitric and acetic), chlorides, potassium iodide, as- 
tringent infusions and solutions of arsenic. 



176 INORGANIC AGENTS 

Dose. — II. & C, gr.v.-x. (.3-.6) ; Sli. & Sw., gr.i.-ii. 
;(.06-.12) ; D, gr.f ^ (.008-.03). 

Argenti Nitras Dilutus. Diluted Silver jSTitrate. 
(U. S. P.) 

Synonym. — Argenti et potassii nitras, B. P.; mitigated 
caustic, E. ; argentum nitricum crjstallizatum, P. G. ; azotas 
(nitras) argenticus, azotate d'argent, nitre lunaire, Fr. ; 
salpetersaures silberoxjd, silbersalpetcr, G. 

Der'ivaf'wn. — ^.lelt silver nitrate, 30, with potassium 
nitrate, 60, in a crucible at as low a temperature as possible. 
Mix and cast into suitable moulds. 

Properties. — A white, hard solid, generally in the form 
of pencils or cones of a finely granular fracture ; becoming- 
gray or grayish-black on exposure to light in presence of 
organic matter ; odorless, having a caustic, metallic taste, 
and neutral reaction. Each of its constituents soluble in 
water and alcohol to the extent mentioned under Argenti 
Kitras and Potassii JSTitras. Used only externally. 

Argenti ISTitras Fusus. Moulded Silver ^Nitrate. 
(U. S. P.) 

Synonym. — Lunar caustic, lapis iiifernalis, azotas 
(nitras) argenticus fusus, E. ; argentum nitricum fusum, 
P. G. ; azotate d'argent fondu, pierre infernale, Fr. ; hollen- 
stein, geschmolzenes salpetersaures silberoxyd, G. 

Derivation. — Melt silver nitrate, 100, Avith liydroehloric 
acid, 4, at as low a temperature as possible. Mix and pour 
into suitable moulds. 

Properties. — Practically same as above. Used only 
externally. Silver oxide, cyanide, and iodide are official, 
but unimportant in veterinary medicine. 

action of silver nitrate. 

Extermil. — Silver nitrate is more caustic in action than 
any of the lead, copper or zinc salts (except the chloride). 
"When applied externally in the pure state to a mucous 
membrane, or a raw surface, it forms a white coating of 
coagulated protein, or silver aluminate. This coating limits 



ACTIO:X OF SILVER NITRATE 177 

the further action of the salt, so that lunar caustic is always 
superficial and localized in its effect. Silver nitrate is tlie 
caustic in most comuion use, since it produces a more healthv 
condition in a granulating wound after its application and 
separation of the eschar. Silver compounds are powerfully 
antiseptic because silver itself is actively antiseptic and be- 
cause the nitrate destroys germs in coagulating their pro- 
teid protoplasm. In dilution, silver nitrate is stimulant, 
astringent, antiseptic and caustic, according to its strength. 

Internal. — Silver nitrate is probably precipitated to a 
considerable extent by the hydrochloric acid of the gastric 
juice, as the chloride. Some of it is possibly converted into 
the albuminate, and absorbed as such, when ingested for a 
long period. Silver is deposited in the tissues in the form 
of the oxide, causing dark staining of the skin in man. 
These stains, occurring when silver nitrate comes in direct 
contact with the skin, can be removed by a solution contain- 
ing potassium cyanide, 2^ drachms; iodine, 15 grains; and 
water, 3 ounces. Large doses of silver nitrate cause gastro- 
enteritis with nervous symntoms — paralysis and convulsions 
■ — and death from depression of the respiratory centres. 
Common salt is the antidote, both externally and internally, 
forming the insoluble chloride. In addition to salt, opium 
and demulcents should be exhibited in acute poisoning. Sil- 
ver nitrate in medicinal doses has probably a local stimula- 
ting, astringent and alterative action on the mucous mem- 
brane of the stomach ; to a less degree on the bowels. Elim- 
ination may not take place at all — inert organic compounds 
being deposited in various parts of the body — or may occur 
slightl}' from the epithelium of _ the digestive tract. h. 
chronic form of poisoning by silver nitrate (argyrism), is 
seen in man, following its continued use, and is accompanied 
by pigmentation of the skin, marasmus, chronic indigestion, 
with wasting of the testes and mammary glands. A similar 
condition has been produced in animals, associated with 
anorexia, weakness, anseniia and emaciation. 

Uses External. — An aqueous solution (gr.iii. to § i.) is 
most valuable in treatment of catarrhal conjunctivitis, while 
a stronger preparation (gr.x. to 3 i.) is employed for purulent 



178 INORGANIC AGENTS 

conjunctivitis, as a stimulant, astringent and antiseptic 
collyrium. Wlien strong solutions, like the latter, are used, 
the eye should immediately be jflooded with a solution of 
common salt and water to precipitate the excess of silver 
nitrate as the insoluble chloride and thus prevent further 
irritation. Lunar caustic is applied in pencil form to 
ulcerated surfaces. When these surfaces are touched lightly 
the caustic stimulates sluggish granulations ; when more 
heavily, it destroys exuberant granulations. In 2 to 4 per 
cent, solution, silver nitrate is caustic to mucous mem- 
branes ; in ^ per cent, solution it is stimulant and astringent 
to mucous membranes. 

Boils may be aborted by painting them with a saturated 
solution of silver nitrate. Pruritus ani, or vulvae, is relieved 
by painting the parts several times daily with a 1 per cent, 
solution. A solution (gr.iii. to 3 i.) may be used in the form 
of spray in the treatment of pharyngitis and laryngitis in 
the dog. In catarrh of the external ear, so common in dogs, 
the canal should be swabbed with a 5 per cent, watery 
solution of silver nitrate after thorough cleansing with 
ether, or alcohol and naphtha, to remove dirt and sebaceous 
matter. In 2 to 6 per cent, solutions silver nitrate is cura- 
tive in moist patches of eczema in dogs. 

Fissures in the skin occurring in sore teats ot cows are 
cured by the application of fused silver nitrate. 

Uses Internal. — The crystals should only be employed 
internally; to insure purity. Silver nitrate is not of much 
value for internal use except in the digestive tract. Pills 
containing the silver salt are sometimes given to dogs with 
diarrhoea and ulcer of the stomach. Dysentery may be 
treated by enemata containing 12 grains of silver nitrate to 
the ounce of water. If this treatment is followed by much 
irritation, injections of salt and water should be used 
afterwards. 



PROTARGOL 179 

Protargol. (Non-official.) 

Protargol was first introduced into medicine by Prof. 
Neisser, in 1897, as a local remedy for gonorrhoea in man. 
It is a fine, yellowish-brown, soluble powder, a combination 
of a protein substance with silver ; odorless, and possessing 
a strong metallic taste. 

Protargol Ijas recently superseded silver nitrate (which 
contains 64 per cent, of silver) to a considerable extent in 
medicine because, containing less silver (7.5 per cent.), 
protargol is decidedly less irritating, is not precipitated by 
albumin or solutions of sodium chloride, does not discolor 
the skin and more than equals silver nitrate in certainty 
and efficiency of action. 

Protargol is particularly applicable in veterinary medi- 
cine as a bland but powerfully penetrating antiseptic and 
mild astringent in the treatment of inflammatory conditions 
of the conjunctival membranes. The drug does not cause 
the pain, redness, swelling and lachrymation which follow 
the use of silver nitrate ; nor does it lead to the formation 
of fibrinous coagula and the production of false membranes 
and opacities of the cornea seen after the application of 
silver nitrate. 

A 10-per-cent. solution of protargol induces less flushing 
of the eye and discomfort than a 1-per-cent. solution of 
silver nitrate, and the irritation of a 2 or 4 per cent, 
solution is not, as a rule, more than would be produced 
by a one-half grain to the ounce solution of zinc sulphate 
(Cheney). 

Protargol is indicated in acute catarrhal and purulent 
conjunctivitis in from one-half to 10 per cent, aqueous solu- 
tions ; usually in one-half per cent, solution in the catarrhal 
form, two or three times daily, applied with a camel's hair 
brush or by instillation ; and in the purulent variety, in 2 or 
4 per cent, solution with a pledget of absorbent cotton on a 
probe, or with a camel's hair brush, in conjunction with 
frequent boric acid irrigations. This new silver couibina- 



180 INORGANIC AGENTS 

tion has also been used with, reported success (and the use 
might apply to canine practice) in human medicine as a 
non-irritating astringent and antiseptic agent internally in 
.5 gm. doses, twice or thrice daily, in pills, for the relief of 
haemorrhages and ulcerations of the alimentary canal, in 
diarrhoea and in purulent inflammation of the genito-urinary 
tract. 

Argyrol. 

Argyrol represents one of the latest of the numerous 
organic liver compounds, this preparation containing as 
much as 30 per cent, of the metal combined with a proteid 
substance obtained from wheat. It occurs as a brownish 
powder, soluble in less than its own weight of water, forming 
dark-brown solutions which stain clothing black, but the 
stains may be removed by solutions of corrosive sublimate. 
Like protargol, it is not precipitated by the salts of the tis- 
sues, nor does it coagulate albumiu, so that its action is not 
neutralized by the tissues — as is the case with silver nitrate, 
and thus, unlike the latter, it possesses a penetrating power 
when applied locally. Argyrol is used in from 2 to 50 per 
cent, aqueous solutions for the same purposes to which 
protargol is adapted. Solutions of argyrol should be 
freshly made.* 

Soluble Silver. 

Soluble silver, known also as GoUoickil Silver, or more 
commonly as CoUargol, is an allotropic form of metallic 
silver (87 per cent, silver) wholly soluble in water, and dis- 
'covered by Lea about 1890. It may be used intravenousl}^ 
subcutaneously, by inunction (as Crede's ointment, see 
below), and by the mouth, if first dissolved in the pro- 
portion of five parts of collargol with one part of white 
of egg in one hiindred parts of water ; or it may be given 
in pill with sugar of milk.t When given intravenously 
— which is the most effective mode of administration — 



♦Recently (1906) the Therapeutic Comm. of the Brit. Med. Assoc, has found 
argyi'ol without any bactericidal action whatever, while protargol is markedly so. 
Argyrol has almost superseded the latter, and its curative effect is therefore at 
present a mystery, 

+ Collargol has heen also given with benefit by the rectum (H., 3 i.-ii.; in 01. 
water; D., gr. ii.-iv. in I ii.-iii. water). 



SOLUBLE SILVER 181 

one injection may suffice, but if it does not cause im- 
mediate improvement in the symptoms, several doses 
may thus be given at six-hour intervals. Soluble silver 
has recently proven successful in many cases of general 
infection, where it appears to either kill or inhibit the 
growth of staphylococci and streptococci. It is certainly 
worthy of trial in veterinary medicine in this field, where it 
}:as iiccomplished noteworthy results.* 

Puerperal septicaemia, mastitis, extensive cellulitis, 
fetid bronchitis, pneumonia, influenza, endo and pericarditis, 
deep suppurations, phlebitis, suppurating nasal sinusitis, 
empyema and other bacterial infections have yielded to the 
systemic and local influence of soluble silver in human 
medicine. Its expense is the only objection to its free 
employment in animal practice, and this applies to all the 
new organic silver compounds. A rigor often occurs from 
one to four hours after the injection of collargol, but no 
other ill effects have been noted. When the silver can be 
used locally (in local infections) it is also effective and may 
or may not be at the same time given intravenously, its 
desirability by the latter mode depending on the degree of 
general infection. The dose intravenously is 3 1-1 (2.-4.) 
for horses; dogs, gr.1-2 (0.6-0.12), given in 2 to 5 per cent, 
aqueous solution. It is injected into the tissues as in 
abscess, in 1 per cent, solutions. It is soluble in 20 parts of 
water, which should be distilled or boiled, and solutions in 
water may be kept for months in brown bottles. Solutions, 
from having a clear, biown color, become gray and turbid 
when decomposed. 1-3000 aqueous solutions are appro- 
priate for use on mucous membranes or cavities of the hodj. 

Credes Ointment, made by incorporating collargol with 
lard and wax to the extent of 15 per cent., has given good 
results when rubbed for thirty minutes into the skin (which 
has previously been scrubbed with soap, water and alcohol) 
in the treatment of local and even general infectious. It 
often arrests the formation of boils, threatened suppuration 
of glands, lymphangitis, phlebitis, cellulitis and mastitis. 
The dose by inunction is ^ to 1 ounce for horses, ^ to 1 

* Since writing the above collargol has been gaining headway in veter- 
inary practice. DieekerliofE recommends it as a daily intravenous injection 
of 25 cc. of a 2 per cent, solution in purpura in the" horse, and Wyman of 
Ohio speaks very favorably of its action in catarrhal diseases of the upper 
air passages and in septic cellulitis and lymphangitis in the horse. 



182 INORGANIC AGENTS 

dvaclim for dogs. Collargol appears to be non-toxic when 
given intravenously or by inunction, if used with reasonable 
care. 

Zincum. 

{Zinc is not used in 3Iedicine in the metallic state.) 

ZiNCi Chloridum. Zinc Chloride. ZnCL. (U. S. &B.P.) 

Derivatio7i. — Dissolve zinc in hydrochloric acid by boil- 
ing. The solution contains the zinc chloride with chlorides 
of iron and lead as impurities. These are precipitated by 
adding first nitric acid then zinc carbonate. Filter and 
finally evaporate. Zn, + 4 HCl = 2 Zn CL + 2 H,. 

Pt'operties. — A white, granular powder, or porcelain- 
like masses, irregular or moulded into pencils ; odorless ; of 
such intensely caustic properties as to make tasting danger- 
ous unless the salt be dissolved in much water, when it has 
an astringent, metallic taste ; very deliquescent ; reaction 
acid; soluble in about 0.3 part of water; very soluble in 
alcohol. 

Liquor Zinci Chloridi. Solution of Zinc Chloride. 
(U. S. & B. P.) 

Derivation. — Made as above with the addition of water. 
It contains about 50 per cent., by weight, of zinc chloride. 

Properties. — A clear, colorless liquid, odorless, having a 
\'ery astringent, sweetish taste and an acid reaction. Spec. 
gr. about 1,535 at 15° C. (59° F.). 

Toxicology. — Zinc chloride is a powerful irritant if swal- 
lowed in any degree of concentration, and will, therefore, 
produce gastro-enteritis. Emetics or the stomach pump 
should be used, followed by demulcents and sodium bicar- 
bonate. 

Uses. — Zinc chloride is employed in a paste made into 
small pieces with flour ; or on lint soaked in a saturated 



ZINC SULPHATE 183 

solution, dried, aud introduced under the skin about the 
base of tumors to cause their destruction by sloughing. It 
is employed in the form of pencils on unhealthy, granulating 
surfaces, as in " foot rot," and injected in strong solution 
into fistulous tracts to destroy their walls. It is not used 
internally. 

ZiNCi Sulphas. Zinc Sulphate. ZnSo, + 7 H.^O. 
(U. S. & B. P.) 

Derivation. — Prepared by dissolving zinc in sulphuric 
acid. Zn, + 2 H,SO, = 2 ZnSO. + 2 H,. 

Iron and tin exist as impurities, aud are removed by 
chlorine solution and zinc carbonate. ' 

Froperties. — Colorless, transparent, rhombic crystals, 
without odor, and having an astringent, metallic taste. 
Efflorescent in dry air; reaction acid ; soluble in 0.6 part of 
water, in 3 parts of glycerin ; insoluble in alcohol. 

IncompatibJes. — Lead acetate, silver nitrate, lime water, 
alkalies and carbonates, vegetable decoctions or infusions, 
and milk. 

Dose.— a. &C.,3i.-ii. (4.-8.); Sh. & Sw., gr.x.-xx. (.6-1.3); 
D., gr.ii.-iii. (.12-.2); Emetic, D., gr.x.-xv. (.6-1.). 

Zmci Carbonas Pr^cipitatus. Precipitated Zinc Carbonate. 

(U. s. p.) 

Synonym. — -"Zinci carbonas, B. P.; precipitated zinc car- 
bonate, kohlensaures zinkoxyd, G. 

Derivation. — Solutions cf nearly equal weight of sodium 
carbonate and zinc sulphate are boiled together ; dry pre- 
cipitate. S ZnSO, + 8 Na,C03 -f 2 H,0 = 2 (Zn CO,),, Zn 
(OH). ? (hydrated basic zinc carbonate) + 8 Na.SO, + 2 
COo. This salt is in reality a mixture of zinc carbonate and 
oxide, in varying proportions, with water of crystallization. 

Properties. — An impalpable white powder, of somewhat 
variable chemical composition, without odor or taste ; insol- 
uble in water or alcohol. 



184 INORGANIC AGENTS 

ZiNCi OxiDUM. Ziuc Oxide. Zn O. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Derivation. — Heat the carbonate to redness. 

2 (Zu 003)3 Zn(OH), = 8 ZnO -f- 2 H,0 + 6 CO,. 

Properliffi. — An aniorplious, white powder, without odor 
or taste. It ^n-adnally absorbs carbon dioxide from the air. 
Insoluble in water or alcohol. 

i)o.s^.— H & C, 3i.-ii. (4.-8.); D., gr.v.-x. (.3-.6). 

PREPARATION. 

Unguentum Zinci Oxidi. Ointment of Zinc Oxide. (U. S. P.) 
Zinc oxide, 200 ; benzoinated lard, 800. (U. S. P.) 
Unguentum Zinci. 15 per cent, of zinc ointment. (B. P.) 

ZiNCi AcETAS. Zinc Acetate. Zn (CoHjO,), + 2 H,0. 
(U. S. & B. P.) 

Derivation. — Dissolve zinc oxide in diluted acetic acid 
and boil. 

ZnO + 2 HC3H3O, = Zn (C,H30,), + H,0. Evaporate 
and crystallize. 

Properties. — Soft, white, six-sided monoclinic plates, of 
a pearly lustre, having a faintly acetous odor, and an astrin- 
gent metallic taste. Exposed to the air the salt gradually 
eJ09oresces and loses some of its acid ; reaction acid ; soluble 
in 2.7 parts of water and in 36 parts of alcohol. 

Incompatihles. — Same as sulphate. 

Dose. — Same as sulphate. 

ACTION OF. THE ZINC SALTS. 

» External. — The salts of zinc (except the chloride) have 
an astringent action on raw surfaces and mucous iuembranes 
in precipitating solutions of proteids, as zinc albuminate, 
notably the sulphate and acetate. Absorption is not followed 
by poisoning, as most of the zinc is stored in the liver. 
They resemble other astringents, especially copper salts, 
and are more irritating than lead acetate or subacetate. 

Internal. — In the alimentary tract very large doses of 
the sulphate or acetate may induce gastro-enteritis, which 
is to be treated with demulcents and alkaline carbonates in 



USES OF ZINC SALTS 185 

order to form insoluble compounds. Vomiting will relieve 
carnivorii ; otherwise the stomach pump must be resorted to. 
Zinc salts apparently produce no remote effricts upon 
the body when ingested. Given intravenously (double salts) 
to mammals, zinc causes vomiting, diarrhea, muscular weak- 
ness and paralysis. It is eliminated chiefly by the ali- 
mentary tract and slightly in the bile and urine. In 
therapeutic doses the zinc salts are astringent, diminishing 
secretion in the digestive tract. 

USES OF ZINC SALTS. 

External. — Zinc sulphate is in common use as an astrin- 
gent coUyrium for subacute conjunctivitis (gr.ss.-ii. to 5 i.). 
It is also employed in the treatment of canker of the ear 
m dogs (gr.x. to 3 i.), or as " white lotion " (see Plumbi 
Acetas), in this affection. 

The salt is likewise serviceable as a stimulant and 
astringent solution (gr.ii.-v. to 3 i.) in moist eczema, ulcers, 
atonic inflammations of mucous membranes, balanitis and 
urethritis in dogs, and leucorrhoea. 

■ Zinc carbonate is a much milder astringent than zinc 
sulphate or acetate. The impure carbonate (calamine) is an 
ingredient of the popular astringent and antiseptic, *' pink 
ointment" of veterinary medicine used for the cure of 
" scratches " in horses. 

^ Zinci carbonatis (impure) § ii. 

Alumenis § iss. 

Calcii carb. pr^ecip 3 x. 

Creasoti 

Ceraj flavi aa| iss. 

Adipis I XV. 

M. 

S. External use. 

The lard and wax are first melted together and then the 
other ingredients are stirred in. Calamine in the form of a 
lotion is a more cleanly application for house dogs and pets 
than in ointment or paste. The following is useful in 
dermatitis, erythema and moist eczema attended with itch- 
ing. The carbolic acid may be omitted when the lotion is 



186 INORGANIC AGENTS 

applied over a large surface to avoid poisoning by absorp- 
tion or from the acid being licked off by the patient. 

Acidi carbolici 1.0 gr.xv, 

Zinci oxicli 15.0 3 ss. 

Calaminae 5.3 gr.80 

Glycerini 30.0 si. 

Liquoris calcis ad 240.0 3 viii. 

M. et fiat lotio (shake). 

Sig. External use. 

Zinc ointment is used externally in the form of a dust- 
ing powder, ointment or paste. In eczema, erythema and 
scratches, the zinc oxide ointment is valuable and can be 
combined with carbolic acid (gr.x. to 31.) or creolin (5 per 
cent.) to great advantage, when itching is a prominent symp- 
tom. Still better than zinc ointment is a paste containing 
zinc oxide, 2 parts ; starch and vaseline, each 3 parts. Zinc 
acetate can be used in all cases as a substitute for zinc 
sulphate. 

Internal. — Zinc sulphate is the best and most prompt 
emetic for dogs in many conditions, as poisoning. It shoukl 
be given in tepid water. Zinc oxide is occasionally pre- 
scribed in diarrhoea, and empirically as a tonic and anti- 
spasmodic in chorea and epilepsy. Zinc oxide may be 
given in powder, pill, or dissolved in alkaline solutions. 

Zinc Yalerate. See p. 536. 
Zinc Phosphide. See p. 236. 

Cuprum. 

{Copper is not used in the metallic state in Medicine.) 

CuPRi Sulphas. Copper Sulphate. Cu So^ + 5 H„0. 
(U.S.&B.P.) 

Synonym. — Cupric sulphate, blue vitriol, blue stone, 
sulfas cupricus, cuprum vitriolatum, E.; cuprum sulfuricum 
purum, P. G.; vitriol bleu, sulfate de Cuivre, Fr.; kupfervit- 
riol, blauer-vitriol, schwefelsaures kupfer (kupferoxyd), G. 



COPPER SULPHATE 187 

Derivation. — Boil metallic copper and sulphuric acid 
together. 2 Cu + 2 H2 SO^ = 2 CuSO^ + 2 H2. Dissolve 
product in hot water and crystallize. 

Properties. — Large, transparent, deep blue, triclinic 
crystals ; odorless, of a nauseous, metallic taste ; slowly ef- 
florescent in dry air; soluble in 2.6 parts of water; almost 
insoluble in alcohol ; reaction acid. 

Incompatihles. — Mineral salts (except sulphates), alka- 
lies and their carbonates, iodides, lime water and vegetable 
astringents. 

Dose.—H. & C, oi.-ii. (4.-8.) ; Sh. & Sw., gr.xx.-xl. 
(1.3-2.6) ; D., gr.i.-ii. (.06-.12) ; Emetic, D., gr.vi.-xx. 
(.36-1.3). 

ACTION OF COPPEK SULPHATE. 

External. — Copper sulphate precipitates protein in 
solution and is stimulant, astringent or caustic to mucous 
membranes or raw surfaces, according to the strength ap- 
plied. 

Internal. — In poisonous doses copper sulphate causes 
salivation, vomiting, gastro-enteritis, and nervous symptoms 
(convulsions, paralysis and delirium), and finally death from 
collapse. AYhen injected intravenously copper salts lead t® 
destruction of the blood, and fatty degeneration of the liver, 
kidneys and heart. Rarely does absorption from the digest- 
ive tract cause poisoning since the salt is either vomited, or 
absorbed too slowly, or stored in the liver. The treatment 
consists in emptying the stomach in animals which cannot, 
or do not, vomit, and the use of magnesia, tannin or yellow 
prussiate of potash, as antidotes ; and demulcents, as milk 
and white of egg, together with opium. Large doses are 
emetic to the dog, but should not be used except in phosphorus 
poisoning. Smaller doses are astringent in the digestive 
tract. The copper absorbed from the alimentary tract lodges 
in the liver, kidneys and thyroid gland. It is eliminated 
slowly in the urine, bile, intestinal secretions, saliva and 
milk. Copper is a normal constituent of the tissues and has 
a strong affinity for hemoglobin attaching itself, on absorp- 
tion, to the corpuscles as cuprohemol. 

Uses external. — Copper sulphate is employed in the 
solid, crystalline form in granular conjunctivitis, by rub- 
bing the stick over the aifected surfaces of the lids. 



188 INORGANIC AGENTS 

A solution (gr.ss.-ii. to 5 i-) is dropped into the eye for 
simple conjunctivitis. Copper sulphate is similar in action 
to zinc sulphate, but more powerful. On ulcerated and 
granular surfaces it is used as a stimulant and astringent, 
as in the following mixture, a combination of cupric sul- 
phate and zinc sulphate, of each 2^ drachms (lOgm.,), with 
solution of lead subacetate, 5 drachms (20 gm.), which is of 
value in thrush and as an application for chronic sores and 
unhealthy indolent granulating surfaces. It may also be 
applied locally with an equal part of dried alum in the form 
of powder for the treatment of thrush. The disaiDpearance 
of the moisture and foul odor will soon herald recovery. 

Uses Internal. — Copper sulphate is prescribed for its 
local effect with opium in diarrhoea, and injected into the 
bowel in 2 per cent, solution in ulcerated conditions of the 
rectum. The sulphate of copper in small doses is believed to 
be a tonic remedy in anaemia and nervous conditions, al- 
though without sufficient experimental proof. It is thought 
to resemble arsenic and to increase the number of corpuscles, 
firmness of flesh and amount of fat. Copper sulphate is often 
used as a vermicide in the treatment of lumbricoid worms 
and ozoema, combined with iron. Copper sulphate in 1 
drachm doses (-4.0 gm.), with powdered charcoal and feiui- 
greek, of each 1-1^ drachms (4.0-6 gm.), given to ^hc horse 
night and morning for eight to ten days and followed by a 
brisk cathartic of aloes and linseed oil, will cause the expul- 
sion of ascarides. It is recommended in purpura, and is 
given to dogs in the form of arsenite of coj)per for chorea 
and epilepsy". Copper sulphate, added to reservoirs of drink- 
ing water in the proportion of 1 part to 5 to 50 millions of 
v»ater, destroys algae but is innocuous to animals. 

CupRi AcETAS. Copper Acetate. (Non-official.) 

Synonyms. — Verdigris, cupric subacetate, E. ; acetate 
de cuivre, vert-de-gris, F. ; grunspau, G. 

Derivation. — Exposure of copper plates to pomace or 
residue resulting from expression of juice from grapes in 
wine making, or to immersion in pyroligneous acid. 

Properties. — Pale-green masses of minute, acicular 
cyrstals, sometimes of bright blue hue. Verdigris is the 



COPPER ACETATE 189 

impure article ; tlie pure salt is known as Crystals of Yeuus. 
The taste is coppery and odor vinegar-like. Soluble in 
water. 

J9o.se.— H. & C, gr.15-30 (1.-2.); Sb. & Sw., gr.5-10 
(.3-.6). 

Action Exlernal. — It is astringent, stimulant and eschar- 
otic according to the strength and whether applied to the 
unbroken skin or to mucous membranes or raw surfaces. 

Action Internal. — This salt is an efficient vermifuge for 
the expulsion of ascarides fiom the horse. It should be 
given in doses of gr.15-30 (1.-2. gm.) twice daily with pow- 
dered gentian and charcoal, 1 drachm of each (1.0 gm.), for 
a week and then be followed by a cathartic dose of aloes. 
It is a poison in large doses, causing gastro-enteritis, con- 
A-nlsions and death. The antidotes are milk, raw eggs and 
soap. 

Bismuthum. 

{Bismuth is not employed medicinally in the metallic state.) 

BiSMUTHi Sdbcarbonas. Bismuth Subcarbonate. (BiO)2CO,. 
-fH,0? (U.S. P.) 

Synonym. — Bismuthi carbonas, B. P. 

Derivation — Made by dissolving pure metallic bismuth 
in dilated nitric acid, precipitating with ammonia water, 
and redissolvingin nitric acid. This ..olution is treated with 
ammonium carbonate, or a solution of sodium carbonate. 

2 Bi (NOJ, + 3 Na, CO3 + H,0 = (BiO), CO3 + H,0 
-f 2 CO2 + 6 NaNO,. The precipitated bismuth subcarbo- 
nate is filtered and washed. 

Properties. — A white, or pale yellowish-white powder, 
of somewhat varying chemical composition ; odorless and 
tasteless, and permanent in the air. Insoluble in water or 
alcohol, but completely soluble in nitric or hydrochloric 
acid, with copious efflorescence. 

Dose.—B.., 3ii.-iv. (8.-15.); D., gr.x.-xxx. (.6-2.). 



190 INORGANIC AGENTS 

BiSMUTHi SuBNiTRAs. Bismutli Subnitrate. BiO 1^0^ -f", 
HoO? (U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — Bismiithum subnitricum, P.G. ; bismiitlmm 
hydriconitricum, magisterium bismuthi, subazotas (s. sub- 
nitras) bismiithiciis, sous-azotate de bismuth, Fr. ; basisches 
salpetersaures bismuthoxyd, G. 

Derivation. — Dissolve pure metallic bismuth in diluted 
nitric acid. First reaction— Bis + 6 HNO3 = 2 Bi(E'03)3 
+ 3 Ho. Final reaction— Bi (^03)3 + HgO = BiONO.^ 
-|- 2 HNOg. Evaporate ; add water ; wash and dry precipi- 
tated bismuth subnitrate. 

Properties. — -A heavy, white powder of somewhat vary- 
ing chemical composition ; odorless and almost tasteless, and 
permanent in the air. Almost insoluble in water and insolu- 
ble in alcohol, but readily soluble in nitric or hydrochloric 
acid. 

Dose. — Same as subcarbonate. 

BiSMUTHi SuBSALicYLAs. Bismutli Subsalicylate. (II.S.P.) 
BiSMUTHi Salicylas. Bismuth Salicylate. (B. P.) 

Properties. — White, soft powder; insoluble in water, 
ether, alcohol or chloroform ; soluble in acids. 
Dose.—D.,gr.v.-x. (.3-.6). 

BiSMUTHi Suegallas. Bisiuutli Subgallate. (U.S.P.) 

Synonym. — Dermatol. 

Properties. — A fine, yellow powder ; permanent in the 
air and odorless; used externally as a substitute for iodo- 
form; it is antiseptic and astringent; occasionally given 
internally. 

ACTION OF BISMUTH SUBNITRATE x\ND SUBCARBONATE. 

External. — The insoluble salts of bismuth have a pro- 
tecting, sedative, astringent and antiseptic action pn raw 
surfaces. If applied over very extensive areas for a consid- 
erable length of time, they may cause absorption and poison- 
ing. Bismuth has- no action on the unbroken skin. 



ACTION OF BISMUTH SUBNITRATE 191 

Internal. — Tlie salts of bismuth are absorLod and elim- 
inated to some extent. When administered continuously in 
enormous doses, or when absorbed from the skin or given 
intravenously, bismuth has caused stomatitis, vomiting, diar- 
rhcea, weakness, convulsions, blackness of the mucous mem- 
branes of the digestive tract, and death. Probably, as ordin- 
arily used, all the bismuth absorbed from the alimentary 
canal is stored in the liver. In poisoning, however, it irri- 
tates the parts which eliminate it — i.e., the kidneys, mouth 
and the bowels (chiefly the c^cum.) An odor of garlic 
appears in the breath after the continuous exhibition of 
bismuth, owing to traces of tellurium contained in the 
bismuth. 

Mechanically used, the salts of bismuth are absolutely 
harmless, although formerly poisoning was not infrequent 
from their contamination with arsenic. The tongue and 
faeces are stained black by bismuth salts, which are trans- 
formed into the sulphide. Bismuth, locally and mechan- 
ically, by reason of its weight and insolubility, protects and 
coats the mucous membrane of the digestive tract, and thus 
exerts a sedative, astringent and antiseptic action through- 
out the canal. Bismuth must, therefore, be given, to be 
effective, in large and frequent doses, and when the stomach 
is empty. For this reason the drug is not of much value in 
the treatment of the horse, as a sufficient quantity cannot 
be used economically. 

USES OP BISMUTH SUBNITRATE AND SUBCARBONATE. 

External. — Bismuth subnitrate is a very good dusting 
powder on sores, and for moist skin diseases and ulcerated 
surfaces. It may be combined with zinc oxide and salol, or 
used in the form of an ointment in the proportion of 1 to 
4. The following is an effectual combination to apply to 
superficial wounds and raw surfaces attended with much 
secretion : 

IJ Bisnmtlii siibnitratis 50.0 5i- 3 v. 

Acidi tanniei 25.0 3 vi. 

lodoformi 15.0 3 iv. 

Carbo ligni 100.0 5 iii. 3 ii. 

M. et fiat pulvis. . 
Siff. Dust on surface. 



192 INORGANIC AGENTS 

It may be employed to advantage in coryza and ozena, by 
insufflation into the nostrils. Dermatol (bismuth subgal- 
late) is even more efficient than the subnitrate alone as an 
antiseptic and astringent dusting powder. 

InternaL — Bismuth is one of the best agents to relieve 
vomiting in dogs, owing to the soothing and sedative effect 
upon inflamed mucous membranes. It may bn given alone or 
in combination with. oxalate of ceiium upon the tongue or in 
the food. It is also a very efficient agent in diarrhea in the dog, 
being astringent, sedative and antiseptic. Its use should be 
preceded by the administration of oil or calomel, in diarrhoea. 
Bismuth is given for diarrhoea in powder with salol ; or in 
suspension with gum arable and water, with one drop of 
carbolic acid to each dose of bismuth ; or better, in capsules, 
dispensing one grain of carbolic acid and five grains of 
bismuth. The sedative effect upon the stomach is increased 
by giving the subcarbonate of bismuth with bicarbonate of 
sodium, while the sedative effect upon the bowels is 
enhanced by combining morphine with bismuth subnitrate. 
It is generally immaterial whether the subnitrate or sub- 
carbonate of bismuth be selected in any given case. 
Bismuth salicylate is more powerful as an antiseptic than 
the other salts. It is useful in diarrhoea, intestinal fer- 
mentation and indigestion of dogs. The drug should be 
given in capsules. 



SECTION V. 

Ferrum. 

Metallic iron is official in the form of fine, bright and 
non-elastic wire, from which are made iron preparations and 
reduced iron. 

Ferrum Reductum. Reduced Iron. (U. S. P.) 

Synonym. — Ferrum redactum, B. P.; iron by hydrogen, 
Quevenne's iron, ferrum hydrogenio reductum, ferrum ope 
hydrogeuii paratum, E.; ferrum redactum, P. G.; fer reduit 
par I'hydrogeue, Fr.; reducirtes eisen, G. 



FERROUS SULPHATE 193 

Derivation — Hydrogen gas is passed over freshly made 
and carefnllv washed ferric oxide in a hot and closed tube. 
Fe.O, + 3 H, = Fe, + 3 H,0. 

Properties.— Avery fine grayish-black, lustreless powder, 
without odor or taste ; permanent in dry air ; insoluble iu 
water or alcohol. 

Z>ose.— H., 3 i.-ii (4.-8.); C, 3 ii.-iv. (8.-15.); Sh. &. Sw., 
gr.xx.-xxx. (1.3-2.); D., gr.i.-v. (.06-.3). 

Ferri Sulphas. Ferrous Sulphate. Fe So, -|- 7 H„0. 
(U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — Copperas, green vitriol, vitriolum martis 
purum, sulfas ferrosus, ferrum vitriolatum purum, E.; ferrum 
sulphuricum purum, P. G.; sulfate de fer, sulfate ferreux, 
Fr.; schwefelsaures eisenoxydul, G. 

Derivation. — Iron wire is dissolved by boiling in diluted 
sulphuric acid. Fe, + 2 H,SO, = 2 Fe SO, + 2 H,. 

Properties. — Large, pale, blueish-green, niouoclinic 
prisms, without odor, and having a saline, styptic taste ; 
efflorescent in dry air. On exposure to moisi- air the crystals 
rapidly absorb oxygen aud become coated with brownish- 
yellow, basic ferric sulphate ; soluble in 1.8 parts of water ; 
insoluble in alcohol. 

Dose.—R., 3 i.-ii. (4.-8); C, 3 ii.-iv. (8.-15.); Sh. & Sw., 
gr.xx.-xxx. (1.3-2.); D., gr.i.-v. (.06-.3). 

Ferri Sulphas Exsiccatus. Exsiccated or Dried Ferrous 
Sulphate. 2 FeSO, + 3 H,0. (U. S. <fe B. P.) 

Synonym. — Ferrum sulfuricum siccum, P. G.; sulfate de 
fer desseche, Fr.; entwasserte schwefelsaures eisenoxydul, G. 

Derivation. — Allow ferrous sulphate, 100, to effloresce at 
a temperature of 104*^ F. Then heat on a water bath till 
the product weighs 65. 

Properties. — A grayish-white powder, soluble in water. 

Dose. — Same as sulphate. 



194 INORGAMIC AGENTS 

Ferei Sulphas Granulatus. Graunlated Ferrous Sulphate, 
Fe.SO, + 7 H,0. (U. S. & B. P.) 

DerivatioiL — Dissolve ferrous sulphate, 100, in distilled 
water, 100, and add sulphuric acid, 5. Evaporate till the 
product weighs 150. Pour alcohol, 25, upou it and dry. 

Properties. — Pale, bluish-green, crystalline powder. 

Dose. — Same as sulphate. 

Ferri Carbonas Saccharatus. Saccharated Ferrous Carbo- 
nate. (U. S. & B. P.) 

S//nonym. — Ferrum carbonicum saccharatum, P. G.: 
carbonas ferrosus saccharatus, saccharure de proto-carbon- 
ate de fer, Fr.; ziickerhaltiges kohlensaures eiseii, G. 

Derivation. — Ferrous sulphate, 50 ; sodium bicarbonate, 
85 ; sugar and distilled water. Made by solution, precipita- 
tion and washing. 

Properties. — Greenish-brown powder, without odor ; 
sweetish taste ; becomes oxidized on exposure to the air. 

Dose. — Twice that of iron sulphate. 

Massa Ferri Carbonatis. Mass of Ferrous Carbonate. 
(U. S. P.) 
Dose.—D., gr.i.-v. (.06-.3) in pill. 

Syrupus Ferri Iodidi. Syrup of Ferrous Iodide. 
(U. S. & B. P.) 
Contains 5 per cent., by weight, of ferrous iodide (FelJ. 
Properties. — Transparent, pale green liquid ; sweet, fer- 
ruginous taste. 

Dose.—Ii.., 3 ss.-i. (15.-30. cc); D., Illv.-xxx (.3-2.). 

Ferri Chloridum. Ferric Chloride. Fe.Cle + H.O. 
(U. S. P.) 
Synonym. — -Ferrum sesquichloratum, P. G. ; ferrum 
muriatnm oxydatum, chloridum seu chlcruretum ferricum, 



FERRIC CHLORIDE 1D5 

ferri perchloridum, sesquichloride (perchloride) of iron, E.; 
perchloriire de fer, chlornre ferriqvae, Fr.; eisenchlorid, G. 

Derivation.~lvon, 15 gm.; hydrochloric acid, nitric acid 
and water, of each a sufficient quantity. Made by sohition 
with heat. 

PropertUs. — Orange yellow, crystalline pieces, odorless, 
or having a faint odor of hydrochloric acid, and a strong 
styptic taste ; deliquescent ; soluble in water and alcohol ; 
reaction acid ; not used internally. 

Liquor Ferri Chloridi. Solution of Ferric Chloride. 
(U. S. P.) 

Synonym. — Liq. ferri perchloridi, B. P. An aqueous 
solution of ferric chloride (Fej C\^ containing not less than 
29 per cent, of the anhydrous salt, or about 13 per cent, of 
metallic iron. 

Derivation. — Dissolve iron wire, 125, in hydrochloric 
acid, 680, nitric acid and water to make 1,000. U. S. P. 

First reaction.— Fe, + 4 HOI = 2 Fe CK + 2 H,. 

Second reaction.— 6 FeCK + 6 HCl + 2 HNO3 = 3 Fe^ 
Cle + 2 NO + 4 H3O. 

Properties. — A reddish-brown liquid, having a faint odor 
of hydrochloric acid ; an acid, strongly styptic taste and an 
Hcid reaction. 

Dose.—B.. & C, 3ii--iv. (8.-15.); Sh. & Sw., TTL^.-xx. 
(6.-1.8); D.,111^ii.-x. (.12-.6). 

PREPARATIONS. 

Tinctura Ferri Chloridi. Tincture of Ferric Chloride. (XJ. S. P.) 

Solution of ferric chloride, 250; alcohol to make 1,000. 

Dose.—B.. & C, 5 i.-ii. (30.-60.); Sh. & Sw., Tiixx.-xxx. (1.3-2.); D., 
TTlv.--i. (.3-4.) 

Contains 13.6 per cent, of the anhydrous salt, or 4.69 per cent, of 
metallic iron. 

Tinctura Ferri Perchloridi. Tincture of Iron Perchloride. (B. P.) 
Dose. — Same as Tinctura Ferri Chloridi, U. S. P. 



196 INORGANIC AGENTS 

Liquor Ferri Sdbsulphatis. Solution of Ferric Subsul- 
phate. (U. S. P.) 

Synonym. — Solution of basic ferric sulphate, FeO (SOJg, 
Monsel's solution, solution of persulphate of iron, E.; liquor 
hemostatique de Monsel, Fr.; basischschewefelsaures eisen- 
oxydlosung, Monsel's eisenlosung, G. Contains about 13.6 
per cent, of metallic iron. 

Derivation. — Ferrous sulphate, 675 ; sulphuric acid, 65 ; 
nitric acid and distilled water, of each a sufficient quantity 
to make 1,000. 

Properties. — A dark, reddish-brown liquid, odorless, or 
nearly so ; of an acid, strongly styptic taste and an acid 
reaction ; miscible with water and alcohol. 

Z>o5e.— H. & C, 3SS. (15.); Sh. & Sw., "S^n.-^x. (.6-1.3); 
D.,niii.-x. (.12-.6). 

It has no value for internal use. 

Ferri Hydroxidum Cum Magnesii Oxido. Ferric Hydroxide 

with Magnesium Oxide. (U. S. P.) 

{Arsenic Antidote.) 

Solution of ferric sulphate, 40 cc; water, 125 cc. 
Magnesia, 10 gm.; water, q.s. Keep solutions separate till 
ready for use ; then mix. 

Uses. — This preparation is used as a chemical antidote, 
to arsenic, whereby the arsenic mass is mechanically en- 
wrapped and converted into the insoluble arsenite. The 
administration of the arsenic antidote should be followed 
by emetics, or the stomach pump. 

Dose. — Large quantities should be repeated frequently 
ad libitum. 

Ferri et Potassii Tartras. Iron and Potassium Tartrate. 

(U. S. P.) . 
{Potassio- Ferric Tartrate.) 
Synonym. — Ferrum tartaratum, B. P.; tartarus ferratus, 



IRON AND AMMONIUM CITEATB 197 

P. G.; ferri potassio-tartras, ferrum tartarizatum, tartras 
ferrico-kalicus, etc., E.; tartrate de fer et de potasse, tartre 
martial, Fr.; weinsaures eisenoxyd-kali, eisenweinstein, G. 

Derivation. — Solution of ferric sulphate, 100 Cc; tartaric 
acid, 29gm.; distilled water, 200 Cc; ammonia water and 
water, of each a sufficient quantity. Made by solution and 
precipitation. 

Properties. — Thin, transparent scales, A'arying in color 
from garnet-red to reddish-brown ; without odor, and having 
a sweetish, slightly ferruginous taste ; slightly deliquescent 
in the air ; very soluble in water ; insoluble in alcohol. 

Dose. — D., gr.v.-x. (.3-.6). 

Ferki et Ammonii Citras. Iron and Ammonium Citrate. 
(U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — Ferrum citricum ammoniatum, P. G.; ferri 
ammonio-citras, ferro-ammonium citricum, ammonio-citrate 
of iron, E.; citrate de fer et d'ammoniaque (de fer .ammo- 
niacal), oitrate ferrique ammoniacal, Fr.; citronensaures 
eisenoxyd-ammonium (ammoniak), G. 

Derivation. — Solution of ferric citrate, 100 Cc; j,mmonia 
water, 40 Cc. Evaporate. U. S. P. 

Properties. — Thin, transparent, garnet-red scales, with- 
out odor, and having a saline, mildly ferruginous taste ; 
deliquescent in moist air ; soluble in water ; insoluble in 
alcohol. 

Dose.—D., gr.v.-x. (.3-.6). 



Ferri et Quinine CitraSo Iron and Quinine Citrate. 
(U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — Chininum ferro-citricum, P. G.; citras ferrico- 
quinicus, citrate de fer et de quinine, Fr.; citronensaures 
eisen chinin, G. 

Source. — Ferric citrate, 85 gm.; quinine, 12 gm.; citric 
acid, 3 gm.; water, a sufficient quantity to make 100 gm. 
U. S. P. 



198 INORGANIC AGENTS 

Properties. — Thin, transparent scales, of a reddish- 
brown color, without odor, and having a bitter, mildly 
ferruginous taste ; slowly deliquescent in damp air ; slowly 
but completely soluble in cold water and but partially solu- 
ble in alcohol. 

Feeri et Quinine Citras Solubilis. Soluble Iron and 
Quinine Citrate. (U. S. P.) 

Occures in thin, greenish-yellow, transparent scales. 
Very rapidly and completely soluble in cold water. 
Dose. — D., gr.v.x. (.3-.6.). 

general action of iron and its salts. 

External. — The local action of iron salts — like tbose of 
the other heavy metals — depends upon coagulation of the pro- 
teids of the tissues through the formation of albuminate com- 
pounds with the metal and the setting free of the acid ions 
of the salt. Certain salts of iron, depending upon their acid 
constituent, are strongly astringent and more or less irritant 
— as the chloride, perchloride, sulphate, persulphate, and ni- 
trate. They contract tissue when applied to raw surfaces or 
mucous membranes, by coagulating albumin, and through 
this means, by compressing the blood vessels from without and 
plugging them from within with clotted blood, arrest ha?mor- 
rhage. The astringent salts may also induce some contrac- 
tion of the vessels besides. Iron — in the form of liquor ferri 
chloridi or liquor ferri subsulphatis — is the most powerful 
of the metallic hemostatic agents we possess. 

Internal. — Alimentary Canal. — Iron is a food rather 
than a medicine. It exists as a natural constituent of vege- 
table foods and of the body, and is found particularly in the 
hgemoglobin of the blood — to the extent of about half an 
ounce in that of the horse. Tjiere is a sufficient quantity in 
the food to support healthy animals. If iron is ingested by a 
normal animal in ordinary doses, it has little effect unless 
continued for a long time in considerable quantity, when it 
may produce indigestion and constipation. Large doses of 



GENERAL ACTION OF IKON AND ITS SALTS 199 

irritant and astringent salts, as the perchloride, may induce 
gastroenteritis by local irritation. 

Internally in the stomach the iron salts behave as they 
do externally. Acid ions are set free from the iron salt and 
the metal combines with albupiin. The liberation of the acid 
ion leads to an astringent action and, if large doses are in- 
gested, actual irritation. The degree of astringency is due 
to the preparation also. Thus ferric chloride is especially 
astringent because of the ease of dissociation and corrosive 
action of the HCl ion. Ferrous sulphate is only a little less 
so; while reduced iron, the oxide, carbonate, double salts 
and salts of the vegetable acids (citrates, acetates and tar- 
trates), and albuminates, are very slightly or not at all as- 
tringent. In the case of the salts of the organic acids and 
double salts the acid ions are but slowly dissociated, and in 
that of the albuminate there is no acid to be freed. Acid 
salts, as the sulphate, are more suitable for the horse than the 
dog. Iron may blacken the tongue from formation of the 
sulphide. In the stomach all forms of iron are converted 
into chlorides, by the HCl of the gastric juice, and then 
probably into albuminates. 

Iron is naturally absorbed from the organic compounds 
of the metal existing in the nucleoalbumins of food, and, 
either existing in this form or when given in medicine in the 
inorganic state, it is probably absorbed chiefly from the duo- 
denum as the albuminate. But in any event the greater por- 
tion escapes from the bowel unabsorbed. The route which 
iron follows, after absorption, has been quite accurately as- 
certained by many experiments. It is taken up from the 
duodenum by the epithelial cells and leucocytes and carried 
by the blood into the spleen, in which it is first deposited. 
From thence, through the blood, it is conveyed to the liver 
and bone marrow. If it is needed for blood making it is 
transformed by many steps into hemoglobin in the liver. But 
if it is not so needed it is eliminated by the large intestine 
and escapes from the bowel in the form of the sulphide and 
albuminate — the feces turning dark on exposure to air. 

Constitutional Action. — This is not observed unless 
iron is given intravenously. A salt which w^ill not coagulate 



200 INORGANIC AGENTS 

blood and which will free its iron ion must be employed — 
as the tartrate of iron and sodium. Large doses thus given 
cause vomiting, purging, convulsions, dyspncea and failure of 
respiration. Albumin and casts may appear in the urine. 
In other words, gastrointestinal and renal irritation suc- 
ceeded by stimulation and final depression of the central 
nervous system. 

The numerous compounds of iron now manufactured by 
pharmaceutical concerns under the name of albuminates 
and ppptonates, and supposed to imitate the natural organic 
forms of iron found in the blood and liver, are not superior 
to the inorganic salts in many cases and are worthless in 
others. Some — as ferratin and camiferrin — are more readily 
absorbed and less irritating than many of the inorganic prep- 
arations and might be of some value in canine practice. 

Blood. — In anaemia iron is mainly of worth by fur- 
nishing building material for blood. ' It may also stimulate 
the blood-making organs and in this way perhaps increases 
the number of red corpuscles. The leucocytes are also some- 
what augmented. Iron increases the power of the red cor- 
puscles to hold and carry oxygen from the lungs to the tissues, 
and to transform it into ozone. Iron is then indirectly an 
oxidizing agent, stimulating tissue change and vital activity. 

Elimination. — Iron is chiefly excreted by the intestinal 
mucous membrane, however administered, yet it is also foimd 
in minute amounts in the urine, bile, saliva, sweat and tears. 

SunDnary. — Iron is essentially a blood tonic and restor- 
ative, increasing the number of red blood corpuscles, the 
amount of haemoglobin, and aiding nutrition. Externally it 
is an astringent, styptic and stimulant. 

Uses External. — Liquor ferri chloridi and liquor ferri 
subsulphatis are frequently used to stop bleeding from 
wounds or natural cavities of the body. They may be 
injected, applied by swab, or on absorbent material, 
which is packed into the wound or cavity. As a local 
application in pharyngitis, we use 1 part of the solu- 
tion of ferric chloride with 4 parts of gl^^cerin. In 
the same strength, diluted with water, the chloride may 
be injected into the uterus to stop hemorrhage. Again, a 



GENEEAL ACTION OF IRON AND ITS SALTS 201 

solution, in the strength of 2 drachms to the pint of water, 
is employed as an enema to destroy ascarides. The objec- 
tion to these solution.^ of iron is that they form heavy, nasty, 
tenacious clots, Avhen employed to arrest haemorrhage, and 
the clots are apt to decompose and favor sepsis. Therefore 
they should not be us^d if other means, ;is ligature, pres- 
sure, heat or cold, or adrenalin chloride can be utilized. 

Internal. — Reduced iion is one of the best preparations 
for dogs. It is commonly administered in pill, and often 
with other tonics, as strychnine, quinine, and arsenic. 
Reduced iron is non-irritating, non-astringent, and non- 
constipating. It may be placed on the tongue in the form 
of powder. 

Ferrous sulphate is one of the two most valuable forms 
of iron which can be prescribed to the larger animals. The 
other form is the tincture of ferric chloride. The sulphate 
is more astringent and irritating than some of the other iron 
salts, but does not usually cause constipation in the horse. 
Indeed, when constipation is due to loss of tone in the lower 
bowel, small doses, by their local stimulant action, may 
actually assist peristalsis. The dried ferrous su^.^hate is 
prescribed to horses in anaemia, and is the most common 
constituent of tonic powders. It is frequently combined 
with powdered gentian, nux vomica, arsenic, and bicarbonate 
of sodium. Sodium bicarbonate is useful in indigestion and 
lessens the astringent action of sulphate of iron in neutral- 
izing the acid set free from the salt. Nux vomica relieves 
constipation. A common and useful preparation for the 
horse is as follows : 

Sodii bicarbonatis. 

Pulv. nucis vomica? aa 3 ii. 

Ferri siilphatis exsicc 3 i. 

M. et f. pulv. 1. Dispense pulv. tales no. xxx. 

S. Give one powder on the feed three times daily. 

Ferrous sulphate is given in antemia secondary to chronic 



202 INORGANIC AGENTS 

indigestion, intestinal parasites, leucorrhoea, ozoena, albumi- 
nuria, and in convalescence from acute diseases. Ferrous 
sulphate is in itself an anthelmintic, but, to get its full 
effect when used for this purpose in the treatment of round 
worms in the horse (ascarides), it should be given twice 
daily on the food for ten days, and then a pint of linseed oil 
containing three ounces of oil of turpentine is to be admin- 
istered to complete the cure. In convalescence, iron may 
well be preceded b}^ alcohol and bitters. Large doses of 
iron sulphate are indicated in haemorrhage from the bowels, 
if unassociated with acute inflammation, as in purpura. In 
the latter disease, sulphuric acid is a synergistic remedy. 

The saccharated feiTOus carbonate may be given horses 
if they will not voluntarily take the sulphate of iron on 
their food. It is a useful, mild, non-astringent preparation 
for dogs, and may be given in powder, or the mass may be 
dispensed in pills. 

The iodide of iron is thought to be of benefit in man in 
scrofulous conditions, but as these states do not commonly 
occur in horses and dogs, the drug is chiefly of value, in the 
form of the syrup, in rickets, and acts almost as a specific 
in that form of polyuria afflicting horses during hot weather, 
and also in mild cases of anasarca and dropsy. The syrup 
should be prescribed undiluted and water should be added 
ju^t before administering the preparation. If prescribed 
with water, the syrap will undergo decomposition if allowed 
t ) stand for any length of time. The syrup must be a fresh 
preparation, else free iodine is formed in it, which will 
l)l;\cken the buccal mucous membrane. When the action of 
iodine and iron is desirable, it is often better to prescribe 
them separately. 

The tincture of ferric chloride is a very powerful 
preparation. It contains free hydrochloric acid. Alcohol 
constitutes three-quarters of its bulk, and there are also 
some traces of ether. It was formerly thought to be hydro- 
chloric ether, arising from the action of the contained 
muriatic acid on the alcohol of the preparation ; but Weir 



MANGANUM 203 

Mitchell has shown it to be nitrous ether. Ferric chloride 
is of itself diuretic, apart from any action of nitrous ether 
in the tincture. The free acid aids digestion in the stomach. 
The tincture of ferric chloride is locally stimulant and 
astringent, and generally aids digestion; is diuretic, and in 
large doses, owing to the alcohol which it contains, is 
somewhat stimulating. The tincture is, accordingly, partic;- 
ularly valuable in anaemia, dependent upon chronic indiges- 
tion in horses and cattle, and in that occurring in convales- 
cence from acute diseases. In such conditions, the 
preparation stimulates appetite, digestion and renal activity. 
When given by the mouth, the tincture of the chloride of 
iron is of local benefit in pharyngitis, combined with chlorate 
of potash, glycerin and water. Also in membranous croup 
of fowl (roup) in 10 m. doses ; and of foals, calves and pigs 
( 3 ss.), with an equal amount of potassium chlorate. It is 
prescribed in intestinal hemorrhage (dried ferric subsul- 
phate or Monsel's salt given in 1-2 drachm doses in gelatine 
capsules is more effective for this purpose in the larger 
animals), but there is no remote astringent or styptic effect 
exerted upon the vessels or tissues. Small doses of the 
tincture of ferric chloride maybe safely dropped, undiluted, 
upon the tongue of horses or cattle from a small bottle used 
a measure. It is frequently conjoined with alcohol and 
mineral acids. 

Iron and ammonium citrate and iron and potassium 
tartrate are mild, non-astringent preparations, suitable for 
dogs and given in i)jll. 

Iron and quinine citrate is a useful combination for 
dogs, dispensed in pill. It is often employed in canine 
distemper and chorea. 

Mang-anum. 

{Blanganese is not used in Medicine in the met all ic state.) 

PoTASsii Permanganas. Potassium Permanganate. KMnO. 
(U. S. & B. P.) 
Synonym. — Kali hypermanganicum crystallisatum, P.G.; 
hypermanganas potassicus S. kalicus, permanganate of 



204 INORGANIC AGENTS 

potash, E.; permangauate de potasse, Fr.; uebermangan- 
saures kali, G. 

Derivation. — Caustic potash, chlorate of potnssium and 
black oxide of manganese are fused tngetht^r. 6 KHO + 
E.CIO3 + 3 MuO, = 3 KJInO, ^ KCl + 3 H,p. The 
manganate of potassium is boiled with water till the color 
changes to purple and the permanganate is formed. 3 K^ 
MnO, + 2 H,0 = 2 KMnO, + 4 KHO + MnO,. The liquid 
is neutralized with carbonic dioxide gas and evaporated. 

Properties. — Slender, monoclinic prisms, of a dark purple 
color, odorless, and having a taste at first sweet, but after- 
wards disagreeable and astringent ; permanent in dry air ; 
soluble in 16 parts of water ; undergoes decomposition with 
alcohol ; reaction neutral. 

Incompatihles. — It is very readily deoxidized in the pres- 
ence of organic matter. 

Dose. — H., gr.xv.-xx. (1.-1.3) in one pint of water; D., 
gr.i.-ii. (.06-.12), in pill, or tablet, with kaolin. 

ACTION OF POTASSIUM PEEMANGANATE. 

External. — Potassium permangMnate, like hydrogen 
dioxide, is a powerful oxidizing agent. It quickly parts 
with its oxygen in contact with organic matter, largely in the 
form of ozone, and is broken up into black oxide of manga- 
nese and potassa. Solutions, which are of a purple hue, 
change into a dark brown color when this transformation 
occurs, and are no longer of any medicinal value. This 
action is exceedingly rapid and transient, and its effects 
correspondingly so on the tissues. For this reason, and 
because bacteria are so combined with organic matter in the 
tissues, its action is largely exerted on the latter, and potas- 
sium permangauate is, therefore, a better antiseptic than 
disinfectant. The antiseptic action of potassium perman- 
ganate is, moreover, quite superficial, since it parts with its 
oxygen so soon as it comes in contact with the albumin of 
the tissues. Outside of the body, permanganate of potash 
is a disinfectant, but it is too expensive for general 
purposes. In powder it is slightly caustic, owing to the 
potassa set free in its decomposition ; and in solution is 



POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE 205 

stimulant to the tissues. A solution of permanganate of 
potasli is a deodorizer when in contact with putrid and 
decomposing matter, but is not of the slightest value as a 
deodorizer and disinfectant to premises when simply stand- 
ing in vessels, as frequently advised. There is no danger 
from absorption of potassium permanganate when applied 
to the body. 

Uses Internal. — Potassium permanganate is occasionally 
used in human medicine in dyspepsia and flatulence, for its 
antiseptic action, and in obesity. It is supposed to resem- 
ble iron in its effects, and has been used in ammenorrhoea 
associated with ausemia. Moor, of New York, has shown 
that potassium permanganate is the best chemical antidote 
for morphine or opium, chemically destroying them by oxi- 
dation ; 10 to 15 grains may be given to dogs in 8 ounces of 
water immediately after poisoning. Horses may be given 2 
drachms of permanganate of potash in 5 pints of water. In 
case morphine has been swallowed, solutions of potassium 
permanganate should be accidulated with vinegar, or diluted 
sulphuric acid, in order to form soluble compounds in the 
digestive tract. After morphine or opium have been ab- 
sorbed into the blood, it is said that potassium permanganate 
is also antidotal when injected subcutaneously. It is difficult 
to see, theoretically, how this can be the case, and practically 
has been proven not to be so. 

Uses External. — Potassium permanganate is a valuable 
antiseptic and deodorizer in solutions, varying in strength 
from one-tenth of 1 per cent, to 4 per cent., and is used in the 
treatment of sores, wounds, ulcers, abscess, caries, gangrene, 
fetid ozoena, otorrhcBa, and leucorrhoea. In the stronger 
solution it is stimulant, as well as antiseptic. It is a useful 
agent in stomatitis and sore throat, when applied locally by 
means of a swab. The powder is employed as a caustic 
upon ulcers. Potassium permanganate is one of the 
best agents with which to sterilize the hands before operat- 
ing. A saturated solution is to be recommended for this 
purpose, and the stains may be removed from the hands 



206 INORGANIC AGENTS 

by washing tbem in a saturated solution of oxalic acid, or in 
a dilute solution of hydrochloric acid. 

Potassium permanganate is a test for impure water m 
changing color in the presence of organic matter. Two 
ounces of a 1 per cent, solution will clarify and deodorize 
100 gallons of stale and putrescent rain water. 



SECTION VI. 
Hydrargyrum . 

Mercury. Quicksilver. 

Synonym. — Mercurius vivas, argentum vivum, E.; mer- 
cure, vif- argent, Fr.; quecksilber, G. 

Derivation. — Cinnabar, the native sulphate, is roasted or 
distilled with lime, and condensed. 

Projxrties. — A shining, silver-white metal, without odor 
or taste ; liquid at ordinary temperatures, and divisible into 
spherical globules ; insoluble in the ordinary solvents ; boils 
at 675° F., and is completely volatilized; spec, gr., 13.5584. 
When cooled to 38.88' F.,it forms a ductile, malleable mass. 

PREPARATIONS CONTAINING METALLIC MERCURY. 
I. — Ilijdrargijrum cum Greta. Mercury with Chalk. (U. S. & B. P.) 
Si/nnnyni. — Gray powder. 

Mercuv}% 38 gni.; honey, 10 gm.; prepared chalk, oT gm. ; water, 
suflBcient quantity to make 100 gm. (U. S. P.) 

Mercuric oxide becomes developed by keeping, making the powder 
more active. 

Properties. — A light gray, rather damp powder, free from gritti- 
ness, without odor, and having a slightly sweetish ta^te. Contains 
mercury in fine division by shaking the ingredients together. 

Dose. — Foals and calves, gr.x.-xv. (.6-1.); D., gr.i.-x. (.06-.6). 

II. — Massa Hydrargyri. Mass of Mercury. (U. S. P.) 

Synonym. — Pilula hydrargyri, B. P.; blue mass, blue pill, pilulse 
coeruleae, E. ; pilule de mercure, Fr. ; mercurial pillen, G. 

Mercury, 33 gm.; glycyrrhiza, 5 gm.; althaea, 25 gm.; glycerin, 3 
gm. ; honey of roses, 34 gm. Contains 33 jjer cent, of mercury in a state 
of fine division. (U. S. P.) 

Dose.—D., gr.i.-x. (.06-.6). 



RED MERCURIC OXIDE 207 

in.—Unguentum Hydrargyri. Mercurial Ointment. (U. S. & B. P.) 
(Blue Ointment.) 

Synonym. — Pommade mercurielle, pommade Napolitaine, Fr. ; 
graue quecksilbersalbe, G. 

Mercury, 500 gni. ; lard, 250 gm. ; suet, 330 gm. ; oleate of mercury, 
20 gm. Contains 50 per cent, of mercury. (U. S. P.) 

Hydrargyri Oxidum Rubkum. Red Mercuric Oxide. HgO. 
(U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — Hydrargyrum oxydatum rubrum, P. G.; 
hydrargyri-nitrico-oxydum, mercurius corrosivus (prsecipi- 
tatus) ruber, oxydum hydrargyri cum, peroxide of mercury, 
red precipitate, mercuric oxide, E.; deuto-oxyde (peroxyde) 
de mercure, oxyde mercurique, precipite rouge, poudre de 
Jean de Vigo, Fr.; rothes quecksilberoxyde, rother priicipi- 
tat (quecksilber-pracipitat), G. 

Derivation. — Dissolve mercury iu diluted nitric acid. 

3 Hg„ ^- 16 HNO3 = 6 Hg (NO3),. (Mercuric nitrate) 
+ 4 NO + 8 H,0. 

Rub mercuric nitrate with metallic mercury and heat. 

2 Hg (NO3), + Hg, = 4 HgO + 2 N,0, 

Properties.- — Heavy, orange-red, crystalline scales, or a 
crystalline powder ; odorless, and having a somewhat 
metallic taste ; permanent iu the air ; almost insoluble in 
water ; insoluble in alcohol. 

PREPARATION. 

Unguenfum Hydrargyri Oxidi Rubri. Ointment of Red Mercuric Oxide. 

(U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — Red precipitate ointment, red mercuric oxide, 10; cas- 
tor oil, 5; ointment, 85. (U. S. P.) 

Hydrargyri Oxidum Flavum. Yellow Mercuric Oxide. HgO. 
(U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — Hydrargyrum oxydatum via humida para- 
tum, P. G.; hydrargyrum oxydatum prsecipitatum (vel 



208 INORGANIC AGENTS 

flavura), precipitated oxide of mercury, E.; oxyde de mercure 
jaune (precipite), Fr.; priicipitirtes (Gelbes) quecksilber- 
oxyde, G. 

Derivction. — Precipitate an aqueous solution of mercuric 
chloride, 100, with caustic soda, 40 : HgCl., + 2 NaOH ^ 
HgO + 2 NaCl + H,0. 

Properties. — A light orange-yellow, amorphous, heavy, 
impalpable powder ; .odorless, and having a somewhat met- 
'allic taste ; permanent in the air, but turning darker on 
exposure to the light ; almost insoluble in water ; insoluble 
in alcohol. 

PREPARATIONS. 

Unguentuvi Hydrargyri Oxidi Flavi. Ointment of Yellow Mercuric 
Oxide. (U. S. P.) B. P. 3 per cent. 
Yellow mercuric oxide, 10 ; ointment, 90. 

Oleatum Hydrargyri. Oleate of Mercury. (U. S. P.) 

Hydrargyri Oleas. (B. P.) 

Yellow mercuric oxide, 25 ; oleic acid to make 100. (U. S. P.) 

Hydrargyri Chloridum "Corrosivum. Corrosive Mercuric 
Chloride. Hg CI,. (U. S. P.) 
{Corrosive Chloride of Mercury, Corrosive Suhlimate.) 

Synonym. — Hydrargyri perchloridum, B. P.; hydrargy- 
rum birchloratum corrosivum, P. G.; hydrargyrum muriati- 
cum corrosivum, hydrargyri bichloridum, sublimatus cor- 
rosivus, sublimatum corrosivum, mercurius sublimatus 
corrosivus, chloruretum (chloretiim) hydrargyricnm, per- 
chloride of mercury, bichloride of mercury, E.; Deuto- 
chlorure de mercure, sublime corrosif, chlorure mercurique, 
Fr.; setzendes quecksilberchlorid, setzender quecksilbersub- 
limat, G. 

Derivation.—'Keiit a mixture of mercuric sulphate, 20; 
sodium chloride, 16; manganese dioxide, 1. Hg SO^ -f 2 
NaCl + MnO, = HgCL + Na, SO, + MnO,. The bichloride 
sublimes and is condensed. 

Properties. — Heavy, colorless, rhombic crystals, or crys- 



MILD MEKCUKOUS CHLORIDE 209 

talline masses ; odorless, and having an acrid and persistent 
metallic taste ; permanent in the air ; soluble in 16 parts of 
water and in 3 parts of alcohol. 

Incompatibles. — It is incompatible with most substances. 

Z>ose.— H. & a, gr.v.-vii. (.3-.5); Sh. & Sw., gr.ii. (.12); 
I>Mgr.3V-H-002-.008). 

Hydrargyri Chloridum Mite. Mild Mercurous Chloride. 
Hg,Cl,. (U. S. P.) 

{Calomel, Mild Chloride of Mercury.) 

Synonym. — Hydrargyri subchloridum, B. P.; hydrargy- 
rum chloratum mite, P. G.; hydrargyri chloridum, hydrar- 
gyrum chloratum (muriaticum) dulce, mercurius dulcis, 
calomelas chloruretum (chloretum) hydrargyrosum, sub- 
chloride (protochloride) of mercury, E.; protochlorure (sous- 
muriate) de mercure, calomele, Fr.; quecksilberchloriir, 
calomel, G. 

Derivation. — Heat mercurous sulphate and sodium 
chloride. Calomel sublimes. Hgj SO^ + 2 Na CI = Hg, 
CI, + Na, SO,. 

Properties. — A white, impalpable powder ; odorless and 
tasteless ; permanent in the air ; insoluble in water or 
alcohol. When strongly heated it is wholly volatilized 
without melting. 

Dose.—R., 3 ss.-i. (2.-4); C, 3 v.-vi. (20.-24); D., gr.ss. 
(.03), in divided doses; D., gr.iii.-v. (.2-.3) in single doses. 

PREPARATION. 

PihdcB Catharticce Compositce. Compound Cathartic Pills. (U. S. P.) 

Compound extract of colocynth, 80; calomel, 60; extract of jalap, 
30; gamboge, 15; water, Q. S. to make 1,000 pillso 
i)ose.— D.,pilll to 3. 

HroRARGTRi loDiDUM EuBRUM. Red Mercuric Iodide. Hgl,. 
(U. S. & B. P.) 
(Binodide of Mercury, Red Iodide of 3Iercury.) 
Synonym. — Hydrargyrum biiodatum rubrum, P. G.; 



210 INORGANIC AGENTS 

deutoioduretum (biniodidum) hydrargyri, mercurius iodatus 
ruber, iduretum hydrargyri cum, E.; deut-iodure (bi-iodure) 
de mercure, iodure mercurique, Fr.; rothes jodquecksilber, 
queeksilberjodid, G. 

Derivation. — Mix aqueous solutions of corrosive mercuric 
chloride, 40gm., and potassium iodide, 50gm. The red 
iodide is precipitated. Filter, wash and dry. HgCl, + 2 Kl 
= Hgl, + 2 K CI. 

Properties. — A scarlet-red, amorphous powder ; odorless 
and tasteless ; permanent in the air ; almost insoluble in 
water ; soluble in 130 parts of alcohol. 

Unguentum Hydrargyri Nitratis. Ointment of Mercuric 
Nitrate (Citrine Ointment). (U. S. & B. P.) 

Mercury, 70 gm.; nitric acid, 175 gm.; lard oil, 760 
gm. (U.S.) 

Properties. — A lemon-yellow ointment. 

Hydrargyrum Ammoniatum. Ammoniated Mercury. NHj 

HgCl. (U.S.&B.P.) 

{White Precipitate, Mercuric Ammonium Chloride.) 

Synonym. — Hydrargyrum praecipitatum album, P. G.; 
hydrargyrum amidato-bichloratum (ammoniato-muriaticum), 
hydrargyri ammonio-chloridum, mercurius pi secipitatus 
albus, E.; oxychlorure ammoniacal de mercure, mercure pre- 
cipite blanc, Fr.; weisse quecksilber-pracipat, quecksilber- 
chloridamidid, G. 

Derivation. — Mix anaqaeous solution (1-20) of corrosive 
mercuric chloride, 200, with ammonia water, 15. 

HgCl, + 2 NH.OH = NH, Hg CI + NH.Cl + 2H,0. 
Filter, wash with diluted ammonia water (1-20), and dry the 
precipitated ammoniated mercury. 

Properties. — White, pulverent pieces, or a white, amor- 
phous powder, without odor, and having an earthy, after- 
wards styptic and metallic, taste ; permanent in the air ; 
almost insoluble in water or in alcohol. 



GENERAL ACTION OF MERCURY AND ITS SALTS 211 



PREPARATION. 



Unguentum Hydrargyri Ammoniati. Ointment of Ammoniatecl Mer- 
cury. (U. S. & B. P.) 
Synonym. — White precipitate ointment. Ammoniated mercury, 10; 
benzoinated , lard. 90. ( U. S. P. ) 

GENERAL ACTION OF MERCURY AND ITS SALTS. 

External. — The salts of mercury are antiseptic, germi- 
cidal, irritant and — in the case of the soluble salts — caustic, 
when ajDplied to raw surfaces or mucous membranes. Cor- 
rosive sublimate is one of the most powerful and frequently 
used antiseptics. The germicidal action of mercury salts is 
due to their habit of combining with albumin wherever it 
exists and forming the albuminate of mercury. Thus they 
act on bacteria and in so doing destroy germ life. The 
caustic action of the soluble salts of mercury may be ex- 
plained by the fact that when the salts are dissociated by con- 
tact with the tissues the metallic and acid ions are corrosive. 
Moreover, like the other salts of the heavy metals, they pre- 
cipitate the proteids of the tissues with which they come in 
contact but, unlike them, the mercury albuminate thus formed 
is soluble to some extent in the fluids of the body and there- 
fore does not protect the surface from the further action of 
the salt. The antiseptic effect of corrosive sublimate is les- 
sened by this action since the salt is decomposed in contact 
with albumin and the coagulated proteid prevents it from 
reaching germs. By the addition of salt, hydrochloric or 
tartaric acid to solutions of corrosive sublimate the union 
of mercury with albumin is materially prevented and such 
combination (with tartaric acid) is provided in the tablets 
sold for surgical purposes. 

Corrosive sublimate is more irritant to the tissues than 
carbolic acid, creolin or lysol, and cannot penetrate raw 
surfaces so well to reach germs (on account of its coagulating 
proteids), and cannot be used in contact with metallic in- 
struments since mercury is deposited upon them through 
decomposition of this salt. The salts of mercury kill the 
lower forms of animal as well as vegetable life, and are 
valuable in the treatment of parasitic skin diseases. As a 
rule, antiseptics relieve itching, and the mercury salts are 



212 lAOKGAKIC AGENTS 

often used to combat this condition. Mercury and its salts 
are absorbed when rubbed into the unbroken skin, particu- 
larly when in combination with oil or grease. 

Metallic mercury and its salts (notably the iodide), when 
rubbed well into the skin with fat, are thought to aid the 
absorption of inflammatory exudates in underlying parts. 

Internal. — The irritant salts of mercury, as the bi- 
chloride, iodide, nitrate, and some of the oxides, in large 
doses, produce gastro-enteritis, vomiting, colic, bloody diar- 
rhcca, anuria, or urine holding albumin and casts, collapse 
and death. The white of egg is an antidote to corrosive sub- 
limate, forming an insoluble albuminate. Emetics, or the 
stomach pump, should be used in case vomiting is not spon- 
taneous. 

The use of mercury, or any of its compounds, if con- 
tinued for any considerable time, either internally or exter- 
nally, in such a way as to lead to absorption, may cause a 
chronic form of poisoning or mercurialism. This condition 
is characterized by fetor of the breath and soreness of the 
gums, making mastication painful. The gums are swollen 
and bleed easily; the tongue swells and salivation ensues. 
The teeth become loosened, the salivary and parotid glands 
enlarge, the temperature is elevated, and if the condition 
continues, there are: ulceration of the mouth (due to irrita- 
tion produced by mercury eliminated in the saliva), necrosis 
of the jaw, general weakness, a w'atery condition of the blood, 
oedema, annemia and cachexia, prostration and death. Local 
poisoning, as exhibited by paralysis of the hand and forearm, 
has occurred in a man who applied the ointment of red iodide 
of mercury to cattle. There is a tendency for mercury to 
accumulate in the liver and kidneys, chiefly, and also in the 
tissues generally, when given in large doses, or -in smaller 
doses when continued for a considerable period. 

The prevailing fashion of administering calomel in 
small and repeated doses, may lead to mercurialism if purga- 
tion does not occur. 

Stomach and Intestines. — Calomel and preparations of 
metallic mercury are most commonly used for their action 
on the digestive tract. Exactly what chemical changes they 
undergo is uncertain. Calomel was thought to be converted 



GENERAL ACTION OF MERCURY AND ITS SALTS 213 

into mercuric chloride in the stomach, but this appears to be 
improbable. It is also surmised that the alkaline juices in 
the duodenum convert calomel into the gray oxide. Sufficient 
evidence of this is lacking. It is more probable that these 
insoluble preparations do not remain long enough in the stom- 
ach to be irritating (although vomiting is occasionally caused 
by calomel), but exert an irritating and therefore purgative 
effect in the bowels owing to some of the mercury combining 
with proteids of the intestinal mucous membrane. Some of 
the preparation is thus absorbed, as an albuminate of mer- 
cury, while the larger portion is swept out with the feces. 
Calomel and mercuric chloride are also intestinal antiseptics. 

The mercurial purges have always enjoyed a great repu- 
tation in the treatment of so-called biliousness and torpid 
liver, the supposition being that they stimulated the liver 
and How of bile. But experiments on man and animals show 
that they exert no apparent effect on the liver or biliary 
secretion. Their indubitable efficacy is due to their cathar- 
tic and intestinal antiseptic action, as such conditions 
(biliousness, etc.) are not owing to liver disorder but to in- 
digestion. 

The purgative action of calomel and mercury is assisted 
by salines, which increase the amount of fluid in the bowels, 
and aid in the expulsion and prevent the absorption of mer- 
cury. The saline should be given four hours after the ad- 
ministration of calomel to cattle. 

Blood and Metaholism. — It is stated that calomel may 
be absorbed unchanged from the intestines by leucocytes to 
some extent. It is probable, Jiowever, that mercury prepara- 
tions are chiefly absorbed as albuminates and even metallic 
mercury is oxidized, when in contact with the tissues, and 
absorbed. Small doses of mercury apparently increase the 
nutrition and weight of healthy animals and also the hemo- 
globin and red corpuscles. Mercury is sometimes called 
an antiphlogistic, as it has been supposed to combat the effect 
of inflammations. A part of this result ma^' be attributed to 
the antiseptic action of the salts of mercury in the intestines 
by preventing fermentation and absorption of toxic material. 
I'or want of a better term to explain the beneficial actions of 
mercurv on the tissues, that va£>ue term " alterative " is fre- 



214 INOKGAiJ^IC AGENTS 

quently applied. Mercury (and calomel in particular) is 
diuretic, stimulating the secreting cells of the kidneys, and 
increasing the amount of urine. 

Elimmation. — Mercury is eliminated very slowly, 
mainly by the ca?cum and colon (after its absorption), but 
also by the kidneys, liver, salivary glands, and, in fact, by 
every conceivable channel. In thus stimulating the elimi- 
native activities of the various glands, mercury has been 
termed a deobstruent. It has been surmised that its alter- 
ative effect depends, in part, upon this action in stimulating 
— to use the old term — the emunctories. 

SUMMARY OF ACTIONS OF MERCURY AND ITS SALTS. 

External. — Antiseptic, germicide, irritant, caustic, para- 
siticide, antipruritic and sorbefacient. 

Internal. — Antiseptic, purgative, antiphlogistic, alter- 
ative and diuretic (calomel). 

USES OF MERCURY AND ITS SALTS. 

Hydrargyrum cum creta is similar to calomel in its 
effects, but very much milder, unless it contains the black 
oxide of mercury, when its action is much intensified. The 
same may be said of massa hydrargyri. Either preparation 
may be given dogs as a laxative in indigestion with vomiting 
and diarrhoea ; or to foals and calves with intestinal indiges- 
tion and diarrhoea, particularly if accompanied with jaun- 
dice. The oleatum or unguentum hydrargyri are rubbed into 
the skin to cause resolution of chronic inflammatory swellings, 
and also to kill animal and vegetable parasites. As the 
former action is due to absorption, large quantities will lead 
to poisoning when applied over an extensive surface. We 
can use other and safer remedies, as creolin, tar or sulphur 
ointment, for parasiticides. It is to be remembered in this 
connection that gTease alone will kill lice and other parasites 
en the skin. On account of their sorbefacient properties, 
the oleate and blue ointment of mercury are applied over 
chronically enlarged glands, swollen joints, and thickened 
tendons. In view of their parasitic action, these prepara- 



HYDRARGYEI CIILOKIDUM COKROSlVUM. 215 

tions are employed to kill the fimgiis of favus and ring- 
worm, and to destroy lice and the acari of mange, Avlicn in- 
habiting circumscribed areas. Itching in skin diseases, as 
chronic eczema and psoriasis, is relieved by either blue oint- 
ment or the oleate of mercury. 

HYDRARGYRI OXIDUJI RUBRUM ET FLAVUM 

The official ointments of the red and yellow mercuric 
oxides are prescribed, as stimulant and antiseptic prepara- 
tions, in chronic conjunctivitis, corneal ulcers (gr. i.-ii. of the 
yellow oxide to § i. of vaseline), granular lids and scaly skin 
diseases. They are also employed on indolent ulcers, 
swollen glands and old granulating surfaces. When used on 
mucous membranes, or raw surfaces, the official ointments 
should be diluted with equal parts of lard. 

HYDRARGYRI CHLORIDUM CORROSIVUM. 

External. — Corrosive sublimate is of value mainly as 
an antiseptic on the unbroken skin. It is germicide in 
solutions containing 1 part to 500, or 1000, of water. A])- 
plied to mucous membranes, or raw surfaces, it is antiseptic 
in solutions varying in strength from 1-10,000 to 1-1,000. 

In the larger cavities of the body, as the vagina, solu- 
tions should not be used in strength greater than 1-5000 or 
1-3000. Eecent experiments by Harrington and Walker go 
to show that corrosive sublimate is much less active than 
commonly believed. A 1-1000 solution requires more than 
ten minutes' contact to kill common forms of pus cocci, so 
that dipping the hands for a few seconds in such solutions 
does more harm than good in inducing a false security 
which does not exist. They conclude by saying that, as 
the result of their experiments, " corrosive sublimate in any 
of the strengths commonly employed is a much overrated 
disinfectant, and under the best of conditions is so uncer- 
tain in its action that it would be of advantage to abandon 
its use altogether in surgery." These men are known to be 
careful and trustworthy investigators and their findings 
agree with the results obtained by many great surgeons. In 
view of the ease Avith which corrosive sublimate combines 



31G IXOKGANIC AGENTS 

with albimiiii, it is best not to rely upon this agent for 
wound disinfection, but to employ normal salt solution for 
cleansing, followed by hydrogen dioxide. It is only fair to 
state, however, that corrosive sublimate is still regarded as 
their antiseptic sheet anchor by many good surgeons for the 
irrigation of infected wounds and cavities, and for skin disin- 
fection. 

For hand and skin disinfection Harrington's solution * 
of corro^^ive sublimate is perhaps the most effective of any in 
existence. 

Mercuric bichloride, even in the weaker solution, is too 
damaging to the serous membrane of the peritoneal cavity, 
and there is too much danger of absorption to warrant us in 
usiii it in intra-abdominal operations. As a caustic, satu- 
rated solutions are injected into fistulous tracts: e. g., fistulai 
of the withers, " quittor " and " poll evil," to destroy their 
so-called pyogenic membranes, and hasten repair. There is 
not much danger of absorption when used in' this way. 

Corrosive sublimate is very useful as a parasiticide, in 
destroying lice, ringworm and the fungus of favus, in solu- 
tion (1-500 on the unbroken skin. It also relieves itching 
in pruritus, prurigo and urticaria, but is generally inferior 
to carbolic acid in this respect. Bichloride solutions may 
be used in the septic uterus (after removing placental or 
membranous remains, with the hands, forceps or curette), 
in the strength of 1-3000 or 1-5000. Apart from the body, 
corrosive sublimate in solution (1-500 or 1-1000) is one of 
the cheapest and most effective disinfectants for premises 
infected with the contagion of glanders, anthrax, etc. The 
Avails and floors of stables (after thorough cleansing and 
washing with soft soap and boiling water), clothing and all 
paraphernalia, not metallic, can be disinfected by washing 
or soaking in solutions of bichloride. Before operations, 
the operative field should be sterilized by scrubbing with 
green soap and then with Harrington's solution * after the 



* Harrington's solution consists of: Commercial alcohol (94 per 
cent.), G40 c.c; commercial hydrochloric acid, 60 c.c. ; corrosive subli- 
mate, 0.8 gni. It is the most powerful jireparation for skin disinfection 
known, rendering the skin sterile in most cases after application for 
two minutes. 



HYDEARGYRI CHLORIDUM MITE Zli 

hair has beon shaved from the part. Durin«>; an operation, 
irrigation with corrosive (1-3000) solution or boiled normal 
salt solution is commonly practised. In epizrjotic abortion, 
in addition to quarantininc; the diseased animals, their dis- 
charges and the premises should be disinfected, and both the 
well and sick female animals should be washed twice daily 
about the genital regions with a solution of corrosive subli- 
mate. Yellow wash, made by the addition of 30 gr. of mer- 
curic bichloride to 1 pint of lime water, is sometimes em- 
ployed as a stimulant application in chronic eczema, and to 
relieve itching. It contains the yellow oxide of mercury. 
In purulent conjunctivitis, frequent irrigation Avith a 1-1000 
solution of corrosive sublimate is of the greatest service. 

Internal. — Corrosive sublimate is of value in minute 
doses as a blood tonic, and is recommended as an antiphlo- 
gistic agent in inflammatory diseases of serous mem'branes, as 
])leuritis, meningitis, and arthritis. It is probably inferior 
to calomel for this purpose. We at least know that calomel is 
an ethcient cathartic in inflammatory diseases. 

Mercuric bichloride is employed as an intestinal anti- 
septic in the treatment of dysentery and diarrhoea with mu- 
cous or vile smelling discharges. In these conditions, irri- 
gation of the rectum with a 1-5000 solution is of advantage. 
This solution should be drained off through the rectal tube 
and followed by an injection of plain boiled water. 

Administration. — Corrosive sublimate is given in the 
form of a pill or ball. If exhibited in solution to the large 
animals, it must be diluted with 2 quarts of water. 

HYDEARGYRI CHLORIDUM MITE. 

External. — Calomel is of use in chronic eczema when 
applied over small patches in its pure state, or as " black 
wash." The latter consists of one drachm of calomel in one 
pint of lime water, forming the black oxide of mercury, and 
is a very efficient preparation to relieve itching and promote 
recovery in chronic eczema, by mild stimulation. Calomel 
is of benefit when blown into the eye once or twice a week, 
stimulating and hastening absorption of opacities of the 
cornea following keratitis. It is the best agent to arrest 



218 INORGANIC AGENTS 

thrush when worked up into the eommisure of the hoof, 
between the frog and the bars, and retained in place by 
oakum packing. 

Internal. — Calomel is a purgative, intestinal antiseptic, 
diuretic and alterative. It is also used for its remote anti- 
phlogistic effects. It is particularly adapted to dogs, and is 
given in a single dose, or often, to better advantage, in hnlf- 
grain doses, repeated every two hours till purgation occurs. 
For diarrhoea or vomiting in dogs, calomel is useful in 
removing the source of irritation, in being antiseptic and 
easily borne by an irritable stomach. In accordance with the 
theory that calomel is transformed by the alkaline intestinal 
secretions into the grey mercurous oxide it has been the cus- 
tom to combine sodium bicarbonate with it in order to facili- 
tate this transformation. Suiticient evidence to substantiate 
the occurrence of the transformation is wanting and the 
clinical value of the combination is doubtful. The adminis- 
tration of calomel should be followed by oil, salines or other 
cathartics, if purgation does not occur within twenty-four 
hours after its ingestion, otherwise mercurialism may occur. 

In heptogenous jaundice, with light-colored faeces, gas- 
tro-duodenitis or constipation, calomel is a valuable remedy 
for dogs. In the jaundice occurring as a form of influenza 
in horses, nitro-muriatic acid is more effective. Calomel is 
one of the best remedies for the treatment of dysentery, un- 
less there is great weakness. It should be continued in re- 
peated small doses till the character of the discharge changes. 
Foals and calves, with indigestion and diarrhoea, may be 
given calomel to advantage to remove the source of irritation 
in the digestive tract. Calomel must be combined with a 
sihall dose of aloes, or with linseed oil, to form an effective 
cathartic for the horse. As aloes acts on the large; and calo- 
mel on the small, intestines, the above combination secures a 
general purgative influence. 

Cattle are given calomel, followed by the administration 
of salines, to produce free catharsis. As a remedy for round 
worms, |- to ^ grain each of santonin and calomel, with 5 
grains of sugar of milk, are administered to dogs four times, 
at half hour intervals, and followed by castor oil. Lunibri- 
coid worms in the horse may be treated by conjoining 3 



HYDRAKGYRI lODIDU-AI EUERUM: 219 

drachms of santonin with 1 drachm of calomel, given in the 
form of a ball to the fasting anim;d, and repeated once on 
the following day if necessary. Calomel was formerly very 
frequently used, and is occasionally prescribed to this day 
in the treatment of enteritis, pleuritis, meningitis, peritonitis, 
pericarditis, and iritis, for its antiphlogistic and alterative 
action iu supposedly diminishing iuflammatory exudations. 

At the present time these actions are very much (]ues- 
tioned, and any beneficial effects accruing from the use of 
calomel in inflammatory diseases are now ascribed to its 
action as a purgative and intestinal antiseptic in destroying 
and eliminating toxins from the bowels. 

Calomel is of value in inflammatory diseases when given 
at the onset of the attack. In dropsy (ascites of dogs), 
calomel sometimes acts as a useful diuretic, when combined 
with digitalis and squill in pill form. 

Administration. — Calomel is given to cattle on the tongue 
or in gruel ; to horses in ball, on the food, or on the tongue ; 
to dogs in pill, tablet or on the tongue ; to fowl on the 
food (gr.i.). The compound cathartic pill is a good purga- 
tive preparation for occasional use. Two to three pills for 
large dogs; one to two pills for smaller animals. 

HIDRARGYRI lODIDUM KUBKUM. 

The red mercuric iodide is a favorite remedy in 
veterinary practice. It causes absorption of morbid exuda- 
tions through its counter-irritant, local absorbent and alter- 
ative effect, in combining the action of iodine and mercury. 
It is employed with 8 to 10 or 12 parts of lard or vaseline, 
and is of value in the treatment of periostitis with osseous 
deposits, especially for splints. Spavin and ringbone are 
treated with red iodide of mercury alone, but are generally 
cured more effectively by rest, firing, and blistering. The 
red iodide of mercury ointment is also of use for enlarged 
glands, chronic swelling about tendons, joints or bursae ; 
and applied about the throat in chronic laryngitis and 
"roaring." The ointment is rubbed on splints every third 



220 INORGANIC AGENTS 

day, or until vesication is produced, and the hair begins to 
drop out, when its use is stopped for a time. Like other 
mercury preparations, the red iodide must not be employed 
in large quantities over an extensive surface. It is much 
more irritant locally than blue ointment. 

UNGUENTUM HYPRARGYRI NITRATIS. 

Citrine ointment is similar to unguentum hydrargyri 
ammoniati (white precipitate ointment), but more power- 
ful, and should be diluted with equal parts of lard.- These 
preparations are used for their stimulant action in granular 
lids, chronic eczema, pityriasis, and for their anti-parasitic 
effect in ringworm. 



SECTION VTL 

Arsenum. 

Arsenic is not used in the metallic state in medicine. 

Arseni Trioxidum (U. S. P.) 
AciDUM Arseno3UM. Arsenous Acid. A'^.,0,. 

Synonym. — Acidum arseniosum, B. P.; acidum arsenic- 
osum, P. G. ; arsenic trioxide, white arsenic, arsenicum 
album, arsenic, arsenious anhydrid, E.; acid arsenieux, 
arsenic blanc, fleurs d'arsenic, Fr.; arsenicsaure, weisser 
arsenic, G. 

Derivation. — Arsenical ores are roasted and purified by 
sublimation. 

Pro'perties. — A heavy solid, occurring either as an opaque, 
white powder, or in irregular masses of two varieties; the one 
amorphous, transparent and colorless, like glass ; the other 
crystalline, opaque, or white, resembling porcelain. Both 
are odorless and tasteless. The glassy variety dissolves 
slowly in 30 parts of water ; the porcelain-like in 80 parts 
of water. Arsenous acid is sparingly soluble in alcohol, but 
soluble in glycerin, hydrochloric acid and solutions of the 



SOLUTION OF POTASSIUM ARSENITE 221 

alkali hydrates and carbonates. Wlien heated to 424^ F., 
arsenous acid is completely volatilized without melting. 

Incompatibles. — Lime water, salts of iron and magnesia. 

Dose.—B.., gr.i.-v. (.06-.3j ; Sh. & Sw., gr.i.-ii. (.06-.12) ; 
r>., gr-aV-rV (•002-.006.) 

Usual dose for H., gr.ii.-iii. (.12-.2). 

Liquor Potash Arsenitis. Solution of Potassium Arsenite. 

(U. S. P.) 
{Foioler''s Solution.) 

Synonym. — Liquor arsenicalis, B. P.; liquor kali arseni- 
cosi, P.G.; solutio arsenicalis Fowleri, kali arsenicosum 
solutum, arsenical solution, E.; liqueur arsenicale de Fowler, 
Fr.; Fowlers'che tropfen, G. Arsenous acid, 10 gm.; potas- 
sium bicarbonate, 20 gm.; compound tincture of lavender, 
30 Cc; distilled water to make 1000 Cc, Strength, 1 part 
of arsenous acid in 100. 

Dose.—n. & C, 3ii.-3i. (8.-30.); Sh. & Sw., 3 i.-ii. 
(4.-8.) ; D., m^iL-x. (.12-.6). 

Usual dose for H., 3 ss. (15.). 

Liquor Acidi Arsenosi. Solution of Arsenous Acid. 

(U. S. P.) 

Synonym. — Liquor arsenici hydrochloricus, B.P.; hydro- 
chloric solution of arsenic, E.; liqueur arsenicale hydrochlo- 
rique, Fr.; chlorarsenik-losung, G. 

Arsenous acid, 10 gm.; diluted hydrochloric acid, 50 Cc; 
distilled water, a sufficient quantity to make 1000 Cc. 
Strength, 1 part of arsenous acid in 100. 

Dose. — Same as Fowler's solution. 

action of arsenical compounds. 

External. — Arsenous acid acts as a caustic on raw sur- 
faces and mucous membranes. It produces considerable 
pain, and may lead to poisoning. In frogs poisoned by 



222 INORGANIC AGENTS 

arsenic the epidermis peels off very rapidly, owing to 
degeneration of its lower layers. 

Internal. — Digestive Tract. — Arsenic, when given in 
minnte doses, improves the appetite, and increases both the 
motion and secretions of the stomach and duodenum. In 
larger amounts, arsenic is an irritant, causing loss of appetite, 
nausea and digestive disturbance. In toxic doses arsenic 
produces gastro-enteritis. 

Blood. — Arsenic is absorbed into the blood, and in some 
forms of anjcmia increases notably the number of red 
corpuscles, and to some extent the haemoglobin. 

Circulation. — It is said that arsenic stimulates the pulse 
rate Avhen given in minute doses. In large doses it has a 
local depressing action on the heart — and probably on the 
vasomotor centre — lowering the force and frequency of the 
heart and reducing blood pressure. The nerve endings, 
ganglia, and muscle of the heart are alike paralyzed, and 
this action takes place when the heart is removed from the 
body. 

Respiration. — In small doses arsenic quickens the 
breathing and stimulates the respiratory centre ; whereas in 
lethal amounts the respiration fails through lowered blood 
pressure and exhaustion. 

Nervous System. — The nervous apparatus is powerfully 
influenced by arsenic. Toxic doses cause paralysis of the 
spinal tracts, in frogs, with loss of sensation, motion, and 
reflex action, and the brain nerves are also depressed. The 
nerve trunks are chiefly affected in the higher animals. 
There is peripheral neuritis and trophic changes occur. 
Medicinal doses of arsenic are stimulant to the nervous 
s^'stem generally. 

MetahoUsm. — Therapeutic doses probably diminish 
tissue change and the elimination of urea and carbonic 
dioxide. Large doses, on the other hand, increase metabolic 
processes and the escape of nitrogenous waste. 

Elimination. — Arsenic is eliminated slowlj^ by most 
channels, but mainly by the urine and to a less extent 
by the mucous membrane of the respiratory and di- 
gestive tracts. Traces are found in the milk, sweat, tears 
and saliva. It exists in, and can be recovered from, the 



ACTION OP AESENICAL COMPOUNDS 223 

bodies of animals years after their death from toxic amounts 
of arsenic. 

Summary. — Arsenic is unfortunately one of the drugs 
whose physiological action — so far as we know it — does not 
throw any light, in many instances, upon its therapeutic 
effects. In altering the condition of the patient for the 
better, in some diseases, it is described by that vague and 
otherwise indefinable term, " alterative." 

Toxicology. — The lower animals, as the horse and cow, 
are proportionately not nearly so susceptible to the poisonous 
effects of arsenic as the human subject; I5 grains is the 
smallest fatal dose reported in man. Amounts larger than 
a drachm appear to be required to cause death in the horse, 
although much smaller quantities have produced death when 
repeated a number of times. Mild toxic action is seen 
following therapeutic doses of arsenic when the physiological 
limit is reached. This condition is characterized by loss of 
appetite (nausea and vomiting in dogs), watery (discharge 
from the nose and eyes, pntfiness of the eyelids, indigestion 
with mild colic, and diarrhoea. The pulse may be accelerated 
and harder than normal. 

Acute Poisoning begins with bilious, mucous, or bloody 
purging and colic. There is vomiting iu dogs. Thirst is 
excessive ; the urine is high-colored and albuminous ; the 
pulse is feeble, small and frequent ; the respiration is rapid 
and difficult from abdominal pain ; the extremities are cold, 
and there is great weakness of the limbs. Collapse, with 
convulsions and coma, often close the scene in from five to 
twenty hours to three days. 

A sub-acute form of poisoning occasionally occurs after 
a remission from the acute attack, only to be followed by 
death in from two to five days. In the interim, cutaneous 
eruptions may appear. Rarely, death takes place within 
an hour or two, in coma, collapse or convulsions. 

Chronic Poisoning, such as is seen in the human subject 
living in apartments furnished with arsenical wall paper or 
fabrics, or in those working in arsenic, is rarely observed 



224 INORGANIC AGENTS 

in animals and would not be likely to occur save in those 
living in the immediate vicinity of chemical works. In this 
condition there are symptoms similar to those noted above 
as occurring in the milder form of arsenic poisoning, together 
with gradual loss of strength and flesh, local paralysis or 
paraplegia, and anfesthesia. Fatty degeneration of the liver, 
kidneys, heart, stomach and muscles, in cases of chronic 
arsenical poisoning, is found after death. 

The poftf-morfpm changes observed after acute poisoning, 
are as follows : The gastric mucous membrane, especially 
the villous portion in horses, is swollen, softened and covered 
with j^atches of a deep crimson or dark brown color. There 
is rarel}^ ulceration. The upper portion of the small 
intestines, and in horses sometimes the whole of the intes- 
tinal tract, is similarly affected with that of the stomach. 
There is generally a wide-spread fatty degeneration of the 
stomach, bowels, internal organs and muscles. 

The treatment of acute poisoning depends mainly upon 
the use of the official freshly prepared arsenic antidote 
(ferri oxidum hydratum cum magnesia) in large quantities. 
If this can not be obtained, an antidote can be prepared by 
precipitating Monsel's Solution, or the tincture of the 
chloride of iron, with sodium bicarbonate or ammonia. 
Dialyzed iron may be precipitated with an alkali. In either 
case the precipitate should be washed in a filter of muslin 
and given in large amounts. If vomiting has not occurred, 
zinc sulphate should be given, or the stomach pump or 
siphon resorted to, and the stomach well washed out. The 
after-treatment is carried out with castor oil, demulcents, 
opium and external heat. Sweet spirit of nitre is to be 
prescribed, with considerable water, to flush out the kidneys. 

Uses External. — A paste containing 1 part each of 
arsenous acid and gum arabic, with 5 parts of water, is 
used to destroy warts and morbid growths. Arsenous acid, 
diluted with 5 parts of lard, may be employed to slough out 
fistulous tracts. In any case, there is danger of poisoning 
through absorption, if a sufficient amount of arsenic is used ; 



USES OF ARSENICAL COMPOUNDS 225 

but, on the other hand, the danger is slight if a large enough 
quantity is applied to cause rapid sloughing. Arsenic is the 
principal constituent of so-called " sheep-dips " employed 
to kill ticks and other parasites in the wool. Finlay Dmi 
recommends 2h, lbs. of arsenous acid with an equal 
amount of pearl ash, soft soap, and sulphur, dissolved in 10 
gallons of boiling water and added "♦o 90 gallons of cokl 
water. This quantity will suffice for dipping 100 sheep. 
The sheep are submerged, except their heads, for a few 
seconds, and placed on a grating to drain into a tub, from 
which the water flows back into the first receptacle. The 
excess of water in their fleeces is squeezed out with the 
hands and a scraper. Sheep have been poisoned after 
dipping, by eating grass and fodder on which they have 
drained ; therefore the sheep should always be kept on clean 
floors or yards in the open air and sunlight until they have 
become thoroughly dry. Sul])lio-n;iphtol (1-100) or creolin 
are preferable for this purpose, since they are as effective 
and safer. 

Uses Internal. — Arsenic is of the greatest service in the 
treatment of indigestion in horses associated with malnutri- 
tion and staring coat. In this condition, arsenous acid is 
often combined with sodium bicarbonate and nux vomica, 
and may be given iu powder on the food. It is also of value 
in atonic diarrhoea, and is used in both the serous and 
dysenteric varieties. In diminishing tissue change, and in 
acting as a blood tonic, arsenic is believed to improve the 
condition, endurance, and wind in. horses, and is popularly 
prescribed by dealers and others. 

The classical case of the arsenic-eating peasants of 
Styria seems to corroborate this view. These people appear 
to be very robust and healthy. Five grains of arsenic was 
given experimentally to one of them without pi'oducing any 
untoward effect. Arsenic seems to influence favorably 
diseased mncous membranes of the respiratory tract, to 
improve their nutrition, and hasten absorption and repair 
in diseases of the air passages. Coryza, ozoena, chronic 



226 INORGANIC AGENTS 

cough, asthma, emphysema and " broken wind " are greatly 
benefitted by a course of arsenic, and in chronic conditions 
the treatment should be sustained for months in small 
doses. 

"Thick wind " and convalescence from acute bronchitis, 
pneumonia or influenza are favorably influenced by arsenic. 
Arsenic is one of the best agents we can prescribe in general 
debility and anaemia and may be conjoined with bitters or 
iron. 

Arsenic is indeed the next best remedy to iron in 
anemia, and, in pernicious anemia and leukemia, it is the 
remedy offering the greatest chances of improvement, when 
given in gradually increasing doses until horses are taking 
as much as two ounces of Fowler's Solution, twice or thrice 
daily ; and dogs one-half a dram. 

In dry, scaly skin diseases, arsenic is the most successful 
internal remedy, but should not be prescribed in moist con- 
ditions associated with a proliferation of new cells, or 
exudate of serum or other liquid. It is particularly useful 
in chronic squamous, or papular eczema, lichen, acne and 
chronic urticaria, when given for a considerable length of 

time in small doses. 

In the human subject, arsenic is almost a specific in 

chorea, but does not seem to yield such good results in that 
disease in dogs, usually associated with distemper. Fowler's 
Solution should be given to dogs with chorea, in doses of 
two or three drops three times daily, and gradually increased 
till the physiological limit is reached. The same treatment 
should be tried in diabetes mellitus in dogs. Large single 
doses of arsenous acid (3ss.) are sometimes given with 
calomel ( 3 i.) and aloes ( 3 iv.), in a ball to horses to kill 
round worms. 

Administration.— kvsemc is given to horses as Fowler's 
Solution, or arsenous acid, on the food. If continued for a 
long time, arsenic must be prescribed in small doses once 
daily, or i^iarger doses once in two or three days. Arsenic 
is exhibited to dog»;in tablet or pill, and as Fowler's Solu- 
tion. The administration of Fowler's Solution secures more 
rapid and accurate results than that of white arsenic. 



ANTIMONY SULPHIDE 227 

Antimonium. 

(The metal antimony is not used in medicine.) 

Antimonii Sulphidum. Antimony Sulphide. SboSj. 
(Non-official.) 

Synonym. — Antimony trisulphide, E.; stibium oxydatum, 
oxydum antimonicum vel stibicum ; oxyde d'antimoine, Fr.; 
antimonoxyd, G. 

Derivation. — Native antimony sulphide, purified by 
fusion, and as free from arsenic as possible. 

Properties. — Steel-gray masses of a metallic lustre and a 
striated, crystalline fracture, forming a black, or grayish- 
black, lustreless powder ; without odor or taste, and per- 
manent in the air. Insoluble in alcohol or water. 

Antimonii Sulphidum Pukificatum. Purified Antimony 
Sulphide. SbjSs- (Non-official.) 

Synonym. — Antimonium nigrum purificatum, B.P.; puri- 
fied antimony trisulphide, E. 

Derivation. — Antimony sulphide, 100 ; purified by macer- 
ation in ammonia water, 50 ; washing and drying, U. S. P. 

Properties. — A heavy, grayish-black, lustreless powder ; 
without odor or taste, and permanent in the air. Insoluble 
in water or alcohol. 

Dose. — The antimony sulphides should not be used in 
medicine. Dose would be twice or thrice that of tartar 
emetic. 

Antimonium Sulphuratum. Sulphurated Antimony. 
(B. P.) 

Synonym. — Kermes Mineral. Chiefly antimony trisul- 
phide (SbjSg), with a very small amount of antimony 
trioxide. 

Derivation. — Boil purified antimony sulphide, 100, with 
solution of soda, 1200. (U. S. P.) Sb^ + 4 Na O H = Na 



228 INORGANIC AGENTS 

SbOj 4- NajSbSj f 2 H^O. Strain and add sulphuric acid 
to the liot liquoi- as long as precipitation occurs. NaSbOj + 
Na3SbS3 + 2 H,SO, = Sb,S3 + 2 Na.SO, + 2 H,0. 

Properties. — An amorphous, reddish-brown powder, 
becoming lighter in color on exposure to the light, and 
having neither odor or taste. Insoluble in water or alcohol. 

Golden Sulphur. (Non-official.) 

A yellow, insoluble powder, is another compound of 
antimony, consisting of a mixture of antimony trisulphide 
and trioxifle. 

Dose. — Neither kermes mineral nor golden sulphur are 
suitable for internal use. The dose would be twice or 
thrice that of tartar emetic. 

Antimonii Oxidum. Antimony Oxide. Sb203. (Non-official.) 

{Antimony Trioxide.) 

Derivation. — Pour a solution of chloride of antimony 
into water. The oxychloride of antimony is precipitated. 
Sb CI3 + H,0 = Sb O CI + 2 H CI. 

The precipitate is treated with carbonate of sodium, 
and the result is washed and dried. 2 Sb O CI + Na, C O, 
= Sb, O3 + 2 Na CI 4- C O,. 

Properties. — A heavy, grayish-white powder, without 
odor or taste, and permanent in the air. Almost insoluble 
in water and insoluble in alcohol. 

Dose. — Would be twice that of tartar emetic, but the 
oxide is inappropriate for internal use. 

Antimonii et Potassii Tartras. Antimony and Potassium 
Tartrate. 2 K (SbO) C,H,Oe + H,0. (U. S. P.) 

Synonym. — Autimonium tartaratum, B.P.; tartar emetic, 
tartarated antimony, tartarus emeticus, stibio-kali tartaricum, 
E.; antimonii potassio-tartras, antimonium tartarizatum, 
tartarus stibiatus, P.G.; tartrate de potasse et d'antimoine 
emetique, tartre stibie, Fr.; brechweinstein, G. 



ANTIMONY AND POTASSIUM TARTRATE 229 

Derivation. — Make a paste with cream of tartar, anti- 
mony trioxide, and water. Set aside 24 hours, boil in water 
15 minutes and crystallize. 2 K HC^H^O^ + Sb.O, = 2 K 
(SbO) C,H,Oe + hJo. 

Properties. — Colorless, transparent crystals of the rhom- 
bic system, becoming opaque and white on exposure to the 
air ; or a white, granular powder, without odor, and having 
a sweet, afterwards disagreeable, metallic taste. Soluble in 
17 parts of water ; insoluble in alcohol. 

Dose. — H. & C, 3 ii.-iv. (8.-15.); emetic, pigs, gr.iv.-x. 
(.24-.6) ; D., gr. iV4. (.006-.03) ; emetic, D., gr.i.-ii. (.06-.12). 

PREPARATIONS. 

Vinum Antimonii. Wine of Antimony. (U. S. P.) 
Synonym. — Vinum antimoniale, B.P. 

Antimony and potassium tartrate, 4 gm.; boiling distilled water, 
65 Cc; alcohol, 150 Cc; white wine to make 1000 Cc. (U. S. P.) 
Dose f 07' Dogs. — -n\,v.- 3 i. (.3-4.). 

Syrpus Scillce Compositus. Compound Syrup of Squill. (U. S. P.) 
Synonym. — Hive syrup. Fluid extract of squill, 80 Cc. ; fluid extragt 
of senega, 80 Cc. ; antimony and potassium tartrate, 2 gm. ; precipitated 
calcium phosphate, 10 gm. ; sugar, 750 gm. ; water to make 1000 Cc. 
Dose for Dog-. — tii,v.-xxx. (.3-3.) 

ACTION OF ANTIMONII ET POTASSII TARTRAS. 

Tartar emetic is the only antimony compound suitable 
for internal use. The sulphide and oxide of antimony are 
insoluble, save in the hydrochloric acid of the gastric juice, 
and are not so certain or reliable in their action as tartar 
emetic. Kermes mineral and golden sulphur, containing 
variable amounts of antimony trisulphide and trioxidp, are 
even more uncertain and unreliable than antimony sulphide 
or oxide. 

External. — Tartar emetic is irritant, and when rubbed 
into the skin produces a pustular eruption and often slough- 
ing and destruction of tissue. 

Internal. — Stomach and Boiuels. — Tartar emetic is a 
gastro-intestinal irritant, causing salivation and nausea in 



230 IXOKGANIC AGENTS 

small doses, vomiting and diarrhoea in large quantities; 
while toxic amounts are followed bj vomiting (in carnivora), 
serous or bloodj purging, great depression of the cir- 
culation and respiration, muscular weakness, collapse and 
death. 

Uneasiness, nausea, colic and death have been reported 
in horses only after enormous doses of tartar emetic by the 
mouth. The horse and ruminants are comparatively insus- 
ceptible to the action of tartar emetic. The writer has 
observed a cow, however, in which nausea and actual vomi- 
tion occurred, following a therapeutic dose of kermes 
mineral in electuary. 

Tartar emetic is a powerful but slowly acting emetic 
(attended with a good deal of nausea) in dogs. Tartar 
emetic has been recovered in the first vomitus following its 
intravenous injection. It also expels the contents of a 
bladder artificially replacing the norm'al stomach. These 
results go to show that tartar emetic acts both as a specific 
emetic upon the vomiting centre, and locally as a specific 
irritant and an emetic upon the mucous membrane of the 
stomach. Tartar emetic is eliminated in great part by the 
mucous membrane of the alimentary canal. 

Circulation. — The principal action of antimony is 
exerted upon the heart and vessels. The heart muscle is 
weakened and vascular tension markedly lowered by large 
doses of tartar emetic. This action depends upon the in- 
fluence of antimony on the cardiac muscle itself, and 
possibly upon the vagus nerve-endings in the heart. Vascular 
tension is lowered through depression of the heart and of 
the peripheral vasomotor nerves or muscle of the vessel walls. 
Whether the vasomotor centre is also depressed is uncertain. 
The pulse is reduced in force and frequency by large doses 
of tartar emetic. Following lethal amounts, the heart be- 
comes flabby and relaxed, and death occurs in diastolic arrest. 
The preceding remarks apply only to the action of tartar 
emetic upon carnivora. 

Antimony was formerly a very popular drug when 



ACTIOIN^ OF ANTIMONY AND POTASSIUM TARTRATE 231 

general depressant and dcpletant treatment was in vogue, 
because of its powerfully depressing action upon the circu- 
lation. 

Respiratory Organs. — Small doses of antimony increase 
secretion of bronchial mucus. Toxic amounts weaken the 
respiratory movement by lowering the functional activity of 
the respiratory and vagus centres, and cause a copious 
outpouring of serous and mucous secretion into the 
bronchial tubes, which has the effect of drowning an 
animal in his own secretions. This action is only seen 
in horses after intravenous injection of toxic quantities of 
tartar emetic. The respiration is slow and labored in poison- 
ing. 

Nervous System. — Large doses of antimony depress the 
functional activity of the brain and sensory tract of the 
spinal cord. Larger doses produce loss of reflex action and 
anaesthesia, owing to the influence of antimony upon the 
sensory side of the cord ; while in toxic amounts, antimony 
is a general paralyzant to all the spinal centres and to the 
motor nerves. 

Muscles. — In carnivora and man, antimony lessens 
muscular strength and relaxes spasm through its depressing 
action upon the motor nerves and muscular tissue. 

Elimination. — Antimony is mainly eliminated by the 
mucous membrane of the stomach and bowels, but also by 
the kidneys, bronchial mucous membrane, and other channels. 

Toxicology. — The symptoms are those described under 
" Action on the Stomach and Bowels." The faecal discharges 
in man are copious and of the rice water appearance char- 
acteristic of Asiatic cholera. If vomiting is not free, zinc 
sulphate should be given, or the stomach washed out. Tannic 
acid should be administered as a chemical antidote, together 
with the use of external heat, alcohol, strychnine and mor- 
phine subcutaneously, and demulcents by the mouth. 

Uses External. — Tartar emetic is used in ointment, in 
the strength of 1-4, over chronically enlarged and rheumatic 
joints of cattle. It is also employed over the sides of the 



232 INORGANIC AGENTS 

chest in cattle, to produce counter-irritation and pustulation 
in the strength of 1 part to 12 of lard. 

Internal. — The therapeutic value of tartar emetic is 
limited mainly to canine practice. Antimony is still pre- 
scribed largely by the Germans as a general and circulatory 
depressant and expectorant for horses. General depressant, 
treatment has gone out of vogue and is not usually indi- 
cated in inflammatory affections, and even if it were, anti- 
mony does not exert such an action in any considerable 
degree upon horses or ruminants. 

Aconite is a much more valuable and efficient circulatory 
depressant than antimony for the horse. There are three 
indications for antimony in canine practice : 1st, as an 
emetic ; 2nd, as a general depressant in inflammatory 
diseases and in strong patients ; 3rd, as an expectorant in 
acute bronchitis. The first indication is generally attained 
more promptly and safely by zinc sulphate. The second 
and third indications may be combined by prescribing 
antimony in the first, or dry stage of acute bronchitis in 
dogs, in the form of hive syrup. For example : 

Syr. Scillas Co. 

Sp't's ^ther. Nitrosi aa % ss. 

M. Liq. Amnion. Acetatis ad ^ iv. 

S. Teaspoonful every 2 hours. 

Antimony may be employed as an emetic in bronchitia 
to clear the stomach and upper part of the respiratory tract 
of secretions, and to reduce the force and frequency of the 
Jieart. Ipecac is, however, a better and safer agent for this 
purpose, and antimony is generally counter-indicated in the 
second, or exudative stage of bronchitis. 

The Germans prescribe tartar emetic very commonly 
to horses as a parasiticide against round worms and tape 
worms. Four or five drachms are given in aqueous solution 
to the fasting animal, and followed by the administration of 
a dose of oil. 



PHOSPHORUS 233 

SECTION VIIL 
Phosphorus. 

Phosphorus. Phosphorus. P. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Derivation. —Digest bones in sulphuric acid, or treat 
bone ash with sulphuric acid ; filter and evaporate. Ca, 
(POJ, (bone ash) + 2 H,S O, - Ca H, (POJ, (acid calcium 
phosphate) + 2 Ca So^. 

Heat acid calcium phosphate, charcoal, and sand to- 
gether, and distil over phosphorus into vrater. 

Heat breaks up Ca H.lPOJ^ into Ca (POJ, (calcium 
metaphosphate) + 2 HjO. 

Then : 2 Ca (PO3), + 2 SiO, + 10 C = P, + 2 Ca Si O, 
+ 10 C O. 

Properties. — A translucent, nearly colorless solid, of a 
waxy lustre, having at ordinary temperature about the con- 
sistency of bees' wax. By long keeping, the surface becomes 
red and occasionally black. It has a distinctive but dis- 
agreeable odor and taste. It should not be tasted except in 
a state of great dilution. When exposed to the air it emits 
white fumes which are luminous in the dark, and have an 
odor somewhat resembling garlic. On long exposure to the 
air, it takes fire spontaneously. Insoluble in water, or 
nearly so ; soluble in 350 parts of alcohol, in 80 parts of ether, 
in about 50 parts of any fatty oil, and very soluble in chloro- 
form and carbon disulphide. Besides the official form there 
are several other allotropic forms of phosphorus, including 
the red, or amorphous, the black, and the crystallized 
metallic phosphorus. 

Red phosphorus is non-poisonous, owing to its insolu- 
bility preventing its absorption in the digestive tract. 

i>ose.— H., gr.i.-ii. (.06-.12) ; C, gr.ii.-iii. (.12-.18j ; Sh. & 
Sw., gr.^^-^ (.0006-003) ; D., gv.^-^ (.0006-.003;. 



234 INORGANIC AGENTS 

PREPARATIONS. 

Oleum Phosphoratum. Phosi^horated Oil. (B. P.). 

Phosphorus, 1 gm. ; expressed oil of almond and ether, of each a 
sufficient quantity to make 100 gm. (U. S. P.) 

Properties. — A clear, yellowish liquid, having the odor of phos- 
phorus and ether. The ether in this preparation evaporates in time and 
the strength is proportionately, and perhaps dangerously, increased. 

Dosc—B.., 3 ii.-iii. (8.-12.) ; D.. TTli.-v. (.Ofi-.S). 

Pilulae Phosphori. (U. S. P.) 
Each pill contains gr. 1/100 of phosphorus. 

Pilitla Phosphori. (B. P.) 
2 per cent, phosphorus. 
Dose. — D., pills, i.-ii. 

ACTION OF niosniOErs. 

Internal. — The sole physiological action of pliosphorns 
which would suggest, and in some manner explain, its 
therapeutic use is that on bones. Phosphorus, when given 
in small doses to growing animals, apparently sti'mulates tlie 
bone-making cells (osteoblasts) and the growth of denser 
bone, both from cartilage and periosteum. In older animals 
the lamellffi of spongy tissue are made thicker and, in fowl, 
the marrow cavity may be Avholly obliterated by the de- 
position of hard bone through the ingestion of phosphorus. If 
calcium salts be withheld from the food the activity of the 
osteoblasts continues but the new bone is soft and of the nature 
of bones in rickets. The precise mode of action of phos- 
phorus on normal and diseased bones (rickets and osteomal- 
acia) has yet to be determined. 

There appears to be clinical evidence that phosphorus is 
a nerve stimulant and, in man, it is said that large doses 
cause mental exhilaration, increased capacity for work and 
excite sexual desire. Experiments with phosphorus on ani- 
mals show no special action of the drug on the nervous 
system. Phosphorus is absorbed largely in an unchanged 
condition in solution in fatty matter in the bowels and as 
vapor. Some of the phosphorus is probably converted in the 
bowels and blood into pho?;phureted hydrogen (PHo) and 
further oxidized into phosphoric acid in the body. Its fate 



ACTION OF PHOSPHOKUS 235 

is unknown, but some phosphorus is eliminated as vapor from 
the lungs and some in organic compounds in the urine. 

The toxic action of phosphorus differs decidedly from 
its therapeutic effect and so does the action of pure phos- 
phorus from its compounds. The action of phosphates, 
phosphoric acid and hypophosphites is not at all that of 
phosphorus. 

Most of the hypophosphites are eliminated unchanged 
in the urine and do not act as phosphates, as formerly be- 
lieved. They appear to have little more influence than 
sodium chloride, except the iron salt, where the metallic ion 
acts as other iron compounds. Phosphoric acid stimulates 
digestion and secretin formation, like other mineral acids, 
but is inferior in this respect to hydrochloric acid. It has 
been given internally for its supposed action as a phosphate, 
but the organic phosphate compounds of the body cannot 
be built from the inorganic salts. 

Calcium hypophosphate, lactophosphate and glycero- 
phosphate act similarly to calcium phosphate (page 158). 

Toxicology. — The symptoms of poisoning do not ordi- 
narily appear until some hours after ingestion of toxic doses. 
Then abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting (in those animals 
in which it is possible) and purging occur. The breath, 
vomitus and faecal discharges may be luminous, and have 
the odor of phosphorus. There is fever, anorexia and thirst. 
This condition is followed by an intermission in which the 
patient appears to be recovering, only to be succeeded by 
jaundice, hemorrhages (due to fatty degeneration of vessels 
and blood poor in fibrinogen), nervous symptoms, as delir- 
ium, coma and convulsions, and death. The urine rarely 
Ijecomes albuminous in animals, but contains leucin and 
tyrosin. The heart muscle is directly paralyzed by lethal 
doses. 

Grave, destructive metabolic changes (autolysis) occur 
in the tissues — especially the liver. There is general fatty de- 
generation of the viscera and muscles. The blood is disor- 
ganized, and there are widespread ecchymoses. Jaundice 
follows closure of the common, or hepatic duct, or smaller 
biliar}^ tubules (owing to proliferation of interstitial tissue, 
seen also in the stouiach and kidney), and disorganization 



236 INOEGANIC AGENTS 

of the blood. There is rapid atrophy of the liver, and 
phosphorus poisoning in man is often indistinguishable dur- 
ing life from acute yellow atrophy of the liver. Nitrogenous 
elimination is increased. Imperfectly decomposed products 
of metabolism, as leucin and tyrosin, occur in the urine; 
also an excess of urea and ammonia and often blood, bile 
and fat and sarcolactic acid. It is a matter of dispute 
whether the fat deposited in the cells of the tissues is formed 
there (fatty degeneration), or is conveyed thence from that 
already existing in the subcutaneous tissue. Chronic poison- 
ing, attended with necrosis of the jaw and other symptoms, 
and occurring among workers in phosphorus, is unlikely to 
occur in the lower animals. Acute poisoning is treated by 
emptying the stomach with a stomach tube or copper sul- 
phate; the latter forming an insoluble phosphide of copper. 
Cathartics should also be administered. Permanganate of 
potash or hydrogen dioxide should be employed as anti- 
dotes, for their oxidizing action. Old turpentine is usually 
recommended as the antidote, but only the French variety 
is of any value, and that is generally unobtainable. Demul- 
cents and opium are in order after evacuant and antidotal 
treatment has been carried out, but oil should never be 
given in phosphorus poisoning, as it assists the solution and 
absorption of the poison. 

Uses. — Phosphorus is indicated as a stimulant to the 
erowth of bone in rachitis and osteomalacia, as a nerve 
stimulant and tonic in conditions of nervous exhaustion and 
impaired vitality, due to excessive activity of the sexual 
organs or otherwise. It is used empirically in treatment 
of boils, acne, and psoriasis, and has been prescribed 
with alleged advantage as a general stimulant in pneu- 
monia. 

Administration. — Phosphorus may be given in pill or 
ball, with cacao butter, or in the official preparations to 
doffS, and in a saturated alcoholic solution to horses. 
Phosphide of zinc represents the action of phosphorus, 
and yields phosphureted hydrogen in its decomposition in 
the body. It may be given to dogs (gr.1-10) in the form of 
pills. 



CHLORINE 237 

SECTION IX. 
Chlorine. 

Chlorum. Chlorine. CL 
Tlie gas is not official. 

Liquor Chlori Compositus. Compound Solution of 
Chlorine, Chlorine Water. (U. S. P.) 

Synonym. — ^Aqua chlori, chlorum solutum, aqua oxy- 
muriatica, solution of chlorine, E.; aqua chlorata, P. G.; eau 
chloree, chlore liquide, Fr.; chlor-wasser, G. 

An aqueous solution of chlorine (CI), containing at least 
0.4 per cent, of the gas. 

Derivation. — Generate chlorine gas with hydrochloric 
acid, 18 ; potassium chlorate, 5 ; and water to make 1000. 
Heat in flask. 

Properties. — A clear, greenish-yellow liquid, having the 
suffocating odor and disagreeable taste of chlorine, and 
leaving no residue on evaporation. Incompatible with salts 
of silver and lead. The preparation deteriorates on keeping. 

Dose. — Not used internally. 

Calx Chlorinata. Chlorinated Lime. Ca CljOo, Ca C\. 
(U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — Calx chlorata ; calca ria chlorata, P. G. ; 
chloris calcicus, chloruretum calcis, calcii hypochloris, chlo- 
ride of lime, hypochloride of calcium, bleaching powder, E.; 
chlorure de chaux, poudre de Tenna jt, ou de Knox, Fr.; 
chlorkalk, bleichkalk, G. 

A preparation often improperly called " chloride of 
lime." It should contain not less than 3£ per cent, of avail- 
able chlorine. 

Derivation. — Pass chlorine gas over calcium hydrate, 



238 INOltGANIC AGENTS 

when chlorinated lime, a mixture of calcium chloride and 
hypochlorite, results. 2 Ca 0,H„ + 2 CI, = Ca C1,0„ Ca 
Cl„ + 2 H.,0. It may also be regarded as a mixture of lime 
and chlorine. 2 Ca 0,H, + 2 CI, = 2 Ca O, 2 CI, + 2 H,0. 

Properties. — A white, or grayish-white granular powder, 
exhaling the odor of hypochlorous acid, having a repulsive 
saline taste, and becoming moist and gradually decompos- 
ing on exposure to air. In water or in alcohol it is only par- 
tially soluble. It evolves chlorine on exposure to the air or 
on addition of an acid. Chlorinated lime possesses an 
alkaline reaction and bleaching properties. 

Dose. — Only of value externally. 

PREPARATION. 

Liquor Calcis Chlorinatce. Solution of Chlorinated Lime. (B. P.) 
This sohition should yield about 3 per cent, of chlorine. 

Liquor Sod^ Chlorinate. Solution of Chlorinated Soda. 
(U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — Liquor sodse chlorinatse, Labarraque's 
solution, E. An aqueous solution of several chlorine com- 
pounds of sodium, containing at least 2.6 per cent., by 
weight, of available chlorine. 

Derivation. — A solution of sodium carbonate, 150; chlo- 
rinated lime, 75 ; in water to make 1,000. 

F7^operties. — A clear, pale, greenish liquid, having a 
faint odor of chlorine and a disagreeably alkaline taste. 

Dose. — Only of value externally. 

ACTION AND USES OF CHLORINE. 

Chlorine gas, in the presence of organic matter and 
moisture, unites with the hydrogen of water and sets free 
nascent oxygen. When chlorine comes in contact with sul- 
phuretted hydrogen, it removes and destroys the compound. 
Chlorine is thus a powerful oxidizing disinfectant agent 
and deodorizer. One-quarter of 1 per cent, of chlorine in 
solution is an effective germicide. When chlorine gas is 



ACTION AND USES OF CHLORINE 230 

inhaled undiluted, it is an irritant to the respiratory tract, 
producing sometimes spasm of the glottis, or severe bron- 
chitis, and at other times a condition of narcotism, with 
death from paralysis of the respiratory center. In contact 
Avith living tissues, chlorine replaces the hydrogen of proteid 
compounds and forms hydrochloric acid with the hydrogen 
thus set free. The symptoms of poisoning are explained by 
the local irritation of the hydrochloric acid thus formed. In 
dilute form it is stimulant, antiseptic, and deodorant in rela- 
tion to the body. Chlorine gas may be generated from salt 
and black oxide of manganese, 1 part each ; with commercial 
sulphuric acid and water, 2 parts each. 

The spores of most bacteria are killed after three hours' 
exposure to a moist atmosphere containing 0.3 per cent, of 
chlorine gas. Chlorine may be used to advantage in this 
jnanner as a substitute for sulphur fumigation. Chlorine 
water is employed, Avell diluted, for the same purposes and 
with the same results as the solution of chlorinated soda. 
Chlorinated lime varies much in strength. To be of any 
value it should be so irritating to the eyes that it cannot be 
held near the face. It owes its medicinal value to the 
hypochlorite of lime which it contains. If the compound is 
very moist, it is because calcium chloride preponderates. 
Chlorinated lime is often employed as a deodorizer, standing 
about premises in vessels, but is of no practical value unless 
it comes directly in contact with bacteria or sulphureted 
compounds which it is desirable to destroy. It is the best 
and cheapest germ destroyer we possess for disinfecting 
]iremises and other appurtenances, apart from the body, as 
walls and floors of buildings, faecal and other discharges, 
sewers, privies and cesspools. A 10 per cent, solution is to 
be employed on the floors, walls and other parts of buildings. 
The pure compound may be mixed with manure and dis- 
cliargcs. Even a 1 per cent, solution is germicidal, and may 
be employed to wash blankets, harness and other parapher- 
nalia. It is said not to harm woolen or cotton fabrics, in 
the latter solution. One or two pounds of chlorinated lime 
is a useful disinfectant when put in priv3^ vaults once a 
week. 

One or two ounces of chlorinated lime will render 
drinkable 65 gallons of putrid, bad smelling water, after a 



249 INORGANIC AGENTS 

few hours have elapsed for precipitation followiug the use 
of the compound. Upon the body, a 2 or 3 per cent, 
solution of chlorinated lime is employed as a stimulant, 
deodorant, and antiseptic, for decubitus, foul-smelling and 
gangrenous sores, severe burns and indolent ulcers. It is 
used in 10 per cent, solution as a parasiticide in ringworm 
and scabies. A 1 per cent, solution forms a valuable wash in 
ulcerative stomatitis. Chlorinated lime may be prescribed, 
with an equal amount of lard, upon ulcers when a stimulat- 
ing action is desired. Chlorinated lime (gr.-xv. in 3 ii. of 
sterile water) is one of the most effective antidotes for snake 
bite, when injected in several places in the region of the 
lesion. Its internal administration is undesirable. The 
solution of chlorinated soda is a slight caustic, deodorizer 
and antiseptic preparation on indolent, sloughing, foul- 
smelling surfaces. It may be prescribed in sore throat, or 
ozoena, as a spray, or injected into the uterus, vagina or 
rectum. It is commonly diluted with 8 to 10 parts of water. 

Bromine. 

Bromum. Bromine. Br. 

Derivation. — From seaweed and mineral springs. 

Properties. — Heavy, dark, brownish-red liquid, volatiliz- 
ing with the production of an irritating vapor. Soluble in 
30 parts of water, and readily soluble in alcohol and ether. 
Of no value in veterinary medicine. 

PoTASSii Bromidum. Potassium Bromide. K Br. 

(U. S. & B. P.) 

, Synonym. — Kalium bromatum, P.G.; bromkalium, G. 

Derivation. — Obtained from liquor potassae, bromine, 
and charcoal by the same process described in making 
potassium iodide (p. 247). 

Properties. — Colorless, or white, cubical crystals, or 
granules ; odorless, and having a pungent, saline taste. 
Permanent in the air. Soluble in about 1.6 parts of water 
and in 200 parts of alcohol. 



ACTION OF THE BROMIDES 241 

Dose.—B.. & C, 5 i.-ii. (30.-G0.) ; Sh. & Sw., 5 ii.-iv. 
(8.-15.);D., gr.v.-Bi. (.3-4.). 

*SoDii Bromidum. Sodium Bromide. Ka Br. (U. S. 

k P. B.). 

Synonym. — Bromure de sodium, Fr. ; bromnatrium, G. 

Derivation. — Similar to potassium bromide. Liquor 
sodse is used instead of liquor potassfp. 

Properties. — Colorless, or white, cubical crystals, or a 
white, granular powder; odorless, and having a saline, 
slightly bitter taste. From air the salt attracts moisture 
without deliquescing. Soluble in 1,2 parts of water, and in 
13 parts of alcohol. 

Dose. — Same as potassium bromide. 

ACTION OF THE BROMIDES. 

External. — I^one. 

Internal. — Digestive Tract. — The bromides, when in- 
gested in concentrated form, may induce nausea and vomit- 
ing through irritation of the stomach produced by with- 
drawal of water from the gastric mucosa. This " salt action " 
i.5 common to other salines. In a large, single dose, the 
bromides cause in horses muscular weakness, dulness and 
staggering gait, and the respiration slowed. The urine is 
increased in quantity and sexual desire diminished. Broni- 
ism may be produced in man, or the lower animals, by the 
continuous administration of the bromides. This condi- 
tion is characterized by general weakness and unsteady gait, 
mental dulness, indigestion, fetid breath, cutaneous anaes- 
thesia, loss of sexual power, and occasionally an acneform 
eruption. Death has never been caused in man by the 
bromides. 

Nervous System. — The bromides are essentially depres- 
sant to nerve tissue. Therapeutically, this depressing action 
is seen particularly in relation to the motor centres of the 
middle region of the cerebral cortex ; to the intellectual areas 
in the anterior cerebral region (in man) ; and in lessening- 
reflex action. The whole nervous system is depressed, but 
the motor tract in the brain and the sensory nerves are the 

*Ammonii bromidum, lithii bromidum, calcii bromidum and 
strontii l)ioiniduni are also official. These salts are given in the same 
doses as sodium bromide. 



242 INORGANIC AGENTS 

first to sueenmb to the influence of the bromides. Intellection 
is clouded, and dulness and mental apathy are observed in 
man after large amounts. Reflex action is diminished owing 
to interference to the passage of impulses from the sensory to 
motor cells of the cord and, later, to depression of the sen- 
sory nerves. Finally, with the continuous administration 
of large doses the motor area of the spinal cord, the motor 
nerves, and muscles fall under the depressing action of these 
agents. 

Circulation. — Potassium bromide is a powerful depres- 
sant to the heart in toxic doses. Medicinal doses injected 
into a vein induce weakness of the heart, but therapeutic 
amounts, given by the mouth, exert no appreciable effect upon 
the circulation. The depressing action of potassium bromide 
upon the heart is due wholly to the potassium ion ; the bromine 
ion is not a heart depressant. There is practically no dif- 
ference in the action of therapeutic doses of potassium, 
sodium, strontium, or ammonium bromides. Ischemia of the 
pia is seen under the influence of bromides. This is the 
result of depression of the cerebrum and sleep, and not the 
cause of sleep. The old idea that the beneficial action of the 
bromides, in relieving nervous excitability and in causing 
sleep, was due to the production of vasomotor spasm and 
cerebral anaemia, is now exploded. 

Temperature. — The temperature falls, following the 
action of toxic amounts of the bromides, owing to lessened 
muscular movements. 

Sexual Organs. — The bromides diminish sexual desire 
and power. In so doing they either depress the spinal 
centres or lessen perij^heral sensibility of the genito-urinary 
tract. 

Elimination. — The bromides are eliminated unchanged 
by all channels and are found in the sweat, urine, milk, 
saliva, intestinal secretions, etc. Elimination begins imme- 
diately but may not keep pace with continuous administra- 
tion, and bromism may occur. 

Uses Internal. — The bromides, being particularly useful 
in the treatment of functional nervous diseases, do not pos- 
sess nearly the value in veterinary medicine that they have 



IODINE 243 

in human practice. Moreover, their use is limited mainly 
to canine disorders, as bromides have little influence upon 
diseases of horses. 

Bromides are especially indicated in irritation of the 
motor area of the cerebral cortex (convulsions), in general 
nervous excitability, and in corditions due to exalted reflex 
nervous excitabilty, in cerebritis, and in conditions due to 
exalted reflex action in dogs. 

The bromides are indeed the best agents we can use to 
cure fits or convulsions in dogs. They should be combined 
with chloral and given, if necessary, per rectum. The 
bromides are useful in canine chorea, in connection with 
Fowler's Solution. With chloral the bromides are antidotes 
to strychnine poisoning. Sexual excitement in all animals 
may be allayed by the bromides. The bromides are occa- 
sionally of value in reflex cough, palpitation of the heart, 
and asthma, but are inferior to other agents in these 
disorders. 

Potassium bromide is recommended in the treatment of 
tetanus of the horse, but opium, belladona and cannabis 
indica are generally more effectual. If the bromides are 
used they should be given with chloral. 

Iodine. 

loDUM. Iodine. I. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — lodinum, U. S. P. 1870; iodum, P. G.; iode, 
Fr.; jod., G. 

Derivation. — Iodine is a non-metallic element (Halloi^en^ 
existing in combination in the animal, vegetable and mineral 
kingdoms. It occurs in seaweed, from which it is obtained 
by distillation. It is also mined in the form of iodates and 
iodides. 

Properties. — Iodine occurs in heavy, bluish-black, dry 
and friable rhombic plates, having a metallic lustre, a 
distinctive odor, and sharp, acid taste. It is soluble in 
5,000 parts of water, and in 10 parts of alcohol ; very 
soluble in ether and in solutions of potassium iodide. 
Iodine volatilizes on heating, with the formation of a 



244 INORGANIC AGENTS 

a purple vapor. With starch, iodine forms an insoluble 
blue compound. 

Dose.—B.. & C, 5ss.-i. (2.-4.) ; Sh. & Sw., gr.x.-xx. 
(.6-1.3). 

"Not often used in solid state. 

PREPARATIONS. 

Liquor lodi Compositus. Compound Solution of Iodine. 
(Lugol's Solution.) (U. S. P.) 

Iodine, 5; potassium iodide, 10; water to make 100. (1-20). 
Dose.— H. & C, 3 ii-iv. (8.-15.) D., Tllii-x. (.12-.6). Should be 
given in one quart of water to the larger animals. 

Tinctura lodi. (U.S.P.) 

Iodine, 70; alcohol to make 1,000. 

Dose.—B.. & C, 3 ii.-iv. (8.-15.) ; D. Tl^i.-v. (.06-.3). 

Tinciure lodi. (B. P.) 
Dose. — Same as U. S. P. tincture. 

Unguentum lodi. 1-25. . (U. S. & B. P.) 
Too weak for most veterinary purposes. 

Action External. — Iodine acts as a slow, moderate and 
prolonged irritant upon the skin and mucous membranes. 
The yellow stain produced by iodine may be removed by am- 
monia water, alkalies and sodium hyposulphite. A small 
amount of iodine is absorbed through the unbroken skin, and 
it is thought to have a special resolvent and alterative action 
over and above that of other counter irritants. Whether this 
be true or not, its easy mode of application makes it a very 
convenient irritant for local uses. 

Action Internal. — Iodine produces gastro-intestinal irri- 
tation and inflammation in large doses ; and in toxic quanti- 
ties induces colic, vomiting in animals capable of the- act, 
and purging and salivation. The pulse becomes rapid and 
weak; there is often suppression of urine, and occasionally 
nephritis. Widespread fatty degeneration has been found 
after fatal poisoning in the lower animals. If there is much 



IODINE 245 

starchy material in the bowels, the faecal discharges may 
be of a bluish color. Aphrodisiac action has been noted in 
man, following small doses of iodine. The treatment of 
acute poisoning is embraced in the use of starch by the 
mouth, or raw eggs, external heat; strychnine, alcohol, and 
atropine subcutaneously. Chronic poisoning by iodine and 
iodides (iodism), in man, commonly causes symptoms 
analogous to a severe cold in the head, with pain over the 
frontal sinus, sore throat, running at the eyes and nose, 
gastric indigestion, together with an acneform, and occasion- 
ally purpuric, or furuncular eruption. 

These more frequent symptoms of iodism occur more 
often after the administration of potassium iodide than after 
that of iodine. The physiological action of the iodides is simi- 
lar to that of iodine, which is transformed into iodides in the 
body. But the iodides are usually preferred for internal use 
since they are locally so much less irritating. Both iodine and 
potassium iodide are readily absorbed from mucous mem- 
branes, and are found in all the tissues and fluids of the 
body. Iodine is absorbed as iodides and, perhaps, in loose 
combination with albumin (iodoalbuminates) — and elimi- 
nated as iodides by all the usual channels, as well as by the 
mucous membranes. The kidneys eliminate the greater 
amount, but iodine is found in the saliva and gastric juice 
after it has ceased to be present in the urine. The effect of 
iodine on the thyroid gland probably accounts for much of 
its influence on the body. Iodine is essential for normal 
tJiyroid activity. Glandular hyperplasia (simple goitre) is a 
physiological reaction to a deficiency of iodine. The iodine 
content of the gland varies inversely with the degree of en- 
largement. Giving iodine in simple goitre in puppies causes 
reduction of the glandular hyperplasia. An excess of iodine 
ingested in goitre will produce the same symptoms (thyro- 
toxic) as occur in morbid conditions where an excess of 
thyroid secretion is formed (exophthalmic goitre in man) 
i. e., rapid heart, tremors, wasting, excitement, etc. 

Uses External. — Iodine is of most value applied exter- 
nally, or locally, while potassium iodide is administered 
internally because it is not irritating to the digestive organs. 
Although potassium iodide does not exactly represent the 



246 INORGANIC AGENTS 

action of iodine, yet it is usually preferable for the reason 
just stated. Potassium . iodide renders iodine soluble and 
prevents its precipitation in fluids within and without the 
body; it is therefore combined with iodine, when concen- 
trated solutions are desirable. Six parts of potassium iodide 
and twelve parts of iodine are added to one hundred parts 
of water, or ointment, to make a suitable counter-irritant 
preparation for the horse. A useful tincture for veterinary 
purposes contains 15 parts of iodine and 18 parts of potas- 
sium iodide in 100 parts of alcohol. Iodine is employed in 
aqueous and alcoholic solution, or in ointment, as above, 
either painted upon or rubbed into the skin over enlarged 
glands, rheumatic swellings about the joints, or upon the 
chest in chronic pleuritis. It is also of \alue in strains, 
bruises, periostal inflammation and muscular rheumatism. 
In the horse, severe sprains and inflammation of joints, 
bones, and periosteum are treated more satisfactorily by 
blistering agents. Iodine is a valuable disinfectant and 
parasiticide, with equal parts of alcohol in alopecia areata, 
and particularly in ringworm and favus in dogs, when the 
tincture is applied locally. Iodine is applied externally, in 
the form of the tincture, on patches of chronic mange, 
eczema, and psoriasis. 

Iodine is often recommended for erysipelas, but is in- 
ferior to ichthyol for this purpose. Iodine is injected into 
joints, synovial sacs, abscesses, and cavities of the body to 
promote healing through its antiseptic and irritant action ; 
to cause adhesive inflammation, and in this manner to close 
cavities and to prevent the accumulation of fluids in them. 
The official tincture is commonly used for injections. 

The tincture of iodine may be injected undiluted directly 
into the substance of enlarged glands,* in amounts varying 
from 15 to 30 drops, to assist their absorption. If the tinc- 
ture is injected into the subcutaneous tissue, abscess may 
ensue. Ozoena may be treated to advantage by irrigation 
with a solution containing one drachm of the tincture of 
iodine to the pint of normal salt solution. In inflammation 
of the upper air passages, iodine is sometimes beneficial as 

* In goitre in dogs, calves and lambs, injections of tincture of iodine (lUx.) 
may be made every other day for 10 to :iO times— if painting on the tincture extern- 
ally and potassium iodide or dessicated thyroid glands (gr. iii. in capsules thrice 
daily) internally are unsuccessful. 



POTASSIUM IODIDE 247 

a stimulant and antiseptic inhalation, which is produced by 
adding one-half a drachm of iodine to the pint of boiling 
water. 

Uses Internal. — Iodine is thought to act more satisfac- 
torily than potassium iodide in the treatment of diabetes 
insipidus or polyuria of the horse, in which it often appears 
to be a specific. 

Administration. — Iodine may be combined with gentian 
and iron in the form of a ball, as recommended by Fiulay 
Dun, or better, as Lugol's Solution, which is less irritating 
and more active. 

PoTASSii loDiDUM. Potassium Iodide. K I. (U. S. <fe B. P.) 

Synonym. — Jodkalium, G. 

Derivation. — lodiue is dissolved in hot liquor potassse. 
6I + 6KOH=5KI + KI03-f3 H,0. The evapo- 
rated residue is heated with charcoal to remove O from K I 
O3 (Potassium lodate). KIO3 + 3 C = KI + 3 C O. The 
result is purified by crystallization. 

Properties.— Potassium iodide occurs in colorless, trans- 
parent or translucent, cubical crystals ; or as a white, gra- 
nular powder, having a slight odor of iodine, and a bitter, 
saline taste. Permanent in dry air, but slightly delique- 
scent in moist air. It is soluble in 0.75 part of water; in 18 
parts of alcohol, and 2.5 parts of glycerin. 

Dose.—R., 3ii.-iv. (8.-15.); C, 3 vi. (24.); Sh. k Sw., 
gr.xv.-xxx. (1.-2.); D., gr.ii.-x. (.12-.6). 

PREPARATION. 

(Jngiientum Potassn lodidi. (U. S. & B. P.) 
10i)ercent.. U. S. P. 
Unimportant in veterinary practice. 

ScDii loDlDUM. Sodium Iodide. Na I. (U. S. & B. P.) 
Synonym. — lodure de sodium, Fr.; jodnatrum, G. 
Derivation. — Made from sodium hydrate in the s-atsi^ 
manner as potassium iodide. 



248 INORGANIC AGENTS 

Properties. — Occurs in colorless, cubical crystals, or as 
a white, crystalline powder, without odor, and having a 
bitter, saline taste. Soluble in .6 part of water and in 3 
parts of alcohol. 

Dose. — Same as potassium iodide. 

Syrupus IIydriodici. Syrup of Hjdriodic Acid. 
(U.S. P.) 

Contains 1.3 per cent, of H I. 

Derivation. — Potassium iodide, 13 ; potassium hypo- 
phosphite, 1 ; tartaric acid, 12 ; water, 15 ; diluted alcohol 
and syrup of each a sufficient quantity to make 1,000. 

Properties. — A colorless, odorless, syrupy liquid, of a 
sweet, acid taste. 

Dose.—D., T11XV.-.5 i. (1.-4.) 

Action External. — Potassium iodide is not absorbed un- 
less rubbed into the skin with fat, and is not a local irritant, 
and therefore possesses very little value as an external appli- 
cation. 

Action Internal. — Potassium iodide and iodine are both 
described by that unsatisfactory term, alterative. In certain 
diseases, as in rheumatism, iodine and the iodides alter 
nutrition and cause absorption of exudates in some unknown 
manner ; hence the term alterative. In addition to this 
action, potassium iodide forms soluble compounds with the 
lead and mercury salts, and hastens elimination in poison- 
ing by these metals. It is often taught that potassium iodide 
liberates iodine in the tissues, and that the latter forms 
soluble compounds with albumin, "which are then readily 
eliminated ; thus explaining the effect of potassium iodide in 
aiding resolution of morbid exudation and inflammatory 
thickenings. Free iodine is certainly formed in ,the body as 
it* escapes into the stomach after administration of. iodides. 
Supposed elimination of free iodine from the mucous mem- 
branes and. skin is said to account for irritation of these parts 
after prolonged and excessive doses (iodism). Like other 
salts of the alkalies (see " Sodium Chloride " the iodides are 
diuretics and, in concentration, may cause nausea and vomit- 
ing. The iodides are rai)idly absorbed and mostly eliminated 
as such chiefly by the urine ; but also by mucous membranes, 
and in milk, sweat, tears, etc. 



USES OF IODIDES 249 

Uses Interned. — Potassium iodide is useful in causing ab- 
sorption of enlarged, lymphatic glands, and its action should 
be assisted by the application of iodine or red mercuric 
iodide externally. Potassium iodide, in small doses, dimin- 
ishes congestion and increases the fluidity and amount of 
secretion in acute laryngitis, acute and subacute bronchitis, 
and appears to possess an alterative action in improving the 
condition and nutrition of the bronchial mucous membranes. 
It resembles ammonium chloride in the latter respect. It is 
also of value in asthma, chronic bronchitis, unassociated 
with copious secretion. Chronic pleuritis, pericarditis, and 
ascites are treated with potassium iodide, which assists ab- 
sorption, and occasionally exerts a diuretic effect. Tardy 
resolution of pneumonic consolidation is hastened by potas- 
sium iodide. Endocarditis with cardiac hypertrophy is said 
to be benefited by potassium iodide and digitalis. 

Champignon, or scirrhus coi'd of horses, is sometimes 
cured by the sorbefacient powers of potassium iodide in full 
doses. Potassium iodide is of value in goitre of dogs, calves 
and sheep when tincture of iodine is used externally (see p. 
246). "Roaring " and " thick wind " may be cured by the 
administration of potassium iodide. Potassium iodide is 
the drug commonly given for aneurism. Probably it is only 
of use when this is of syphilitic origin and not in animals. 
Potassium iodide is the best remedy known for actinomyco- 
sis. It should be given to the larger animals in doses of 3 
drachms daily, or in the same dose as Lugol's Solution, 
until iodism appears, when the dose may be reduced to 
on^-half this amount. • Potassium iodide is one of the many 
remedies prescribed in chronic rheumatism.* Potassium 
iodide has a clinical reputation for its power to aid absorp- 
tion and resolution in inflammation or effusions of the brain 
or cord, in hemiplegia, paraplegia and meningitis. 

Summary. — Iodine and potassium iodide resemble one 
another in many respects. Iodine is a local irritant, potas- 

♦ Potassium iodide has given good results in the treatment of periodie 
ophthalmia in horses With the first attack. They are given one ounce <mily for 
two to thiree days, and kept in the dark with cold compresses over the eyes. 



250 INORGANIC AGENTS 

slum iodide is not. The known physiological action of 
potassium iodide and iodine does not explain their medi- 
cinal uses. In combating certain diseases, in an inexplic- 
able manner, they are known as alteratives. In man, iodine 
is superior to potassium iodide in the treatment of scrofula. 
In the horse, iodine is considered of more value in the 
treatment of diabetes insipidus ; while in both man and 
the lower animals, potassium iodide is regarded as more 
valuable in chronic rheumatism. In subacute rheumatism, 
one prescribes equal parts of sodium salicylate and iodide. 
The action of iodine in benefiting local disorders, when 
applied externally, is due to its counter irritant effect, rather 
than to absorption. 

Administration. — Potassium iodide is given in solution. 
Sodium iodide and syrup of hydriodic acid are simply sub- 
stitutes for potassium iodide. 

loDOFORMUM. Iodoform. C H I3. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Derivation. — Alcohol, potassium carbonate, iodine, and 
water are heated together. CH.O + 2 KHCO3 + 81 = 2 
CHI3 + 2 KI + 2 CO, + 3 H,0. 

Iodoform contains over 90 per cent, of iodine. 

Properties. — Small, lemon-yellow, lustreless crystals of 
the hexagonal system ; having a peculiar and very penetrat- 
ing persistent odor, somewhat resembling that of saffron 
and iodine, and an unpleasant and slightly sweetish and 
iodine-like taste. Very slightly soluble in water ; soluble in 
52 parts of alcohol, and in 5.2 parts of ether. Very soluble 
in chloroform, benzine, fixed and volatile oils. 

PREPARTIONS. 

Unguentum lodoformi. Ointment of Iodoform (1-10) . U. S. & B. P.) 

Suppositoria lodoformi. (B. P.) 

(Each containing 3 grs. of iodoform.) 

Action External. — Iodoform is an antiseptic, local anaes- 
thetic, stimulant, protective, and dessicant agent. While 
iodoform does not inhibit the growth of germs outside the 
body — many of the bacteria growing in iodoform itself — it 
is nevertheless a valuable antiseptic. This result mav 



IODOFORM 251 

probably be accounted for by the decomposition of iodoform 
on moist wounds, with the liberation of free iodine ; by its 
absorption of exudates on which germs live ; and possibly 
by neutralizing toxins. Iodoform is particularly useful in 
septic and suppurating wounds. When applied over exten- 
sive surfaces, absorption and poisoning may occur. The 
symptoms of iodoform poisoning are most diverse. 

Symptoms of gastro-intestinal irritation are seen in 
poisoning in dogs, as vomiting and diarrhoea, together with 
nervous symptoms, as convulsions, stupor aud sleep. The 
pulse may be very rapid or infrequent; the temperature 
high or normal. Iodoform is in part absorbed unchanged, 
but the greater part is transformed into free iodine and 
iodides in the body. The symptoms are the resultant of 
the iodoform and iodine. The cerebral excitement is due to 
iodoform, while rapid pulse may follow stimulation of the 
thyroid by iodine. Iodine is eliminated in the urine in iodo- 
form poisoning and can easily be discovered by the starch 
test. General fatty degeneration of the internal organs is 
found after death. The local dessicant effect of iodoform 
on raw surfaces assists the antiseptic action, and the local 
ausesthetic properties combine to make iodoform the best 
antiseptic powder we possess, barring the odor. 

Action Internal. — The internal action of iodoform pos- 
sesses no thei'apeutic v.-ilue. Care must be observed to 
prevent animals licking off iodoform from the surface of the 
body. One drachm will ]ioison a dog weighing ten pounds. 

Elimination. — Iodoform is eliminated in the form of 
iodine and iodides by all the secretions, chiefly by the 
urine as iodides. 

Uses External. — Iodoform is of value applied over 
suppurating and septic surfaces, sores, and ulcers, where 
it hinders the growth of bacteria, stimulates unhealthy 
granulations, relieves pain, possibly neutralizes toxins, 
and certainly produces a vile odor. For this reason one 
of its substitutes should be employed when an antiseptic 
powder is desirable for use upon dogs living in or about 
dwellings. Iodoform is commonly employed in its purity. 
It may be mixed in any proportion with boric acid, or with 
tannic acid (1-8;, for its astringent effect. It is valuable in 



252 INORGANIC AGENTS 

foul of the foot in cattle, or in foot rot in horses, with equal 
parts of alum or tannic acid. Combined with collodion 
(1-15), it forms a useful dressing for sealinej small wounds 
or abrasions upon the hands. The anaesthetic action of 
iodoform is taken advantage of to relieve pain in fissure of 
the rectum, and haemorrhoids. Zuill recommends the fol- 
lowing combination by insufflation in the early stages of 
inflammation of the frontal sinuses : 

Iodoform, Magnesia, Silver Nitrate — equal parts. 

Three grains may be used in suppositories for the 
smaller animals. Iodoform may cause healing in abscess — 
injected into the cavity with glycerin or vaseline- -(1-10), 
using 2-4 drachms of the mixture for smaller animals, or 1 
ounce for the larger animals. Iodoform is very efficacious 
in the treatment of local tuberculous lesions. Iodoform com- 
bined with lard or oil (1-10), is an excellent agent for burns 
which are not so extensive as to endanger the patient 
through absorbtion and iodoform poisoning. 

lODOLUM. lodol. CJ.NH. (U. S. P.) 

Synonym. — Te traiodopyrrol . 

Derivation. — Action of iodine on pyrrol in solution in 
alcohol. Contains 88.9 per cent, of iodine. 

Properties. — Crystalline, shining, light, grayish-brown 
powder. Tasteless and odorless. Practically insoluble in 
water; soluble in 9 parts of alcohol, and in ether and fatty 
oils. The surgical use of iodol has led to poisoning through 
absorption, but the latter is so slow that the danger is 
exceedingly slight. Iodol is suitable for all purposes in 
which iodoform is indicated. It is too expensive for general 
use, but is preferable for application to dogs, on account of 
its lack of odor. 

Aristolum. Aristol. CjoHo.OJa. (Non-official). 

Synonym. — Dithymol diiodide. 

Derivation. — Made by the action of thymol in a solution 



ORTHOFORM 253 

of sodium hydroxide, on iodine, dissolved in a solution of 
potassium iodide. Contains 45.8 per cent, of iodine. 

Properties. — Light reddish, or tawny-brown crystalline 
powder. Possesses peculiar iodiue-like odor, and is insol- 
uble in water, soluble in ether, fats, and slightly soluble 
in alcohol. Aristol is inferior as an antiseptic to either 
iodoform or iodol. It is used with some benefit in dry 
skin diseases, as psoriasis, in powder or ointment. Other 
antiseptic dusting powders include acetanilid, bismuth sub- 
nitrate, salol and boric acid. Acetanilid has been shown 
to be a good antibacterial agent. It is cheap and may be 
applied pure, and it is an efficient substitute for iodoform. 
A few cases of poisoning have been reported following its 
extensive surgical use. Bismuth subnitrate and salol may 
induce poisoning when used over large surfaces. They are 
dessicants and feeble antiseptics. Boric acid is harmless 
and mildly antiseptic. 

Orthoform. Orthoform. 

Orthoform is the methyl-erster of meta-amido-para- 
oxy-benzoic acid. It occurs as a white or dirty yellow, light 
powder, sparingly soluble in water and alcohol but more 
so in glycerin and solutions of the mineral acids. It may 
be combined with iodoform, aristol, boric acid, salicylic 
acid, carbolic acid, turpentine and iodine without incom- 
patibility. 

Action. — Externally, othoform exerts a powerful anes- 
thetic effect on raw surfaces, but has little action on intact 
mucous membranes and none on the unbroken skin. It is 
also a mild antiseptic, of about the same value as boric acid. 
It is but feebly toxic and poisoning does not occur unless 
large quantities are applied over nbraded surfaces. In the 
dog, 15 grains per 2 pounds of body weight have proved 
toxic when given by the mouth ; and 7|- grains per 2 pounds 
of live weight are required to induce fatal poisoning. It 
appears to be a cerebro-spinal paralysant in these large 



254 INORGANIC AGENTS 

doses. The anesthetic action of medicinal doses is usually 
prolonged, varying from a few hours to two or three days. 
Orthoform has been used extensively in human medicine for 
the past few years, and cases of poisoning have been of rare 
occurrence and none fatal, although as much as two or 
three ounces have been applied on ulcerated surfaces in a 
week's time. Occasionally the drug produces an erythema 
or dermatitis owing to peculiar susceptibility of the patient. 
On the other hand, orthoform has been used successfully in 
the treatment of dermatitis following ivy poisoning in the 
human. 

Uses. — Orthoform is valuable chiejfly for its power in 
relieving pain when applied to raw surfaces. It is an 
excellent application for burns. In superficial burns, ortho- 
form may be combined to advantage with ichthyol, of each 
10 per cent., in lanolin. In burns of the second and third 
degree, the use of orthoform and boric acid, equal parts, 
forms an excellent remedy. Orthoform is serviceable in 
relieving pain and irritation of ulcers, hemorrhoids and 
fissures of the rectum. In human practice it is largel}^ 
employed in connection with diseases of the nose, ear and 
throat to arrest pain after operations, and in ulceration and 
inflammation of these parts, as sore throat. Nasal gleet 
in horses should be benefited if not cured by the in- 
sufflation of the powder. Ortlrofcn'm is commonly used in 
ointment containing 10 to 20 per cent, of the drug. It 
may be blown pure into cavities or applied as a saturated 
solution in collodion. It may be sprayed on a part with an 
atomizer in 5 per cent, solution with equal parts of alcohol 
and water. It has been injected into the bladder in cystitis 
mixed with water. In ulceration and other painful affec- 
tions of the stomach, orthoform will give relief owing to its 
local anesthetic action. It maybe administered mixed with 
water and syrup in the dose of 0.5-1.0 (7|^-15 gr.) for dogs. 
It is an expensive drug at present. 



SULPHUR 255 

SECTION X. 
Sulphur. 

Official Varieties. 

Sulphur Sublimatum. Sublimed Sulphur. S. 
(U.S.&B.P.) 

Synonym. — Flowers of sulphur, flores sulphuris, E.; 
fleurs (creme) de soufre, Fr.; schwefelblumen, schwefel- 
bliithe, G. 

Derivation. — Obtained from native sulphur by sublim- 
atiou. 

Properties. — A fine, yellow powder, having a slightly 
characteristic odor and a faintly acid taste. Insoluble in 
water ; slightly soluble in absolute alcohol ; more readily 
soluble ill benzine, benzol, oil of turpentine and many other 
oils ; also in ether, chloroform, and in boiling, aqueous 
solutions of alkaline hydrates. 

PREPARATIONS. 

Sulphur Lotum. Washed Sulphur. S. (U. S. P.) 

Synonym.— Sulphur depuratum, flores sulphuris loti, P. G.; soufre 
lave, Fr. ; gereinigte schwefelblumen, G. 

Derivation. — Obtained from sublimed sulphur w^hich is treated 
with diluted ammonia water to wash out sulphurous and sulphuric 
and other impurities. 

Properties. — A fine, yellow powder, without odor or taste. Solu- 
bility, same as sublimed sulphur. 

Plilvis Glycyrrhizce Compositufi. Compound Powder of Glycyrrhiza. 

(U. S. P.) 

Senna, 180; glycyrrhiza, 236; washed sulphur, 80; oil of fennel, 4; 
sugar, 500, 

Dose. — Dogs (laxative), 3 ss.-i. (2.-4.). 

Vnguentum Sulphuris. Sulphur Ointment. (U.S.&B.P.) 
Washed sulphur, 150 ; benzoinated lard, 850 (U. S. P.) 



256 INORGANIC AGENTS 

* 

Sulphur Prcectpitatum. Precipitated Sulphur. S. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — Lac (magisterium) sulphuris, milk of sulphur, E.; 
soufre precipite, lait de soufre, Fr.; Schwefelmilch, G. 

Derivation. — Obtained from a solution of sublimed sulphur, 100; 
in boiling calcium hydrate, 50; by precipation with hydrochloric acid. 
Jalcium sulphide and hyposulphite are formed. 12 S + 3 Ca O2H2 = 

2 Ca S& + Ca S^ O3 + 3 HjO. Then: 2 CaSs + Ca S» O3 + 6 H CI = 

3 Ca CI, + 13 S H- 3 HjO. 

Dose (of sublimed, waslied or precipitated sulphur). — 
H. & C, 5ii.-iv. (60.-120.); SL & Sw., §i.-ii. (30.-60.); D., 
3 ss.-iv. (2.-15.). 

Larger doses laxative; smaller for constitutional action. 

Precipitated sulphur is the best preparation for inter- 
nal use, as it occurs in a finer state of division and is more 
readily acted upon by the digestive juices. It may contain 
traces of sulphides or sulphuretted hydrogen, owing to the 
method of preparation. 

Action External — Sulphur has no action upon the skin 
when applied in the pure state. The ointment is the most 
effective agent in destoying acari which produce mange, 
grease, and scab. Sulphur does not kill acari as readily as 
a sulphide which is formed by the addition of an alkalL 
"When sulphur ointment is rubbed into the skin it causes 
considerable irritation and an- artificial eczema. Sulphur 
is converted into sulphuretted hydrogen and sulphurous 
acid by living tissue, and this transformation may occur 
to some extent when sulphur is rubbed into the skin 
H^ith fat. 

Action Internal — Digestive Organs. — Sulphut is not 
acted upon by the stomach, but is somewhat dissolved by 
the alkaline intestinal juices, and converted in part into 
sulphides (10 to 20 per cent, of sulphur is absorbed as sul- 
phides) and sulphuretted hydrogen. The sulphides, to- 
gether with sulphuretted hydrogen, are absorbed into the 
blood. Minute traces of sulphuretted hydrogen are elim- 
inated by the lungs and skin, while oxidation of sulphides 
occurs in the tissues and they are eliminated as sulphates 



SULPHUR 257 

and unknown organic sulphur compounds. The sulphides 
and sulphuretted hydrogen act as laxatives, and in all 
probability sulphur itself exerts a mild, mechanical irritation 
upon the bowels. Peristaltic motion and intestinal secre- 
tions are both slightly increased. The faecal discharges are 
soft and pasty, and offensive flatus containing sulphuretted 
hydrogen escapes from the intestines after the administra- 
tion of sulphur. 

Constitutional Action. — Sulphur acts remotely during its 
elimination in stimulating the functions of the skin and 
respiratory mucous membranes, — so-called alterative action. 
Sulphur causes disorganization of the blood, and depresses 
and paralyzes the central nervous system (see p. 261) after 
the continuous administration of colossal doses. Ordinary 
therapeutic quantities of sulphur have no effect of this kind. 

Uses External. — Sulphur is mainly of service externally 
as a local stimulant aud parasiticide in skin diseases. The 
female acarus, which produces mange (acariasis), bores under 
the epidermis and lays her eggs in the burrows, while the 
male insect remains upon the surface. It is essential, there- 
fore, to remove the epidermis in order to expose the ova 
and female to the action of sulphur. The hair should be 
first shaved and the parts soaked and scrubbed with green 
soap and water. All cloths or brushes used in this opera- 
tion should be burned or disinfected by boiling. Sulphur 
acts most efficiently in ointment, as fat fills up the burrows 
and deprives the insects of air. The official ointment is 
used in mange, but a combination with an alkali is morv. 
serviceable, unless there is active irritation of the skin, or 
eczema. The following ointment is recommended : 

Sulphur 3 parts. 

Potassium carbonate 1 part. 

Lard 8 parts. 

In obstinate cases of ringworm or mange, the prepara- 
tion mentioned by Brunton is of value. This consists of 
one part each of sulphur and oil of cade, with two parts 
sach of green soap and lard. True mange in the dog, if 



258 INORGANIC AGENTS 

extensive and of long duration, is practically incurable 
bj any drug. Sulphur ointment is of benefit in chronic 
eczema and acne, for its local stimulant and alterative 
action. 

Uses Internal. — Sulphur is commonly nsed for its laxa- 
tive action in the treatment of young animals and dogs 
suffering with constipation and hsemorrhoids. It may be of 
service in chronic bronchitis with copious secretion. Sul- 
phur is frequently prescribed internally for its action in 
chronic diseases of the skin, and is thought to exert a bene- 
ficial alterative action. Sulphur is also recommended in 
chronic rheumatism. 

Disinfectant Action. — When sulphur undergoes combus- 
tion, sulphurous anhydride (SO) 2 is evolved, and the latter 
combining with water forms suljDhurous acid. SO2 + H2O 
= IToSO, 

Sulphurous acid, and, in a less degree, sulphurous 
anhydride, are germicidal, and are in common use as disin- 
fectants. Sulphurous acid owes its germicidal action to two 
properties. Chiefly to its being a powerful reducing agent, 
by which it is oxidized into sulphuric acid, and also to the 
acidity of both compounds. In withdrawing oxygen from 
organic matter it is poisonous to protoplasm in general and 
to bacteria in particular. Bacteriological experiments, how- 
ever, show that sulphur fumigation, as ordinarily employed 
for disinfection, is of little worth for destroying disease 
germs. Disinfection by formaldehyde or chlorine gas is to 
be preferred. Sole reliance should never be placed upon 
sulphur fumigation, but premises should be treated as recom- 
mended in the section on antiseptics and disinfectants (p. 
Y18). 

In employing sulphur as a disinfectant, animals must 
be vemoved from the premises, and communication with the 
outer air should be excluded as far as possible. Three 
pounds of roll or flowers of sulphur, mixed with 2 ounces 
of alcohol, should be employed for every 1,000 cubic feet of 
air space to be disinfected. The premises which are being 
disinfected should be closed for six hours. Alcohol is 
employed to ignite the sul]:>hur and also to form steam by its 
combustion. The latter unites with sulphurous anhydride 
to make the more potent sulphurous acid. 



SULPHUEOUS ACID 259 

If steam can be introduced into the apartment, together 
with sulphur fumes, the effect is vastly more efficient. The 
sulphur and alcohol may be placed in an iron or earthen- 
ware vessel, floating in a tub of water to avoid danger of 
fire. The sulphur not infrequently fails to burn freely, and 
combustion is secured more certainly by placing flowers of 
sulphur with alcohol in an iron vessel which should rest 
upon a stand in a large iron pot. A lighted alcohol lamp is 
then put under the smaller iron vessel, containing the s.ul- 
phur, and the lamp is ignited. The lamp insures complete 
combustion of the sulphur and the outer iron pot prevents 
the surrounding premises from catching fire. 

Sulphiirous anhydride has been employed for its local 
antiseptic and stimulant action, in inflammatory diseases of 
the upper air passages in horses. For this purpose it is 
burned in such quantities that the vapor is capable of being 
inspired because largely dilated with air. With such dilu- 
tion the antiseptic action is lost, and there is danger of 
producing considerable irritation, and the procedure is of 
doubtful value. The same treatment has been pursued in 
verminous bronchitis of lambs and calves, caused by the 
Strongylus filaria and S. micrurus. Local treatment, with 
tracheal injection, is more efficient. 

AciDUM SuLPHUROSUM. Sulphurous Acid. H2SO3. 
(U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — Acide sulfureux, Fr.; schwefelige saure, G. 

Derivation. — Charcoal, 20, and sulphuric acid, 80, are 
heated together and the sulphurous anhydride evolved is 
passed into water. 4 H, SO, + 2 C = 4 SO, + 2 CO, + 4 
H,0. 4 SO, + 4 H,0 = 4 H.SO,. 

Propertien. — A colorless liquid of the characteristic odor 
of burning sulphur, and of a very acid, sulphurous taste. It 
should contain not less than 6.4 per cent., by weight, of sul- 
phurous anhydride, and not more than 93.6 per cent, of water. 



260 INORGANIC AGENTS 

Dose.—B.. k a, §i.-ii. (30.-60.); Sh. & Sw., 3 i.-ii. 
(4.-8.); D., 5ss.-ii. (2.-8.). 

Actions and Uses. — Sulphurous acid decomposes organic 
matter, abstracts oxygen, and is transformed into sulphuric 
acid. The amount of sulphuric acid formed from the medi- 
cinal solution is not sufficient to interfere with its action in 
or upon the body. Sulphurous acid is a deodorant, deoxi- 
dizer, parasiticide and disinfectant externally. Solutions 
(1-4) are used as local stimulant and antiseptic applications 
to wounds, ulcers, or sores with foul discharges, and to kill 
the fungus growths producing ringworm. 

Sulphurous acid is employed as an antiseptic in indi- 
gestion, associated with flatulence, and has the same effect 
and value as the sulphites and hyposulphites which are used 
for the same purposes. 

PoTAssA SuLPHURATA. Sulphurated Potassa. 
(U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — Potassii sulphuretum, potassii sulphidum, 
liver of sulphur., E. ; foie de soufre, Fr. ; kalischwefel- 
leber, G. 

Derivation. — Powdered and dried potassium carbonate, 
200, is mixed with sublimed sulphur, and heated in a cru- 
cible. Potassa sulphurata is a mixture of potassium hypo- 
sulphite and sulphide. 3 K2C O3 + 8 S =1^28203 +- 
2 K2S3 + 3 CO2. 

Properties. — Irregular pieces of a liver-brown color, 
which by exposure to the air gradually absorb moisture, 
oxygen, and carbonic dioxide, and change to greenish-yellow 
and finally to a gray mass containing potassium carbonate, 
hy2")osulphite and sulphate. The compound has a faint odor 
of hydrogen sulphide, and a bitter alkaline taste. Soluble 
in 2 parts of water, with the exception of a small residue. 

Dose.— H. & C, 3ii.-iv. (8.-15.); D., gr.ii.-x. (.12.6). 

Action Internal. — Sulphurated potassa is composed 
chiefly of potassium trisulphide (K2S3) and of potassium 
thiosulphate (K2S2O3). Its action is that of the sulphides 
generally. These give off HoS in the bowel, which leads to 
purging and local irritation. When injected into a vein the 



SULPHURATED POTASSA 261 

sulphides induce -two notable phenomena in toxic doses. 
First, they cause convulsions in mammals — owing to action 
on the cerebrum — and, in lethal doses, paralysis of the re- 
spiratory and vasomotor centres. Second, they produce alter- 
ation in the hemoglobin of the red corpuscles with formation 
of a body like methemoglobin and called sulpho-hemogoblin. 
In frogs this happens during life but in mammals apparently 
comes on immediately after death. Externally the sulphides 
in solution dissolves the horny epidermis and hair, and leads 
to irritation of the skin after prolonged action. 

The sulphides undergo oxidation in the blood and escape 
in the urine as sulphates and organic sulphur compounds and 
in the breath and sweat as hydrogen sulphide. Sulphurated 
potassa has been administered internally as a substitute for 
sulphur, but is only of value externally. 

Action and Uses External. — Sulphurated potassa is one 
of the most serviceable agents we possess in the treatment 
of chronic forms of skin diseases, as acne, lichen, but 
particularly eczema of the horse and dog. It is locally 
stimulant, alterative ( ?), and parasiticide. There is only 
one drawback to its general use, which is its exceedingly dis- 
agreeable odor. Peruvian balsam is frequently substituted 
for this reason in the treatment of skin diseases in dogs. A 
solution, "yellow lotion," is used in different strengths (1-8 
to 1-15), according to the amount of stimulation which the 
skin will endure. The " yellow lotion," is a good agent for 
killing lice upon the skin. The following prescription will 
be found of benefit in canine practice : 



Potassse Sulphuratse 3 ii. S3. 

Chloralis 3 ss. 

01. Anisi TTLii. 

Aquae ad 5 iv. 

M. 

S. External use. 



The chloral relieves itching and the anise disguises to 
some extent the odor of hydrogen sulphide. 



262 INORGANIC AGENTS 

SECTION XI. 
Acids. 

AciDUM Hydkochloricum. Hydrochloric Acid. H CI. 

(U. S. & B. P.) 
(Muriatic Acid.) 

Synonym. — Acidum hydrochloratum, S. chlorliydricum, 
E.; acide chlorhydriqne S. nuiriatique, Fr.; salzsaiire, G. 

A liquid composed of 31.9 per cent., by weight, of abso- 
lute hydrochloric acid, and 68.1 per cent, of water. (U. S. P.) 

Derivation. — Distil together sulphuric acid, sodium 
chloride and water. The resulting hydrochloric acid gas is 
passed into distilled water, while acid sodium sulphate 
remains in the retort and is further acted upon by sodium 
chloride. 2 Na CI + H,S O, = H CI + Na HSO, ; then : 
Na HSO, + Na CI = H CI + Na.SO,. 

Properties. — A colorless, fuming liquid, of a pungent 
odor and an intensely acid taste. Spec, gr., about 1.16^ at 
15° C. (59° F.) Miscible, in all proportions, with water 
and alcoliol. 

Incompatibles. — Alkaline and other carbonates, and lead 
and silver salts. 

PREPARATIONS. 

AciDDM Hydrochloricum Dilutum, Acidum Nitrohydrochloricum, 
Acidum Nitrohydrochloricum Dilutum. 

Acidum Ilydrocliloricum Dilutum. Diluted Hydrochloric Acid. 
(U. S. & B. P.) 
* {Diluted Muriatic Acid.) 

Derivation. — Hydrochloric acid, 100; distilled water, 219. Diluted 
hydrochloric acid contains 10 per cent, of absolute hydrochloric acid. 
(Ui S. P.) 

Properties. — It does not fume in the air and is without odor. 
Spec, gr., 1.050. Otherwise corresponds to hydrochloric acid. (U. S. P.) 

Dose.—n., 3i.-ii. (4.-8.); C, • ii.-iv. (8.-15.); Sh., 3 ss.-i. (2.-4.); 
Sw. & D., nix.-xxx. (.6-2.). 



SULPHUBIC ACID 263 

AciDUM SuLPHUBicuM. Salpliuiic Acid. H^SO^. 
(U. S. & B. p.) 

Synonym. — Oil of vitriol, E.; acide sulphurique, Liiile 
de vitriol, Fr.; schwefelsaure, vitriolol, G. 

A liquid composed of not less than 92.5 per cent, by 
weight of absolute sulphuric acid, and not more than 7.5 per 
cent, water. 

Derivation. — Sulphurous anhydride (U.S. P.), generated 
by roasting iron pyrites, or sulphur, is passed into leaden 
chambers. Nitric acid is introduced with steam, and the 
sulphurous anhydride undergoes oxidation and hydration. 
2 HNO3 + 2 SO, + H,0 = 2 H,,SO, + N,03. 

The nitrous acid combines with oxygen and water in 
the air, and is re-transformed into nitric acid, acting con- 
tinually as a carrier of oxygen to sulphurous anhydride. 

Properties. — A colorless liquid, of oily consistence, ino- 
dorous, and very caustic and corrosive. Spec. gr. not below 
1.835. Miscible, iu all proportions, with water and alcohol, 
with evolution of so much heat that the mixing requires 
great caution. (U. S. P.) 

Tncompatibles. — Alkalies and carbonates, calcium and 
lead salts. 

PREPARATIONS. 
ACIDUM SULPHURICUM DiLUTUM, ACIDUM SULPHURICUM ArOMATICUM. 

Acidum Sulphuricuru Dilutiuii. Diluted Sulphuric Acid. 
(U. S. & B. P.) 

Derwaftoji. — Sulphuric acid, 100 gm.; distilled water, 825 gm. 

Properties — Diluted sulphuric acid contains 10 j)er cent, by- 
weight, of ahsolnte sulphuric acid. Spec. gr. about l.OTO. (U. S. P.) 

Do.se.— H., 3i-ii. (4.-8.); C, 3 ii.-iv. (8-15); Sh. . 3 ss.-i. (2-4.); 
Sw. & D., mx.-xxx. (.6-2 ). 

Acidum Sidphuricum Aromaticiim. Aromatic Sulphuric Acid. 

(U. S. &B. P.) 

Synonym. — Tinctura aromatica acida, P. G. ; elixir vitrioli Myn- 
Bichti, elixir of vitriol, E.; elixir vitriolique, teinture (alcool) aromatique 
sulphurique, Fr.; saure aromati.sche tinctur, Mynsicht's elixir, G. 



264 INORGANIC AGENTS 

Derwation. — Sulphuric acid. 111 Cc; tincture of ginger, bO Co.; 
oil of cinnamon, 1 Cc ; alcohol to make 1,000 Cc. (U. S. P.) 

Proper//>.s-.— Aromatic sulphuric acid contains about 20ijercent., 
by weij^ht, of ofRcial sulphuric acid, partly in form of ethyl sulphuric 
acid. Spec. gr. about 0.939. (U. S. P.) 

Dose.— H., 3ss.-i. (2.-4.); C, 3 i.-ii. (4,-8.); Sh., mxv.-xxx. (1.-2.); 
Sw. &D., TH,v.-xv. (.3-1.). 



AciDUM NiTRicuM. Nitric Acid. HNO3. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — Acide azotiqiie, Fr.; salpetersaure, G. 

A liquid composed of 68 per cent., by weight, of abso- 
lute nitric acid, and 32 per cent, of water. 

Derivation. — Seven parts of sodium or potassium nitrate 
are distilled with four parts of sulphuric acid and water. 
KNO3 -+- H,SO, = KHSO, + HNO, 

Properties. — A colorless, fuming liquid, very caustic and 
corrosive, and having a peculiar, somewhat suffocating odor. 
Spec. gr. about 1.414. (U. S. P.) 

Incompatibles. — Alkalies and carbonates, iron sulphate, 
lead acetate and alcohol. 

PREPARATIONS. 

ACIDUM NiTRICUM DiLUTUM, ACIDUM NiTROHYDROCHLORICUM, 
ACIDUM NiTROHYDROCHLORICUM DiLUTUM. 

I. Acidum Nitricum Dilutum. Diluted Nitric Acid. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Derivation. — Nitric acid, 100; distilled water, 580. Diluted nitric 
acid contains 10 yer cent , by weight, of absolute nitric acid. Spec. gr. 
about 1.057. (U. S. P.) 

Dose.— H., 3 i.-ii. (4-8.); C, 3 ii.-iv. (8.-15.); Sh., 3 ss.-i. (2.-4.); 
Sw. & D., mv.-xxx. ( 3-2.). 

II. Acidum Nitrohydrochloricum. Nitrohydrochloric Acid. (U. S. P.) 

{Nitromuriatic Acid.) 

Derivation. — Nitric acid, 180 ; hydrochloric acid, 820. Chemical 
composition uncertain. 

Prox>erties. — A golden yellow, fuming and very corrosive liquid, 
having a strong odor of chlorine. The strong acid should always be 
freshly prepared and should be used in preference to the diluted acid. 
It may be made off hand by mixing 4 parts of nitric acid with 16 parts 



PHOSPHORIC ACID 265 

of hydrochloric acid. The mixture shovdd remain in an open bottle QOl 
more than half full, until the fumes pass off. 

Dose.— H., Tiixx.-xl. (1.3-2.6); D., niiii.-v. (.2-.3). 

JJL Acidura Nitrohydrochloricum Dilutum. Diluted Nitrochloric Acid. 

(U.S. &B. P.) 
{Diluted Nitromuriatic Acid.) 

Synonym. — Acidum chloro-nitrosum, P. G. ; aqua regia S. regis, — 
acide chloro-azotique S. chloro-nitreux, eau Regales, Fr.; salpetersalz- 
Baure, konigswasser, G. 

Derivation. — Nitric acid, 40; hydrochloric acid, 180; distilled 
water, 780. 

Properties. — A colorless, or pale yellowish liquid, having a faint 
odor of chlorine and a very acid taste. Completely volatilized by heat. 
(U. S. P.) 

Dose.— H., 3i.-ii. (4.-8.); C, 3 ii.-iv. (8.-15.); Sh., 3 ss.-i. (2.-4.); 
Sw. & D., Tn,v.-xxx. (.3-2.). 



Acidum Phosphoricum. Phosphoric Acid. H3P O^. 
(U. S. & B. P.) 

A liquid composed of not less than 85 per cent., by 
weight, of absolute orthophosphoric acid (H3P OJ, and not 
more than 15 per cent, of water. (U. S. P.) 

Derivation. — Heat phosphorus with diluted nitric acid 
till nitrous fumes cease. P3 -f 5 HNO3 + 2 H„0 = 3 H, 
PO, + 5 NO. 

Properties. — A colorless liquid, without odor, but having 
a strongly acid taste. Spec. gr. not below 1.710. Miscible, 
in all proportions, with water or alcohol. (U. S. P.) 

PREPARATION. 

Acidum Phosphoricum Dilvtum. Diluted Phosphoric Acid. 
(U. S. & B. P.) 

Derivation. — Phosphoric acid, 100; distilled water, 750. (U. S. P.) 
Diluted phosphoric acid contains 10 per cent., by weight, of absolute 
orthophosphoric acid. Spec. gr. about 1057. 

Dose.— H., 3i.-ii. (4.-8.); C, 3 ii.-iv. (8.-15.); Sh., 3ss-'. (2.-4.); 
D., mv.-xxx. (.3-2.) 



266 INORGANIC AGENTS 

AciDUM AcETicuM. Acetic Acid. H C2H3OJ. 
(U. S. & B. P.) 

Synomjr.i. — Acetum purum, — acetum destillatum, P.G.; 
acide acetique dilue, Fr.; reiuer essig, G. 

A liquid composed of 36 per ceut., by weight, of absolute 
acetic acid, and 64 per ceut, of water. 

Dfrlvation. — Distillatiou of dry sodium acetate with 
snlphnric acid aud crvstallizatiou of the distillate. Na C, 
H,0, + H, SO, = H (I H, O, + Na H SO,. 

Fro/)eHies. — A ck-ar, colorless liquid, haviup; a stroucr, 
vinei^ar-like odor, a purely acid taste aud a strougly acid 
reaction. Spec. gr. about 1.048. Miscible with water or 
alcohol in all proportions. 

PREPAKA.TION. 
Acidurii Aceticum Dilutuvi. Diluted Acetic Acid. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — Acetum concentratuin, — acide acetiqup, Fr.; ver- 
diinnte essigsaure, G. 

Derwation. — Acetic acid, 100; distilled water, 500. Diluted acetic 
acid contains 6 per cent., bj^ weight, of absolute acetic acirl. Spec gr. 
about 1 008. Not employed internally except in the form of official 
aceta. Vinegar is impure diluted acetic acid, made by destructive 
distillation of wood, or by acetous fermentation and oxidation of alco- 
holic solutions, as cider. 

CoHoO H + O2 = H CsHsOj + H,^. A temperature of S0° F., and 
the presence of the ferment or mould (Mycoderma aceti), are necessary. 



AciDUM Aceticum Glaciale. Glacial Acetic Acid. H GMJ^^. 
(U. S. ctB. P.) 

Synonym. — Acidum aceticum, P. G.; acidum aceticum 
concentratum, acetum glaCiale, — acide acetique concentree, 
esprit de viuaigre, vinaigre glacial, Fr.; essigsaure, eissesig, G. 

Derivation. — Same as acetic acid. 

Properties. — A clear, colorless liquid of a strong vinegar- 
like odor, and a very pungent, purely acid taste. Contains 
about 99 per cent, of absolute acid. Not used internally. 



TARTArJC ACID 267 

AciDUM Tartakicum. Tartaric Acid. HjC.H.Os. 
(U.S.&B.P.) 

Synonym. — Sal essentiale tartari, — acide tartrique, 
acide de tartre, Fr.; weinsaure, weinsteinsaure, G. 

Derivation. — Boil acid potassium tartrate or argol 
(incrnstation in wine casks) witli chalk to form calcium 
tartrate. 2 K H C,H,0, -f Ca C O3 = Ca C,H,0« + ICC,H,0« 
+ HjO + C O,,. Add calcium chloride, which precipitates 
more calcium tartrate, and decompose with sulphuric acid. 
H,S O, + Ca C,H,0, = H,C,H,0« + Ca S O, 

Evaporate solution. Calcium sulphate ciystals separate 
and are removed, while tartaric acid crystallizes on further 
evaporation. 

Properties. — Colorless, translucent, mouoclinic prisms, 
or crystalline crusts, or a white powder; odorless, having a 
purely acid taste, and permanent in the air. Soluble in 
about .8 jiart of water, and in 2.5 parts of alcohol. Not 
commonly used in Veterinary medicine. 

Dose.—K., 3 ii.-iv. (8.-15.); D., gr.x.-xxx. (.6-2.). 

AciDUM CiTRicuM. Citric Acid. H3CeH50,. (U. S. k B. P.) 

Synonym. — Acidum citri S. limonum, S. limonorum, — 
acide citriqiie, acide du citron, Fr.; citronensaure, G. 

Derivation. — Usually prepared from the lemon (Citrus 
lemonum), or lime (Citrus bergamia). Boiling lemon juice 
(containing 7 per cent, of citric acid) is treated with chalk 
to form calcium citrate. 2 H3C6H5O, + 3 Ca C O3 = Ca, 
(C,H,0,)., + 3 C O, + 3 H,0. 

Calcium citrate is boiled with sulphuric acid and the 
resulting citric acid is obtained by filtration, evaporation 
and crystallization. Ca3 (C,H,0,)., + 3 H. S O, == 2 Ufijl, 
O, + 3 Ca SO,. 

Properties. — Colorless, translucent, right - rhombic 
prisms; odorless, having an agreeable, purel}^ acid taste; 
efflorescent in warm air and deliquescent when exposed to 



268 INORGANIC AGENTS 

moist air. Soluble in 0.63 parts of water and in 1,61 parts 
of alcohol. 

Dose.—B.., 3 ii.-iv. (8.-15.); D., gr.x.-xx. (.6-1.3). 

PREPARATION. 

Syrupus Acidi Citrici, Syrup of Citric Acid. (U. S. P.) 
Citric Acid, 10; water, 10; spirit of lemon, 10; syrup to make 1000. 
Dose. — Ad lib. 

AciDUM Lacticum. Lactic Acid. H CgHjOj. 

(U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — Acide lactiqne, Fr.; milchsanre, G. 

An organic acid, usually obtained by subjecting milk- 
sugar or grape-sugar to lactic fermentation. Compospd of 
75 per cent., by weight, of absolute lactic acid, and 25 per 
cent, of water. 

Properties. — A colorless, syrupy liquid, odorless, of a 
purely acid taste. Spec. gr. about 1.213. Freely miscible 
with water, alcohol, or ether. 

Z>o.se.-H., 3 ii.-iv. (8.-15.); D., ITLxxx.- 3 i. (2.-4.). 

Other acids to be found in other sections. 

Action External. — The concentrated mineral acids are 
powerful escharotics, but in dilation are stimulant, astrin- 
gent, rubefacieut, or vesicant, according to th^ir strength. 
Acids have a great affinity for the alkaline juices of the 
tissues and blood, and weak acid solutions are thus neutral- 
ized. Strong acids coagulate albumin, probably by combin- 
ing with alkalies, which hold albumin in solution, and pre- 
cipitating especially the globulins of the tissues. When 
mineral acids are present in abundance the albumin first 
coagulated is afterwards dissolved (except nitric acid), and 
the corrosive action of the acids is extensive. Acids farther 
destroy tissue by combining with water, for which they have 
also a great affinity, particularly sulphuric and phosphoric 
acids. The former withdiaws wjiter to such an extent that 
the tissues are carbonized and blackened. Sulphuric acid 
is more destructive of tissue and acts more extensively than 



ACTION OF ACIDS 269 

the other mineral salts. Nitric acid is less caustic, and 
hydrochloric acid is the least corrosive. Xitric acid stains 
the parts yellow, and hydrochloric, white. The vegetable 
acids, as citric and tartaric acids, are slightly caustic, but 
are irritant to the skin, and still more so to raw surfaces and 
mucous membranes. An ounce of tartaric acid has caused 
death in man through its local effect The action of the 
caustic alkalies is more widespread than that of the mineral 
acids. Diluted sulphuric and nitric acids are astringents, 
because of their power of condensing tissues, and also 
hemostatics in causing compression of blood vessels by 
contraction of the tissues about them. [Nitric acid is com- 
monly employed externally, because its effect is limited by 
its own eschar, which is not dissolved by an excess of acid. 

Hydrochloric acid has no astringent effect and is not 
used externally for its caustic properties. The acids are 
antiseptic, but are less appropriate than other agents in most 
cases, on account of their irritant action. Free hydro- 
chloric acid as it exists in the gastric juice (0.2-0.3 of 1 per 
cent.) is a powerful antiseptic and even germicide. 

Action Internal. — Alimentary Canal. — The classical ex- 
periments of Pawlow have materially altered our concep- 
tions of the action of acids. We have shown (p. 18) that 
indirectly, by stimulating the formation of secretin in the 
stomach and intestines, they excite the activity of all 
the glands giving rise to the secretions concerned with di- 
gestive activity. They all aid digestion. Hydrochloric acid 
is particularly serviceable in gastric anacidity, being the 
natural acid of the gastric juice. The mineral acids also 
possess a certain degree of antiseptic action on the contents of 
the digestive tract. Diluted acids are called refrigerants in 
imparting a sense of coolness to the skin and mucous mem- 
brane of the mouth, and, by augmenting the secretion of 
saliva, relieve thirst in fever. The acids exert a local stimu- 
lant and astringent action upon the intestinal canal. Nitric 
acid is particularly a stimulant, sulphuric acid an astringent. 

Constitutional Action. — Almost all living matter poss- 
esses an alkaline or neutral reaction. x\n animal dies from 
acid poisoning even before its blood becomes neutral. The 
constitutional action of acids is seen after absorption of di- 



270 INOEGANIC AGENTS 

lute solutions. Acids are immediately converted into salts — 
as acid can not exist as such in the tissues or blood. In the 
case of herbivora the fixed alkalies of the tissues and blood 
thus neutralize acid as it is absorbed. When the alkalies of 
the blood and tissues are consumed the animal dies. Her- 
bivora are verj susceptible to acid poisoning, as in them the 
lessened alkalinity of the blood renders it unable to carry 
carbonic acid from the tissues to the lungs. 

When the tissues become flooded with carbonic dioxide, 
dyspnea, heart weakness, depression of the vasomotor centre, 
and death by failure of the respiration ensue. 

Carnivora are more resistant to acid poisoning because 
they possess a protective power whereby they are able to 
liberate free ammonia from their tissues and thus neutralize 
absorbed acid and save — to a considerable extent — the fixed 
alkalies in their blood and tissues. 

Acid is absorbed from the digestive tract as acid salts 
and in this form eliminated by the kidneys, which may lead 
to renal irritation and the presence of albumin and blood in 
the urine. 

The urine of herbivora therefore becomes strongly acid 
and contains large quantities of the salts of the alkalies ; that 
of carnivora holds an excess of ammonia and — to a less de- 
gree — an increase in potassium and sodium salts. 

The organic acids are also absorbed as salts of the 
alkalies but do not usually reduce the alkalinity of the blood 
or render the urine acid. ' ' 

They are oxidized into carbonates in the tissues and 
mav even alkalize the urine by their eliminaton as alkaline 
carbonates. The vegetable salts are infrequently used in 
veterinary medicine. The effect of the mineral acids on the 
body is due almost wholly to their hydrogen ion, to which 
thev owe their activity. 



USES OF ACIDS 271 

Diluted phosphoric acid relievea thirst and forms an 
agreeable cooliug drink in fevers. Phosphoric acid is used 
as a tonic and reconstituent, but experiments have shown 
that phosphorus compounds of the body can not be built 
from inorganic forms of phosphorus. 

Poisoning. — If acid is spilled on the skin, alkalies should 
be applied, and in case of sulphuric acid the excess of acid 
should first be rubbed off, and then large quantities of very- 
dilute alkaline solutions or soapsuds should be employed 
to avoid evolution of heat when the acid combines with 
water. When acids are swallowed, there is excoriation and 
sloughing of mucous membranes, difl&culty in swallowing, 
vomiting of dark brown material and mucus (in animals 
capable of the act), severe colic, pain on movement, consti- 
pation, or, rarely, bloody diarrhoea. Occasionally some acid 
flows into the larynx during deglutition and oedema and 
suffocation rapidly ensue. There is inflammation of the 
upper part of the digestive canal, thirst, and collapse, with 
weak pulse and cold extremities. Softening, sloughs, 
haemorrhage and perforation of the mucous membrane of 
the mouth, gullet and stomach and small intestines are 
found post mortem. 

Treatment. — Soapsuds, sodium bicarbonate, lime water, 
magnesia, or other alkalies. Demulcents, as milk, white of 
egg, gum arabic and linseed tea. Opium and stimulants. 
Wash out the stomach with a large amount of alkaline 
solution. 

Uses External. — Strong mineral acids are used as 
caustics. One part of sulphuric acid is mixed with three 
parts of sulphur, or asbestos, to form a paste for the destruc- 
tion of morbid growths. 

The application of sulphuric acid is somewhat dan- 
gerous, as it is difficult to limit the action, and it is not by 
any means the best escharotic, nor so good as nitric acid, 
which produces less extensive destruction of tissue, and is a 
useful agent for the removal of tumors, for the cauterizntion 
of bites inflicted by rabid animals, and for the treatment of 
foul, sloughing wounds or foot-rot. 



272 r:oKGANic agejs^ts 

The action of nitric acid may be limited by surrounding 
the part to which the strong acid is applied with oil, or by 
washing the acid off with soapsuds. Glacial acetic acid is 
frequently employed to remove warts and small excres- 
cences. It is not so powerful as sulphuric or nitric acid. 
The acids in weak solution ( 3 i.-Oi.) are useful in relieving 
irritation of the skin, as in urticaria, for their astringent 
action upon piles, and to stop slight haemorrhages. Vinegar 
diluted with 3 parts of water may be used for the same 
purposes. Nitric acid (Tftv.-xxx. to 3 i. of water) is a good 
antiseptic, stimulant and astringent application to indolent 
rtlcers, wounds, or, in the month, for ulcerative or mercurial 
stomatitis. 

Uses Internal. — The acids are all of value in digestive 
disorders. Hydrochloric acid is useful in fever, to relieve 
thirst and aid digestion, when a few drops may be put in 
the drinking water. Hydrochloric acid is especially indi- 
cated for gastric indigestion with deficiency in the secretion 
of gastric juice, in convalesence, and for fermentation and 
tympanites in chronic-gastritis. Hydrochloric acid should 
be given after feeding, and is often combined with bitters. 
It acts as an antiseptic in addition to aiding digestion. 
Hypersecretion of hydrochloric acid, or hyperchlorhydria, 
is said to be characterized by acid reaction of the secretion 
in the month, and a desire to lick alkaline earthy matters. It 
is best treated by alkalies after feeding. All the acids are 
serviceable in the treatment of diarrhoea and intestinal indi- 
gestion. Aromatic sulphuric acid (with 0[)ir.m) is more 
particularly valuable as a remedy for watery purging. 
Nitric and nitrohydrochloric acids are of more use in 
diarrhoea with indigestion, jaundice, 'and disordered hepatic 
functions. The latter acid is often combined with nux 
vomica in the treatment of intestinal indigestion, and is a 
valuable remedy in catarrhal jaundice of dogs. The mineral 
acids are of service in preventing the formation of phos- 
phatic calculi in horses. 



BORIC ACID 273 

Sulphuric acid is utilized in acute lead poisoniug, as an 
antidote, to form insoluble sulphates in the bowels. The 
anids are given for their remote astringent action in arrest- 
ing or preventing haemorrhage (purpura) from internal 
organs, and in diminishing excessive sweating and mucoiis 
discharges; but are inferior to other agents in the treatment 
of these conditions. 

Administration. — The acids should all be thoroughly 
diluted with water for internal use. 



AciDUM BoRiGUM. Boric Acid. H3 B O3. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — Boracic acid, E.; acide borique, Fr.; acidum 
boracicum, sal. sedativum Hombergii, borsaure, G. 

Derivation. — Made by evaporation and crystallization of 
solutions obtained by passing steam issuing from rocks in 
volcanic regions of Italy, through water; or by the action 
of hydrochloric or sulphuric acids upon borax. "Na,^ B^O, 
(borax) + 10 H,0 + 2 H CI = 4 H3B O3 + 2 Na CI + 5 HA 
Recovered by filtration and recrystallization. 

Properties. — Transparent, colorless scales, of a some- 
what pearly lustre, or, when in perfect crystals, six-sided 
triclinic plates, slightly unctuous to the touch ; odorless, 
having a faintly bitterish taste, and permanent in the air. 
Soluble in 25 6 parts of water and in 15 parts of alcohol; 
also soluble in 10 parts of glycerin. It is feebly acid. 

Dose. — Foals and calves., gr.xx.-xxx. (1.3-2.). 

PREPARATION. 

Glyceritum Boroglycerini. Glycerite of Boroglycerin. (U. S. P.) 

Synonym. — Glycerinum acidi borici, B. P.; glycerite of glyceryl 
borate, solution of boroglvceride. Boric acid, 310; glycerin to make 
1,000. Solution prepared by heat (302° F.) 

Unguentuvi Acidi Borici, (10 per cent.) (U. S. & B. P.) 

SoDii Boras. Sodium Borate. Na^B^T (U. So P.) 

Synonym. — Borax, B.P.; natrum biboricum, boras, boras 
sodicus, E.; borate de soudre, Fr.; borsaures natron, G. 



274 INORGANIC AGENTS 

Derivation. — Natural deposits of the crude article occur 
as incrustations on shores of lakes in Nevada and California, 
which are purified by calcination and crystallization. Borax 
is also made by boilinc^ boric acid with sodium carbonate. 
4 H;.B 0,3 + NaoC O, = Na.B.O^ + C Oo + 6 IIo O. 

Properties. — Colorless, transparent, monoclinic prisms, 
or a white powder, inodorous and having a sweetish, alka- 
line taste. Slightly eillorescent in warm, dry air. Soluble 
in 16 parts of water at 59° F., and in 0.5 part of boiling 
water; insoluble in alcohol. At 176° F. it is soluble in one 
part of glycerin. Borax is slightly alkaline. 

ACTION OF BORIC ACID AND BORAX. 

Boric acid and borax are essentially mild, non-irritating 
antiseptics. These agents are practically harmless, as ordi- 
narily employed, yet death in man has been reported from 
absorption of a 5 per cent, solution of boric acid used for 
irrigation of the large cavities of the body, and fatalities 
have resulted from its external use and from the ingestion 
of quantities of boric acid. 

Three drachms of boric acid may be given daily to dogs, 
without causing any untoward effect. In man, boric acid 
poisoning has been exhibited by feeble pulse, subnormal 
temperature, vomiting, erythema and swelling of superficial 
parts, muscular weakness, involu.ntary evacuations, coma, and 
disordered respiration. Boric acid is eliminated by the urine, 
sweat, saliva and faeces. Borax tends to alkalize the urine, 
but neither borax nor boric acid are diuretics. 

Boric acid and borax,, like other antiseptics, relieve 
itching and destroy parasites upon the skin. Boric acid 
exerts an antiseptic action upon the contents of the digestive 
tract and upon the urine. It is thought to jjossess some 
emmenagogue action. 

USES OF BORIC ACID AND BORAX. 

The value of boric acid and borax is chiefly surgical. 
They are employed more commonly upon the mucous mem- 



"USES OF BORIC ACID AND BORAX 275 

branes of ^he eyelids, mouth, nose, vagina, urethra and 
bladder, for their non-irritating, antiseptic properties, and 
also to relieve itching and to destroy parasites upon the 
skin. Boric acid is in more frequent use than any other 
agent in simple catarrhal conjunctivitis, and may be com- 
bined to advantage with cocaine as follows: 

Cocainae Hydrochlor gr.v.-x. 

Acid. Borici gr.x.-xx. ' 

Aquae ad § i. 

M. 

S. Eye lotion. 

Borax is perhaps more appropriate in the mouth, being 
alkaline. It is applied by swab, in saturated solution, for 
aphthous and other forms of stomatitis. A saturated solu- 
tion (4 per cent.) of boric acid is useful as an injection for 
ozoena, cystitis and vaginitis. Borax in saturated solution 
assuages pruritus ani and vulvae, and is employed as an 
application for ringworm. Boroglyceride is indicated for 
burns and wounds. 

A serviceable antiseptic dressing is made by soaking 
gauze in a boiling saturated solution of boric acid. The 
dried gauze contains boric acid, which crystallizes upon it as 
the solution cools. One part of boric acid in combination 
with four parts of zinc oxide forms a soothing, protective 
dusting powder for chafed surfaces, intertrigo, erythema and 
moist eczema in dogs. Boric acid is prescribed in 10 per 
cent, ointment for burns, eczema and psoriasis. It is 
perhaps the best remedy for canker of the ear in dogs (otitis 
externa). The ear should be syringed out with a 2 per 
cent, solution, dried with absorbent cotton, and powdered 
with pure boric acid. The internal uses of boric acid are 
unimportant. It has been recommended and given as an 
einmenagogue, and as an intestinal antiseptic in fermenta- 
tive diarrhoea of foals and calves. Boric acid is often 
administered in human medicine to acidify the urine and 
disinfect the genito-urinary tract, although not so efficient 
as urotropin. 



276 INORGANIC AGENTS 

SECTION XII. 
Class 1. — Carbon. 

Carbon is represented officially as follows : 

Carbo Animalis. Animal Charcoal. (D. S. P.) 

Synonym. — Bone black, E.; charbon, Fr.; thier (or) 
knochen-kolile, G. 

Derivation. — Bones freed from fat are exposed to great 
heat in close iron cylinders till ammoniacal vapors pass 
off. The resulting charcoal is pulverized and contains 
about 10 per cent, of carbon and 88 per cent, of calcium 
phosphate and carbonate. 

Properties. — Dull, black, granular fragments, or a dull 
black powder ; odorless, nearly tasteless, and insoluble in 
water or alcohol. 

Dose.—B.. & C, 3 i.-ii. (30.-60.); Sh. k Sw., 3 ii.-iv. (8.- 
15.); D., gr.xx.-3i. (1.3-4). 

PREPARATION. 

Carho Animalis Purificatus. Purified Animal Charcoal. (U. S. P.) 

Derivation. — Animal charcoal, 100, is boiled with hydrochloric 
acid, 300, and water to remove ash. Resnlt filtered and residue on 
filter paper washed and dried, 

Proxyerties. — A dull, black powder, odorless and tasteless; insoluble 
in water, alcohol or other solvents 

Dose. — Same as above. 

Carbo Ligni. Charcoal. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — Wood charcoal. 

Derivation. — Soft wood is charred by piling it in heaps, 
igniting, and covering it with sand and turf to prevent rapid 
combustion. 

Properties. — A black, odorless and tasteless powder, free 
from gritty matter. Insoluble in water or alcohol. 

Dose. — Same as animal charcoal. 



CHARCOAL 277 

Action. — Charcoal is essentially a Deodorant and Ab- 
sorbent, It possesses the power to absorb gases like other 
porous substances. Ordinarily it holds oxygen and when it 
comes in contact with decomposing matter it gives up its 
oxygen and at the same time absorbs the gaseous products 
of the decomposing substance. In this way it hastens the 
fermentation by oxidation and, while not a sufficiently power- 
ful oxidizer to act as a germicide or antiseptic, yet it may 
favor the growth of aerobic rather than anaerobic organisms. 
The latter particularly produce foul-smelling and toxic 
bodies. So it may be seen that charcoal acts directly to 
absorb gases and indirectly to prevent the formation of the 
more undesirable fermentations. It was formerly thought 
that charcoal only acted as an absorbent in the dry state 
but it is almost as efficient when wet. 

Charcoal is not absorbed and escapes from the bowels 
unchanged. There is no material difference between the 
action of wood and animal charcoal. Externally charcoal 
acts as a Dessicant, Deodorant, and, indirectly, as an Antisep- 
tic by absorption of the body fluids on which germs subsist. 
If administered continually in large quantities charcoal may 
produce mechanical obstruction in the bowels, and it is 
therefore employed in conjunction with laxatives. 

Uses External. — Charcoal is applied as a dusting powder 
with astringents and antiseptics upon ulcers, galled and raw 
surfaces. The following combination is useful : charcoal, 4 
parts ; salicylic acid, 2 parts ; burnt alum, 1 part. It is also 
used in flaxseed meal poultices upon foul, sloughing parts. 

Uses Internal. — Charcoal is employed occasionally in 
indigestion, chronic gastric and intestinal catarrh, and 
diarrhoea, accompanied by flatulence and mucous discharges. 
Charcoal possesses the power of attracting and holding 
alkaloids in its substance, and so may be used in large doses 
as an antidote in poisoning by alkaloidal drugs, as opium, 
nux vomica and aconite. Its action is slow, and other 
means, as tannic acid, emetics and the stomach tube, are 
more efficient. 



278 INORGANIC AGENTS 

Carbonei Disulphidum. Carbon Disulpliide. C S,. 

(U. S. P.) 

Synonym. — Carbonii bisulphidum, bisulphide of carbon, 
carbon sulphide, E.j carboneum sulphuratum, alcohol sul- 
furis, P. G.; sulfure de carbone, Fr.; schwefelkohlenstoff, G. 

Dei ivation. — Obtained from carbon and sulphur by 
distillation. 

Properties. — A clear, colorless, highly refractive liquid; 
very diffusive, having a strong, characteristic, but not fetid 
odor, and a sharp, aromatic taste. Soluble in 535 parts of 
water ; very soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, and fixed 
volatile oils. Spec. gr. 1.268 to 1.269. Carbon disulphide 
vaporizes readily and is highly inflammable. 

Actions and Uses. — Carbon disulphide is a rapid and 
powerful anaesthetic when inhaled, and also locally, when 
applied in spray upon the skin. It produces muscular 
weakness, coma, and, rarely, convulsions in toxic closes. 
It has been used as a counter-irritant in the form of 
Y.ipor, to cause absorption of enlarged lymphatic glands. 
Favorable results have been reported by Perroncito, with 
carbon disulphide given in gelatine capsules to horses to 
destroy the larv?e of the bot fly (CEstrus equi). Three cap- 
sules, containing 10 grams each, for a horse, or 8 grams 
each for a colt, should be given at hour intervals, and 
followed in 12 hour's by a pint of oil. 

Class 2. — Alcohol, Ether and Chloroform. 

Alcohol. Alcohol. C,H, O H. (U. S. P.) 

/S'2/now?/m.— Spiritus rectificatus, B. P.*; spiritus vini 
rectificatissimus, alcohol vini, rectified spirit, E.; alcool, Fr.; 
weingeist, G.; spiritus, P. G. 

* Rectified spirit (B. P.) contains 90 per cent, of pure alcohol by volume 
(85.65 per cent, by weight). There are four official dilutions in the B. P. 
containing 70, 60, 45 and 20 per cent, of alcohol by volume respectively. 



ALCOHOL 270 

Alcohol is derived directly from fruit sugar, and indi- 
rectly from starch. The grains, as wheat, rye, corn ; and 
potatoes, supply starch most economically. The starch in 
these substances is converted into glucose by heating with 
very dilute sulphuric acid, or by fermentation with malt. 
Glucose is further acted upon by yeast containing the Torula 
cerevisise, which converts 15 per cent, of glucose into alcohol 
and carbonic dioxide. CeHi^Og = 2 C, H^ O H + 2 C O,. 

The weak alcohol resulting is subjected to repeated 
distillation until sufficiently pure and concentrated. In the 
natural fermentation of Iruit sugar in grape juice, during 
the formation of wine, the amount of alcohol is self-limited 
to 15, rarely 20 per cent., since the ferment is killed by an 
amount of alcohol greater than this. 

Derivation. — The official alcohol is derived from rectified 
spirit, by maceration, first with anhydrous potassium car- 
bonate, then freshly fused calcium chloride, and finally by 
distillation. 

Properties. — A liquid composed of about 92.3 per cent., 
by weight, or 94.9 per cent., by volume, of ethyl alcohol 
(C^H^O H), and about 7.7 per cent., by weight, of water (U. 
S. P.) A transparent, colorless, mobile and volatile liquid, 
of a characteristic, rather agreeable odor, and a burning 
taste. Spec. gr. about .820 at 15° C. (59° F.). Miscible 
with water in all proportions and without any trace of 
cloudiness. Also miscible with ether or chloroform. It is 
readily volatile at low temperatures, and boils at 78° C. 
(172.4° F.). It is inflammable and burns with a blue flame. 

i>06e.— H. & C, §i.-iii. (30.-90.); Sh. & Sw., 3 ii.-iv. 
(8.-15.); D., 3 i.-ii. (4.-8.). 

PREPARATION. 

Alcohol Dilutum. Diluted Alcohol. (U. S. P.) 

A liquid composed of about 41 per cent., by weight, or about 48.6 
per cent., by volume, of absolute ethyl alcohol (Cj Hs O H), and about 
59 per cent, of water. (U. S. P. ) 

Derivation. — Alcohol, 500; distilled water, 500. 



280 INORGANIC AGENTS 

Alcohol Absolutum. Absolute Alcohol. C2H5O H. 
(U. S. ifeB. P.) 

Ethyl alcohol, coutaiuiug not more than 1 per cent., by 
weight, of water. 

Derivation. — Percolation of the purest alcohol through 
quicklime, out of contact with the air, and redistillation in 
vacuo. 

Properties. — Transparent, colorless, mobile find volatile 
liquid, of a characteristic, rather agreeable odor, and a 
burning taste. Very hydroscopic. Spec. gr. not higher 
than 0.797 at 15=^ C. (69'^ F.) 

Alcohol Deodoratum. Deodorized Alcohol. 
(Non-ofl&cial.) 

A liquid composed of about 92.5 per cent., by weight, 
or 95.1 per cent., by volume, of ethyl alcohol (C, H^ O H), 
and about 7.5 per cent., by weight, of water. 

Derivation. — Distillation of alcohol with about 2 per 
per cent, of pure fused sodium acetate. 

Properties. — Similar to alcohol, except as regards odor. 

Spiritus Frumenti. "Whisky. (U. S. P.) 

Synonym. — Eau-de-vie de grains, Fr.; whiskey korn- 
branntwein, G. 

Derivation. — An alcoholic liquid obtained by the distil- 
lation of the mash of fermented grain (usually of mixtures 
of corn, wheat and rye), and at least two years old. 

Properties.-^ k.n amber-colored liquid, having a distinc- 
tive odor and taste, and a slightly acid reaction. Its specific 
gravity should not be more than 0.930, nor less than 0.917, 
corresponding, approximately, to an alcoholic strength of 
44 to 50 per cent., by weight, or 50 to 58 per cent., by 
volume. Contains no more than traces of fusel oil. The 
alcoholic liquors owe their flavor or bouquet to ethers which 
are only developed in course of time. The amylic alcohol. 



ALCOHOL ■ 281 

or fusel oil in whiskey is therefore converted into ethers^ 
which give the characteristic flavor to whiskey. 

Dose.—H. and C, sii.-iv. (60.-120.); Sh. & Sw., li.-iL 
(30.-60.); D., 3i.-iv. (4.-15.). 

Spiritus Vini Gallicl Brandy. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — Spirit of French wine, E.; eau-de-vie, cognac, 
Fr.; Frantzbranntwein, G. 

Derivation. — An alcoholic liquid obtained by the distil- 
lation of the fermented unmodified juice of fresh grapes, and 
at least four years old. 

Brandy is somewhat astringent and is often not made 
from the distillation of wine, but is a factitious preparation. 
Native brandy is said to be purer, but is usually inferior in 
ti ivor to that of foreign manufacture. Brandy contains ri!)- 
47 ])er ci^nt. of absolute alcohol by weight; 46-55 per cent, 
by vol nine. 

Dose. — Same as that foi- whiskey, 

Spiritus Juniperi Compositus. Compound Spirit of Juniper. 

(U. S. P.) 

Derivation. — Oil of juniper, 8 ; oil of caraway, 1 ; oil of 
fennel, 1; alcohol, 1,400; water to make 2,000. 

Compound spirit of juniper is similar to gin in its thera- 
peutic action. Contains about 15 per cent, more alcohol. 
Gin is made by distillation of fermented malt and juniper 
berries. Gin differs from the other alcoholic preparations 
therapeutically in being more diuretic. 

Dose. — Same as that for whiskey. 

Rum. (Not official.) 

Rum is made from a fermented solution of molasses by 
distillation. It contains, by weight, from 40 to 50 ])er cent. 
of absolute alcohol. Rum does not differ physiologicillv 
from alcohol. There is no authoritative Latin name for rum. 

Dose. — Same as that for whiskey. 



282 INORGANIC AGENTS 

ViNUM Album. Wliite Wine. (U. S. P.) 

Derivation. — An alcoholic liquid made by fermenting 
the juice of fresh grapes, the fruit of Vitis vinifera (nat. ord. 
vitaceae), free from seeds, stems, and skins. 

Properties. — A pale amber or straw-colored liquid, 
having a pleasant odor, free from yeastiness, and a fruity, 
agreeable, slightly spirituous taste, without excessive sweet- 
ness or acidity. The Pharmacopoeia directs that the wine 
should contain from 7 to 12 per cent., by weight, of absolute 
alcohol. California Hock and Eeisling, Ohio Catawba, 
Sherry, Muscatel, Madeira and the stronger wines of the 
Khiue, Mediterranean, and Hungary, come within the phar- 
macopceial limits. Wines containing more than 14 per cent- 
of alcohol, are usually fortified, /. e., have alcohol or brandy 
added to them, and much imported Sherry and Madeira 
contain 15 to 20 per cent., by weight, of absolute alcohol. 

YiNUM RuBRUM. Red Wine. (U. S. P.) 

Derivation.-^ An alcoholic liquid made by fermenting 
the juice of fresh colored grapes, the fruit of Vitis vinifera 
(nat. ord. vitaceae), in presence of their skins. 

Properties. — A deep-red liquid, having a pleasant odor, 
free from yeastiness, and a fruity, moderately astringent, 
pleasant and slightly acidulous taste, without excessive 
sweetness or acidity. Should contain not less than 7, nor 
more than 12 per cent., by weight, of alcohol. Native Claret, 
Burgundy, Bordeaux, and Hungarian wines may be included 
within the pharmacopoeial limits of vinum rubrum. Port 
(vinum portense) is fortified with brandy during fermenta- 
tion, and contains 15 to 25 per cent., by weight, of absolute 
alcohol. Port is astringent from tannic acid in the grapes, 
skins and stalks, or the astringency may be due to logwood. 

Red wines are said to be rough, contain tannic acid and 
therefore are astringent. Dry wines are those which con- 
tain little sugar. The wines develop ethers with age, and 
these improve their flavor and action. 



ALCOHOL 283 

Champagne contains about 10 per cent, of absolute al- 
cohol and carbonic acid gas, which acts as a local sedative 
upon the stomach. Ale, stout and beers contain from 4 to 
8 per cent, of alcohol, together with bitters and malt extracts. 
Cider contains 5 to 9 per cent, of absolute alcohol. Imported 
Sherry (vinum exericum, B. P.), 15 to 20 per cent, of 
absolute alcohol. Alcohol is the solvent most commonly 
employed in pharmacy, dissolving alkaloids, resins, volatile 
oils, balsams, oleo-resins, tannin, sugar, some fats and fixed 
oils. 

Action External. — When applied in dilution to mucous 
membranes raw surfaces or wounds, alcohol is a stimu- 
lant and local anaesthetic ; while in concentration, it is irri- 
tant and even caustic, coagulating mucus and albumin. If 
alcohol is allowed to evaporate from the unbroken skin, 
cooling of the surface and contraction of the superficial 
blood vessels ensue, with diminished secretions of sweat ; 
but when alcohol is rubbed into the skin, it is absorbed, 
takes up w-ater, hardens the integument and causes temporary 
vascular dilatation. Alcoholic aqueous dilutions containing 
60 to 70 per cent, of absolute alcohol are among the most 
valuable skin disinfectants. Absolute alcohol, or the 
undiluted commercial alcohol, have no germicidal action 
on dry bacteria, and alcohol in less than 40 per cent, strength 
is too weak. Alcohol is equal in germicidal action to 3 per 
cent, carbolic acid solution. 

Action Internal. — Alcohol acts locally upon the mucous 
membrane of the alimentary canal, as described above, and 
if swallowed in concentration it produces congestion and 
white patches in the mouth by coagulating albumin upon 
the mucous membrane. The secretion of saliva is increased. 
In small doses the more powerful alcoholic liquors, as whis- 
key and brandy, aid digestion by stimulating locally the 
gastric circulation, secretion, movement and appetite. 

Alcohol, except in great dilution, tends to inhibit the 
action of the digestive ferments — gastric and pancreatic — 
and in so far antagonizes its beneficial influence on gastric 
digestion just noted. So, while often aiding digestion, al- 
cohol may fail on this account in some cases. 

In large amounts, alcohol destroys the action of the 
peptic and pancreatic ferment, causes inflammation of the 



284 INORGANIC AGENTS 

walls of the stomach and perverts the normal secretion into a 
mucous discharge. Alcohol is slightly astringent in the di- 
gestive tract, and may relieve pain by its local annesthetic 
action upon the stomach, and spasm, by stimulating tha 
nervous mechanism controlling the stomach and bowels, and 
so co-ordinating the peristaltic movements. 

Circulation. — A tremendous change in the position and 
practice of the profession in regard to the stimulant action 
of alcohol has been wrought by the accumulating evidence 
of experimenters. It is no longer regarded as a heart stim- 
ulant from a physiological standpoint although in disease 
it has not altogether lost its reputation in this respect. At 
present it is impossible to explain this contradictory condi- 
tion. 

The reason for the supposition that alcohol is a heart 
stimulant was based on its action in increasing the pulse 
rate in man. In animals diluted alcohol does not affect 
either the rate or force of the heart, except in poisonous 
doses, when the pulse is slowed and weakened owing to 
weakening of the cardiac systole and dilatation of the heart 
cavities. In man the increased pulse rate is attributable to 
muscular and mental activity produced by alcohol. 

The blood pressure is not materially altered by medic- 
inal doses of alcohol. There is, however, marked dilatation 
of peripheral vessels following the use of alcohol, as seen 
in the flushing of the face in man. 

Whether this is due to action on the central or periph- 
eral vasomotor system is unknown. The dihitation of vessels 
is certainlj' not general or blood ]U'essure Avould be lov.'ered. 
But there is a redistribution of blood occasioned by alcohol, 
which appears to be of signal value in certain morbid con- 
ditions as chills. In fever the slowing of the pulse, some- 
times produced by alcohol, is thought to be due to its quieting 
effect on the central nervous system. 

There is a transient stimulation of the heart induced 
by the ingestion of strong alcoholic solutions in acting re- 
flexly on the circulatory centres through irritation of the 
upper alimentary mucous membrane. 

Large doses of alcohol depress and paralyze the vaso- 
constrictor centres and heart muscle. 



ALCOHOL 285 

Respiration. — The respiration is not appreciably in- 
fluenced by medicinal doses of alcohol in animals. In man 
slight reflex stimulation occurs, with increase in rate, owing 
to peripheral excitation of the alimentary tract. Enormous 
doses paralyze the respiratory centres. 

Temperature. — The temperature, both in health and 
fever, may be lowered by alcohol, because alcohol causes re- 
laxation of the peripheral blood vessels and loss of heat 
by radiation from the skin. The larger the quantity of 
alcohol ingested, the greater the fall of temperature. In 
alcoholic narcosis, vasomotor paralysis and dessened move- 
ments lead to great loss of heat, particularly if the animal 
be at the same time exposed to cold. In small, doses, alcohol 
may sometimes increase the temperature in man by leading 
to excitement and muscular movements, but the sensation 
of warmth perceived in man following the use of alcohol is 
generally fallacious, and is simply due to flushing of the 
vessels of the skin and stomach. Some of the lowest temper- 
atures ever observed have been in drunken persons exposed 
to .cold. 

Tissue Change. — Metabolic activity is not altered to 
any degree by the action of alcohol in ordinary amounts. 
In serving as a non-nitrogenous food, of course, alcohol may 
influence carbonic dioxide exhalation as do other foods of 
its kind. But the drug does not exert a specific df^pressing 
action on the blood corpuscles or cell protoplasm to hinder 
oxidation, as was formerly thought. 

Deductions drawn from the action of alcohol on tissue 
change as shown by carbonic dioxide and urea elimination are 
faulty. Alcohol increases or diminishes tissue change and 
oxidation only in proportion as it stimulates or interferes with 
muscular movement. In the elimination of nitrogen that es- 
caping as uric acid is greater than normal, while that as 
urea is relatively less. 

Nervous System. — Moderate doses of alcohol stimulate, 
while excessive quantities depress and paralyze the nervous 
system. This action is similar to that exerted upon the 
circulatory organs. The local effects of alcohol upon the 
peripheral nerves resembles the action after absorption upon 
the system generally. The nervous system is affected in 
nearly the same order and manner as by anaesthetics, and 



286 INOKGANIC AGENTS 

the same stages may be observed. The stages include the 
stimulant, depressant and paralytic. The law of dissolution 
is demonstrated by alcohol, as the more highlj' organized 
centres, and those more recently developed in the process 
of evolution, are the first to succumb, and following out this 
order the medulla, the first of the higher centres to be devel- 
oped, is the last to be influenced by the drug. In accordance 
with this law the cerebrum is first acted upon. The period 
of excitement is brief and is due in a considerable degree 
to the increased cerebral circulation and flushing of the 
brain. It is essential to emphasize the fact that by far the 
most apparent and decided action of alcohol is one of depres- 
sion upon the nervous system as a whole. Many experi- 
menters — as Schmiedeberg and Bunge — affirm that alcohol 
acts only as a depressant to the nervous system from the 
very outset. An increasing mass of evidence corroborates this 
view. The apjoarent enhanced mental activity in man is, ac- 
cording to this theory, simply due to lack of inhibitory con- 
trol over the higher cerebral centres. Henco the freedom 
of speech and lack of modesty. Similarly the activity of the 
spinal reflex centres is thought to follow failure of inhibition. 
The mental excitement in man is chiefly due to exciting 
surroundings and does not occur in many persons nor in 
animals. 

While the fact that alcohol is no more a nervous than 
a circulatory stimulant is now being generally accepted, the 
author has not yet seen fit to change his original statements 
in this book. 

Alcohol has certainly an apj^arent primary stimulating 
effect on nerve centres and it is yet to be positively proven 
that alcohol has no real actual stimulating effect on the 
nervous system. The stimulating influence .of alcohol 
upon the spinal centres is more marked in the low^er 
animals than in man, because the brain is proportionately 
small and poorly developed in the former. The primary 
stimulating effect of alcohol is shown in man by increased 
mental activity and apparent brilliancy, but acute reason- 
ing and judgment are not enhanced, and in many cases 
there is almost immediate mental confusion and drowsi- 
ness induced. In man there is emotional excitement and 
the functions of speech and imagination are stimulated 



ALCOHOL 2S7 

in the primary stage, but depression is soon notod in tlie 
loss of judgmeut and reasoning power, emotional couLroI, 
decent restraint and speech. The patient cries, shouts, 
sings or laughs and talks inculierently. In the lower 
animals the stimulation of the higher and sensoiy ]isychical 
cerebral centres, with exhilaration, is rarely observed, but 
depression is seen in stupor and muscular incoordination. 
Stimulation of the cerebral motor ceutres is shown by motor 
excitement. 

In man, following the symptoms described above, there 
is incoordination of muscular movements, first of those more 
highly and recently organized, such as are employed in 
writing, and then the muscular movements more remotely 
developed are affected, and the person is unable to walk, 
and finally there is complete paralysis of the motor centres 
and muscles. The staggering and uncertain gait of drunken 
people occurs not only because the cerebral motor and 
cerebellar centres are depressed by alcohol, but also because 
of loss of sensation and touch, or muscular sense, which is 
essential in maintaining the equilibrium. In relation to the 
spinal cord, primary stimulation of the reflex centres is 
more marked in animals than in man, as has been pointed 
out. In animals this stimulation causes motor excitement, 
so that the patient trembles, jumps about, or strikes out 
with the feet. Depression of the reflex centres occurs in 
the latter stage of poisoning, and is exhibited by involuntary 
defsecation and micturition ; sensation and voluntary motion 
are lost. The motor nerves and muscles are not generally 
paralyzed, except by the local action of alcohol. The 
medulla finally becomes depressed and paralyzed, so that 
respiration, which is first stimulated, now fails, and the 
heart muscle becomes paralyzed and stops beating. 

The action of alcohol upon the nervous system may be 
summarized with a fair degree of accuracy, as stimulation 
and then depression of the parts enumerated below, and in 
the following order : 



2S8 INORGANIC AGENTS 

Cerebral psychical centres. Spinal centres. 
Cerebral sensory centres. Sensory, reflex and motor. 

Cerebral motor centres. Medullary centres. 

Cerebellum. Vasomotor (early depression). 

Respiratory. 

Horses and dogs are comparatively susceptible to alco- 
hol, ruminants slightly so. iVn amount of alcohol equivalent 
to a pint of whiskey has killed a sound horse, while four 
ounces of whiskey will cause death in dogs if vomition be 
prevented by ligature of the oBsophagus. 

Primary motor excitement is followed by unsteady, stag- 
gering gait, and coma in fatal cases. 

Skin. — Alcohol dilates the peripheral vessels, and there- 
fore brings more blood to the sudoriparous glands, and ex- 
cites their functional activity. It is thus a diaphoretic. 

Kidneys. — Alcohol acts as a diuretic. The exact mode 
of this action is unknown. 

Nutrition. — Alcohol is a food, and, like other non-nitrog- 
enous foods, supplies force and energy in its' oxidation, takes 
the place of fats and carbohydrates, and may form fat in 
the body. It also protects food and tissue 'protcids from 
combustion. We are ignorant of the fate of alcohol after 
absorption, but we do know that the greater portion is de- 
composed and is not eliminated. Alcohol is most advant- 
ageous as a food in fever, or in conditions associated with 
weak digestion, since it is readily absorbed and assimilated. 
Alcohol causes dulness and lessened power for mental or 
physical work in man, and in normal conditions is not a 
desirable food unless there is a deficiency in the ordinary 
diet. In acting as a substitute for fat and carbohydrates, 
alcohol assists the accumulation of fat. 

Elimination. — When alcohol is ingested in ordinary 
doses it is practically all consumed, and none but the most 
trivial amount is eliminated, i. e., five to ten per cent. The 
greater the quantity absorbed the larger the amount elimin- 
ated by the urine, breath, sweat and faeces, both relatively 
and absolutely ; but under no circumstances after the most 
enormous doses does the elimination exceed 25 per cent, of 
the quantity ingested. Milk is not affected in quality or 
quantity through the ingestion of alcohol by the animal 
secretine; it. 



ALCOHOL 289 

Summary. — Alcohol is externally refrigerant, astring- 
ent, anhidrotic and antiseptic, and if applied so that ob- 
sorption occurs, it is rubefacient. On raw surfaces it is 
slightly anaesthetic. Alcohol is internally a stomachic, car- 
minative and slight local anaesthetic in the digestive tract. 
Alcohol is only reflexly a heart stimulant through its irri- 
tant action on the alimentary tract before absorption. Tn 
dilution and after absorption it is not a heart stimulant. 
Alcohol is a narcotic and its chief action is in progressively 
depressing and paralyzing nerve centres. It supplies force 
and is a food. Alcohol is a diuretic, diaphoretic, and anti- 
pyretic in dilating peripheral vessels and in causing sweat- 
ing- 

Acute Poisoning. — In coma and muscular relaxation, 
the treatment consists in the external application of boat and 
counter-irritants; while strychnine, digitalis and atropine 
should be given subcutaneonsly and followed up with am- 
monia by the mouth. 

Uses External. — Alcohol is applied to the unbroken skin, 
on cotton or lint, to bruises, for its local refrigerant and 
astringent action in relieving pain and congestion. Diluted 
to 70 per cent, strength, alcohol forms an antiseptic and local 
ana?sthetic application to wounds, and like most antiseptics, 
relieves itching, particularly when combined with 1 to 2 per 
cent, of carbolic acid. Alcohol diluted with one-third part 
of water makes one of the best known agents for hand dis- 
infection. It is relied upon entirely in some of tlie best 
hospitals in the country, in addition to thorongh scrubbing 
in soap and water. 

Uses Internal. — Digestive Tract. — Alcohol is a useful 
remedy to promote appetite and assist digestion. The drug 
should be given immediately before eating or with the food, 
properly diluted, and often advantageously with egg and 
milk during fever or convalescence from acute diseases. 
Alcohol is frequently combined with bitters, as compound 
tincture of gentian, when employed as a stomachic. 

Acute Diseases. — Alcohol finds its greatest field of use- 
fulness in the treatment of febrile diseases, notably influenza 
and strangles and pneumonia in horses. In such conditions 
it flushes the vessels of the skin and distributes the blood 



290 INORGANIC AGENTS 

more equally, allowing the heart to receive more blood and 
thus overcoming internal congestion. 

It is impossible to reconcile the clinical remedial effects 
of alcohol with its action on healthy animals. The results 
of recent researches — especially as showing an absence of 
stimulation of the circulation and respiration by alcohol — 
has led to its lessened use as a therapeutic remedy. Never- 
theless the enormous practical experience of some of the 
most acute clinicians of the past and present, that alcohol 
renders service in the diseases named herein, does not permit 
one to hastily sweep it aside as a therapeutic agent. "We 
may summarize its worth in acute diseases as follows : It 
is a food and one which is not only digestible but which in 
itself may aid digestion. It has more food value than sugar. 
It dilates peripheral vessels and equalizes the circulation. 
In man one of its most potent effects is probably in acting 
as a narcotic and quieting the nervous system. 

A high temperature does not contra-indicate its use but 
it is not desirable in the early stages of acute inflammatory 
disorders. Alcohol is particularly serviceable in asthenic 
diseases — as purpura — and in continued fevers associated 
with much depression — as in jjuerperal and other forms of 
septicemia. 

In fevers alcohol sometimes causes the heart to beat 
more slowly. Whether this be due to stimulation of the 
inhibitory apparatus or invigoration, directly or indirectly, 
of the weakened organ, we do not know\ 

The pulse, respiration and nervous system are our 
guides, and the object is to bring the functions into a more 
normal condition. Alcohol should therefore reduce the fre- 
quency of the pulse and respiration, when they are too 
rapid, and should cause the animal to become quieter. If 
these results are obtained, the use of the drug should be 
persisted in ; if otherwise, administration should be stopped, 
ymall and repeated doses are more appropriate in fever. 

Alcohol is one of the most rapidly effective agents at 
our command in syncope and cardiac failure from various 
causes — as surgical shock, severe hemorrhage, collapse, ex- 
haustion, snake bite, and following exposure to cold. In these 
conditions it should be given in the form of spirits diluted 
with only an equal part of very hot v/ater._ It may act in 



ALCOHOL 291 

these cases bj stimulating' reflexlv the medullary, cardiac and 
rcsj^iratorj centres by its irritant action on the alimentary 
tract. From our physiological data alcohol should not be 
of service in such conditions as a stimulant. Its narcotic 
action in serving as a nervous sedative in lessening anxiety 
and pain and so oflFsetting the efl'ects of shock — may account 
in some measure for its worth. Thus morphine is the best 
drug to use in surgical shock — even better than alcohol. Af- 
ter exposure to cold it is easy to explain the benefit derived 
from alcohol in its action in dilating the peripheral vessels 
and directly antagonizing the results of cold. Experiments 
on healthy animals regularly receiving moderate doses of 
alcohol have proved that they are more susceptible to innoc- 
ulation with bacteria and toxins than controls. In disease, 
however, clinicians greatly differ on this point, Hare even 
going so far as to claim his experiments show that alcohol 
increases the power of the blood to overcome germs in 
disease. Here again the results of the effects of alcohol in 
health and disease clash. Alcohol is a chemical antidote in 
carbolic acid poisoning, and besides overcomes the shock 
produced by the latter ; undiluted whiskey or brandy may 
be used. 

Administration. — Veterinary practitioners are fortu- 
nately exempt from any moral considerations in relation to 
their medicinal use of alcohol. Rum, gin and whiskey are 
more commonly employed than the other alcoholic prepara- 
tions, although diluted alcohol is practically as valuable. 
Gin is indicated when a diuretic action is important. 
Brandy, being more astringent, is given to dogs with diar- 
rhoea, and, combined with cracked ice in small quantities, 
relieves vomiting. Sherry may also be administered to dogs 
with advantage. The dose of the various alcoholic liquids 
depends upon the quantity of alcohol contained in them. 

Animals will usually take alcoholic preparations volun- 
tarily if largely diluted with water, milk or gruel. Whiskey 
should be diluted with about 4 parts of water when given in 
drench, unless the reflex action is desired, when it is admin- 
istered in considerable doses with an equal amount of hot 
water. 

Diluted alcohol, undiluted whiskey or brandy are in- 
jected subcutaneously when a rapid action is imperative. 



292 INORGANIC AGENTS 

^THER. Ether. (C, H:),0. (U. S. P.) 

Synonym. — iEther purus, B. P. ; aether fortior, pure 
ether, E.; ether hydrique pur, Er.; reiner aether, G. 

A liquid composed of about 96 per cent., by weight, of 
absolute ether or ethyl oxide [(C^HJ^O], and about 4 per 
cent, of alcohol containing a little water. 

Derivation. — Obtained by distillation of alcohol with 
sulphuric acid. There are two steps in the production of 
ether ; sulphovinic acid and water are formed in the first 
step. H,S O, + C, H,0 H = C, H„ H S O, + H, O. Sul- 
phovinic acid is then further acted upon by alcohol. 

C,H„ H S O, 4- C,H„ O H = (C,H,), O + H,S O, The 
distillate is freed from water by agitation with calcium oxide 
aud chloride, and subjected to redistillation. 

Properties. — A transparent, colorless, mobile liquid, 
liiiving n, characteristic odor aud a burning and sweetish 
taste. Spec. gr. .725 to .728 at 59° F. Soluble in about 10 
limes its volume of water at 59° E. Miscible in all pro[).')r- 
tions with alcohol, chloroform, benzine, benzol, fixed and 
volatile oils. Ether boils at about 37° C. (98.6° R), and it 
should therefore boil when a test tube, containing some 
broken glass aud half filled with it, is held for some time in 
the hand. Ether is highly volatile and inflammable ; its 
vapor, when mixed with air and ignited, explodes violently. 
The color of light blue litmus paper moistened with water 
should not be changed when the paper is immersed in ether 
for 10 minutes. Upon evaporation ether should leave no 
residue. Ether is a solvent for fats, oils, alkaloids, resins, 
gutta percha and gun cotton. Ether vapor is heavier than 
air, and, consequently, etherization should never be done 
above a light or fire. 

Dose.—R. & C, 3 i.-ii. (30.-60.); Sh. & Sw., 3 ii.-iv. (8.-15.); 
D.,1]lx.-3i. (.6-4.). 

PREPARATIONS. 

JEtltev Purificatus. (B. P.; 

(Ether freed from most of its alcohol and water. ) 

Spirits ^theris. Spirit of Ether. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Ether, 335 ; alcohol, G75. ( (J. S. P.) Dose— Same as for ether. 



ETHER 293 

Spirittis ^theris Compositus. Compound Spirit of Ether. 
(U. S. & B. P.) 
Synonym. — Hoffman's anodyne. Ether, 325 ; alcohol, 650 ; ethereal 
oil, 25. (U. S. P.) 

Dose. — Same as for ether. 

Action External. — Ether evaporates rapidly from the 
skin, and abstracts so much heat in the process that the 
superficial parts are cooled, benumbed, and even frozen. 
This action is taken advantage of in spraying ether from an 
atomizer upon the skin (with or without cocaine injection) 
to cause local anaesthesia in minor surgical operations, as 
opening abscesses. The spray should not be applied more 
than a few minutes, or freezing, damage to the tissues, and 
retardation of the healing process will ensue. If ether is 
applied with friction, or if evaporation from the skin is 
prevented by bandaging, it will act as a rubefacient. 

Action Internal. — Digestive Organs. — Ether is an ir- 
ritant to the mucous membrane of the digestive tract, and 
should be given only when considerably diluted with water. 
Ether stimulates secretion, motion, and increases local blood 
supply of the stomach. Ether, in concentration, resembles 
alcohol and ammonia in stimulating the heart reflexly, by 
its irritant action upon the alimentary canal, before it has 
time to be absorbed. It relieves pain and spasm in the di- 
gestive tract by coordinating or restoring nervous control 
over the stomach and bowels. 

Circulation. — Ether is reflexly a stimulant to the heart 
and vasomotor centres through peripheral irritation of its 
vapor, as in the case of alcohol. Some authorities allow no 
direct stimulating action (Cushny). In poisonous doses, or 
after prolonged inhalation, the circulation becomes depressed 
and weak. 

Nervous System. — Ether is chiefly depressant to nerve 
centres. Its apparent primary stimulation of the central 
nervous system is somewhat doubtful and many experi- 
menters deny that it directly stimulates the nerve centres at 
all. Ether depresses and abolishes the functions of all the 
great nerve centres in the following order, and with the fol- 
lowing results : 

1. The cerebrum (with loss of consciousness). 

2. Sensory spinal tract (loss of sensation). 



294 INORGANIC AGENTS 

3. Motor spinal area (loss of motion and partial loss 
of reflex action). 

•i. Sensory medullary centres. 

5. Motor medullary centres (failure of respiration). 

Ether does not affect the nerves or muscles when inhaled 
or ingested. Ether depresses the action of the nerves, how- 
ever, when applied locally. 

Respiration. — The respiratory centre is stimulated by 
inhalation or ingestion of therapeutic quantities of ether. 
Paralysis of the respiratory centre occurs in the last stage 
of ether poisoning. Ether vapor is irritant to the respira- 
tory mucous membrane, and causes coughing and choking 
during inhalation. It is not an appropriate anaesthetic, there- 
fore, in inflammatory conditions of the respiratory tract, be- 
cause its vapor is given in greater concentration than in 
chloroform. In giving ether by the drop method undue irri- 
tation of the lungs is avoided and such conditions as 
bronchitis, pulmonary edema and pneumonia. Ether vapor 
excites the peripheral ends of the trifacial nerve in the face, 
and the vagus nerve in the lungs, so that temporary arrest 
of respiration often occurs when a fresh supply of ether 
is added during inhalation. 

Temperature. — The temperature of the body may be 
raised during the stage of excitement and struggling, but 
jjrolonged etherization leads to loss of heat, owing to evapo- 
ration of ether from the lungs, and general depression of the 
nervous system. 

Elimination. — Ether is eliminated principally from the 
lungs. Recent experiments indicate that ether causes con- 
traction of the renal arteries, with diminution in the size 
of the kidneys, suppression of urine and albuminuria. Ether 
damages the kidneys, however, less than chloroform, which 
sometimes leads to fatty degeneration. 

Acetone has been found in the urine of 90% of patients 
in human practice within IS hours of etherization (through 
a closed cone). Death may sometimes occur in coma, follow- 
ing ether anaesthesia, with rapid pulse and breathing and the 
odor of acetone in the breath. This occurs less often than 
with chloroform (which see, under Metabolism). 

Uses. — Apart from its value as an aniiesthetic, ether 
is mainly of service for two j)urposes. First: in collapse, 



CIILOROFOEM 2tL5 

syncope, or " sinking spells," due to poisoning, or natural 
causes. Ether may be given by the mouth, or subcutan- 
eously into the muscular tissue, to avoid abscess. It is 
to be compared with, and is an efficient substitute for, ni- 
troglycerine, or amyl nitrite, as a rapid, circulatory stimu- 
lant. Ether should not be given as a stimulant, however, 
when such an agent is required during or following antes- 
thesia. Second : In spasmodic colic or tympanites, ether 
relieves pain, spasm and flatulence. The following prescrip- 
tion will be found useful for the horse : 

^theris B i. 

Chloroformi 3 ii. 

Tine, opii B ii. 

M. et f. haustus. 
S. Give at once in a pint of cold water. 

Ether is a good antispasmodic remedy for asthma, hic- 
cough or " thumps," in the horse, and has a narcotic action 
upon tape and lumbricoid worms. When used for the latter 
purpose, ether should be followed by a purge. Ether may 
be employed in the enema to narcotize and remove the 
Oxyuris curvula of the horse. 

Administration. — Ether should be given in gelatine cap- 
sules ; mixed with two parts of cracked ice and water ; or 
with equal parts of brandy or whiskey, to avoid undue 
irritation of ether and its vapor upon the mucous membranes 
during deglutition. 

Chloroformum. Chloroform. C II CI.. (U. S. & E. P.) 

Synonym. — Chloroformum puriiicatum, purified chloro- 
form, E. ; chloroformium, P. G. ; formylum trichloratum, 
chloroforme pur, Fr. ; reines chloroformum, G. 

A liquid consisting of 99 to 99.4 per cent., by weight, of 
absolute chloroform, and 1 to 0.6 per cent, of alcohol. 

Derivation. — Alcohol and water are heated in a still to 
37.7° C. (100° F.), when chlorinated lime is added and 
chloroform is evolved. The chemical action is very compli- 
cated. Chloroform, free from chlorinated compounds, is 
also made from acetone and chlorinated lime by distillation. 
Calcium acetate, hydrate and chloride result as bye products. 

2 CaHgO + 6 Ca O CI2 = 2 C H CI3 4- Ca (CoH,02)2 
,H- 2 Ca O0H2 + 3 Ca CI2. 



21) (J INORGANIC AGENTS 

For tests and purification, vid. U. S. P. 

Properties. — A heavy, clear, colorless, mobile and diffus- 
ible liquid, of a characteristic, ethereal odor, and a burning, 
sweet taste. Spec. gr. not below 1.490 at 15° C. (59° F.). 
Soluble in about 200 times its volume of cold water, and in 
all proportions in alcohol, ether, benzol, benzine and the 
fixed and volatile oils. Chloroform is volatile even at a low 
temperature, and boiL^ at 60° to 61° C. (140° to 141.8° F.). 
It is not inflammable, but its vapor in the presence of a 
naked flame undergoes decomposition with the formation of 
noxious gases, chiefly chlorine. This has caused death 
during chloroform inhalations. Chloroform is a solvent for 
fats, resins, oils, balsams, gutta percha, wax and many alka- 
loids. 

Dose. — H. & C, 3 i.-ii. (4.-8.) ; Sh. and Sw., TTtxx.-xxx. 
(1.3-2.); D., TTlii.-xx. (.12-1.3). 

PREPARATIONS. 

Aqua Chloroformi. (U. S. & B. P.) 
(Saturated Solution.) 
Used as vehicle in cough and diarrhoea mixtures for dogs. 

Linimentum Chloroformi. (U. S. & B. P.) 
Chloroform, 300; soap liniment, 700. (U. S. P.) 
Spiritus Chloroformi. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Chloroform, 60; alcohol, 940. (U. S. P.) 

Dose.—U. & C, B i.-ii. (30.-60.); Sh. & Sw., 3 ii.-iv. (8.-15.); D., 
3 ss.-i. (2-4.). 

Action External. — Chloroform acts as a rubefacient if 
rubbed into the skin, or prevented from evaporation by 
bandaging. In evaporating from the surface it produces 
mild refrigeration. Chloroform penetrates the skin more 
easily than many other agents, and is employed for. this 
reason to aid the absori)tion of belladonna and o'tlier drugs 
used in liniments, (^hloroform possesses some local anies- 
tlietic action upon mucous membranes, raw surfaces, or 
when rubbed into the skin. 

Action Internal. — Digestive Tract. — Chloroform is an 
irritant in concentration, but, properly diluted, stimulates 
the flow of saliva and increases the secretions, motion, and 
blood supply of the stomach. Chloroform has a local ami's- 
thetic and antiseptic action in the alimentary canal, and by 
its stimulant effect in restoring the normal state of nervous 



CHLOKOFOKM 297 

and muscular tissue, relieves spasm, pain and flatulence in 
the stomach and small intestines. 

Circulation. — Chloroform exerts an ever increasing de- 
pressing influence upon the heart muscle, its ganglia, and 
the vasomotor centres. 

Vasomotor depression leads to dilatation of the arte- 
rioles and leaking of blood into the veins, with consequent 
venous engorgement (particularly of the abdomen), and 
arterial anaemia. Failure of respiration in chloroformiza- 
tion is secondary to cerebral ana?mia, and chloroform kills, 
primarily by vasomotor depression. (Leonard Hill and 
Hare.) 

The ventricles dilate and all cardiac muscular contrac- 
tility is lost in fatal poisoning. Death, however, occurs 
almost invariably in healthy animals during chloroform in- 
halation from respiratory failure associated with circula- 
tory depression. The heart usually continues to beat after 
cessation of breathing. Death from syncope occurs occa- 
sionally, and circulatory depression is greater and occurs 
more suddenly than with ether. Rarely sudden death occurs 
in the beginning of anaesthesia from reflex inhibitory arrest 
of the heart produced by the inhalation of concentrated 
chloroform vapor. The degree of concentration is of the ut- 
most importance. A great deal of chloroform may be given 
for a long period if it is greatly diluted with air. It is 
not the amount but the rapid absorption of concentrated 
vapor which kills. 

With ether the vapor may be greatly concentrated with- 
out danger ; with chloroform the difference between the neces- 
sary concentration for anaesthesia and that which means 
danger is slight. As chloroform anaesthesia proceeds, the 
])ulse becomes rapid from the depressing effect of chloro- 
form upon the vagus centre. 

Respiration. — Chloroform does not markedly affect the 
respiration, when inhaled in proper dilution for an ordinary 
period, or when ingested in small doses, but after long con- 
tinued inhalation, or when large quantities have been swal- 
lowed, depression and paralysis of the respiratory centre 
ensues. Since asphyxia leads to inhibition and heart fail- 
ure — besides being dangerous in itself — the respiration should 



208 INORGANIC AGENTS 

always be watched as carefully during chloroform as in 
ether inhalation. 

Nervous System. — Chloroform depresses the nervous 
system as dc scribed under ether ; that is, the cerebrum, sen- 
sory and motor spinal tract, and sensory and motor centres 
of the medulla. Chloroform, although generally following 
the order noted, affects the nervous system more rapidly, 
irregularly and persistently than ether, and therefore is more 
dangerous. It occasionally haj^pens that some of the reflexes 
are abolished by chloroform before sensation has been an- 
nulled, and irritation of a sensory nerve produced during 
operation may reflexly stimulate the inhibitory centres (in- 
stead of increasing vascular tension as in health), and so 
cause heart failure. Operations should never be performed, 
therefore, under chloroform until complete anaesthesia is se- 
cured. Tlie nerves are not influenced by the constitutional 
action of chloroform, although the latter is a local irritant 
and an£esthetic to them. 

Temperature. — The temperature is reduced by the con- 
tinual inhalation of chloroform through its depressing action 
on the heat producing centres, and because heat loss is in- 
creased by evaporation of chloroform from the lungs. 

Antiseptic Action. — Chloroform prevents the growth of 
micro-organisms, but does not influence that of the unorgan- 
ized digestive ferments. Chloroform's antiseptic properties 
may be utilized in preserving solutions for subcutaneous 
injection. Saturated aqueous solutions are used for this 
purpose. 

Metabolism. — Death occasionally follows chloroform- 
ization from fatty degeneration of the heart, liver and kid- 
neys. Chloroform apparently leads to imperfect oxidation 
of nitrogenous bodies and to production of acid' in the tis- 
sues with the formation of acetone which is eliminated in 
the breath and urine. Death Occurs in coma in acetone pois- 
oning from chloroform, as happens in diabetes mellitus. 

Elimination. — Chloroform is chiefly eliminated by the 
lungs and slightly by the kidneys, but is also decomposed in 
part in the body. 

Uses External. — Chloroform is em^DJoyed in liniment to 
relieve pain and produce counter-irritation in muscular rheu- 
matism and strains. 



ANAESTHESIA. 29.9 

Uses Internal. — Chloroform is of service internally in 
the treatment of four conditions : 1. Intestinal colic, and 
flatulence. 2. Spasm, as in spasm of the diaphragm in 
horses. 3. Diarrhoea. 4. Congh. Chloroform alleviates 
pain in colic by restoring the functions of the nervous and 
muscular mechanism of the bowels, by relieving spasm, and 
also by its local anaesthetic action. It stimulates motion 
and secretion; it is an antiseptic in the digestive tract, and, 
in these ways, overcomes flatulence. 

Chloroform should be combined with opium in diar- 
rhoea and colic. It is administered in spirit or water to 
assuage cough. 

Administration. — Chloroform may be administered in 
3 parts of glycerin ; in emulsion with wdiite of egg or accacia ; 
or as the spirit, diluted with water. 

ANAESTHESIA. 

Anaesthesia is commonly divided into three stages : the 
stimulant, angesthetic and paralytic. The so-called " law of 
dissolution " is illustrated by anaesthetics, as the more highly 
organized (cerebral) centres are the first to succumb, while 
the lower centres (medulla) are the last to be affected. The 
anaesthetics resemble other narcotics in producing a primary 
condition of stimulation of the nervous system, which is 
followed by depression. In the first stage of ana?sthesia 
there is often struggling and excitement. This is partly due 
to the physiological action of the drug and partly to fright. 
In this stage the functions of the brain are stimulated and 
then depressed. The higher functions are the first to be 
excited, and the effect produced is very similar to that of 
beginning alcoholic intoxication. The lower motor functions 
are next stimulated, inducing struggling and rnotor excite- 
ment.* In the first stage of etherization, the local irritant 
action of the vapor causes choking and coughing, and also 
induces struggling. The respiratory and cardiac centres 
are temporarily stimulated, the pulse and respiratory move- 
ments are increased in force and frequency, and blood ten- 
sion is raised. The smaller animals may vomit during the 

* As recent researches show ether, like alcohol, to be depressing: to nerve centres 
from the outset it is probable that the excitement in anaesthesia is due to the local 
irritation of the throat and friqrht. 

With the drop niethod of etherization in man there is little or no struggling and 
excitement. 



300 INOKGAXIC AGENTS 

lirst stage of anaesthesia. A subdivision of the first stage, 
sometimes described as the anodyne stage, occurs when 
sensation is lost, before consciousness and voluntary 
motion. Short operations, as extraction of teeth, have been 
done by men upon tliemselves in the anodyne stage of anaes- 
thesia, without pain. The anesthetic stage is that condition 
characterized by absence of consciousness, sensation, motion, 
and partial loss of reflex action, and is that state suitable 
for operations. The stimulating action of the amTesthetic 
has ceased and there is now depression of the cerebral 
functions, the motor and sensory tract of the cord, and, to a 
partial extent, the reflex centres. The muscles are com- 
pletely relaxed, and the patient lies absolutely motionless. 
The conjunctivae fail to respond to irritation, i.e., winking is 
not produced when the conjunctival membrane is lightly 
touched with the finger. Occasionally the muscles are seen 
to be rigid and twitching during this stage of etherization, 
although sensation and consciousness are absent. The 
respiration and pulse should not be particularly altered 
during the anaesthetic stage, unless danger threatens. In 
the last stage, narcosis, or poisoning, is beginning, and there 
is depression of the three great medullary centres, controlling 
the heart, respiration and vascular tension, and also the 
lowest reflex centres of the cord, so that the urine and faeces 
are passed involuntarily. Micturition frequently occurs in 
the first stages of anarsthesia and should not of itself be con- 
sidered a danger signal. The pulse becomes rapid, feeble 
and irregular; the breathing is at first stertorous, and then 
the respiratory movements become shallow and weak, with 
considerable intervals intervening between them. The 
pupils are often dilated. The pupil is said to be a guide 
during anaesthesia, especially with chloroform, since it is 
contracted during the anaesthetic stage and dilates quickly 
when danger approaches. Death, however, occurs in animals 
with either dilated or contracted pupils. With the former, 
probably from asphyxia ; with the latter, from syncope ; and 
the pupil should not be regarded as an unfailing sign. The 
foregoing stages are conventional, and are not in any case 
so clearly defined in practice as they are described theoreti- 
cally upon paper. The first stage may be either absent or 
prolonged, and the last stage should not be reached at all. 



^N^STHESIA 



301 



COMPARISON OF ETHER WITH CHLOROFORM. 

CHLOROFORM. 

Vapor heavier. 
Less irritating. 
Not inflammable. 



ETHER. 

More diffusible. 

Inflammable. 

Irritating: may induce bronchitis, 
pulmonary edema and pneu- 
monia, unless properly di- 
luted (see drop method, p. 306). 

Administered slightly diluted 
with air. 

Reflexly, stimulant to heart, ex- 

. cept in enormous quantities. 

Reflexly, stimulant to vasomotor 
centres, except as above. 

Respiratory centres not so easily 
depressed as by chloroform. 

Larger quantity required. 

Less rapid : stage of struggling 
and excitement longer. 

More expensive. 

Fatal from respiratory failure. 



More danger from shock during 
imperfect anaesthesia. 

Depresses powerfully, heart, res- 
piratory and vasomoter centres 
in large doses. 

Acts more quickly, profoundly, 
and persistently. 

Smaller quantity required. 

Cheaper. 

Proportion of deaths to inhala- 
tions, 5 times greater than with 
ether.* 

Death occurs from respiratory 
failure combined with circula- 
tory depression, or later from 
fatty degeneration of the inter- 
nal organs, or from coma due 
to acetone poisoning. 

Occasionally fatality results from 
reflex inhibitory arrest of the 
heart. 

It will be seen that all the advantages are in favor of 
chloroform, except that of safety. '' Ether is more expen- 
sive than chloroform, but cheaper than a funeral." (Edes.) 

ACCIDEXTS AND DANGERS ATTENDING ANAESTHESIA. 

Respiratory failure and asphyxia may occur from giv- 
ing too much of the ana?sthetic and from mechanical ob- 
struction in the air passages. The tongue may fall back upon 
the epiglottis and prevent the free entrance of air. The 
latter accident is obviated by pulling the tongue forward 
with the hand, or, in the case of the smaller animals, by 
means of forceps, or suture passed through the tongnie. 
Mucus, blood or vomitus may obstruct the mouth, pharynx, 
larynx, or trachea, and should be removed if possible by 
swabbing with absorbent cotton. To prevent excessive se- 
cretion of m-ucus in the air passages, it is wise to give 
tropine subcutaneously fifteen minutes before etheriza- 
tion. The head should be extended and the lower jaw 
of the patient held forward during anaesthesia, and no 
impediment to the free movement of the chest is allow- 

* The mortality is about 1 in 3.. "lOO chloroformizations : and about 1 in 16.000 ether- 
izations in human practice. Chloroform is 3 1-8 times more depressant to nerve 
centres, and 8 times more depressant to the heart than ether. 



302 IXORGAXIO AGENTS 

able. Struggling is to be avoided, as f.ir as possible, 
since it leads to irregular respiration and asphyxia, and 
causes the aiisesthetizer to push the inhalation, strains the 
heart, and favors cai-diac dilatation, with chloroform. 
Struggling may be prevented to some extent by giving the 
anaesthetic well diluted with air at the outset. Asphyxia 
results also from tetanic fixation, or relaxation of the res- 
piratory muscles. The signs of asphyxia include cyanotic 
mucous membranes, muscular twitchiugs, shallow, feeble, 
slow and irregular breathing, with long intervals between 
the respiratory movements, and dilation of the pupils. If 
death occurs, the heart continues to beat after the breath- 
ing stops. The condition of the diaphragm during etheriza- 
tion is an important guide. At first the contractions of the 
diaphragm are so vigorous that the viscera are forced 
backward, and the abdominal wall bulges outward during 
inspiration. As the inhalation is prolonged the diaphragm 
becomes flaccid and powerless, the respiratory movements 
are shallow, and the breathing thoracic. The abdomin.il 
contents may then be drawn forward during inspiration 
into the thoracic cavity, so that the abdomen is retracted 
(Hare). When the latter condition is seen, etherization 
should be stopped instantly. 

Heart failure occurs more frequently with chloroform, 
but does occasionally result from the action of ether upon 
animals with a fatty or otherwise weak heart. Cardiac 
depression is shown by a weak, irregular and rapid pulse, 
and pallor of the mucous membranes. The respiratory 
movements are sustained after the heart ceases to beat in 
fatal cases. Operations should never be done under 
chloroform before the patient is fully under the influence 
of the aiisesthetic, as irritation of a sensory nerve caused 
by even a slight surgical procedure may cause death by 
reflexly stimulating the vagus and inhibiting the heart. 
Such an accident is not likely to occur with ether, and 
minor operations are often done with safety during the 
first stage of anaesthesia (primary anaesthesia) when con- 



ACCIDENTS AND DANGERS ATTENDING ANESTHESIA 303 

scionsness and sensation are lost and the muscles begin to 
relax. 

Shock from hemorrhage, or prolonged and severe sur- 
gical operations, may lead to fatalities during anaesthesia, 
and it sometimes occurs when an operation is begun before 
the patient is fully under the influence of an anaesthetic — 
particularly chloroform — as described above. In practice, 
these causes of danger, i.e., respiratory failure, circulatory 
depression and shock, are usually combined. 

We have already seen that asphyxia leads to circulatory 
disorder, and both may be associated with surgical shock. 
The following embraces the proper treatment of all these 
conditions, and should be followed in every case where 
danger threatens during anaesthesia : 

I.. Remove the anaesthetic and allow plenty of fresh air. 

2. See that there is no mechanical obstruction to the 
movements of the chest, or to the free entrance of air. 
Pull forward the tongue and lower jaw and extend the 
head. 

3. Invert small animals, particularly with chloroform, 
to allow blood to flow to the brain. 

4. Use forced, artificial respiration with bellows and 
rubber tube introduced into larynx. Practice ordinary 
artificial respiration in small animals by carrying the fore- 
legs outward and forward till they meet in front of the 
head, and then bring them back till they touch, and com- 
press the sides of the chest. These movements should be re- 
peated twenty times a minute. Massage over the heart, 
together with artificial respiration, is iiseful in sudden car- 
diac arrest in small animals. Artificial respiration may be 
done in the horse by two persons compressing intermittently 
one side of the chest with the knees and hands. Rhythm- 
ical traction of the tongue, at intervals of five seconds, has 
proved successful in restoring respiration. Dash hot or 
cold water or ether upon the chest or epigastrium ; or use 
the faradic battery to .stimulate respiration by moving the 
electrodes over the chest and abdomen. Stretch the 
sphincter ani apart by placing the thumbs in rectum and 
separating them with force. This is a powerful reflex 
stimulus to heart and respiration. 



304 , INORGANIC AGENTS 

5. Give subcutaneous injections of strychnine and digi- 
talis. Administer nitroglycerin on the tongue, or inhalation 
of amyl nitrite. In chloroformization, give strychnine and 
atropine hypodermatically ; and, in shock, saline infusion 
as below. Do not use alcohol or ether as stimulants, for 
their action resembles that of the anaesthetics. 

6. Use hot (115° F.), high, rectal injeciions of salt 
solution (one heaping teaspoonful to the quart) in case of 
surgical shock with feeble pulse and subnormal temperature 
resulting from hemorrhage or other cause. Two to four 
quarts for large animals, and one pint to one quart for 
smaller animals. Saline infusion is still more efficient. 
(See " Saline Infusion," p. 732.) 

CHOICE OP AN ANESTHETIC. 

Ether and chloroform are the only anaesthetics of any 
importance in veterinary medicine. The A. C. E, mixture, 
containing alcohol (one part), chloroform (two parts), and 
ether (three parts), possesses no particular value, and is not 
so safe as etherc While chloroform is inferior to ether in 
the matter of safety, it may be given to horses by an 
experienced and careful person without much danger. It 
is commonly the most suitable anaesthetic for the horse, 
for the following reasons : It is less expensive ; whereas 
several pounds of costly ether are required to produce 
anaesthesia, a few ounces of chloroform will accomplish the 
same result. Chloroform inhalation is much easier of 
administration, more rapid, and causes less struggling. It 
may be used without any special inhaler, and may be given 
to animals in the upright position. It should not be given 
if fatty heart is suspected. 

Chloroform may be employed for all animals during 
parturition, as it is less dangerous in this condition and 
because only enough is needed to produce relaxation of 
parts to relieve pain, to assist dilatation of the os and 
manual operations done to rectify faulty position of the 
foetus. 

Chloroform is indicated in all cases where the actual 



PRACTICAL ANiESTHESIA 305 

cautery is used in the neighborhood of the mouth. Ether 
is the most suitable anaesthetic for cats and dogs, unless the 
animal is suffering from bronchitis, emphysema or asthma, 
when chloroform is more appropriate. Chloroform, being 
more rapid and less irritating, may in any case be employed 
to begin anaesthesia, which should then be maintained by- 
ether. The use of anaesthetics is contraindicated in anemia 
if the hemoglobin is reduced below 50 per cent. 
PRACTICAL ANiESTHESIA. 

The horse should be starved for twelve hours, and 
should receive a cathartic twenty-four hours before anaes- 
thetization, in order to afford more room for the respiratory 
movements and prevent accidents in casting.* A specially 
constructed inhaler, or nose bag, strapped about the head, 
may be employed for convenience. Harger recommends 
placing a sponge wrapped loosely in flannel, in the upper 
nostril, as the animal lies upon his side upon the ground, 
and after a few minutes a similar sponge is introduced into 
the lower nostril. 

Chloroform is then administered in continuous drop 
doses from a bottle having a cork nicked upon the side 
sufficiently to allow the anaesthetic to flow out in this small 
quantity. The nostrils should be previously smeared with 
vaseline to afford protection from the irritation of the 
chloroform. If the operation is prolonged, anaesthesia may 
be carried on with ether. It is not essential to cast a horse 
before chloroformization, but the animal should be con- 
trolled with side lines, and a twitch should be placed upon 
the nose, unless an inhaler is used. Since there is com- 
monly more or less struggling, it is, howevei-, more satisfac- 
tory to cast an animal before anaesthesia is begun. The 
writer has given chloroform in several instances to horses 
in the standing position until tliey fell or were pushed over 
upon a straw bed, w'th the aid of only one assistant. In 
thus producing anpestliesia,, a s])onge covered with a towel 
was used, and this was saturated with about half an ounce 



* Hypodermic injections of morphine (see footnote, p. 391) fifteen minuted 
before anesthesia is often of advantage. It diminishes excitement and allows of 
the use of a smaller amount of the anesthetic. It is very important that all pre- 
liminary procedures should be done— as casting, preparation of the opeiative field, 
etc — be"foie the chloroform is begun, to lessen the necessary amount of the anes- 
thetic A drachm or two of chloroform may be placed on each sponge as an 
initial dose, to hasten the anesthesia, while after this the method of constant 
dropping is to be preferred. 



306 INORGANIC AGENTS 

of cliloroform, and held at first three inches from the 
animal's nose, in order that the vapor should be thoroughly 
diluted with air. From half a drachm to a drachm of 
chloroform should be added from time to time, alwa3-s 
allowing plenty of air, and inhalation may be continued for 
an hour with comparative safety. 

The ausesthetizer should give his whole attention to the 
work, and watch carefully the respiration, pulse and pupil, 
for any sign of danger. If any arise, the anaesthetic should 
be removed and treatment pursued as recommended in the 
previous section. 

Dogs should be fasted for twelve hours before etheriza- 
tion, in order to avoid vomiting during anaesthesia. It is 
necessary to muzzle dogs before anaesthesia is begun. This 
may be done by tying a strong tape about the nose, bringing 
both ends up between the ears, over the top of the head, 
and then tying them together in a knot, and finally carrying 
the ends down, one on either side of the neck, and fastening 
them underneath. A wire muzzle may be used to control 
the dog more conveniently, and the ether is then poured 
upon a sponge within the muzzle and the muzzle is covered 
with cloth to keep out the air. More recently the writer 
has foxmd the following method and appliance most suitable 
for dogs and small animals. A thin metal cone open at 
both ends (rolled over to present smooth edges) and taper- 
ing — to fit the general outline of an animal's nose — is used. 
Inside this is a second cone made of coarse wire mesh, and 
between the two are placed several layers of gauze or 
towelling. Ether is given by the drop method. That is, a 
wedge-shaped piece is cut from the cork of the ether bottle 
or can, and a little piece of gauze is laid in this, which acts 
like a wick and allows a continual dropping when the bottle 
is inverted. This is the safest method and requires the 
least ether. The cone may be held in place by a strap 
over the back of the head. 

Dogs may also be anaesthetized by placing them in a 
covered pail, tight box or barrel, or by driving them into 



USES OF ANESTHESIA 307 

tlieir kennels, and dropping; in cloths, sponges, or absorbent 
material saturated with chloroform, while excluding the 
outer air. The smaller animals can be destroyed in a 
humane and satisfactory manner by this method. 

USES OF ANAESTHESIA. 

Anaesthetics are not employed as frequently as is 
desirable in veterinary medicine. Anaesthesia entails skilled 
assistance, increased expense, and danger ; but, on the 
other hand, facilitates rapidity and asepsis during opera- 
tions by lessening struggling, and should be employed to 
relieve suffering where a local anaesthetic is impracticable. 
The owner of an animal should be made to understand the 
extra risk and expense attending operations under anaesthe- 
sia, and his consent should be secured before using ether 
or chloroform. 

The general indications for anaesthetics embrace all 
severe, prolonged, and delicate operations. The more 
special indications are as follows : In abdominal opera- 
tions, as ovariotomy, herniotomy and reduction of hernia. 
In operations for retained testicle, scirrhus cord, castration, 
and in dystocia to cause dilatation of a rigid and otherwise 
undilatable os, to assist the operator in remedying faulty 
positions of the foetus by relaxation of the parts, and to 
facilitate instrumental delivery in bitches. Anaesthesia is 
also indicated in removal of tumors, in arytenectomy, 
excision of the eyeball or parts of the hoof, extraction of 
teeth, reduction of dislocations, setting of fractures, and to 
relieve severe pain in colic, and to overcome spasm iu chorea 
and hiccough, or convulsions due to poison or natural causes. 

Chloroform is used to destroy sick, injured or aged 
horses, but is not so rapid, convenient, or effective as the 
44 calibre revolver, or rifle. The bullet should be directed 
toward a point upon 'he forehead at the intersection of two 
imaginary lines drawn from either eye up to the root of the 
opposite ear. 



308 INORGANIC AGENTS 

Class 3.— Nitrites. 

Spiritus iExHERis NiTROSi. Spirit ()[ Nitrous Ether. 
(U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — Sweet spirit of nitre, siiiritus nitri dulcis, 
spiritus iiitrico - sethereus, E.; ether azoteux alcoolise, 
liqueur anodine nitreuse, Fr.; versusster sallpetergeist, G. 

An alcoholic solution of ethyl nitrite (CoH^NOo), yield- 
ing, when freshly prepared, not less than 11 times its own 
volume of nitrogen dioxide (NO). 

Derivation. — Dissolve sodium nitrate, 770, in water; 
add deodorized alcohol, 550; introduce sulphuric acid, 520, 
previously diluted with water ; distil in flask and condense. 
Wash distillate with ice water to remove alcohol, with cold 
solution of sodium carbonate to remove traces of acid ; 
agitate with potassium carbonate to remove traces of water ; 
filter, and add sufficient deodorized alcohol to make the 
mixture weigh 22 times the weight of the nitrous ether to 
which it was added. 

Properties. — A clear, mobile, volatile, inflammable 
liquid, of a pale-yellowish or faintly greenish-yellow tint, 
having a fragrant ethereal and pungent odor, free from 
acidity, and a sharp, burning taste. Spec. gr. 0.820. Mixes 
freely with water and alcohol. 

Dose.—H.. and C, 5 i.-iv. (30.-120.); Sh. and Sw., 3 ii.-iv. 
(8.-15.); D., 1]|x.-3i. (.6-4). 

Smaller doses every two hours, diarphoretic. Larger 
doses, repeated three times daily, diuretic. 

Amylis Nitris. Amyl Nitrite. C3nN0,. (U. S. P.) 

Sijnonym. — Amyl nitris, B.P.; amylum nitrpsnnj, amyl- 
sether nitrosus, amylo-nitrous ether, E.; azotite d'aniyl, Fr.; 
amylnitrit, G. 

A liquid containing about 80 per cent, of amyl (prin- 
cipally iso-amyl) nitrite, together with variable quantities 
of undetermined compounds. 



SPiniT OF GLYCEEYL TRINITRATE 309 

Derivation. — Obtained through distillation of nitric acid 
and amylic alcohol. Distillate purified by sodium carbonate. 
HNO3 + C,Hn OH = C,H„NO, + 2 H,0. 

Properties. — A clear, yellow or pale-yellow liquid, of a 
peculiar ethereal, fruity (baiaana) odor, and a pungent, 
aromatic taste. Spec. gr. 0.870 to 0.880. 

Dose (by inhalation). — H., 3 ss.-i. (2.-4.); D., Tr[ii.-v. 
{.12-.3). 

When given internally the smaller doses should be 
used dissolved in alcohol. 

Spiritus Glycerylis Nitratis. Spirit of Glyceryl Trinitrate, 
Spirit of Glonoiu. C3H, (N 03)3. (U. S. P.) 

Synonym. — Liquor triuitrini, B.P.; spiritus glonoini, 
propenyltrinitrate, glonoin trinitrate, spirit of nitroglycerin, 
trinitrate of glyceryl, triuitin, E. 

An alcoholic solution containing one per cent., by 
weight, of nitroglycerin. It is probably decomposed in the 
blood with the formation of potassium and sodiiim nitrite. 

Derivation. — Nitroglycerin is obtained b}' dropping 
pure glycerin upon a mixture of sulphuric and nitric acids, 
kept cool by ice, and purified by washing with water. The 
official one per cent, solution is not explosive uule.5s it 
becomes concentrated by evaporation to an extent exceeding 
10 per cent. 

Properties. — A clear, colorless liquid, possessing the 
odor and taste of alcohol. Caution should be exercised in 
tasting it, since even a small quantity is liable to produce a 
violent headache. Spec. gr. .826 to .832. 

Dose.—R., 3 8s.-i. (2.-4); D., 1TLi.-ii. (.06-.12). 

action of the nitrites. 

External. — Spirit of nitrous ether, like ether, produces 
a cooling and local anaesthetic action, owing to its evapora- 
tion upon the skin. Amyl nitrite has a slight depressing 
action upon the periphei-al ends of the sensory nerves. 

Internal. — The actions of spirit of nitrous ether, amyl 



310 INORGANIC AGENTS 

nitrite and nitroglycerin are essentially the same. Spirit 
of nitrons ether should contain 4 per cent, of ethyl nitrite. 
Analysis of 68 samples taken at random from drug stores, 
resulted in showing that a teaspoonful of the best specimen 
contained as mnch ethyl nitrite as a pint of the worst, with 
all manner of variations between these extremes. To be 
of value as a nitrite, sweet spirit of nitre should be freshly 
prepared by a reliable chemist. 

Circulation. — The important action of the nitrites 
centres upon the heart and blood vessels. The arteries and 
veins all over the body (but particularly of the head and 
belly) become relaxed and blood tension is lowered by the 
nitrites. This action is no doubt peripheral, and is due to 
direct depression of the unstriated muscle of the vessel 
walls. The heart beats more rapidly in consequence of the 
lessened vascular resistance and direct depression of the in- 
hibitory centre and because a diminished blood pressure 
indirectly depresses the vagus centre and often stimulates the 
accelerator. The arterioles being dilated in the heart, as 
elsewhere, there follows an increased cardiac blood supply, 
nutrition and force. It is probable that the nitrates also 
stimulate the cardiac ganglia, and increase the force as well 
as the rapidity of the heart. This is shown by the fact that 
in small doses blood pressure is raised by the nitrates, de- 
spite the vascular dilatation. Poisonous doses depress the 
heart muscle and the pulse becomes slow and weak. 

Nervous System. — The nitrites depress the spinal motor 
centres. This is more marked in the frog than mammals, 
however. ISTeither the motor nor sensory nerves nor cere- 
brum appear to be influenced by medicinal doses of nitrites. 
Keflex excitability is lessened. 

Muscles. — Amyl nitrite paralyzes both unstriated and 
striated muscular tissue when applied locally; and the ni- 
trites, when administered internally, relieve spasm of mus- 
cular tissue by their depressing action upon the motor nerves 
and muscles. 

Kidneys. — Nitrites often increase the flow of urine by 
■widening the renal arteries supplying the glomerules. But 
the general lowering of blood pressure may prevent an in- 
crease of local pressure in the kidney, when urinary secre- 
tion will be diminished. 



ACTION OF THE NITKITES 311 

Blood. — In poisoning by the nitrites, the oxidizing 
power of the Mood is lost. Both the venous and arterial 
blood become of a chocolate hue from the conversion of the 
normal oxy-hipmoglobin into meth-haemoglobin. The latter 
yields up oxygen very sparingly. 

Bespiration. — The respiratory movements may be in- 
creased both in force and frequency by medicinal doses of 
nitrites, but paralysis of the respiratory centre and asphyxia 
occurs in fatal poisoning. 

Elimination. — The nitrite group rapidly escape in the 
urine as nitrites and nitrates of the alkalies. The amyl, of 
amyl nitrite, is completely oxidized in the body, while of 
nitroglycerin part is eliminated unchanged in the urine. 

Summary. — The nitrites dilate arterioles, increase the rate 
of the heart-beat, depress the spinal motor area, and lessen 
reflex action. They relieve spasm and may increase the 
secretion of urine. 

Boisoning. — Fatal poisoning is extremely rare as an 
accidental occurrence. Recovery from a quantity 120 times 
greater than the normal dose of nitroglycerin, has been 
reported in human practice. The physiological effects of 
the nitrites are more noticeable in man, owing to his bare 
skin. Immediately following the inhalation of amyl nitrite, 
the face becomes extremely flushed, and throbbing of the 
vessels of the head, with a feeling of tremendous pressure 
and headache, ensue. These symptoms are due to vascular 
dilatation. There is dizziness, the heart is rapid and violent, 
and the pulse full, frequent and easily compressible. The 
respiratory movements are increased. These symptoms occur 
after a full medicinal dose. 

In poisoning there is pallor, vomiting in man, trembling, 
w^eakness, cyanosis and failure of respiration and heart. 
The treatment is included in the administration of ammo- 
niacal and alcoholic stimulants, together with the subcuta- 
neous injection of ergotin, strychnine and atropine, to restore 
the vascular tone. 

The nitrites differ sufficiently to call for a word con- 
cerning their individual characteristics. It is important to 
emphasize the fact that their action, as a whole, is transient. 
Amyl nitrite diminishes vascular tension, as shoAvn by the 
sphygmograph, within a minute of its inhalation, and this 



312 INORGANIC AGENTS 

condition lasts for 2 to 4 minntes, with variations of from 
10 to 30 minutes. The same action of nitroglycerin occurs 
within 6 minutes and lasts from half to, rarely, an hour and 
a half. 

Good spirit of nitrous ether lowers tension from 45 to 
60 minutes. In addition to this difference in degree, spirit 
of nitrous ether differs somewhat in kind of action. It is 
more stimulant to the heart, and more diuretic, owing to 
the ether it contains. For the same reason sweet spirit of 
nitre increases the secretions and motion of the upper part 
of the digestive tract, relieves spasm and is of some value in 
indigestion and mild colic. In stimulating the activity of 
the sweat glands, following its action in dilating peripheral 
vessels, sweet spirit of nitre is a useful diarphoretic and 
mild febrifuge. 

It has been pointed out that spiritus astheris nitrosi is 
far from being a reliable preparation as a nitrite, and there- 
fore nitroglycerin or amyl nitrite are preferable where 
rapid and certain vascular dilatation is essential. 

USES OF THE NITEITES. 

Internal. — Respiratory Diseases. — No drug is more efl&- 
cient than spirit of nitrous etber, in the treatment of acute 
diseases of the respiratory tract, as coryza, pharyngitis, 
laryngitis and bronchitis. Its value lies in its power of 
dilating peripheral vessels, equalizing the circulation and 
preventing local congestions. 

In assisting diarphoresis and diuresis, sweet spirit of 
nitre hastens elimination of toxines and cools the body ; and 
in both ways is useful in abating fever. The following 
prescription may be of service in canine practice in febrile 
conditions : 

Tine, aconiti ti[xxiv. 

Spiritus getheris nitrosi 3 vi. 

Potassii bromidi § ss. 

Liq. Aninionii acetatis ad o i^'« 

M. 

Sig. Teaspoonful in water every 3 hours. 



USES OF THE NITKITES 313 

In asthenic and febrile diseases, as inflnenza, sweet 
spirit of nitre is of worth, combined with tonic doses of 
quinine and alcoholic stimnlants. 

The nitrites are the most successful remedies in reliev- 
ing dyspnoea, when due to spasm of the bronchial tubes, or 
congestion of the lungs. They relax the bronchioles and 
avert congestion by vascular dilatation and equalization of 
the circulation. Thus the dyspnoea occurring in pneumonia, 
acute pulmonary oedema, asthma and chronic bronchitis, are 
advantageously treated by half-hourly or hourly doses of 
nitroglycerin. Amyl nitrite, in dilating peripheral vessels 
and blanching the lungs, has proved the most successful 
remedy in hemoptysis. 

Cardiac Diseases. — Tliese are comparatively rare in the 
lower animals ; but, in general, it may be said that no 
remedy is more useful for its transient action in the severe 
dyspnoea of cardiac diseases than nitroglycerin. The passing 
engorgement of the right heart and lungs is relieved by 
nitroglycerin, which tends to distribute the blood about 
the body in its proper channels, and thus takes the load ofF 
the heart temporarily. 

Nervous Diseases. — iSTitrite of amyl is invaluable in 
warding off epileptic seizures in man, when warning of their 
approach is given the patient. As this warning cannot be 
detected in the lower animals, the nitrites are of less value, 
but may be combined with the bromides as prophylactic 
agents. The nitrates exert their favorable effect in this 
condition by preventing cerebral vasomotor spasm, which 
is thought to occur in epilepsy. Amyl nitrite is useful in 
relieving hiccough or " thumps " in horses. 

Diseases of Urinary Organs. — Spirit of nitrous ether is 
useful as a diuretic in carnivora, when the urine is concen- 
trated and irritating to the bladder. It is also a valuable 
remedy, for the same reason, in acute cystitis of all animals, 
when it may be combined to advantage with potassium 
citrate, or acetate and tincture of aconite. 

Summary. — We may summarize the therapeutical indi- 
cations for the nitrites as follows: 

1. To dilate peripheral arterioles and equalize the cir- 
culation in internal congestions. 



314 INOKGANIC AGENTS 

2. To stimulate the lieart. 

3. To relieve spasm of vascular, nervous, or muscular 
origin. 

4. To increase the secretion of urine. 
Administration. — Sweet spirit of nitre is given by the 

mouth, diluted with water, and often combined with alco- 
holic stimulants (whiskey), diarphoretics ( liq. ammon. 
acetatis), diuretics (potassium nitrate), and bitters (quinine). 
Amyl nitrite is administered usually by inhalation to 
the larger animals, from a sponge ; or two or three drops 
are given by inhalation from a bit of linen or cotton to the 
smaller animals. It may be given internally on sugar to 
the smaller animals, or in spirit to the larger patients. The 
spiritus glonoini is the only preparation of nitroglycerin 
in use. It may be dropped undiluted upon the tongue of 
the conscious or unconscious animal. The tongue of the 
smaller animals luay be frequently moistened with a small 
stick dipped in the solution, or it may be given in pill or 
tablet. 

Class 4.— Chloral. 

Chloralum Hydra tum. (U. S. P.) 
Chloral Hydrate. Chloral. CJi CI3O + H^O. 

Synonym. — Chloral hydras, B. P.; hydrate of chloral, E.; 
chloratum hydratum crystallisatum, P. G.; hydrate de chlo- 
ral, Fr.; chloralhydrat, G. 

A crystalline solid, composed of trichloraldehyde, or 
chloral with one molecule of water. 

Derivation. — Dry chlorine gas is passed into' absolute 
alcohol until the latter is saturated. Aldehyde and hydro- 
chloric acid first result, C,H,0 H + 2 CI = C,H,0 + 2 H CI. 
The chlorine gas then acts upon the aldehyde, abstracting 3 
atoms of hydrogen and replacing 3 atoms of chlorine, and so 
forms chloral. C.H.O + 6 CI = C,H CLO + 3 H CI. 

Chloral is purified first by distillation with sulphuric 
acid, and then with linie, and when mixed with water forms 
chloral hydrate (C,H CI3O + H,0). 



CHLORAL 315 

Properiiefi. — Separate, rhomboidal, colorless and trans- 
parent crystals, having an aromatic, penetrating and slightly 
acrid odor, and a bitterish, caustic taste. Slowly volatilized 
when exposed to the air. Freely soluble in water, alcohol 
or ether ; also in chloroform, benzol, benzin, carbon disul- 
phide, fixed and volatile oils. It liquifies when triturated 
with about an equal quantity of camphor, menthol, thymol 
or carbolic acid. Chloral is decomposed by caustic alkalies, 
alkaline earths and ammonia, chloroform being formed, and 
a formate of the base produced. 

Dose.—n. & a, 3i.-ii. (30.-60.); Sh. & Sw., 3 i.-ii. (4-8.); 
D., gr.v.-xx. (.3-1.3). 

Action External. — Chloral is a strong irritant applied 
locally in concentration to the skin and mucous membranes, 
and if injected under the skin may cause abscess and 
sloughing. It is a powerful antiseptic, and relieves itching, 
especially in combination with camphor. 

Action Internal. — Alimentary Canal. — Chloral produces 
severe irritation of the mucous membrane in concentrated 
solution (20 per cent, or over), and large doses may cause 
vomiting in dogs. The writer has seen intense glossitis and 
stomatitis follow the breaking of a gelatine capsule, contain- 
ing chloral, in the mouth of a horse. 

Blood. — Chloral is absorbed into the blood unchanged. 
It was formerly thought that the action of chloral was due 
to chloroform produced by the decomposition of the former 
in the alkaline blood. C,H CLO + KH0 = CHC]3 + 
K C H O, (formic acid). 

It is now known that the blood is not sufficiently alka- 
line to decompose chloral, and that chloroform is not found 
in the blood, tissues or excretions, except in the case of the 
urine, when it is strongly alkaline. Moreover, chloral acts 
as usual upon a frog when the blood of the batrachian is 
replaced by a neutral saline solution. 

Heart and Blood Vessels. — Chloral in large doses depres- 
ses the action of the heart muscle, its contained ganglia, and 
the vasomotor centres. It also produces local paralysis of 
the vascular walls. Blood pressure is therefore lowered. 



316 INOEGANIC AGENTS 

In small medicinal doses the circulation is not influenced 
materially, but in poisoning the pulse at first is accelerated 
and then becomes slow, weak and irregular, and the heart 
is arrested in diastole. 

Nervous System — The salient action of chloral is exerted 
upon the brain and cord. Like other narcotics, the depress- 
ing effect may be preceded by a transient and unimportant 
excitation of the brain and cord ; but this commonly passes 
unnoticed, and the prominent action of chloral consists, in 
ordinary doses, in depressing the sensory and motor 
centres of the brain, and in larger doses, .the spinal 
reflex activity and the motor tract of the cord. Mo- 
derate therapeutic doses cause, therefore, dulness an^ 
sleepiness (with contracted pupils) in the lower animals, 
while doses approaching the toxic point produce insensi- 
bility, coma, paralysis of the inferior cornua, with loss of 
reflex action and muscular power, so that the anim.il 
falls; paraplegia, dilated pupils and anaesthesia. These 
symptoms may occur and be followed bj recovery. The 
anaesthesia is of spinal origin. Neither the sensory nerves, 
motor nerves, nor muscles are affected except in the later 
stages of poisoning. 

Insensibility to pain is said, by Brunton, to follow the 
action of chloral upon the gray matter of the cord, by pre- 
venting the transmission of painful sensations through this 
tract. It is uncertain whether chloral acts as an hypnotic by 
its direct depressing influence upon the brain tissue, or by 
inducing cerebral anaemia in causing the blood to be with- 
drawn from the cerebrum into the dilated peripheral arte- 
rioles. 

Resjjiration. — The respiration is not interfered with by 
moderate medicinal doses of chloral, but toxic quantities 
depress and paralyze the respiratory centre. The respira- 
tory movements become deep, regular, accelerated (26) and 
full, with large therapeutic doses, but with toxic doses, 
slow, irregular and shallow. Death occurs more commonly 
from arrest of respiration, yet primary heart failure, or botli 
combined, may lead to a fatal result. . 



CIII.OKAL 317 

Temperature. — The temperature may- be elevated at 
first, but soon falls, owing to diminished heat production and 
increased loss, through heart failure and vascular dilatation. 

Elimination. — Chloral is eliminated by the urine, in 
part unchanged and in part as urochloralic acid. 

Metabolism. — Chloral in large doses leads to increased 
destruction of the proteids of the body and imperfect oxida- 
tion of their products, together with fatty degeneration of the 
internal organs. These tissue changes are caused l)y the 
production of urochloralic acid in the tissues. 

Summary. — Chloral is a local stimulant and antiseptic, 
and relieves itching. It is a powerful depressant to the cere- 
brum, vasomotor and respiratory centres, inferior cornua, 
heart muscle and its ganglia. 

Acute Poisoning. — Large doses produce insensibility, 
coma, and complete loss of muscular power, so that the 
animal falls. There is general ana?sthesia, and the pupils 
dilate. The pulse is weak, at first frequent, later infrequent 
and irregular. The respiration may be primarily quickened, 
but subsequently becomes slow, shallow and irregular. The 
animal sweats, sways, gapes and trembles and sometimes 
falls to the ground, the sphincters are relaxed and involuntary 
deftpcation occurs, but recovery commonly follows. With 
doses greater than 4 ounces, horses die in a generally anaes- 
thetic and paralyzed state. In man, death has followed the 
ingestion of 10 grains of chloral, and several fatalities have 
occurred after doses of 20 or 25 grains, although these are 
exceptional cases. The fatal dose for dogs is said to be 
from 2 to 6 drachms. 

Treatment. — Emetics and the stomach tube, shouting at 
and beating the animal, external heat. Five times the ordi- 
nary dose of strychnine and atropine subcutaneously. Strong, 
hot coffee and alcohol by the rectum. Amyl nitrite inhala- 
tions. 

Administration. — Chloral has been given intravenously, 
subcutaneously, and intratracheally, as well as by the mouth 
and rectum. The common way of administering it is in 
solution per orem or rectum. It may cause abscess if in- 
jected under the skin, or thrombi when thrown into a vein. 
Experiments of Dr. Muir* appear to show that chloral may 

* Jour. Compar. Med. and Vet. Archives, April, May, 1900. 



318 INORGANIC AGENTS 

be safely given intrnjugnlarlj^ ; one ounce dissolved in two 
ounces of sterile water and repeated once in an hour if de- 
sirable. If given in ball, the chloral may prove too irritating 
in the digestive tract. It should be diluted at least 10 tmes, 
and is given by the mouth with glycerin and water, or weak 
syrup, or with boiled starch solution by the rectum. 

Uses External. — Chloral may be employed as a stimu- 
lant, antiseptic, and slight local anaesthetic, in solution (1 to 
4), upon ulcers and wounds. It may be used with an equal 
part of camphor diluted with 8 parts of ointment, to relieve 
itching. A 4 to 8 per cent, aqueous solution forms an 
excellent antiseptic preservative for anatomical specimens, 
and chloral may be added to urine for this purpose. 

Uses Internal. — Chloral is used for three purposes in 
veterinary practice : 

1. First and foremost, to relieve spasm. 

2. To assuage pain. 

3. To procure sleep. 

In human medicine chloral is mainly employed as an 
hypnotic, but a purely soporific action is rarely required for 
the lower animals. The spasmodic conditions benefited by 
chloral include colic, convulsions, chorea, epilepsy, asthma, 
canine distemper, spasmodic cough, rigidity of the uterine 
OS in the first stage of labor, hysteria, cerebritis (to relieve 
motor excitement), tetanus, and strychnine poisoning. In 
spasmodic colic, chloral is inferior to opium as an anodyne^ 
but has the advantage of not inducing constipation. It may 
be employed in colic, by the rectum, combined with mor- 
phine given under the skin, ac recommended for procuring 
anaesthesia. It is the best remedy we possess for the treat- 
ment of convulsions in dogs, apart from anaesthetics. Ether 
may be administered during the convulsion, and chloral 
simultaneously, or between the attacks, in gr.v.-xx., per 
rectum, and repeated if necessary. Chloral is only indicated 
in chorea when the movements are so severe that the animal 
cannot secure sleep or rest. In distemper in dogs, chloral 
is used for the same purpose, when there is excessive cough 



ACETANILID 319 

and restlessness. Chloral is given per rectum in tetanus, so 
as to keep the animal continually narcotized, and may be 
employed in conjunction with tetanus antitoxin. 

Sp;ism of the os uteri is relieved by chloral when given 
per rectum in frequently repeated doses, until the safe 
physiological limit is reached. Chloral is inferior to ether 
or chloroform as an anaesthetic, because it is not so safe, nor 
is the anaesthesia so complete, but it relieves pain effectually, 
and is more easily administered. It is combined, in order 
to produce ansesthesia, with stuall doses of morphine, which 
decidedly enhance the anodyne action of chloral. 

To prepare a horse for surgical operation, 3 grains of 
moiphine sulphate and 1 grain of atropine sulphate may be 
injected under the skin, and followed in 10 minutes by 
an enema containing 1 ounce of chloral. 

Class 6. — Antipyretics and Analgesics. 

AcETANiLiDUM. Acetanilid. C„H,N H C.H^O. (U.S.&B.P.) 

Synonym. — Phenylacetamide, antifebrin. 

An acetyl derivative of aniline. 

Derivation. — Glacial acetic acid and aniline are distilled 
together, and the residue is purified by repeated crystalliza- 
tion. H C3H3O3 + C.H.N H3 = C,H,N H. C,H30 + H,0. 

Properties. — White, shining micaceous crystalline lami- 
nae, or a crystalline powder, odorless, having a faintly 
burning taste, and permanent in the air. Soluble in 194 
parts of water, and in 5 parts of alcohol ; also soluble in 18 
parts of ether, and easily soluble in chloroform, 

Dose.-n., 3i.-ii. (4.-8.); Sh. & Sw., 3 ss.-i. (2.-4); D., 
gr.iii.-vii. (.2-.5). 

AcETPHENETiDiNUM, AcETPHENETEDiN. Phenacetin. 

Ci„H,,N O, (177.79). (U. S. P.) 

Synonym. — Phenacetinum, B. P.; para-acetphenetidin, 
C,H,0 C,H,N H C,H30 + H,0 (178.63). 



320 INORGANIC AGENTS 

Derivation. — Obtained by the action of glacial acetic 
acid upon paraplienetitin, a phenol derivative. 

H C,H30, + CeH,0 C.H^N H = CJS.JO C.H.N HC.H,© 
+ H,0. 

Properties. — Glistening, colorless, tasteless, odorless, 
scaly crystals. Practically insoluble in water (1-925), 
soluble in 12 parts of alcohol, and in glycerin, chloroform 
and acetic acid. 

Dose.—B.. & C, 3ii.-iii. (8.-12.); D., gr.v.-x. (.3-.6). 

Antipyrina. Anti pyrin. CgHg (C Hj). CgH N.O. 
(U. S. P.) 

Synonym. — Phenazonum, B. P.; phenyl-dimethyl-pyra- 
zolone. 

Derivation. — Phenyl-hydrazine is acted upon by aceto- 
acetic ether, when phenyl -monomethyl- pyrazolone, ethyl 
alcohol and water result. 

H,N N H CeH, + C H3C O C H, C O O C,H, = CeH, 
(C H3) C3H,N,0 + C,H, O H + H,0. Then CeH, (C H3) 
C3H,N,0 + C H3 1 (methyl iodide) - C«H, (C H3), C3H N,0 
+ HI. 

Properties. — Colorless, odorless, scaly crystals, of a bit- 
terish taste and alkaline reaction. Soluble in about its own 
weight of water, alcohol and chloroform. 

Incompatibles. — Spirit of nitrous ether, iron sulphate, 
chloride and iodide ; salicylates, tannin, chloral, calomel, 
and a large number of diug-. 

Dose.—B.. & a, 3iii.-iv. (12.-15.); Sh. & Sw., 3 i- (4.)j 
D., gr.v.-xx. (.3-1.3). 

action of acetanilid, antipyrin and phenacetin. 

External. — Acetanilid and antipyrin are antiseptics. 
Solutions of the latter contract vessels and exert a local 
anesthetic and hemostatic state. 

Internal. — These substances exert no action upon the 
digestive tract, but acetanilid possesses a decided antiseptic 
influence upon bacteria within the alimentary canal. 



ACTIOX OF ACETAXILID, ANTIPYEIN AND PHENACETIN 32 1 

Blood. — Those agents have no influence upon the blood, 
in moderate medicinal doses, but in large doses (except anti- 
pyrin) they diminish the ozonizing power of the blood, re- 
duce the haemoglobin of the red corpuscles, change it to 
metlupmoglobin, and alter the color of the blood to a brown- 
ish-red hue. In large toxic quantities, administered continu- 
ously, they cause disintegration of the red corpuscles and 
elimination of the. blood-coloring matter in the urine. 

Heart and Blood Vessels. — In ordinary therapeutic 
doses these drugs do not alter the normal condition of the 
heart or blood vessels, but in large medicinal doses they first 
stimulate and then slow and depress the force of the heart by 
action (probabl}^) upon the heart muscle. Phenacetin is the 
least, and acetanilid the most depressant. Antipyrin is said 
to stimulate the heart and increase blood pressure in minute 
quantities. These three antipyretics decidedly diminish 
blood tension in large medicinal doses, owing to depression 
of the heart and of the vasomotor apparatus. 

Nervous System. — ^Usual therapeutic doses of these sub- 
stances exert a sedative action upon the sensory nerves and 
sensory tract of the spinal cord. They are therefore anal- 
gesics, although not comparable in this respect to opium. 
Poisonous quantities of these drugs diminish muscular 
powder, lessen reflex action and cause paralysis. Experi- 
ments apparently' show that acetanilid paralyzes the motor 
nerves, antipyrin the motor nerve endings, while motor de- 
pression seems to be of spinal origin in the case of phen- 
acetin. The brain is undoubtedly influenced by these agents, 
as evidenced by coma and convulsions in poisoning, but exact 
knowledge is wanting in relation to the action upon the brain. 
The functions of the cerebral cortex are thought to be de- 
pressed by antipyrin, and the special senses to be first stimu- 
lated and then paralyzed by this drug. 

Temperature.- — Acetanilid, antipyrin and phenacetin are 
essentially antipyretics. While they do not invariably lower 
temperature, even in large doses in normal animals, they do 
so very materially in animals suffering from fever. They 
apparently depress the activity of the calorefacient centres 



iJ22 INOKGANIC AGENTS 

(probably in the corpora striata), and therefore diminish 
beat production. Testimony is at variance in regard to 
their action upon heat loss. They frequently induce diar- 
phorcsis, but it is generally accepted that heat dissipation 
if: increased to a greater extent than would be accounted for 
by sweating, and that it occurs even when diarphoresis does 
not take place. Experimenters vehemently disagree as to 
which prej^nderates — increased heat loss or lessened heat- 
production — in causing antipyresis. 

Respiration,— The respiratory functions are unaffected 
by therapeutic doses of these medicines. In lethal doses 
respiration is quickened, owing to the greater work thrown 
upon the respiratory centre by the altered condition of the 
blood, and this vital centre is ultimately paralyzed. 

Kidneys. — The drugs under consideration produce slight 
diuresis in moderate medicinal doses. In poisoning, the 
urine may become dark-colored by the hiematin escaping 
from the disintegrated red blood corpuscles. Antipyrin 
lessens the nitrogenous products of tissue waste in the urine, 
and also diminishes the amount of that secretion. Acetanilid, 
on the other hand, increases the excretion of urea. ■ 

Elimination. — Antipyrin is rapidly eliminated un- 
changed in the urine in some animals ; in others it is oxidized. 
Acetanilid escapes in part unchanged and in part as different 
oxidation products in different animals; Avhile phenacetin is 
chiefly eliminated as such and as glycuronate of phenetidine. 

Poisoning. — Toxic doses of these drugs cause, in the 
lower animals, nervous excitement and convulsions, and 
sometimes coma, loss of consciousness, staggering gait, muscu- 
lar failure, sweating, rapid, feeble respiration, weak pulse, 
cyanosis, occasional vomiting in dogs, fall of temperature 
and general paralysis. 

Treatment. — External heat, alcoholic stimulants by the 
mouth, rectum, or under the skin ; strychnine, and atropine 
subcutaneously. 

! Administration. — Antipyrin is given in solution by the 

mouth, rectum, or under the skin. Acetanilid and phen- 
acetin can be administered in powder, tablet, pill or ball ; or 



ACTION OF ACETANILID, ANTIPYRIN AND PHENACETIN 323 

ill solution in alcoholic liquor. Acetauilid is to be preferred 
for horses ou account of its much greater cheapness.* The 
average dose of acetanilid is one drachm for a horse, and 
three to five grains for a dog ; and the dose of phenaeetin is 
twice, and of antipyrin three times greater than that of 
acetanilid. 

Uses External. — Acetanilid is employed as an antiseptic 
dusting powder undiluted. A ten per cent, solution of anti- 
pyrin may be applied as a haemostatic upon bleeding surfaces. 

Uses Internal. — There are three indications for the use 
of these agents : 1. To lower temperature in fever. 2. To 
relieve pain. 3. To lessen motor excitement and spasm. 

They are not so valuable in veterinary practice as in 
human medicine, since the lower animals rarely sufi'er from 
neuralgic pain, which is the special variety of suffering 
alleviated by these drugs. 

Phenaeetin is the most serviceable for dogs, as it is less 
toxic, more sedative, and more permanent in its antipyretic 
action than antipyrin or acetanilid. Dogs suffering from 
distemper are greatly relieved by small and repeated doses 
of phenaeetin, which lessen fever, cough and restlessness. 
In acute diseases, as pneumonia, these antipyretics may be 
occasionally employed to advantage when the temperature 
rises above 104° Far., and remains there any length of time. 
They are generally inadvisable in asthenic, febrile diseases, 
since they are too depressant in their action upon the heart 
and have no effect in removing the cause of the disease. 
The hyperpyrexia of insolation may be treated with these 
agents, in combination with cold, externally and per rectum. 
For the relief of pain their scope is limited in veterinary 
practice to that of a rheumatic character. Motor distur- 
bances, including convulsions, chorea and spasm, may be 
abated by the antipyretics, but they are usually inferior to 
chloral, opium, or other antispasmodics. 

Phenaeetin, combined with codeine or heroin, in powder 
or tablet, is a useful remedy for cough in dogs. 

* Phenaeetin is now more desirable, as less depressant, since the patent on 
it has expired. 



324 INORGANIC AGENTS 

Class 6.— Antiseptics. 

AciDUM Carbolicum Crudum. Crude Carbolic Acid. 

Synonym. — Acide phenique cru, Fr.; rohe carbolsaure,G. 

Derivation. — A liquid consisting of various constituents 
of coal tar, chiefly cresol and phenol, obtained by fractional 
distillation at a temperature between 302° F. and 392° F., 
and twice rectified at a temperature between 338° F. and 
374° F. 

Properiies. — A nearly colorless, or reddish-brown liquid 
of a strongly empyreumatic and creasote-like odor, having 
a benumbing, blanching and caustic effect upon the skin or 
mucous membrane, and gradually turning darker on ex- 
posure to the air and light. Soluble in 15 parts of water. 
The aqueous solution has a slight acid reaction. 

Phenol (U. S. P.) 
*AciDUM Carbolicum. Carbolic Acid. CeH^O H. (B. P.) 

Synonym. — Phenic acid, phenol, phenyl alcohol, pheny- 
licum crystallisatum, E.; acide phenique, acide carbolique, 
hydrate de phenyle, Fr.; carbolsiiure, phenylsaure, phenyl 
alkohol, G. 

Derivation. — Obtained from crude carbolic acid by 
agitation with caustic soda, heating to 338° F., aud adding 
hydrochloric acid. Then by agitation with sodium chloride, 
digestion with calcium chloride, and distillation at a tempe- 
rature between 336° F. and 374° F., and finally by crystalli- 
zation. 

Properties. — Colorless, interlaced, or separate, needle- 
sha})ed crystals, or a white crystalline mass, sometimes 
acquiring a reddish tint ; having a characteristic, somewhat 
aromatic odor, and when copiously diluted with water, a 
sweetish taste with a slightly burning after-taste. Delique- 
scent on exposure to damp air. Soluble in about 15 parts 
of water, and very soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, 
glycerin, fixed and volatile oils. Faintly acid reaction. 

• The U. S. P., 1905, recognizes only "Phenol" as the ofllcial name for car- 
bolic acid. 



CARBOLIC ACID 325 

Plienol crystals melt when heated, but solidify again on 
cooling. A 95 per cent, solution of carbolic acid crystals, 
in alcohol, remains fluid at the ordinary temperature. The 
crystals are also liquified by the addition of about 8 per 
<;ent. of water. 

Dose. — H. & C, gr.xv.-xxx. (1.-2.) ; Sh. & Sw., gr.v.-x. 
.(.3-.6); D., gr.ss.-i. (.03-.06). 

PREPARATIONS. 

Unynciitum Acidi Carbolici. Ointment of Carbolic Acid. (B. P.) 
Unguentum Phenolis. (U. S. P.) 
Phenol, 3 ; ointment, 97 (U. S. P.) ; 4 per cent., B. P. 

Glyceritum Acidi Carbolici. Glycerite of Carbolic Acid. (B. P.) 
Glycerituvi Phenolis. (U. S. P.) 
Phenol, 20 ; glycerin, 80. 

Addum Carbolicum Liquef actum. Liquified Carbolic Acid. (B. P.) 
Phenol Liquefactum. (U. S. P.) 
Carbolic acid liquified by addition of 10 per cent, of water. 
Dose. — Same as acidum carbolicum. 

Action External. — -Carbolic acid causes burning pain 
Avhen applied to the skin or mucous membranes, and this 
action is followed by local anaesthesia and the production of 
a dry white spot. If used in sufficient quantity, it leads to 
sloughing, but the escharotic effect is superficial, since the 
acid coagulates albumin, which forms a protective coating 
to the underlying parts. Carbolic acid is an antiseptic and 
disinfectant, and, in proper solution, acts as a sedative upon 
the peripheral sensory nerves, and is one of the most 
efficient agents in relieving itching. It checks the growth 
of both organized (bacteria) and unorganized (digestive) 
ferments. Strong solutions (1-2 per cent.) kill most bacteria, 
but a considerable time is required to destroy the organisms 
of certain diseases and those relating to putrefaction. Some 
hours are required to kill anthrax spores, by even a 5 per 
cent, solution. Two per cent, solutions destroy the digestive 
ferments. The lower forms of vegetable parasites, growing 
upon the skin, perish by the application of carbolic acid. 



326 INORGANIC AGENTS 

Action Internal. — Alimentary Canal. — Carbolic acid exerts 
a local, angesthetic action upon the ssensorj nerve endings 
in the stomach, and may act to a certain extent in the diges- 
tive tract as an antiseptic, hindering abnormal fermentation, 
but is, in this respect, inferior to creolin, napthol and nap- 
thalin. It is probably converted into a sulpho-carbolate in 
the stomach. In concentration, carbolic acid is a powerful 
gastio-intestinal irritant. 

Blood. — Carbolic acid is absorbed into the blood and 
probably circulates in part as an alkaline carbolate of 
sodium and potassium. 

Heart and Blood Vessels. — Phenol, in poisonous doses, 
paralyzes the vasomotor centre and later depresses the heart. 
The effect upon the vessels is the more important and promi- 
nent, but neither action is observed after medicinal doses. 

Respiration. — Therapeutic doses do not influence the 
respiratory functions, but toxic quantities make the respira- 
tory movements rapid and shallow at first, owing to stimula- 
tion of the respiratory centre and peripheral vagi, while 
death occurs after lethal amounts from paralysis of the 
respiratory centre. 

Nervous System. — T^he brain is depressed by toxic doses 
of carbolic acid, and si/upor and coma occur. The convul- 
sions appearing in carbolic acid poisoning are due to pri- 
mary stimulation of the spinal motor area, which is finally 
depressed and paralyzed. When locally applied, carbolic 
acid depresses and paralyzes the peripheral sensory nerves. 

Temperature. — Carbolic acid, in medicinal doses, slightly 
lowers temperature both in health and fever, but is not suffi- 
ciently antipyretic to be suitable for such a purpose in prac- 
tice. It depresses heat production and increases heat loss. 

Elimination. — Carbolic acid is eliminated by all ordinary 
channels, but mainly by the kidneys. The urine becomes 
dark colored — a very characteristic sign — even after large 
medicinal doses. Phenol normally occurs in small quan- 
tities in the urine of man and animals. Three grains have 
been recovered from the urine passed in 24 hours by a 



CARBOLIC ACID 327 

horse, and is thought to be a product of intestinal ferment- 
ation. In large toxic doses most of the carbolic acid is 
eliminated in the urine unchanged. Part, however, is 
oxidized into two bodies — pyrocatechin and hydroquiuone — 
and these, as well as phenol, unite with sulphuric and 
glycuronic acids in the tissues. Thus phenol is eliminated 
in the urine as double sulphates and glycuronates of phenol, 
pyrocatechin and hydroquiuone. The last two are unstable 
and further undergo oxidation into dark substances, color- 
ing the urine, which grows darker on exposure to the air. 
The normal sulphates are absent in the urine following 
carbolic aci-d poisoning. 

Toxicology. — Carbolic acid ranks as one of the most 
powerful poisons — together with prussic acid and nitro- 
benzole — in existence. Several cases of death in man have 
occurred after the ingestion of one-half an ounce of carbolic 
acid ; and the smallest fatal human dose on record appears 
to be about one drachm. One or two drachms are fatal to 
dogs, and a dose as small as 15 grains is said to have caused 
the death of a dog, while the lethal amount for the horse is 
about one ounce. Many cases of accidental poisoning have 
occurred from absorption of carbolic acid when applied 
externally for surgical purposes in dressings or solutions 
upon raw surfaces. The symptoms are the same as when 
absorption occurs from the digestive tract. Extensive 
local sloughing, after continuous treatment with moist 
carbolic applications, is occasionally seen. Dogs and cats 
are particularly susceptible to the action of phenol. The 
milder symptoms of poisoning include dulness, loss of 
appetite, muscular weakness and trembling, and dark-colored 
urine having the odor of carbolic acid. After lethal doses 
death may be instantaneous through respiratory arrest, the 
heart continuing to beat for a time. The mere ordinarv 
symptoms in severe poisoning in all animals are : trembling, 
rarely vomiting and purging, restlessness, salivation, loss of 
muscular power (animal reels and falls), diminution of 
bensibility, ausBsthesia, dyspnoea ; the breathing is rapid, 



328 INORGANIC AGENTS 

shallow and stertorous; tlie pulse is weak, irregular, and 
usually frequent; the temperature is'lowered, and there are 
the usual symptoms of collapse, with insensibility, coma, 
loss of reflex action, general paralysis, occasional convul- 
sions and death. Sometimes hsematuria, albuminuria and 
hsemoglobinuria have been observed. The condition resem- 
bles apoplexy, but the mucous membrane of the mouth is 
stained white in patches after ingestion of pure acid, dark 
with crude acid, and the odor of the poison lingering about 
the animal, together with the dark, green-colored urine, are 
characteristic of phenol poisoning. The urine may be clear 
when first voided, but becomes dark on standing. 

The absence of carbolic acid in the urine affords certain 
evidence that the case is not one of poisoning by this drug. 
Post-mortem examination reveals hard, whitish or brownish 
or black patches and sloughs upon the mucous membrane 
of the mouth, gullet, stomach, and even the small intestines. 
The blood is dark from asphyxia, and imperfectly coagu- 
lated. There is occasionally fatty degeneration of the liver 
and kidneys. The odor of the acid remains not longer than 
twenty-four hours. 

Treatment. — Emetics are usually valueless on account of 
the angesthetic condition of the mucous membrane of the 
stomach. "We use, therefore the stomach pump or tube, 
and, as antidotes, pure whisky or brandy, to avert the local 
escharotic effect and as a stimulant. Washing the stomach 
with 10 per cent, solution of alcohol has proven most 
efficient. Epsom or Glauber's salts do not form in- 
soluble sulphocarbolates in the body, and are there- 
fore useless. For collapse, heart and respiratory fail- 
ure, — digitalis, strychnine, atropine, ether, and brandy sub- 
cutaneously, are to be employed, together with heat ex- 
ternally. Mucilaginous drinks are also useful. The local 
caustic action of carbolic acid on the skin or mucous mem- 
branes can be prevented by the immediate application of 
strong (96 per cent.) alcohol to these parts. Of late years 
alcohol has also been regarded and widely given as a phy- 
siological and chemical antidote in carbolic poisoning. In 



CARBOLIC h :iD 329 

experiments, cited by Thornton,* on dogs with mixtures of 
toxic doses of carbolic acid and alcohol, and with the ad- 
ministration of poisonous doses of the acid followed by 
alcohol, the results go to show that alcohol does not in any 
way lessen or alter the poisonous ejffect of carbolic acid 
except in preventing the corrosive action on the stomach 
His conclusions are somewhat weakened, however, by the 
fact that doses of alcohol were used which in themselves 
might be toxic (4 to 9 ounces). It is certainly well to give 
pure whiskey or brandy in a large dose by the mouth after 
carbolic acid has been swallowed, for two reasons : to pre- 
vent the corrosive action of the acid on the mucous mem- 
branes, and to act as a circulatory stimulant, even if there 
is not any other specific effect produced. 

Administration. — Carbolic acid is commonly given in- 
ternally, diluted several hundred times with water. 

Uses External. — A solution of carbolic acid (1-20) is 
frequently used in surgery to disinfect the unbroken skin, 
while a weaker solution (1-50) is more suitable as an 
antiseptic upon raw surfaces and mucous membranes. 
While corrosive sublimate has enjoyed chief popularity as a 
surgical antiseptic for many years on account of its cheap- 
ness and supposed superior bactericidal properties, recent 
experiments (see p. 215) have shown that the value of cor- 
rosive sublimate is much over-estimated, so that carbolic 
acid has again resumed almost the importance it originally 
had in Listerian days in surgical work. Pure carbolic acid 
is occasionally used as a caustic to destroy small growths, 
as warts, and the lining membrane of fistulge of the poll, 
withers, or lateral cartilages ; to swab out a septic uterus, 
and as a local anaesthetic upon the skin. A drop of pure 
acid, or a line drawn with a brush along a proposed path of 
incision, may render a hypodermic puncture or superficial 
incision painless. Carbolic acid with glycerin (1-16) is one 
of the most excellent preparations for applying to sluggish 



Progressive Medicine, p. 343, Dec, 1901. 



330 INORGANIC AGENTS 

ulcers and old sinuses and fistulse. The glycerin appears 
to entirely offset the corrosive action of the acid, and the 
result is a stimulation of the pyogenic membrane and pro- 
motion of healing which often can not be obtained by 
any other remedy. It is equally effective in canker and foul 
in the foot of cattle, and in foot rot of sheep (1 part in 10 of 
glycerin). Injection of ten to thirty drops of a two per cent, 
solution into the substance of boils, acne, gl-mdular swell- 
ings, erysipelatous inflammatory patches, poisoned wounds, 
joints affected with chronic synovitis, and inflamed burs89, 
will often assist recovery and may abort the lesion. 

In acute inflammation, the injections are made twice 
daily ; in chronic conditions, once every other day ; and if 
there is a large extent of surface involved, several injections 
are done at one timp. 

Bacelli's treatment of tetanus with carbolic acid has 
met with remarkable success of late. One drachm of the 
pure acid in solution (5 to 10 per cent.) should be injected 
in the region of the neck and shoulders of the horse every 
two hours during the first 32 hours, and less frequently 
afterward. As much as 36 drachms may be given to the 
horse in 24 hours, for there appears to be a special tolerance 
for carbolic acid acquired in tetanus. 

One of the best agents which can be used in the treat- 
ment of septic wounds is carbolic acid in | to ^ of 1 per 
per cent, aqueous solution. Aseptic gauze or absorbent 
cotton are wrung out in the solution and applied to the part 
and covered with oil paper, silk or other waterproof material 
and so kept continuously wet. 

Instruments are frequently placed in carbolic acid 
solution (1-40) during surgical operations, although it is 
sufficient to boil them in water for ten minutes and keep 
them in the boiled water, or place them in a pure atmos- 
phere upon boiled towels. Carbolized gauze is prepared 
from unbleached cotton gauze medicated with half its 
weight of a mixture consisting of carbolic acid, 1; resin, 3; 
and paraffin, 4 parts. Plain gauze, sterilized by baking at a 
temperature of 140^ C. for two hours, is preferable, and 
avoids the danger of absorption and poisoning. 



CARBOLIC ACID 331 

Tlie glycerite of carbolic acid is employed as a local 
application in stomatitis, upon the ulcerations of actinomy- 
cosis with iodine, and also upon the skin to destroy ringworm. 
It is inferior, however, to tincture of iodine for the latter 
purpose. Two per cent, solutions are recommended to kill 
lice and the acari of scab and mange. Carbolic acid is the 
most serviceable remedy we possess to relieve itching. Two 
per cent, solutions may be employed upon the unbroken skin, 
but the strength should not be greater than half this amount 
upon excoriated surfaces. In sub-acute moist eczema of 
dogs, carbolic acid with zinc ointment (gr.S-^ i.)j or the 
following prescription, will be found of value in relieving 
itching and promoting recovery : 

Calaminae § ss. 

Zinei oxidi 3 ii. 

Acid. Carbol gr. xx. 

Liq. Calcis ad S iv. 

M. 

Sig. External use. (Shake.) 

Care should always be taken not to apply carbolic 
preparations over any considerable extent of raw surface, 
and to muzzle dogs in the event of an opportunity being 
afforded them to lick off any undue amount of the acid. 
A solution (1-50) in boiling water forms an efficient anti- 
septic and sedative inhalation for horses suffering from 
catarrh of the upper air passages. One of the most excellent 
remedies for burns consists of a two per cent, solution of 
cafbolic acid in carron oil. It relieves pain and lessens sup- 
puration, although carbolic acid in oil possesses little anti- 
septic property, because phenol is so much more soluble in 
oil than in the watery protoplasm of bacteria. Good results 
have been reported with intratracheal injections in vermin- 
ous bronchitis of foals and calves, consisting of the fol- 
lowing : 

Acidi earbolici TlXxx. 

01. tercbintliinae 3 ii. 

Chlovoformi 3 ss. 

M. 

Sig. Give at one injection intratracheally. 



332 INORGANIC AGENTS 

Crude carbolic acid may be used to disinfect infected 
buildings and their contents, and, in two per cent, solution 
with whitewash, can be applied to walls after cleaning. 

Uses Internal. — Evidence has been accumulating of late as 
to the value of carbolic acid iu general diseases of bacterial 
origin. Not only has Bacelli's treatment proven successful 
iu many cases of tetanus, but in human medicine numerous 
favorable reports have been made upon the use of carbolic 
acid when given in large doses in dilution by the mouth in 
the treatment of surgical sepsis, influenza, erysipelas, etc. 
Moreover, the subcutaneous injection of 2 drachms (8 cc.) of 
a 3 per cent, aqueous solution of carbolic acid every ten 
days into all pregnant cows during the prevalence of epi- 
zootic abortion is a valuable prophylactic measure. In the 
carbuncle form of anthrax in man, the injection of carbolic 
acid solution has yielded successful results and it may be 
tried in cattle. But speedy destruction of anthrax patients 
iu veterinary practice is usually the only wise procedure. 
Locally, carbolic acid may exert an antiseptic and anaesthetic 
action in the stomach. Carbolic acid is sometimes of 
service in relieving vomiting and gastric pain caused by 
flatulence in dogs, and in counteracting intestinal fermen- 
tation and diarrhoea in all animals. In diarrhoea of dogs, 
grain doses are combined to advantage with bismuth sub- 
nitrate in powder, capsule, or pill. 



CREOSOTE 333 

Creosotum. Creosote. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — Kreosotiini, P.G. ; kreosote, Fr. ; kreosot, G. 

Derivation. — A mixture of phenols and phenol deriva- 
tives, chiefly giiaiacol and creosol, obtained dnring the dis- 
tillation of wood tar, preferably of that derived from the 
beech, Fagus sylvatica Linne. (liat. ord. cupuliferse.) 

Properties. — An almost colorless, yellowish or pinkish, 
highly refractive, oily liquid, having a penetrating, smoky 
odor, and a burning, caustic taste. Usually becoming darker 
in tint on exposure to the light. Spec. gr. not below 1.070 
at 59° F. Soluble in about 150 parts of water, but without 
forming a perfectly clear solution. Freely soluble in al- 
cohol, ether, chloroform, acetic acid, fixed and volatile oils. 

Dose.—K., tllxv.-xxx. (1.-2.); C, 3 ss.-i. (2.-4.); Sh. 
and Sw., lUv.-xv. (.3-1.) ; D., lUss.-ii. (.03-.12). 

Action and Uses. — The action of creosote upon animals 
is practically the same as that of carbolic acid in kind, but 
is much less toxic. The antidotes (soluble sulphates) and 
treatment of poisoning are also similar. Externally, creosote 
is as effective a germicide as carbolic acid, but the latter is 
usually preferred, being much cheaper. Creosote may be ap- 
plied in the same strength for its local antiseptic, parasit- 
icide, and local antesthetic action. Internally, creosote is 
administered, as is carbolic acid, to check vomiting and to act 
as an intestinal antiseptic* Outside of the body, creosote 
is employed in inhalation in inflammatory diseases of the 
upper portion of the respiratory tract, and to kill parasites 
in the air passages. Intratracheal injection ma}' be substi- 
tuted for inhalation in the latter condition. Given internally 
in wine or spirit, creosote is of value in bronchitis with fetid 
or excessive secretion, in addition to its use by inhalation. 

Creolinum. Creolin. (JSTon-official.) 

Derivation. — Obtained from soft coal by dry distilla- 
tion. Composition very complex. Is said to contain cresol 
and higher homologues of phenol. 

* And in its elimination by the bronchial mucosa it may kill filaria. 
Neumann advises creosote (Bii-). benzine (3x. ), and water (^qts.) ; of 
the mixture for sheep, 1 teaspoonful daily, by the mouth, for 8 days 
for verminous bronchitis. 



334 INOKGANIC AGENTS 

Pi'operties. — Dark-brown, syrupy, alkaline liquid, of a 
tarry taste and odor. Nearly soluble in alcoliol; soluble in 
chloroform and ether. When added to water, creolin forms 
a white emulsion containing in suspension as much as 12 
per cent, of the drug. 

Dose. — H. and C, 3 ss.-i, (15.-30.), in single dose. For 
continuous use— H. and C, 3 i.-ii. (4.-8.); D., ITLi.-v. (.06-.3). 

Action External. — Creolin is a powerful and useful dis- 
infectant, antiseptic, and parasiticide. It forms a slippery 
coating upon the skin. Strong solutions are not caustic, 
but may cause a dermatitis when continuously applied. 
Creolin generally represents carbolic acid, but is much 
more efficient as a germicide, less irritating, and does not 
endanger animal life from absorption.* Aqueous solutions 
(emulsions), containing from I to 1 per cent., are employed 
for antiseptic purposes. 

Action Internal. — Creolin is -eliminated by all channels, 
giving the secretions a tarry odor, and coloring the urine 
brown. One or two drachms of creolin (a lethal dose of 
carbolic acid), when given daily lo dogs for weeks at a time, 
produce no bad effects. It is a good intestinal antiseptic, 
and better than carbolic acid. 

Uses. — Creolin is employed mainly outside of the body, 
and is a useful general antiseptic for surgical purposes in 1 
per cent, solution. Antiseptic poultices, so valuable upon 
septic sloughing parts, are best made by soaking clean 
gauze in a 1 per cent, aqueous solution of creolin, and 
applying the same, covered by a waterproof protective. 
Creolin solutions are not to be recommended for instru- 
ments during operations, as the fluid is so turbid that 
they cannot be seen by the operator. A 2 per cent, solution 
is useful for a vaginal or uterine injection; a 1 per cent, 
solution for irrigation of the bladder in cystitis, or eye in 
keratitis and conjunctivitis ; and a |- per cent, solution for 
intestinal irrigation in dysentery. As a parasiticide, 2 per 
cent, solutions, or 10 per cent, ointments or soaps, may be 
used to kill lice, fleas, and acari of scab and mange. With 
alcohol (1-10-20) creolin is remedial in alopecia areata. 

* t'reolin, to avoid toxic effects, should be pure. That made by Merck is a 
reliable article. 



LTSOL 336 

Sheep are dipped to advantage in 2 per cent, solutions, 
to destroy ticks, instead of the more dangerous arsenical 
liquids. Creolin (of Merck) may be used internally, as an 
intestinal antiseptic and anthelmintic. One ounce given on 
an empty stomach, in a quart of water, is one of the most 
effective vermifuges for the horse. 

Lysolum. Lysol.* 

Derivation. — From that part of tar oil which boils 
between 190° and '200° C, by dissolving in fat and saponi- 
fying in alcohol. 

Properties. — A clear, brown, oily liquid, of a feeble, 
creosote-like odor. Soluble in water, forming a clear, frothy, 
soapy fluid, and in alcohol, chloroform, and glycerin. L5^soi 
contains 50 per cent, of cresol. 

Lysol is used as a substitute for creolin, in ^ to 2 per 
cent, aqueous solution. It is a powerful antiseptic, and is 
stated to be more efficient and half as poisonous as creolin, 
and only I as toxic as carbolic acid. Lysol solutions do 
not obscure instruments, nor damage the hands of the 
operator. The drug is undoubtedly a very useful one. 

Naphtol. Naphtol. C,,B..(d H. (U. S. P.) 

Synonym. — Beta naphtol. 

A phenol occurring in wood tar, but usually prepared 
artificially from naphthalin. 

Derivation. — Naphthalin is treated with strong sulphuric 
acid. B-naphthalin sulphonic acid is formed (CioH. H SO3). 
The latter acid is dissolved in water with milk of lime, and 
the resulting calcium salt is recovered by crystallization. 
The crystals are then dissolved in water and treated with 
sodium carbonate, when sodium naphthalin-sulphonate (Ci, 
H^SOgNa) results. The latter is mixed with fused sodium 
hydroxide, when sodium naphtol (Cm H, O Na) and sodium 
sulphite are obtained. Hydrochloric acid is added to the 

* A preparation, Liqunr Crexolis Cnrtwo»ttiis (U. S. P.), is now official and re- 
presenis lysol. It has the advantage of being cheaper than lysol. 



336 INOr>GANIC AGENTS 

former, and naplitol results, which is further purified by 
sublimation and recrystallization. 

Properties. — Colorless, or pale buff-colored, shining, 
crystalline laminae, or a white, or yellowish- white, crystalline 
powder ; having a faint phenol-like odor, and a sharp and 
pungent but not persistent taste. Permanent in the air. 
Soluble in about 1,000 parts of water, and in 0.75 parts of 
alcohol ; also very soluble in ether, chloroform, or solutions 
of caustic alkalies. 

Dose.—R., 3 ii.-iii. (8.-12.); D., gr.i.-x. (.06-.6). 

Actions and Uses. — Naphtol is a powerful disinfectant, 
antiseptic and parasiticide. It is a useful application exter- 
nally in 10 per cent, ointment, for mange and ringworm. 

Internally it is employed to kill round and tape worms, 
and as an antiseptic in intestinal fermentation. It should 
be given in keratin coated pill (to avoid iiritating the 
stomach), or capsules, to dogs, and in ball to horses. 

Naphthalenum. Naphthalene. G^^ Hg (U. S. P.) 

Synonym. — Naphtalin. 

Derivation. — A hydrocarbon obtained from coal tar by 
distillation between 356° F. and 482° F. The impure naph- 
talin resulting is treated with sulphuric acid and sodium 
hydroxide, and is further purified by distillation with steam, 
and then by mixture with strong sulphuric acid, and finally 
by redistillation. 

ProiJerties. — Colorless, shining, transparent laminae, 
having a strong characteristic odor resembling that of coal 
tar, and a burning aromatic taste; slowly volatilized on 
exposure to the air. Insoluble in water; soluble in 15 parts 
of alcohol ; very soluble in ether, chloroform, carbon disul- 
phide, and fixed and volatile oils. 

/>ose.— H., 3ii.-iv. (8.-15.); D., gr.i.-xx. (.06-1.3). 

Actions and Uses. — Naphtalin, like other coal tar pro- 
ducts, is an antiseptic and parasiticide. It may be used as 
an antiseptic dressing powder upon wounds, or in 10 per 



RESORCIN 337 

cent, ointment for parasitic skin diseases. Kaplitnlin is 
jilmost insoluble in tlie digestive tract, and acts as an anti- 
sp]itic, therefore, throughout this canal. It is of service in 
intestinal fermentation, diarrhoea, dysentery, and, as a ver- 
micide, in combination with castor oil. Naphtalin is 
administered to dogs in starch wafers or gelatine capsules; 
and to horses in ball or electuary. 

Eesorcinol. Eesorcin. CsH,(0 H),. (U. S. P.) 

Synonym. — Kesorcinnm. Metadioxybenzol. 

Derivation.— K diatomic phenol formed by the action of 
fuming sulphuric acid upon benzine, whereby benzine meta- 
disulphonic acid [CgH^ (H S Og),] results. The latter is 
neutralized by milk of lime ; calcium sulphate is expressed, 
and sodium carbonate is added. The process is continued 
by filtration, and the filtrate evaporated to dryness. The 
residue is heated with sodium hydrate, with the formation 
of sodium resorcin [CgH^ (O Na)^. 

Sulphurous acid is driven off from sodium resorcin by 
boiling, and the result is extracted with ether; impure 
resorcin is recovered by distillation, and is purified by sub- 
limation or by recrystallization from water. 

Properties. — Colorless, or faintly reddish, needle-shaped 
crystals, or rhombic plates; having a faint, peculiar odor, 
and a disagreeable, sweetish, and afterward pungent taste. 
Resorcin acquires a reddish or brownish tint on exposure 
to light and air. Soluble in 0.6 part of water, and in 0.5 
part of alcohol ; readily soluble in ether or glycerin, and 
very slightly soluble in chloroform. 

Dose. — H., 3 i--ii- (4.-8.); Foals and Calves, 3 ss.-i. (2.-4); 
D., gr.ii.-v. (.12-.3). 

Action and Uses. — Resorcin was originally employed as 
an antipyretic, but is not now used for this action, being too 
depressing to the heart. It is an efficient antiseptic, exter- 
nally and internally; possesses a slight local anaesthetic 
effect, and is not nearly so irritating topically as phenol. 



338 INORGANIC AGENTS 

Externally it is of value in scaly skin diseases, as psoriasis, 
in solution (1-4), in glycerin. InterDally, resorcin is of worth 
in fermentation and indigestion, given in a large amount of 
water an liour or two after eating 

FOEMALDEHYDE. C H O H. 

(Non-oflficial.) 

Synonym. — Formic aldehyde. 

Derivation. — Obtained by partial combustion of wood 
alcohol, without ignition, by evaporation of the spirit in 
contact with a hot, platinized, asbestos plate. 2 C II3 O H 
+ 0, = 2CHOHH2 H,0. 

Properties. — Formaldehyde is a pungent gas, having a 
spec. gr. of 1.6; soluble in water, forming a clear, colorless, 
stable solution when kept in glass-stoppered bottles, but 
volatilizing on exposure to the air. Formalin is the com- 
mercial name for an aqueous solution containing 40 per 
cent, of formaldehyde gas. 

PREPARATION, 
Liquor Foriaaldtliydi. (U. S. P.) 
Formalin. Containing not less than 37 per cent, of formaldehyde 
gas. 

Action and Uses. — Formaldehyde and formalin are 
powerful microbicides. A 1 per cent, solution of formalin 
will kill Staphylococcus pyogenes aureus in about an hour; 
B. typhosus in 40 to 50 minutes ; B, coli communis in 30 
to 40 minutes ; B. anthracis and S. cholerPB in less than 15 
minutes. Clothes soaked in cultures of B. typhosus, S. cho- 
lerse and Staphylococcus pyogenes aureus, and ■ then for 24 
hours in a 1 per cent, solution of formalin, were found to be 
completely sterile (Slater). Trillat and Robinson have 
apparently shown that formaldehyde gas has wonderful 
disinfectant and penetrating properties, destroying all 
pathogenic bacteria in ordinary rooms containing the micro- 
organisms biiried under mattresses, between blankets, in 
in clothing and other articles, in the air, dust, and morbid 
secretions. Harrington has proved, however, that the pene- 



. FORMALDEHYDE 339 

tratiiig power of formaldehyde is nil in the case of moist 
substances, and that sterilization is not always complete 
when micro-organisms are imbedded in, or covered by, dry 
pervious material. Still, formaldehyde is the best practical 
disinfectant now known for the sterilization of infected 
premises.* The gas is most effective between 60° and 70° 
F., bnt will act at other temperatures. It is not so operative 
in damp air, and the premises should be closed tight from the 
outer air, in order that the disinfection may be thorough. 
The premises containing the gas should be sealed from 4 to 
24 hours. Formaldehyde vapor is extremely pungent and 
irritating to the mucous membranes, causing running of the 
nose and eyes in those exposed to its influence ; but some ex- 
perimenters have subjected animals to formaldehyde vapor 
(of disinfectant strength) for hours without causing their 
death. In Harrington's experiments two rabbits were killed 
by formaldehyde in the disinfection of a room, and exhibited 
the following post-mortem appearances: Congestion and 
hemorrhage of the buccal mucous membrane ; intense bron- 
chitis with hypersemia, and consolidation of the lung with a 
purulent and slightly fibrinous exudate. There was also 
congestion of the abdominal organs, including the liver, kid- 
neys and spleen. As death may occur, it is certainly unwise 
to attempt the disinfection of premises with formaldehyde, 
when inhabited by men or animals. The smaller insect pests 
and animal parasites are sometimes killed by formaldehyde 
disinfection, but not invariably so. 

Internal Action. — Solutions of formaldehyde are in- 
tensely irritant. jSTausea, vomiting, coma with slow pulse, 
and death have followed its ingestion. The red blood cells 
are altered in form, and destructive changes have been noted 
in the liver and kidneys. Formaldehyde escapes unchanged 
in the urine. 

Formic aldehyde vapor is not injurious to clothing, 
metals, or other like articles, as are sulphurous anhy- 
dride or chlorine gas, and it bids fair to supersede all other 
agents for the gaseous disinfection of premises infected with 

* It does not kill rats, but burning sulphur is effective for this purpose. 



340 INORGANIC AGENTS 

pathogenic bacteria. Formaldehyde gas may be generated 
by evaporating formalin in a vessel over a lamp, or other 
form of heating apparatus. 

Harrington states that the evaporation of 110 cc. of 
formalin is suiRcient to kill all pathogenic micro-organisms 
within 2^ hours, in 1,000 cubic feet air space. Formalde- 
h^'de gas may be liberated most readily by mixing 6^ ounces 
of potassium permanganate with each pint of formalin. 
This should be only done in deep, tin vessels to avoid the 
effects of great frothing. This quantity of formalin and 
potassium permanganate is necessary to disinfect each 1,000 
cubic feet of air space. 

A solidified formaldehyde is also on the market to which 
one need only add hot water, to free the gas. In veterinary 
disinfection one may spray formalin in five per cent, solu- 
tion with a force pump all over the floors, walls, fixtures, 
etc. 

Rubber gloves should be used to protect the hands. 

Formalin, in :j to 2 per cent, solution, is perhaps the 
most powerful antiseptic that has been used for surgical 
purposes, but, when used in such strength upon raw sur- 
faces and mucous membranes it produces pain and irrita- 
tion and coagulates albumin so as to shut off the underlying 
parts from participating in the antiseptic action. These 
stronger solutions, although formerly employed for surgical 
uses, should be confined to skin disinfection or where an 
escharotic action is desired on sloughing tissues. . Ordinarily 
the strength of an aqueous solution should not exceed 
1-2000, or at most 1-1000, for application to raw surfaces or 
mucous membranes, and even in this dilution applications 
sometimes produce considerable pain and irritation, and, for 
this reason, are contraindicted for ordinary surgical use. 



HEXAMETHYLENAMINE 341 

Success is reported from the use of formalin on 
sloughing surfaces of malignant growths and foul ulcers. 
A 4 per cent, solution is increased to 10 per cent, 
and finally to pure formalin, the solutions being applied on 
cotton saturated with the drug and retained on the part for 
thirty minutes each day. A 5 per cent, solution of formalin 
is serviceable for sterilizing catheters, instruments and 
sutures, for the preservation of pathologic specimens, for 
the disinfection of stables, and in the treatment of canker of 
the feet in horses. 

PREPARATIONS. 

Hexavuilujlcnaminii. Hexamethylenamine. Ce Hia N4. (U. S. P ) 

( Uro tropin ) 

Urotropin occurs in colorless, transparent crystals, soluble in 1.2 
parts of water and in 14 parts of alcohol; odorless, of a sweet, afterward 
bitter taste, and slight alkaline reaction. It is made by combining solu- 
tions of ammonia and formaldehyde, and was first introduced into 
medicine by Nicolaier in 1895. Urotropin appears to be decomposed in 
the kidneys with the liberation of formaldehyde, and thus disinfects 
the urinary tract. It is, in fact, considered the best urinary antiseptic in 
human medicine and has been used with the greatest success in the 
treatment of all infectious diseases of the urinary passages, especially 
acute and cliromc pyelitis and cystitis. It renders normal a putrid 
urine containing pus or mucus, is a solvent for uric acid and is sliglitly 
diuretic. These actions should be of value in similar diseases of animals, 
especially of dogs. The drug may be given in from 3 to 5 giain doses 
tlrrice daily in solution, in canine practice. It should now be bought 
more cheaply under its official name than by its trade name, urotropin. 
In diabetes mellitus of the human urotropin is often benefi'-ial in reduc- 
ing the loss of glucose in the urine ; it should be tried in this disease in 
dogs. 

Glutol (Formalin Gelatin). 

Glutol is a coarse, white powder, without odor or irritating pro- 
perties, and is prepared by dissolving gelatin in water and drying the 
solution in formalin vapor. It is a most valuable antiseptic powder in 
liberating formaldehyde gas in contact with living cells. Glutol forms 
a, scab when dusted over fresh wounds, preventing infection, and is 
serviceable in the treatment of infected wounds, abscesses, boils (after 
paracentesis), sinuses and other surgical conditions. It was first 
brought into use by Dr. C. L. Schleich, in 1896 



342 INORGA.NIC AGENTS 

Class 7. — Miscellaneous Carbon Compounds. 

AciDUM Hydrocyanicum Dilutum. 
Diluted Hydrocyanic Acid. H C N. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — Prussic acid, acidum liydrocyanatum, s. 
borussicum, E.;* acide cyanhydrique, s. liydrocyanique, Fr.; 
cyaiiwasserstoffsaure, blausaure, G. 

Derivation. — A liquid composed of 2 per cent., by 
•weight, of absolute hydrocyanic acid, and 98 per cent, of 
water. Obtained by distillation of potassium ferrocyanide, 
20 ; sulphuric acid, 8 ; and water, 65 ; into distilled water. 
The following reaction first occurs : K^ Fe Cg Ng + 2 Hj S 
O4 = 2 Kj S O4 + H^ Fe Cg Ng; then on the application of 
heat, the hydroferrocyanic acid resulting in the first reaction 
reacts with the remaining potassium ferrocyanide and siil- 
phuric acid, as follows : H, Fe Cg Ng + K, Fe Cg Ng + H, S 
O, = 6 H C N + K, S O, + K, Fe (Fe Cg X)- 

Diluted hydrocyanic acid can also be made by mixing 
hydrochloric acid, 5 ; with distilled water, 55 ; silver cyanide, 
6. Shake together in a glass- stoppered bottle. Ag C N + 
H CI = H C N + Ag CI. When the precipitate of silver 
chloride falls, pour off the clear, supernatant fluid. 

Properties. — A clear, colorless liquid, of a characteristic 
taste and odor, resembling those of bitter almond. It is 
very unstable and is apt to be inert as obtained from ordi- 
nary drug stores. It should be kejjt in inverted glass-stop- 
pered dark bottles. 

Incomjyatihles. — Salts of iron, copper and silver; sulphides 
and red mercuric oxide. 

Bose.—H. & C, 111xx.-xl. (1.3-2.6); Sh., Tl^x.-xv. (.6-1.); 
Sw., miL-v. (.12^3); D,, llli.-iii. (.06-.2). 

Action External. — Prussic acid is absorbed to some 
extent through the unbroken skin ; paralj^zes the peripheral 
sensory nerves, and acts as a local anaesthetic. If the finger 

* Scheele's prussic acid contains 4 to 5 per cent, of the pure hydro- 
cyanic acid. 



DILUTED HYDROCYANIC ACID 



.343 



is held over a bottle containinfr the acid, it soon becomes 
anaesthetized. Upon mucous membranes, or raw surfaces, 
prussic acid is rapidly absorbed and exhibits its usual con- 
stitutional action. 

Action Internal. — Alimentary Canal. — Hydrocyanic acid 
exerts a sedative effect upon the mucous membrane of the 
stomach and upper portion of the digestive tiact. It is 
absorbed into the blood, but we are ignorant of its fate or 
mode of elimination. 

Blood. — In poisoning, the blood becomes first of a bright 
arterial hue, and later assumes a dark, venous color. The 
first condition is due to the fact that the tissues do not 
absorb oxygen owing to changes in the protoplasm which 
interfere with cell respiration; probably also in part 
because the blood is hurried so rapidly through the 
dilated peripheral vessels that it does not have time to yield 
up its oxygen. The dark color of the blood is probably 
owing to asphyxia and accumulation of carbonic dioxide, 
following the paralytic action of prussic acid upon the 
respiratory centre. A substance called, cyanohsemoglobin 
is formed outside the body by hydrocyanic acid when 
shaken with blood. The acid appears to deoxydize the 
normal oxyhaemoglobin, and blood thus treated has no ozon- 
izing property. Cyanohsemoglobin was thought to account 
for the action of prussic acid, but it does not exist within 
the body in the blood of poisoned animals. The red blood 
corpuscles are altered in shape by the action of prussic acid 
upon blood withdrawn from the vessels. They generally 
become rounder, then granular, and finally disintegrate and 
liquefy. But these changes do not occur in the blood during 
life. The general action of prussic acid is altogether inde- 
pendent of any influence upon the blood, since the same 
toxic effect is produced upon the bloodless, or " salt frog " 
(vessels containing normal salt solution), as upon the normal 
batrachian. 

Nervous System and 3IuscJes. — Prussic acid first stimu- 
lates the hind-brain — as shown by convulsions, and excita- 
tion of the vagus, respiratory and vasomotor centres — and 
then paralyzes the whole nervous system. The brain, cord 



344 INORGANIC AGENTS 

and nerves become paralyzed by larpje doses. The convul- 
sions occurring in poisoning are shown by experiments 
to be due probably to stimulation of the hind-brain, 
although they have been attributed to altered cerebral 
circulation and to asphyxia. They are, however, pre- 
sent during that period of poisoning when the blood 
is of a bright arterial hue. The spinal cord is paralyzed at 
a period after coma and convulsions have appeared. The 
peripheral nerves and muscles are paralyzed directly by 
toxic doses, and not through the mediation of the central 
nervous apparatus. This is proved by shutting off the blood 
supply containing the drug, from a frog's leg, and leaving 
the nervous connections intact, when no effect of prussic 
acid is observed upon the limb. 

Heart and Blood Vessels. — Death sometimes occurs 
instantaneously from large lethal doses of prussic acid, 
owing to diastolic arrest of the heart. This action is due 
probably to paralysis of the heart and its contained ganglia, 
and also to irritation of the vagus centre. Moderate non- 
toxic doses stimulate the vagus centre of the medulla, and 
slow the pulse without diminishing the force of the heart. 
When the vagi are previously divided, this action does not 
occur, but after large doses slowing of the heart is observed 
whether the vagi are cut or not; thus showing that the 
heart muscle, or its ganglia, are directly influenced. Mode- 
rate doses of prussic acid first stimulate, and then depress 
the vasomotor centre. Arterial pressure is therefore prima- 
rily raised considerably, but this is followed by a fall to, or 
below, the normal. 

Toxic doses stimulate the vasomotor centre very briefly, 
and this action is succeeded by profound depression and 
paralysis of the centre, accompanied by a great diminution 
of blood tension. 

Respiration. — Inhalation of the pure acid will cause 
death in a confined atmosphere, and even inhalation of the 
medicinal solution will induce the physiological symptoms 
of the drug. The respiratory centre is usually depressed 
from the beginning, by prussic acid, and the respiratory 



DILUTED HYDROCYANIC ACID 345 

movements are therefore lessened in frequency throughout 
the period of its action. Rarely, there is a primary transient 
stimulation of the centre, so that the breathing is increased 
in frequency. lu the latter stage of poisoning, the breathing 
is feeble and shallow, and only occurs at long intervals. 
If death does not supervene immediately from diastolic 
arrest of the heart, it comes on more slowly by asphyxia. 
The respiratory movements become less frequent and 
forcible, the animal giving an occasional gasp, until finally 
the breathing ceases altogether, while the heart continues to 
beat for a time. 

Summary.—Prnssic acid in any considerable dose exerts 
a transient stimulation upon the hind-brain, followed by 
brain, spinal cord, nerves, muscles, and the three great 
medullary centres controlling the heart, respiration and ves- 
sels. Topically applied, hydrocyanic acid also paralyzes 
nerves and muscles, and acts therapeutically as a local 
sedative and anaesthetic. 

Toxicology.- — Prnssic acid is one of the most powerful 
poisons in existence. Death may be instant9)neous, or life 
may be prolonged for over an hour after a lethal dose. 
More commonly the animal survives for a few minutes, and 
we observe the following symptoms in dogs : The animal 
falls, froths at the mouth, the respiration is of a gasping 
character and occurs at infrequent intervals. There is un- 
consciousness, the pupils become dilated, there are muscular 
tremblings, and clonic or tonic spasms. Defsecation and 
micturition occur, and erections oft^n ensue in the male. 
Respiration ceases before the cardia-^ pulsations. 

Three stages may be distinguished in fatal poisoning. 
First : a very short period elapses before the symptoms 
appear. There are giddiness, difficult breathing, and slow 
pulse in this stage. Second : the pupils dilate, vomiting 
may occur, and the animal utters loud cries. Spasmodic 
defsecation, micturition and erections may be present, with 
convulsions and unconsciousness. Third : the last stage is 
characterized by collapse, spasms, general paralysis and 



346 INORGANIC AGENTS 

death. The subacute form of poisoning may ensue and 
prove fatal, or, owing to the volatile character of the drug, 
complete recovery may take place within one-half or three- 
quarters of an hour. Occasionally dogs continue to be 
paralyzed for several days and get well. The minimum 
fatal dose recorded in man is -^^ of a grain of pure acid, or 
about 50 drops of the medicinal solution. Four to five 
drachms of the diluted acid frequently, but not invariably, 
cause subacute poisoning and death, in horses, within an 
hour. One to two drachms of the pharmacopoeial jDrepara- 
tion usually kills dogs within ten minutes. 

Prussic acid is commonly used to destroy the domestic 
animals. Two to four drachms of the medicinal acid are to 
be given to dogs and cats of the ordinary size, and certain, 
painless, and rapid death will occur if a fresh preparation 
of the drug can be obtained. The unopened, half-ounce 
vial, kept by druggists, is recommended. Big dogs, horses, 
and the other larger animals are not killed rapidly, nor 
sometimes at all, by great quantities of the diluted acid. 
Hence, shooting is a more humane and preferable mode of 
death for them. In the experience of the writer, one to two 
drachms of prussic acid saturated with potassium cyanide, 
failed to kill a horse, when injected directly into the jugular 
vein. The odor of the acid lingers about the animal for a 
few hours after death ; the eyes are fixed and staring ; the 
pupils dilated; the teeth are clinched tight and covered 
with froth, while the blood is of a very dark color. The 
treatment embraces emptying the stomach by large doses 
of promptly acting emetics, or by the stomach tube, or 
])ump ; atropine, ether, and brandy subcutaneously, and 
inhalations of ammonia, together with artificial respiration, 
and hot and cold douches upon the chest. 

Uses. — Prussic acid is indicated for three therapeutic 
purposes : 

1. To relieve gastric pain and vomiting, by its paralyz- 
ing action upon the peripheral sensory nerves of the 
stomach. 



POTASSIUM CYANIDE 847 

2. To stop cougliing. 

3. To allay itching by means of its local, sedative action 
upon tlie cutaneous sensory nerve-endings. 

As a medicine it is not of much value, but is used 
in veterinary practice as a cough remedy, when the 
symptom is of reflex origin, or is caused by chronic 
or verminous bronchitis ; and the acid is often conjoined 
with chloroform, or opium, in some form. Prussic acid 
is a dangerous remedy to apply to the skin, as absorp- 
tion may occur, or the acid may be lapped off by the patient. 
Solutions containing, of the diluted acid, 3 ss.-i. to 3 i. 
of water, are, however, sometimes employed to relieve 
pruritus. 



PoTASSii Cyanidum. Potassium Cyanide. K C N. 
(U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — Cyanure de potassium, Fr.; cyankaliura, G. 

Derivation. — Made by heating together potassium ferro- 
cyanide and carbonate. 

Properties. — White, opaque, amorphous pieces ; or a 
white, granular powder, odorless when perfectly dry, but 
in moist air exhaling tlie odor of hydrocyanic acid. Taste 
sharp and alkaline, and in moist air the salt deliquesces. 
Reaction very strongly alkaline. Solutions stain and destroy 
clothing. Soluble in about 2 parts of water ; sparingly 
soluble in alcohol. 

Dose.—H., gr.i.-ii. (.06-.12); D., gr.^V (-006). 

Action and t^ses.— ^Potassium cyanide is transformed, in 
the stomach and blood, into prussic acid, and resembles the 
latter in its action, but is much slower. Death has been 
caused in man by 5 grains of the salt. 

Argenti Cyanidum. Silver Cyanide. Ag C N. (U. S. P.) 

A white, insoluble, tasteless, odorless powder, used for 
making prussic acid. 



348 INORGANIC AGENTS 

Prunus Virginiana. Wild Cherry. (U. S. P.) 

Synonym. — Ecorce de cerisier de Virgiiiie, Fr.; wild- 
kirschenrinde, G. 

The bark of the wild cherry, indigenous in the United 
States, contains a ferment (emulsin) which, in the presence 
of water, acts on a glucoside (aniygdalin, C„o H^^ N On) con- 
tained in the bark, with the formation of hydrocyanic acid, 
glucose and a volatile oil. A fluid extract, infusion and 
syrup of prunus virginiana are official. The latter prepara- 
tion is sometimes employed in cough mixtures for dogs, on 
account of its sedative action. The entire value of the drug 
depends upon the minute amount of prussic acid formed 
in it. The official hydrocyanic acid is more reliable, but 
syrupus pruni virginianse (U. S. P.) maybe used as a vehicle 
for more efficient remedies. 

Petrolatum. (U. S. P.) 
(Three varieties.) 

1. — Petrolatum Liquidum. Liquid Petrolatum. (U. S. P.) 

Derivation. — A mixture of hydrocarbons, chiefly of the 
marsh- gas series, obtained by distilling off the lighter and 
more volatile portions from petroleum, and purifying the 
residue when it has the desired consistence. 

Properties.— K colorless, or more or less yellowish, oily, 
transparent liquid, without odor or taste ; or giving off, when 
heated, a faint odor of petroleum. Spec. gr. about 0.875 — 
0.945. Insoluble in water; scarcely soluble in cold or hot 
alcohol, or cold absolute alcohol ; but soluble -in boiling 
absolute alcohol, and readily soluble in ether, chloroform, 
carbon disulphide, oil of turpentine, benzin, benzol, and 
fixed and volatile oils. 

2. — Petrolatum.* Petrolatum. (U. S. P.) 
Synonym. — Vaseline, cosmoline. 
Derivation. — A mixture of hydrocarbons, chiefly of the 

* The 1905 edition of the U. S. P recognizes simply Petrolatum, wliich now 
includes both the Petrolatum Molle and hpissum. 



HAED PETKOLATUM 349 

marsh-gas series, obtained by distilling off the lighter and 
more volatile portions from petroleum, and purifying the 
residue when it has reached the desired melting point. 

Properties. — A fat-like mass of about the consistence of 
an ointment, varying in color from yellowish to light amber, 
having not more than a slight fluorescence, even after being 
melted ; transparent in thin layers, completely amorphous, 
and without odor or taste ; or giving off, when heated, a faint 
odor of petroleum. 

The melting point of petrolatum ranges between 45° 
and 48° C. (113° and 118.4° F.). In other respects soft 
petrolatum has the solubility of liquid petrolatum. 



Petkolatum Album. White Petrolatum. 

A colorless mixture of hydrocarbons, chiefly of 'the 
methane series, obtained by distilling off the lighter and more 
volatile portions from petroleum, and purifying the residue. 
A white, unctuous mass, of about the consistency of an oint- 
ment, transparent in thin layers, completely amorphous; 
without odor or taste. Otherwise it resembles, in solubility, 
petrolatum. 

Action and Uses. — Petrolatum is a valuable emollient. 
It soothes, protects and softens parts to which it is applied, 
and is superior to animal and vegetable fats and oils in not 
becoming rancid, and therefore irritant and malodorous. 
Petrolatum may be used alone, or as an excipient in the 
preparation of ointments, but does not aid the absorption of 
drugs (as do alcohol, glycerin, chloroform, and animal oils 
and fats), for it is not itself absorbed even when adminis- 
tered internally. Petrolatum exerts a demulcent action 
upon the mucous membrane of the alimentary tract, and 
may be prescribed in electuary or capsule in inflamma- 
tion thereof. Petrolatum is sold universally under the pro- 
prietary names of vaseline and cosmoline, and is often com- 
bined with antiseptics for medicinal and surgical purposes 
ipi skin diseases and upon inflamed mucous membranes, 
blistered and abraded surfaces and sores. It is one of the 
most useful agents in lubricating instruments, protecting 



350 INORGANIC AGENTS 

metal from rust, preserving leather, and is sometimes 
emj^lojed as a vehicle for electuaries. 



Khigolene. (]S[on-official.) 

Ehigolene is a petroleum product prepared by repeated 
distillation until the liquid boils at 64.4° F. It evaporates 
at a lower temperature than any other substance, except 
cjnnogene, and is employed as a spray to induce numbness 
and local ana?sthcsia of a part in minor surgical operations, 
such as paracentesis of an abscess or the use of the actual 
cautery. 



Aethyi^is Chloeidum. (U.S.P.) Co Hg CI. 

Ethyl chloride is in more common use for the same pur- 
poses. It is a colorless, mobile, verv volatile liquid ; slightly 
soluble in water but readily soluble in alcohol. It is made by 
the action of HCl gas upon absolute ethyl alcohol. It is usu- 
ally sold in glass tubes with a screw or lever-spring metal 
top enabling the fluid to be sprayed upon the surface of the 
body in any desired amount. 

On account of its great volatility and rapid evaporation 
it abstracts heat and freezes a part, and so acts as a local 
anaesthetic. It is convenient for minor surgical operations, 
as opening abscess or boil, or aspiration. The vapor is very 
inflammable. Ethyl chloride is also used to produce trans- 
ient, general anaesthesia. 1 or 2 drachms may be used for 
dogs. It is exceedingly rapid in its effects and a safe anses- 
thetic for short periods. It is sprayed into the neck of a 
funnel, the large end being partly filled with absorbent cotton 
and held tightly over the nose. Recovery is also extremely 
rapid. Ethyl chloride is often sold under the name of 
" kelene." It is used frequently as a preliminary to ether 
in human practice and is more agreeable to inhale. Plenty 
of air should be allowed, except at the outset. 



PABT II. 
VEGETABLE DRUGS. 



SECTION I.— DKUGS ACTING UPON THE BEAIN. 
Class 1. — Depressing the Brain. 

Opium. Opium. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Derivation. — The concrete, milky exudation obtained by 
incising the unripe capsules of Papaver somniferum Linue 
(Nat. ord. Papaveracese), and yielding in its normal, moist 
condition, not less than 9 per cent, of crystallized morphine, 
when assayed by the official process (U. S. P.) Opium is 
procured from Turkey, Asia Minor, Persia, India and Egypt. 
The Smyrna, or Turkey opium is the more common variety 
used in the United States. It occurs in irregular, globular 
masses, covered with poppy leaves and capsules of a species 
of dock, weighing from ^ to 1 pound. 

Properties. — Irregular, or sub-globular cakes, with the 
remnants of poppy leaves and fruits of a species of rumex 
adhering to the surface; plastic, or of a harder consistency; 
chestnut-brown or darker, and somewhat shining ; internally 
showing some tears and fragments of vegetable tissue. It 
has a sharp, narcotic odor, and a peculiar, bitter taste. It 
yields its medicinal properties to water, alcohol, and diluted 
acids, forming dark brown solutions. Ether extracts its 
principles in part. 

Constituents. — There are nineteen or more alkaloids; the 
three first are used in human medicine, but narceine is of 
no value in veterinary medicine. 



Morphine. 


2.5—33.8 per cent. 


Thebaine. 


.15— 1, 


per cent. 


Codeine. 


.2 — .7 " " 


Narcotine. 


1.3 —10. 


<< << 


Narceine. 


.1— .7 " " 


Papaverine. 


1. 


<< <- 


351 











352 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

In addition to these, the following exist in minute quan- 
tity, but some are merely "pharmaceutical curiosities": — 

Protopine. Organic Acids. . 

Cryptopine. Meconic Acid. 

Oxynarcotine. Lactic^Acid. 

Hydronarcotine. ^ ' ^„ 

Laudanosine. 2"°^- ^^- P^^^^^*' 

T J • Resin. 

Laudame. ^, 

Ti, J ■ Glucose. 

Phoeadme. 

„ , . Fixed Oils. 

Codamine. 

,, J. A volatile Oil. 

Meconodine. ^ , „ , . 

^ . Odorous Bodies. 

Gnoscopme. ^ , , 

_ ,, . Caoutcaouc. 

Lanthopme. . . ^ „ 

„7 . ^ R OR i^ Ammonium Salts. 

Water. 15. — 25. percent. ^ , . ^ ,, 

TIT * 7 r> J- Calcium Salts. 

Neutral Bodies. ,_ . ^ ,, 

Meconin. Magnesium Salts. 

Meconoisin. 

Impurities. — Starch, molasses, leaves, fruit, stones and 
water. 

Incompatibility. — Solutions of lead acetate and sub- 
acetate, and of copper and arsenic salts, precipitate mecon- 
ates, sulphates and coloring matters, but the opium remains 
physiologically active. Ferric chloride produces a deep red 
color with opium, by its union with meconic acid. Tannin 
compounds precipitate codeine tannate. Alkalies, their car- 
bonates and ammonia precipitate morphine and narcotine. 

Dose.— H., 3i.-ii. (4.-8.); C, 3 ii.-iv. (8.-15.); Sh., gr.x.- 
XXX. (.6-2.); Sw., gr.v.-xx. (.3-1.3); D., gr.ss.-iii. (.03-.2). 

Opii Pulvis. Powdered Opium. (U. S. P.) 

Opium dried at a temperature not exceding 85° C. 
(185° P.), and reduced to a fine powder. Powdered opium, 
for pharmaceutical or medicinal purposes, when assayed 
should yield not less than twelve (12) nor more than twelve 
and a half (12.5) per cent, of crystallized morphine. Any 
powdered opium of a higher percentage may be brought 
within these limits by admixture with powdered opium of a 
lower percentage in proper proportions. Only those are 
mentioned here which are applicable to veterinary practice. 



POWDERED OPIUM 353 

2)o.sp. — Same as for opium, bnt preferable to the crude 
drug. 

PREPARATIONS. 

Extractum Opii. Extract of Opium. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Powdered opivn- 100 listilled water, 1000; sugar of milk, a 
sufficient quantity. Made by trituration, filtration, and evaporation. 
Assayed to contain 20 per cent, of morphine. (U. S. P.) 

Dose. — About one-half that of powdered opium. H., 3 ss.-i. (3.-4.); 
C, 3i.-ii. (4.-8.); Sh., gr.v.-xv. (.31.); Sw., gr.ii.ss.-x. (.15-.6); D., 
gr.i:^-i.ss. (.015-.09). 

Piilvis Ipecachuanhce et Opii. Powder of Ipecac and Opium. (U. S. P.; 

Synonym.—DoxeT's powder, E. ; pulvis ipecacuanhas opiatus, s. 
pulvis Doweri, P. G.; poudre de Dower, Fr.; Dower'sches pulver, G. 

Ipecac, 10 ; powdered opium, 10 ; sugar of milk, 80. The most 
diarphoretic compound of opium. 

Dose.— H., 3 ss.-i. (15.-30.); D., gr.iii.-xv. (.2-1). 

Tinctura Ipecacuanhm et Opii. Tincture of Ipecac and Opium. 

(U. S. P.) 
Synonyvi. — Liquid Dover's powder. 

Tincture of deodorized opium, 1000; fluid extract of ipecac, 100; 
diluted alcohol, a sufficient quantity to make 1000. Made by evapora- 
tion and filtration. 

Dose. — Same as Dover's powder. 

Tinctura Opii. Tincture of Opium.* (U. S. & B. P.) 
Synonyvi. — Laudanum, tinctui'a meconii, tinctura thebaicee, E.;; 
tinctura opii simplex, P. G.; teinture d'opium, teinture thebaique, Fr.; 
einfache opitimtinktur, G. 

Powdered opium, 100 ; alcohol, 400 ; water, 400 ; diluted alcohol 
to make 1000. Made by trituration, maceration with precipitated cal- 
cium phosphate, and percolation. (U. S. P.) 

Dose— H., I i.-ii. (30.-60.); C, I ii.-iii. (60.-90.); Sh. & Sw.. i ii.-vi. 
(8.-24.); D., TTiiii.-xx. (2-1.3). 

Tinctura Opii Camphorata. Camphorated Tincture of Opium. 

(U. S. P.) 
Synonym.— Tiwctura, camphorse composita, B. P.; paregoric, elixir 
paregoricum, paregoric elixir, E.; tinctura opii benzoica, P. G.; elixir 
paregorique, Fr. : benzoesaui-ehaltige opiumtiuLtur, G. 



* Roth the tincture and deodorized tincture of opium are standardized to 
contain i.:i-1.25 gni. of morphiue in luU Cc. (U. S. P.) 



354 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

Powdered opium, 4; benzoic acid, 4; camphor, 4; oil of anise, 4: 
glycerin, 40; diluted alcohol to make 1000. Made by maceration and 
filtration. (U. S. P.) 

Dose.— D., 3 i.-iv. (4.-15.). 

Opium Deodoratum. Deodorized Opium. (XJ. S. P.) 

Synonym. — Opium denarcotizatum . 

Powdered opium (containing 12-12.5 per cent, of morphine). 500 ; 
purified petroleum benzin, q. s. Made by repeated maceration, agita- 
tion and percolation with purified petroleum benzin. The petroleum 
benzin removes narcotic and odorous principles, which cause nausea 
and disagreeable after- effects in opium. Contains 12-12.5 of morphine. 

Dose. — Same as powdered opium. 

The eighth (last) edition of the U. S. P. has introduced Opium 
GranulaUim (granulated opium); made by drying opium at a tempera- 
ture not exceeding 85" C. (185'' F.) and reducing it to a coarse (No. 20) 
powder. It should not yield less than 12 nor more than 12.5 per cent, 
of crystallized morphine. Dose, same as deodorized oijium. 

Tinetura Opii Deodorata. Tinctureof Deodorized Opium. (U. S. P.) 
Granulated Opium, 100; purified petroleum benzin, 75 ; alcohol, 

200 ; water to make 1000. Made by percolation with water, agitation 

with purified petroleum benzin, and evaporation. 

Dose. — Same as tincture of opium, but less nauseating. 

Extractum Opii Liquidum. (B. P.) 
(Contains % per cent, of morphine.) 

Dose. — Same as laudanum. 

Vinum Opii. (U. S. P.) 

Dose. — Same as laudanum. 



MoRPHiNA. Morphine. C^, !!„ N O, -1- Hj O. 

(U. S. & B. P.) 

Derivation. — An alkaloid obtained from opium. 

1. Macerate opium iu cold water, forming a solution of 
morphine meconate. 2. Add calcium chloride to precipitate 
calcium meconate and resins. 3. Evaporate solution remain- 
ing, which contains morphine hydrochlorate, till it crystal- 
lizes ; press in flanuel to remove uarcotine and coloring 
matter ; redissolve ; filter ; evaporate and crystallize repeat- 
edly. 4. Decolorize by digestion with charcoal. 5. Preci- 
pitate with ammonia and wash, when pure morphine is 
separated from codeine. 

Properties. — Colorless or white, shining prismatic crys- 
tals, or fine needles, or crystalline powder; odorless and 



MOKPHINE HYDROCHLORIDE 855 

having a bitter taste ; permanent in the air ; soluble in 4,350 
parts of water. 

Dose. — Same as salts of morphine, but the latter are 
preferable on account of their solubility. 

Morphine Hydrochloridum. Morphine Hydrochloride. 
C,,Hi«N O3H CI + 3 H,0. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Derivation. — Morphine is stirred with hot distilled 
water, to which hydrochloric acid is gradually added. Mor- 
phine hydrochlorate crystallizes out on cooling. 

Pro-perties. — White, feathery needles of a silky lustre ; 
or minute, colorless, needle-shaped crystals ; odorless and 
having a bitter taste. Permanent in the air. Soluble in 24 
parts of water and in 62 parts of alcohol. Very slightly 
soluble in ether or chloroform. 

■ Incomioatihility. — Incompatible with all agents containing 
tannin, alkaline carbonates, lime water, salts of copper, mer- 
cury, zinc and lead ; and with Fowler's solution of arsenic. 

Dose.—B.. & a, gr.iii.-x. (.2-.6) ; Sh., gr.ss.-ii. (.03-.12) ; 
Sw., gr.-iV-i (.006-.03); D., gr.i-i (.008-.03). 

. Subcutaneously.— H., gr.iii.-iv. (.2-.24); D., gr.|4 (.008- 
.03). 

124 parts of morphine hydrochloride correspond to 
100 parts of morphine. 

Morphin.e Acetas. Morphine Acetate. 
Ci,H,,N 03C,H,0, + 3 H,0. (U. S, & B. P.) 

Derivation. — Morphine is dissolved in acetic acid and 
water, and the solution evaporated and crystallized. 

Propertiefi. — A white, or faintly yellowish-white, crystal- 
line, amorphous powder, having a faint, acetous odor aud 
bitter taste. It slowly loses acetic acid on exposure to the 
air, and should be kept in dark, amber-colored, well-stop- 
pered vials. Soluble, when freshly prepared, in 2.5 parts of 
water, and in 47.6 parts of alcohol. 

Dose. — Same as morphine hydrochloride. 



356 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

Morphine Sulphas. Morphine Sulphate. 
(C,,H,3N O3), H,S O, + 5 H,0. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Derivation. — Morphine is stirred into boiling distilled 
water; diluted sulphuric acid is added until neutralization 
is attained, and the sulphate crystallizes out on cooling. 

Properties. — White, feathery, acicular crystals of a silky 
lustre; odorless and having a bitter taste. Permanent in 
the air. Soluble in 21 parts of water, and in 702 parts of 
alcohol. 

Dose. — Same as hydrochloride. 125 parts of morphine 
sulphate correspond to 100 parts of the pure alkaloid. 

The official salts of morphine may be used interchauge- 
ably. The acetate is more soluble, but less stable, than the 
sulphate, which is sufficiently soluble for practical purposes, 
and is in more common use. 

Liquor Morphinje Hydrochloridi. (B. P.) 
One per cent. 

Dose.—B.., 3vi.-3ii- (24.-60.); D., ITLx.- 3 i- (.6-4). 

Liquor Morphine Acetatis. (B. P.) 
Same strength and dose as above. 

Injectio MoRPHiNiE Hypodermica. (B. P.) 
One per cent. 
Dose. — Same as liquor morphini hydrochloridi. 

SupposiTORiA Morphine. (B. P.) ' 
(Gr.| morphine.) 

Dose. — Pog, 1 per rectum. 

CoDEiNA. Codeine. C,,H,iN03 -f H,0. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Derivation. — An alkaloid obtained from opium by evapo- 
ration of the ainnioni;ic;il liquid, after the precipitation of 



HEROIN 357 

morphine. The residue is added to water, precipitated by 
potassium hydrate, aud redissolved in ether, from which 
codeine crystallizes out on evaporation. 

Properties. — White, or nearly transparent, orthorhom- 
bic prisms, or octohedral crystals; odorless, and having 
a faintly bitter taste; slightly efflorescent in warm air. 
Soluble in 80 parts of water, and in 3 parts of alcohol ; 
also soluble in 30 parts of ether and in 2 parts of 
chloroform. 

Dose.—D., gr.;^-ii. (.015-.12). 

Hekoin. 
(Diacetylmorphine.) 

This remedy, derived from morphine, was first intro- 
duced by Dreser, in 1898, and is now used extensively in 
human medicine as a substitute for morphine and codeine. 
Heroin occurs as a white, odorless, crystalline powder, 
possessing a slightly bitter taste aud alkaline reaction. 
Practically insoluble in water, but readily soluble in weak 
acidulous solutions. 

Heroin hydrochloride is a white, crystalline, odorless 
powder, soluble in 2 parts of water. Heroin surpasses both 
morphine and codeine therapeutically in many ways. It 
increases markedly the inspiratory and expiratory force, 
while lessening the number of the respiratory movements, 
and exerts a special sedative influence on the respiratory 
mucous membranes. The drug acts also as a general motor 
depressant hypnotic and analgesic, but is not comparable 
to morphine in these respects. The after-eflfects of 
small medicinal doses (nausea, constipation, etc.) are 
slight. Heroin is particularly valuable in the treatment of 
all varieties of cough affecting the human subject, and 
should prove useful in canine practice. 

Heroin may be administered in powder, pill or tablet, 
the hydrochloride in solution, every few hours. 

The dose of either is, tor the dog, gr.gV-f (.0025-.01). 



358 vegetable dkugs 

Opium and Morphine. 

Tlie action of morphine and opium is practically the 
same, with some exceptions to be noted. 

Action External. — Opium may be absorbed to a slight 
extent from the unbroken skin, and causes a mild, anodyne 
action. Absorption readily occurs from mucous membranes 
and raw surfaces, with resulting characteristic effects. 

Action Internal. — Digestive Tract. — Opium diminishes 
the two principal activities of the digestive organs, namely, 
secretion and motion. Secretions all over the body are 
decreased, except that of sweat. The action upon the ali- 
mentary tract in lessening secretion, is partly a local one 
and partly constitutional, following the absorption of the 
drug. The mouth is made dry, thirst is increased and appe- 
tite impaired. Opium is absorbed rather slowly from the 
stomach and bowels, and stimulates the splanchnic nerve 
centre of the sympathetic system, which inhibits the move- 
ments of the stomach and intestines, and thus lessens peri- 
staltic action of these organs. Opium is directly opposed 
to belladonna in this respect, as the latter drug paralyzes 
the intestinal inhibitory apparatus (splanchnic endings), and 
so increases peristalsis. 

In diminishing both secretion and motion, opium causes 
constipation in health, but is most useful in relieving 
vomiting and diarrhoea. In toxic doses, opium may induce 
diarrhoea from paralysis of the splanchnic inhibitory centre. 

Blood and Elimination. — Morphine circulates in the 
blood as such. The greater part of opium is decomposed 
in the body, a portion being destroyed by the liver, while 
some is probably burned up in the blood. The smaller 
part is eliminated, chiefly by the kidneys, but also in the 
other secretions. It is found in the gastric juice after hypo- 
dermic injection, and therefore washing out the stomach 
assists elimination and recovery in opium poisoning. 

Nervous System. — The most important action of opium 
is exerted upon the nervous system. It is necessary to 



OPIUM AND MORPHINE 359 

study the drug from the comparative standpoint in order to 
obtain a full understanding of its effects. The brain of man, 
being more highly developed and sensitive, in comparison 
with other parts of the nervous system, than the brain of 
the lower animals, it follows that this organ is more power- 
fully influenced in man, while the spinal cord is often 
mainly impressed in the lower animals. 

We may take ihe action of opium on the frog, at one 
end of the scale, as exhibiting the most active spinal symp- 
toms; while in man, at the other end of the scale, cerebral 
phenomena predominate. The other animals occupy an 
intermediate position; the action upon the horse and rumi- 
nants is something between that exerted upon the frog and 
man, and the influence upon dogs approaches more nearly 
that seen in human beings, only that a relatively greater 
dose is required to produce the same result, as the brain is 
not so highly organized or sensitive to the action of medi- 
cines. The brain of the horse is only one-twelfth as large, 
in proportion to their respective body-weights, as that of 
man, and it follows that the spinal cord of the horse is more 
readily affected by opium, in accordance with the general 
law that the more highly developed a part is, the more 
easily is it influenced by therapeutic agents. 

Opium exerts first a stimulating, and then a depressing 
action upon the brain and spinal cord, and in studying the 
action comparatively it will be noted that the influence 
upon the cord in the frog, horse, ruminant, and to some 
extent in the dog, preponderates frequently over the effect 
of the drug upon the brain, for the reasons stated above. 

Action Upon the Frog. — In non-poisonous doses, sleep is 
produced and diminished spinal reflex activity, followed by a 
period of reflex excitement. Toxic doses of 1 or 2 grains of 
morphine, injected under the skin, cause at first a condition 
where convulsions occur, if the animal is artificially irri- 
tated ; later they come on spontaneously. This state is 
followed by general paralysis, respiratory failure and death. 
The convulsions are shown to be due mainly to stimulation 



360 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

of the receptive and transmitting cells of the spinal cord, as 
in strychnine poisoning. 

Action Upon Horses. — Three grains of morphine, injected 
subcutaneously, occasion sometimes drowsiness, and at 
other times produce no visible effect. Four to six grains, 
given in the same way, cause restlessness, a rapid pulse, and 
moisture of the skin. The animal paws the ground and 
walks in a rhythmical manner about the stall. The pupils 
are dilated. Large doses (12 grains) are followed by in- 
creased excitement aggravated by noises, sweating, ptyalism, 
muscular rigidity, staggering gait, trembling and delirium; 
while still larger doses (four drachms of the extract of opium) 
cause violent trembling, convulsions, insensibility to pain 
and external irritation, without coma ; or (morphine, gr. 36 
under the skin), rarely, stupor for several hours (3 hours), 
dilated pupils and blindness, followed by delirium and rest- 
lessness, continuing for a longer time (7 hours) and ending 
in recovery. Horses have recovered from an ounce of 
opium, but 2| ounces of the drug, and 100 grains of mor- 
phine have proved fatal. The action of opium upon the 
horse differs from that upon man and dogs in the more 
frequent occurrence of restlessness and motor excitement 
due to stimulation of the cerebral and spinal motor centres; 
and in dilatation instead of contraction of the pupil. 
The rationale of the latter phenomenon has not been 
discovered. 

Action Upon Ruminants. — These animals are compara- 
tively insusceptible to opium. Ounce doses of the drug 
cause, in cattle, restlessness, excitement, hoarse bellowing, 
dry mouth, nausea, indigestion and tympanites. Sheep are 
affected in much the same manner. One to two drachms of 
morphine have led to fatality in cattle. Fifteen to thirty 
grains of the alkaloid comprise a lethal dose for sheep. 
Swine are variously influenced; sometimes excited, some- 
times dull and drowsy. 

Action Upon Birds. — Birds, as represented by chickens, 
ducks and pigeons, are exceedingly insusceptible to opium. 
This is chiefly due to the slow absorption from the crop. 



OPIUM AND MORPHINE 



361 



Pigeons cannot be given enough opium by the mouth to 
cause death, but 8 to 10 grs. of morphine per orem, or 2 ol 
3 grs. hypodermatically, will prove fatal. The toxic symp- 
toms in birds are exhibited by unsteadiness, difficult 
breathing and failure of respiration, convulsions and death. 
The pupils are unaffected, and sleep does not ensue. 

Action Upon Dogs. — When 8 or 10 grains of morphine 
are given to a moderate sized dog, coma comes on, from 
which the animal may recover. One half a grain injected 
under the skin of a dog weighing 25 lbs., causes nausea, 
vomiting and perhaps purging, sleep deepening into coma, 
contracted pupils, and shallow breathing ; the condition 
lasting for several hours and followed by recovery. Opium 
rarely exerts an hypnotic action upon cats, but rather motor 
excitement. Lethal doses (average, 4 grains of morphine 
sulphate subcutaneously to the pound, live weight, for dogs; 
2 to 3 grains sometimes kill small dogs), increase the 
frequency of the pulse, cause vomiting, unsteadiness, 
contracted pupils, motor excitement, as twitching of 
the limbs, followed by coma, respiratory failure and 
death. Recovery from fall doses of opium is accompanied 
in dogs by general physical and mental depression and 
lassitude, as in man. There are muscular weakness, loss of 
natural spirit, timidity, and nausea, lasting for several hours. 
The action of opium upon dogs differs from that upon man 
only in degree. The dose required is proportionately larger. 
There is often more preliminary excitement and symptoms 
of reflex irritation, as muscular twitching. These animals 
do not sweat, and the pupils are not so continuously con- 
tracted in poisoning. Failure of the drug to produce sleep, 
and the presence of nausea, retching, dreams, delirium, 
hallucinations, occasionally observed in dogs, are common 
to man. Convulsions rarely occur in either men or dogs. 

Action UiJon Man. — In man, a small dose of morphine 
d' gr.) causes usually a sense of well-being, together with 
itching of the nose, and later, of the skin generally, dryness 
of the mouth (occasionally there may be nausea, vomiting 



3G2 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

and faintness), followed by sleep, or ii pleasant, dreamy state. 
Aftcr-etfects may be absent, or consist of nausea, headache, 
coated tongne and constipation. If the dose is larger, sleep 
comes on quickly, the pnpils are contracted, the respiratory 
movements and pulse become slow, and the skin is moist. 

With lethal doses, sleep deepens into coma, from which 
the patient can at first be aroused ; the coma becomes pro- 
found, the pulse feeble and rapid, the respiration stertorous, 
slow and imperfect. The mucous membranes are cyanotic, 
the face livid, the pupils dilate, and the surface is covered 
Vv'itli clammy sweat. Death occurs from respiratory failure, 
occasionally preceded by convulsions. One-eighth of one 
grain of morphine is the smallest fatal human dose recorded. 
The action of opium upon man, as compared with that upon 
the horse and ruminants, is characterized by its predominant 
depressing effect upon the higher mental functions. The 
motor centres of the brain and cord are only slightly 
influenced. 

General Action of Opium Upon the Nervous System: — 
The action of opium on the nervous system may be summar- 
ized as follows: 

1. On the cerehrum. The predominant action of 
opium on man and the dog consists in depression of the 
higher brain centres with the production of nervous sedation 
and sleep. In the hind-brain depression of the perceptive 
centres gives relief fiom pain. In the fore-brain depression 
of the centres for intellect — especially of will and attention — • 
causes sleep. The middle or motor area of the brain is com- 
monly not affected until paralyzed in fatal poisoning. In 
horses and cats, however, toxic doses do stimulate the cere- 
bral motor centres. A primary stimulant stage in the action 
of opium on the brain of man is sometimes evident. 

In this there is a feeling of well-being and enhanced 
mental powers. But the stimulation is brief and rarely uni- 
form, imagination being increased at the exj)ense of reason 
and judgment. This stage is often wholly absent. In the 
lower animals — other than dogs — the sedative and hypnotic 
effect of opium is less certain and may be completely want- 
ing. 

In a general way small and moderate doses cause cere- 



OPIUM AND MORPHINE 363 

iDral depression, while large doses give rise to spinal reflex 
excitability in the lower animals — especially in the horse, 
ass, cattle and cats. 

2. On the spinal cord. Small medicinal doses depress 
the motor cells, but large and toxic amomits stimulate the 
motor cells indirectly and cause convulsions — probably — as 
in strychnine poisoning — by increasing the activity of the 
receptive and transmitting cells of the cord. 

Con^iilsions, caused by spinal and cerebral motor stim- 
nlation, rarely occur in man or dogs but are common after 
toxic amounts in horses, cattle and cats. The result of a 
fatal dose is paralysis of the central nervous system, includ- 
ing the resjDiratory and, to much less degree, the vagus and 
inhibitor}' centres. 

The unique and inestimable value of opium depends 
upon its anodyne action. Relief from suffering is often in- 
duced without the production of sleep. 

Muscular weakness is present in man and dogs, but even 
this evidence of depression may be absent in horses and rumi- 
nants, yet pain be effectually relieved. 

Initial stimulation of the vomiting centre may cause 
emesis ; but, as depression of the centre rapidly ensues, the 
act becomes later improbable. The excitability of the motor 
and Sensory nerves is slightly increased, but otherwise the 
nerves are not affected except in poisoning, when the sensory, 
and later the motor nerves are paralyzed. The muscles 
remain uninfluenced. 

Respiration. — Opium does not influence the respiratory 
functions in small therapeutic doses, but large doses make 
the respiratory movements slower and feebler, and death oc- 
curs from the direct depressing and paralyzing action of the 
drug upon the respiratory centres* in the medulla. 

Circulation.- — Small doses commonly produce little effect 
upon the heart. Large doses first increase the force and 
then sloAV the heart's action, while toxic quantities de- 
press the organ. The cardiac muscle is primarily 



364 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

stimulated, with acceleration of the pulse, but depression 
soon follows more or less synchronously with stimulation of 
the vagus centre -and endings, so that the pulse becomes 
infrequent. Finally, before death, depression of the inhibi- 
tory apparatus occurs, and this, coexisting with depression 
of the heart itself, produces a feeble, rapid pulse, character- 
istic of the last stage of opium poisoning. Death occurs 
with diastolic arrest of the heart owing to failure of the 
cardiac muscle, although fatality is mainly due to the 
more powerful effect of the drug upon the respiratory 
centre. 

The action of opium upon the vasomotor system is 
unimportant. Immediately after the administration of large 
doses there is a slight primary stimulation, followed in the 
toxic stage by some depression of the vasomotor centres 
in the spinal cord and medulla. 

Pupil. — The pupil of the horse is widely dilated by 
large doses of opium. The pupil in the dog occasionally 
remains unchanged, and often dilated before undergoing 
contraction. Contraction of the pupil is a charactistic 
physiological effect of large doses of opium in man and the 
dog. In birds the pupil is unaffected. These various con- 
tradictory phenomena are at present inexplicable. 

In man, contraction of the pupil is brought abqut by 
stimulation of the pupillary centre in the floor of the 
aqueduct of Sylvius, and through it, the oculomotor nerves. 
Dilatation, preceding death, occurs from depression of the 
centre. 

Kidneys and Metabolism. — The excretion of urea appears 
to be diminished by opium in man, but varies greatly in 
animals. Temporary retention of urine may follow the 
administration of a considerable dose of opium, owing to 
diminished sensibility of the bladder. The amount of urine 
voided may be greater or less than normal ; more commonly 
the latter. Opium lessens the secretion of bile. 

The elimination of carbonic dioxide is diminished by 
the hypnotic action of opium, but is increased if there is 



OPIUM AND MORPHINE 



3G5 



general excitement and muscular activity following tbe use 
of the drug. 

Shin. — Opium induces mild diarplioresis in man ; occa- 
sionally sweating occurs in horses, but not at all in dogs. 

Temperature. — The bodily temperature may be slightly 
increased by large medicinal doses of opium, but is dimin- 
ished by toxic quantities. 

Toxicology. — The symptoms of poisoning have already 
been sufficiently described in previous sections. The treat- 
ment embraces irrigation of the stomach, or the use of 
emetics, as apomorphine hydrochlorate under the skin, 
and the subcutaneous injection of strychnine, ene- 
mata of hot, strong, black coffee ; leading the animal 
about, slapping him, or using the faradic current. 
Dr. Moor, of New York, has apparently found in 
potassium permanganate the most efficient antidote for 
opium and morphine. Ten to fifteen grains, dissolved in 
eight ounces of water, should be given by the mouth, to 
large dogs. One to two drachms of potassium perman- 
ganate may be administered to horses in two or three pints 
of water. Permanganate solution oxidizes and destroys 
morphine, and should be acidulated with a little vinegar or 
diluted sulphuric acid, after the ingestion of morphine salts. 
The antidote has been recommended to be given subcutan- 
eously after absorption, or hypodermic injection of morphine, 
but this is not of the slightest use. 

Morphine Contrasted with Opium. — Opium is more con- 
stipating, more sudorific, and more apt to disturb the 
digestion than morphine. Morphine is more anodyne and 
soporific ; more readily absorbed and more suitable for use 
under the skin. 

Synergists. — Belladonna aids the action of opium and 
yet is antagonistic to it. It assists opium in its anodyne 
action and lessens nausea, indigestion, and constipation 
following the action of the latter drug. Belladonna and 
atropine are antagonistic to opium in stimulating the brain 
and respiration, and increasing peristalsis. Small doses of 



366 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

belladonna combined with opium do not interfere with the 
soporific action of the latter, notv/ithstanding the exciting 
influence of the former upon the brain. The bromides also 
promote the sedative and hypnotic action of opium, and 
lessen the depression and nausea following its adiuinistra- 
tion. Opium often acts profoundly when combined with 
chloral, and this combination is occasionally used to induce 
anaesthesia (p. 319). Chloroform and ether are frequently 
prescribed with opium to secure an additional antispasmodic 
and anodyne action in colic. The astringents and mineral 
acids enhance the effect of opium in diarrboeal disorders. 

Codeine. — Codeine in large doses causes motor excite- 
ment and convulsions in dogs and cats, but physiological 
experiments conducted by various observers have otherwise 
yielded diverse results. This is explicable, since so-called 
codeine is frequently in part morphine. Codeine is inferior 
to morphine as an anodyne and hypnotic, but is a useful 
sedative in relieving bronchial irritation and cough, and in 
the doses commonly employed does not induce indigestion, 
nausea or constipation. The writer would particularly 
recommend it for dogs suffering with bronchitis, combined 
with phenacetin in powder or tablet. The other alkaloids 
of opium are not of sufiicient therapeutic value to warrant 
their consideration in this work- 

Administration. — Morphine sulphate is employed under 
the skin where an immediate effect is required. The prepa- 
rations more frequently used in veterinary practice include 
laudanum and the deodorized tincture, powdered opium, 
extract of opium, and the salts of morphine. One-quarter 
grain of the latter is equivalent to one grain of opium. 
Paregoric is useful in canine practice for cough mixtures. 
Dover's powder combines the expectorant and diarphoretic 
action of ipecac with the sedative, antiphlogistic and sudo- 
rific influence of opium, but the former drug has little effect 
upon the horse. The preparation may be serviceable, how- 
ever, in the first stage of catarrhal affections of the respira- 
tory tract in dogs. 



INDICATIONS FOR THE INTERNAL ITSE OF OPIUM 367 

Fluid preparations are generally desirable in securing 
more rapid absorption, but opium produces the best result 
in diarrhoea, when given in pill or ball. Enemata composed 
of thin, boiled starch solution and laudanum at the body 
temperature are to be recommended in diarrhcea of the 
young, dysentery and pain arising from strangury or disease 
of the genito-urinary organs. Opium suppositories are of 
value in canine practice for the same- purposes, and will 
relieve irritation and pain caused by piles. 

Uses External. — Opium is applied externally in various 
ways. In the form of laudanum it is sprinkled on poultices 
and prescribed in liniment (laudanum and soap liniment, 
equal parts) for its anodyne action, but has probably little 
medicinal virtue upon the unbroken skin. On raw surfaces, 
sores and ulcers, opium does relieve pain, and for this pur- 
pose laudanum may be conjoined advantageously with lead 
water (1-25). 

INDICATIONS FOR THE INTERNAL USE OP OPIUM. 

1. To relieve pain and spasm. 

2. To lessen secretions. 

3. To allay motor excitement, diminish muscular action, 
and prevent hemorrhage. 

4. To abort inflammation. 

5. To act as a stimulating and supporting agent. 

The sudorific action of the drug upon the lower animals 
is slight and comparatively unimportant. Among the pre- 
ceding indications the first three naturally follow from the 
physiological action of opium, while the latter two are 
deduced solely from clinical experience. 

1. Althougli the anodyne and sedative action of opium 
is not so marked in its influence upon veterinary patients 
as in human subjects, yet it is by far the most valuable 
agent we possess for relieving pain of any description, parti- 
cularly when combined with atropine. In spasmodic colic 
of horses, opium arrests pain by preventing irregular and 
violent peristaltic action. It may be given as morphine 



oOb VEGETABLE DRUGS 

(with atropine), subcutaneoiisly; or as laudanum, with ether 
and chloroform in a drench, simultaneously with an aloes 
ball. In this affection opium actually assists the action 
of the purgative by overcoming spasm. Pain directly 
antagonizes the effect of opium, and repetition of the dose 
is both justifiable and necessary until relief is obtained. 
Hypodermic medication is therefore safer when the dose 
has to be repeated, in enabling the practitioner to decide 
that failure to relieve pain is due to insufficient dosage 
rather than to delayed absorption from the digestive canal. 

Opium is indicated in all forms of pain and in motor 
excitement in cerebritis and meningitis. The pains and 
spasmodic contractions resulting from acute or traumatic 
meningitis are benefited by opium ; also neuralgic and rheu- 
matic pains.. The spasms of eclampsia and tetanus are 
eased when opium is combined with chloral in enema, or 
when morphine is injected under the skin. Clonic spasm of 
the diaphragm in horses (" Thumps ") is also treated suc- 
cessfully with opium. Morphine under the skin is useful in 
asthma in dogs. 

2 and 3. Opium is invaluable in lessening secretion, 
motion and pain in various digestive disorders. Gastric 
digestion is inhibited by the action upon secretion and 
motion, and opium should not be administered immediately 
after the ingestion of food, unless the demand for it at that 
time is imperative. 

Excessive vomiting in dogs may be combated with 
opium and bismuth, or with morphine hypodermatically. 
Opium quiets peristalsis and secures rest of the canal in 
gastritis and gastro-enteritis. In superpurgation and in all 
forms of diarrhoea and dysentery, opium is the remedy par 
excellence. (Laudanum in dose of 5-10 drops for large birds is 
an efficient remedy for diarrhoea in poultry). Its administra- 
tion in these disorders should be accompanied, or preceded, 
by an oleaginous (horse), saline (herbivora), or mercurial 
(horse and dog) purgative; and its action may be assisted 



INDICATIONS FOR THE INTERNAL USE OF OPIUM 369 

by astringents, alkalies, mineral acids, and intestinal antisep- 
tics in various combinations suited to the particular case. 

Peritonitis, enteritis, and acute obstruction of the bowels 
are treated most successfully with opium, which quiets the 
bowels, relieves pain and facilitates the vis medatrix naturae, 
besides acting as an antiphlogistic in the first-mentioned 
diseases. By preventing muscular activity and allaying 
general excitability, opium is the most effective haemostatic 
in all internal hemorrhages, and it quiets the heart most 
effectively in acute endocarditis. 

Cough, as a symptom of irritation within the res- 
piratory tract, is more commonly treated by some form of 
opium than by any other drug. When cough is irrita- 
tive or excessive, and is not remedial in removing secre- 
tion, then it is very properly controlled by opium. If, 
on the other hand, respiratory movements are weak, or 
cyanosis threatens from retained secretions, opium is dis- 
tinctly contraindicated, since it depresses the respiratory 
centres and lessens the irritation produced by the secre- 
tions in the bronchial tubes, which would otherwise cause 
coughing and expulsion of the exudate. 

Opium, especially when combined with belladonna, 
notably diminishes secretions, so that this combination is 
peculiarly appropriate in the treatment of cough and exuda- 
tion, and it is only when increasing moist rales are found to 
exist during this medication that it should be stopped. 
Pleuritic cough causes intense pain and accomplishes 
nothing, so that opium here affords great relief without 
inducing bad results. 

4. Opium possesses antiphlogistic action in aborting 
and combating inflammation. Reflex excitability is less- 
ened by opium, and therefore irritation of nerve centres, 
which would otherwise cause vascular dilatation, stasis, and 
inflammation, is prevented by the drug. This is at least 
the theory. Opium and quinine are the two remedies having 
the most popular cliuical reputation for aborting colds and 
inflammation, and the latter agent also diminishes reflex 
excitability. Inflammation of serous membranes is thought 



370 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

to be that form most favorably influenced by opium, as peri- 
tonitis, enteritis unci meningitis, for wliicli purpose the drug 
is frequently combined with calomel. But opium is also an 
extremely useful antiphlogistic remedy in coryza, bronchitis, 
pneumonia and pleurisy, and in inflammations of the mucous 
coat of the digestive canal, as gastritis and dysentery. A 
single full dose should be given at the earliest possible 
stage of these disorders, and the patient should be kept as 
quiet as possible to secure the best result. 

5. Opium stimulates and supports the system in a 
manner not explicable on physiological grounds. It often 
conserves life in a remarkable way in patients weakened by 
long continued disease, and in those suffering from loss of 
blood following surgical operation, parturition, or other 
natural causes. Opium in some form (often as codeine) is 
the most useful remedy in diabetes mellitus, in dogs, in 
reducing the loss of glucose in the urine. 

Contra-indlcations. — In respiratory diseases associated 
with cyanosis or excessive exudation, in very high fever and 
obstinate constipation. The drug must be used with cau- 
tion in the treatment of the aged and very strong. 

Apomorphine Hydrochloridum. Apomorphine Hydrochlo-, 
ride. C,,H„N 0,H 01. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Derivation. — The hydrochloride of an artificial alkaloid, 
obtained by heating morphine (or codeine) in hermetically 
closed tubes, with an excess of pure hydrochloric acid. The 
morphine thus loses one molecule of water; Ci,Hi^N O3 = 
C,H,N O, + H,0. 

Properties. — Minute, grayish- white, shining, acicular 
crystals, without odor, having a faintly bitter taste, and 
acquiring a greenish tint upon exposure to light and air. 
Soluble in about 45 parts of water, and about 45 parts of 
alcohol; very little soluble in ether or chloroform. It should 
be kept in small, dark, amber-colored vials. (IT. S. P.) 

Dose.— Emetic— D., gr.-gV-iV (.002-.006), subcutaneously ; 
D.,by the mouth, gr.i-| (.008-.012); D., expectorant, gr.^V-FT 
(.0015-.0024), by the mouth. 



APOMORPHINE 371 

PREPARATION. 

InjecUo Apomorphince Hypodermica, (B. P.) 
One per cent. 
Dose.— TTiv-x (.3-.6). 

Action Internal. — Small doses (gr.-gV'sV) cause vomiting 
in dogs, while larger doses produce salivation and trembling 
in addition to vomition. Very large quantities (gr.4-5) occa- 
sion first great excitement; the dog howls, runs and jumps 
about, the pupils are dilated and the slightest noise excites 
great alarm. Then the animal weakens in the hind legs, 
becomes paraplegic, falls and goes into convulsions. The 
breathing, at the beginning rapid, becomes weak and slow. 
Death ensues from respiratory failure. 

Nervous System. — The drug primarily stimulates the 
brain and induces delirium and excitement, but secondarily 
causes cerebral paralysis. The origin of the convulsions is 
not ascertained. Apomorphine is a direct local paralyzant 
to the muscles, acting upon their substance or upon the 
motor nerve endings. 

Circulation. — Medicinal doses do not alter the force, but 
may increase the rate and tension of the pulse by stimula- 
tion of the cardiac accelerator nerves and vasomotor centres. 
Toxic doses paralyze the heart muscle and lower blood 
pressure. 

Respiration. — The respiratory movements are at first 
markedly increased by large doses of apomorphine. The 
reason for this is uncertain. Lethal doses depress and 
paralyze the respiratory centre. The breathing then be- 
comes feeble and infrequent. The agent causes a copious 
outpouring of a watery fluid from the blood vessels of the 
respiratory mucous membrane, and is, therefore, an expec- 
torant. 

Vomiting Centre. — This is stimulated by therapeutic 
doses of apomorphine, but paralyzed by toxic doses, so that 
vomiting may not occur in poisoning. Apomorphine does 
not act locally upon the stomach. 



372 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

Uses. — Apomorpliine is a reliable, prompt and powerful 
emetic. The alkaloid is generally given under the skin and 
can be administered along with zinc sulphate or other emetic 
in poisoning. In narcotic poisoning, as with chloral or 
opium, apomorphine — like other emetics — may fail to act 
eflficiently. In the first stage of acute bronchitis, apomor- 
phine is useful in canine practice, and again in the later 
stage, when the animal becomes choked with exudation. 
The drug, in a mild emetic dose, will aid recovery by causing 
violent expiratory efforts during vomition, and these tend to 
expel secretions, which is furthermore assisted by the action 
of the alkaloid in rendering the secretions less viscid. 
Chronic dry bronchitis of dogs is likewise benefited by 
amomorphine. Apomorphine is the best remedy known for 
pica : C, gr.-ii. subcutaneously, once daily for 3 days j foals, 
gr.-i.-iii. once or twice weekly, given under the skin. 

The alkaloid decomposes in crystal, and rapidly in solu- 
tion, becoming toxic and of a green hue. Solutions should 
be freshly prepared and are said to be prepared by the 
addition of a few drops of hydrochloric acid. 

Class 2. — Stimulating the Brain. 

Belladonna Folia. Belladonna Leaves. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — Deadly nightshade, E.; folia S. herba bella- 
donnse, feuilles de belladonne, Fr.; tollkraut, tollkirschen 
blatter, wolfkirschen-blatter, G. 

Derivation. — The leaves of Atropa Belladonna Linne 
(Nat. ord. solanacese). Leaves from 10 to 15 cm. long, from 
5 to 10 cm. broad; broadly ovate, equilaterally narrowed 
into a petiole, tapering at the apex, entire on the margin, 
smooth, thin ; the upper surface brownish-green, the lower 
surface greyish-green ; both surfaces whitish punctate ; 
odor slight ; taste bitterish, disagreeable. 

Constituents. — Two alkaloids ; 1, atropine, the chief one, 
representing the action of belladonna ; and, 2, hyoscyamine. 

Atropine is now considered to be an artificial product 
of hyoscyamine, and therefore the latter to be the natural 



BELLADONNA ROOT 373 

alkaloid. Belladonna leaves contain about 0.46 per cent, 
atropine. 

Dose.—B.. & a, 3ss.-i. (15.-30.); D., gr.i.-v. (.06-.3). 

PREPARATIONS. 

Extractum Belladonnce Foliorum. Extract of Belladonna Leaves. 
(U. S. &B. B.) 
Made by percolation and evaporation to pilular consistence. Used 
in preparing the unguentum belladonnee. Contains 1.4 per cent, of 
mydriatic alkaloids. 

Dose.—R. & C, gr.x.-xx. (.6-1.3); Sh. & Sw., gr.ii.-iv. (.12-24.); 

D.,gr.i-i(.008-.03). 

Tinctura Belladonnce Foliorum. Tincture of Belladonna Leaves. 
(U.S. &B. P.) 
Belladonna leaves, 100, diluted alcohol to make 1,000. Made by 
maceration and percolation. (U. S. P.) 
Dose.— D., TUv.-xxx. (.3-2.). 

Unguenhim Belladonnce. Belladonna Ointment. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Extract of belladonna leaves, 10 ; diluted alcohol, 5 ; benzoinated 
lard, 85. (U. S. P.) 

Belladonna Kadix. Belladonna Boot. 

Synonym. — Bacine de Belladonne, Fr.; wolfskirschen- 
wurzel, tollkirschen-wurzel, G. 

Derivation. — The root of Atropa Belladonna Linne (nat. 
ord. solanacese). In cylindrical, somewhat tapering, longi- 
tudinally wrinkled pieces, 10 to 25 mm. or more in thickness ; 
externally brownish-gray, internally whitish ; fracture nearly 
smooth and mealy, not radiating or showing medullary rays 
in the thicker roots, only in the layer near the bark; nearly 
inodorous, taste sweetish, afterwards bitterish and strongly 
acrid. 

Constituents. — Same as leaves. Contains 0.2 to 0.6 per 
cent, atropine. 

PREPARATIONS. 

Fluidextractum Belladonnce Radicis. Fluidextract of Belladonna Root. 

(U. S. P.) 
Made by percolation with alcohol and water, and evaporation. 
One cc. of the extract = one gm. of belladonna root. Standarizcd so 
that 100 cc. of the fluidextract contain 0.5 gm. of mydriatic alkaloids. 
The most reliable preparation. 



374 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

Dose.— H., 3i.-ii. (4.-8.); C, 3 ii.-iii. (8.-12.); Sh. & Sw., ti^x.-xv. 
(.6-1.); D., mi.-iii. (.06-.2). 

Linivientum Belladonnce. Belladonna Liniment. (U. S. & B. P.) 
Camphor, 50; fluidextract of belladonna to make 1,000. (U. S, P.) 

Atropina. Atropine. C1-H23 N O3. 
(U. S. & B. P.) 

An alkaloid obtained from belladonna. As it occurs in 
commerce, it is always accompanied by a small proportion 
of liyoscyamine extracted along with it, from which it cannot 
readily be separated. 

Derivation. — Atropine is obtained from a strong tincture 
of the root. Slaked lime is added, which splits up atropine 
malate and precipitates lime malate. The excess of lime is 
precipitated by sulphuric acid, and coloring matters by 
potassium carbonate, which also sets free atropine. The 
atropine is dissolved in chloroform, recovered on evapora- 
tion, and purified by digestion with warm alcohol and char- 
coal. 

Properties. — White, acicular crystals, or a more or less 
amorphous white jiowder; without odor, having a bitter, 
acrid taste, and gradually assuming a yellowish tint on 
exposure to air. Soluble in 130 parts of water, 3 parts of 
alcohol, 16 jDarts of ether, 4 parts of chloroform, and about 
50 parts of glycerin. At about lOS'^ C. (226.4° F.) it melts, 
forming a colorless liquid. At about 140° C. (284° F.) it 
begins to give off white, acrid fumes, and when ignited, 
it is consumed without leaving a residue. It has a 
markedly alkaline reaction; its saturated aqueous solu- 
tion acquires a pink color upon the addition of a drop of 
phenolphtalein. 

Incompatihles. — Decomposed by sodium or potassium 
hydrate. 

Dose. — H., gr.ss.-iss. (.03-.09) ; average dose, gr.i. (.06) ; 
C, gr.i.-ii. (.06-.12) ; Sh. & Sw., gr.-^-^ (.003-.005) ; D., 
gi-.Ti^-(rV (.0005-.001). 



ATROPINE SULPHATE 375 

Atropine Sulphas. Atropine Sulphate. (Ci,Ho3N03)2 H^SO^. 
(U. S. &B. P.) 

Derivation. — Atropine is dissolved in sulphuric acid 
and treated with ether, when the insoluble sulphate settles 
out. 

Properties. — A white, indistinctly crystalline powder, 
without odor; having a very bitter, nauseating taste, and 
permanent in the air. Soluble in 0.4 parts of water, 6.2 
parts of alcohol, 2,270 parts of ether, or 694 parts of chloro- 
form. At 187° C. (309° F.) the salt melts, forming a brown- 
ish-yellow liquid. When ignited, it chars, emits acrid vapor, 
and is completely consumed. The salt is neutral to litmus 
paper. 

Dose.—B.., gr.i.-iss. (.06-.09) ; C, gr.i.-ii. (.06-.12) ; Sh. & 
Sw., gr.^V-iV (-OOd-.OOS) ; D., gr.^-3V (.0005-.002), average 
dose, gr.^ (.0006). 

ACTION OP BELLADONNA AND ATROPINE. 

External. — Belladonna is ordinarily not absorbed from 
the unbroken skin, but when applied to raw surfaces and 
mucous membranes, or, to a less extent, when rubbed iuto 
the skin with camphor (linimentum belladonnse), chloroform, 
alcohol, etc., it depresses the sensory nerve endings and 
produces a local anodyne action. Thus applied it also 
depresses the peripheral motor nerve fibres, and is some- 
times injected into spasmodically contracted muscles for 
relief of spasm. The vessels are said to be first contracted 
and then dilated by the local action of the drug, and the 
secretions of the skin are diminished. 

Internal. — Digestive Tract. — The action of belladonna, if 
any, on the secretory functions of the stomach and bowels 
is unknown. Small doses of the drug depress the peripheral 
terminations of the intestinal inhibitory nerve (splanchnic), 
so that peristalsis is increased by the normal stimuli. It is 
stated that both minute and large doses apparently lessen 
intestinal peristalsis; the former by primary stimulation of 



376 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

the splanchnic nerve endings, the latter by direct depressant 
action upon the iinstriated muscle of the intestinal wall. 

Circulation. — Belladonna is readih' absorbed into the 
blood, but has no particular action upon this fluid within 
the body. Dilute solutions of atropine paralj'ze and stop 
corpuscular movement in the blood witlidrawn from the 
vessels. The characteristic action of belladonna upon the 
circulation consists in depression of the peripheral pneumo- 
gastric fibres in the heart, so that the frequency of the pulsa- 
tions is increased.* There is also, probably, a slight stimu- 
lation of the cardiac muscle, or its contained ganglia. Bella- 
donna is therefore a heart stimulant, by increasing the num- 
ber of its beats without diminishing their force. Large doses 
sometimes give rise to primary slowing of the pulse, owing 
to stimulation of the inhibitory apparatus. Blood pressure 
is exalted synchronously with the increased frequency of the 
heart, and is due to cardiac stimulation and also to stimula- 
tion of the spinal and medullary vasomotor centres, with con- 
striction of blood vessels of the abdomen. f 

In poisoning, vascular tension is considerably lowered 
because of paralysis of the vasomotor centres, smooth muscles 
(or ganglia) of the vessel w^alls (with vascular dilation), 
and the heart muscle itself. 

Nervous System. — Cerehrum. — Belladonna is classed as 
a delirifacient by some authorities, — notably Wood. It stim- 
ulates the brain incoordinately, and large doses produce 
restlessness, nervous excitement and delirium in man, and 
occasionally delirium in the lower animals. Stimulation is 
succeeded by exhaustion and some depression, with stupor 
rather than coma. 

Spinal Cord. — Belladonna appears to exert a double 
action (stimulant and depressant) upon the spinal cord. 
The spinal vasomotor and respiratory centres are stimulated. 
Large doses cause complete loss of motion and reflex 
action in the frog, lasting for several days, and followed 
by reflex excitability and convulsions. Poisoning in 
mammals is exhibited by less paralyzant action accom- 

* Occasionally the heart is slowed by belladonna. Perhaps by pri- 
mary stimulation of the peripheral vagi. 

t Dilatation of the vessels of the skin occurs at the same time but 
this is insufficient to reduce blood pressure. In man this is shown by 
flushing of the skin and a bright rash on the face and neck after large 
doses. 



ACTION OF BELLADONNA AND ATEOPINE 377 

panied by more convulsive movements. Various explana- 
tions have been offered to reconcile these phenomena. The 
prevalent theory is that, following complete paralysis of the 
spinal cord, the motor and sensory tracts recover before the 
inhibitory centres, so that normal stimuli pass through the 
latter unrestrained and result in convulsions. 

Nerves — The action of belladonna upon the nerve end- 
ings is extremely important, and represents, to a consider- 
able degree, the therapeutic value of the drug. The 
peripheral motor nerve terminations, and, to a less extent, 
their trunks, are depressed and paralyzed. This is never 
so complete, however, but that there is some voluntary 
power left in an animal fatally poisoned. Depression and 
loss of function of the afferent nerves come on more slowly, 
and exist to a less degree. Belladonna, then, when applied 
locally or given internally, is an anodyne, but is far inferior 
in this respect to opium ; and, whereas opium acts centrally, 
belladonna acts peripherally. The terminations of all secre- 
tory nerves are also depressed and paralyzed by belladonna, 
and secretions are therefore diminished. 

Secretions. — Dryness of the mouth is one of the first 
physiological symptoms following the administration of 
belladonna. This is due to paralysis of the peripheral 
terminations of the secretory nerve (chorda tympani) of the 
submaxillary gland, and of the secretory nerve endings of 
the other salivary and mucous glands in connection with 
the mouth. Another characteristic effect of belladonna 
consists in the production of dryness of the skin, which 
follows the action of the drug in paralyzing the peripheral 
nei'vous filaments supplying the secretory cells of the 
sudoriparous glands. In the same manner the tracheal 
and bronchial secretions are diminished, and also the 
secretion of milk (anti-galactagogue action), by depression 
of the terminations of the secretory nerves. The drug does 
not exert any decided iniljience upon the secretions of the 
digestive tract, as before stated. The amount of urine is 
sometimes increased after the ingestion of small doses of 



S78 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

belladonna, but is considerably lessened, or suppressed, in 
poisoning by tlie drug. Experiments upon man show that 
the urinary solids are increased : urea and uric acid to a 
slight extent ; sulphates and phosphates to a considerable 
degree. 

3Iuscles and their Nerves. — Atropine is an antispasmodic 
in its effect upon involuntary muscle. It depresses both 
the unstriped fibres and their motor nerve endings. Toxic 
doses cause paralysis of the smooth muscles. Voluntary 
muscles are not afi'ected by any doses of atropine, although 
the motor nerves controlling them are depressed by toxic 
amounts of the alkaloid. In regard to the effect of the drug 
upon the intestines, experimental and clinical evidence 
appear to yield quite contradictory results. It seems 
probable that any dose of atropine will depress, to a greater 
or lesser extent, the activity of the intestinal muscle, but, as 
there is at the same time depression of the inhibitory nerve 
endings (splanchnics), there is also a tendency to increased 
peristalsis through the greater sensitiveness of the gut to 
stimuli. As the result of careful experiments, it appears 
that minute doses of atropine stimulate the splanchnics 
and lessen peristalsis ; that moderate doses increase 
markedly peristalsis by paralyzing the splanchnics ; and 
that large doses stop all movement of the bowel by 
paralyzing the intestinal musculature. Other experiments 
by reliable men and clinical experience negative these 
conclusions. 

Atropine has been used successfully to produce three 
diverse actions on the bowel : (1) to quiet intestinal move- 
ment in inflammation of the bowels ; (2) to relieve spasm in 
. colic and spastic conditions generally ; (3) very commonly 
to aid catharsis in sluggish states of the intestines. In 
practice, small doses will often move the bowels effectively, 
while, on the other hand, enormous doses (gr.1-12, instead 
of the usual dose of gr.1-100) have recently proved success- 
f al in moving the bowels in obstinate constipation (in 



ACTION OF BELLADONNA AND ATROPINE 370 

hnrnan patients) due to obstructioD,* when all other means 
failed. Conversely, it is, and has been, the common practice 
to give atropine with morphine to prevent peristalsis in 
peritonitis and with apparently satisfactory results. It is at 
present impossible to reconcile these apparently conflicting 
facts, but it is readily conceivable that the resultant of the 
opposing actions of atropine on tfie bowels in either stimu- 
lating peristalsis by depression of the inhibitory apparatus, 
on the one hand, or, in lessening peristalsis by depression of 
the muscle, on the other, may depend as much upon the 
condition of the gut as upon the dosage, and that, according 
to the physiological or pathological state, one or the other 
of these opposing actions will preponderate. 

The action upon the inhibitory nerve of the heart is 
similar to that exerted upou the inhibitor}^ nerve of the 
bowels. The pneumogastric terminations are depressed in 
the heart by moderate doses, while the heart muscle is 
paralyzed by large quantities of belladonna. 

A like depressing influence is believed to be exerted 
upon the efferent nerve endings of the un striped muscles of 
the bladder, urethra, uterus and vagina, as well as upon the 
muscles of these organs. Belladonna acts medicinally as 
an antispasmodic in relation to the muscles. 

Respiration. — Small doses of atropine do not affect the 
respiration. Large therapeutic doses make the respiratory 
movements quicker and deeper, by stimulation of the 
medullary and spinal respiratory centres. Fatal doses 
produce respiratoryfailure and asphyxia, owing to paralysis 
of the respiratory centre and the peripheral vagus filaments 
concerned with the respiratory movements. Belladonna also 
paralyzes the peripheral fibres of the pneumogastric nerve in 
the bronchial tubes and acts therapeutically as follows ■ 
1. As a respiratory stimulant ; the drug is generally inferior 
to strychnine in this respect. 2. As an antispasmodic, by 

* It IS probable in these cases that the obstruction was due to 
spasm, and not mechanical. 



380 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

depressing the efferent vagus endings in the bronchial 
tubes and relaxing spasm of the smooth muscle of their 
walls. 3. As a sedative, by depressing the afferent vagus 
fibres and diminishing the irritation produced by secre- 
tion, so that cough is allayed. 4. As an agent lessening 
secretion. 

Temperature. — Moderate doses of belladonna cause a 
rise of temperature, while fatal doses lessen bodily heat. 
The first phenomenon is produced by stimulation of the 
spinal thermogenic centres, while the latter effect follows 
the vasomotor paralysis which occurs after lethal doses. 

An elevation of 2-5.4° F. has been noted in dogs after 
full doses of atropine, while a greater fall of temperature 
has been observed in the same animal in fatal poisoning. 
Elevation of temperature is accompanied by increased heat 
loss, caused by radiation from the dilated cutaneous vessels. 

Eye. — The action of belladonna upon the eye affords 
another illustration of the depressing action of the drug 
upon the nerve terminations. The oculomotor nerve end- 
ings are paralyzed by belladonna, and therefore dilation of 
the pupil ensues. The mydriatic action is exhibited, 
whether the drug be given by the mouth or dropped 
directly into the eye. In the former case, the drug does 
not act through the nervous system, but locally upon the 
peripheral filaments of the third nerve through the medium 
of the blood. The muscular fibres of the iris are unaffected 
by belladonna. The terminations of the sympathetic and 
and the trigeminus may be stimulated, which would also 
produce dilation of the pupil. These latter actions are not 
definitely determined, while it is known that the dominant 
effect consists in depression of the oculomotor nerve end- 
ings, as before stated. Paralysis of accommodation follows 
paralysis of the terminations of the third nerve in the 
ciliary muscle, and therefore vision is disturbed. Intra- 
ocular tension is increased by large and continuous dosage 
of belladonna, and an artificial glaucoma may be thus 
produced. 



PHYSIOLOGICAL RELATIONS OF BELLADONNA 381 

Elimination. — Belladonna is eliminated by the kidneys 
and bowels ; traces have been found in the milk. It is, 
however, chiefly oxidized in the body. 

Sicmnico'i/. — It will be observed that belladonna, gener- 
ally speakiug, first stimulates and then depresses the nerve 
centres, while it chiefly paralyzes the motor nerve termiua- 
tious, iiicludii)g the inhibitory (vagus and splanchnic), the 
secretory (chorda tympani, etc.), and, to a less extent, the 
sensory nerves. Secondary depression of the cerebrum is 
not so profound as that of the great medullary centres, 
especially the respiratory centre, and there is sometimes a 
slight and brief stimulation of the motor nerves of the 
smooth muscles, viz., vagus, splanchnic, and possibly vaso- 
motor nerves. 

Full medicinal dosps depress the peripheral filaments 
of the inhibitory and secretory nerves and the motor 
nerves of the unstiiped muscles, as well as the muscles 
themselves, lessen the functional activity of the volun- 
taiy motor system, and, to a less degree, that of the 
affe- rent nerves. The pulse becomes quickened because of 
paralysis of the peripheral vagus endings and stimulation of 
the heart or its ganglia; the blood tension is augmented 
because of the increased cardiac action and stimulation of 
the vasomotor centres; and the respiration is accelerated 
because of excitation of the respiratory centres. The 
temperature is elevated owing to the circulatory exaltation 
and stimulation of the heat-producing centres. Slight 
delirium may be present from the exciting action of the 
drug npon the cerebral motor centres. 

The spinal cord is unaffected by therapeutic doses. 
Locally applied, belladonna is a direct paralyzant to nerves, 
muscles, vessels and cells. 



PHYSIOLOGICAL RELATIONS OF BELLADONNA TO OTHER DRUGS. 

A medicinal dose of atropine stimulates, while morphine 
depresses, the brain, respiratory functions, and intestinal 
peristalsis. This antagonism ceases when poisonous doses 



382 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

of tlie two drugs are combined, and therefore atropine 
slionld be given with caution in the treatment of opium 
narcosis, so as not to aggravate the ab-eady existing central 
nervous depression, particularly of the respiration. Mor- 
phine relieves pain, causes sweating, and contracts the 
pupil centrally. Atropine dilates the pupil, produces dry- 
ness of the skin, and depresses the functions of sensory 
nerves throngh its peripheral action. Atropine antagonizes 
physostiguia in so far as the latter stimulates the peripheral 
oculomotor nerve fibres, the vagi, diminishes blood pres- 
sure, depresses the respiratory centres, and stimulates the 
unstriated muscle of the intestines, and the secretions of 
the stomach, bowels and bronchial tabes. 

Atropine is antagonistic — in part — to pilocarpine,, which 
stimulates secretory nerve terminations in the sweat and 
salivary glands, the peripheral oculomotor filaments, and 
the nerve endings in the involuntary muscle of the heart, 
stomach, intestines and uterus. Atropine counteracts the 
influence of aconite and muscarin (the poison of fungi) upon 
the heart, and the action of the latter principle in producing 
spasm of the pulmonary vessels. 

Toxicology. — Toxic doses of belladonna cause in animals 
dryness of the mouth, increased frequency of the pulse and 
respiration, elevation of temperature, dilation of the pupil 
and partial blindness, restlessness, nervousness, delirium, 
twitching of the muscles (occasionally erythema), and fre- 
quent micturition. These symptoms are succeeded, in 
fatal poisoning, by fall of temperature, retention of urine, 
muscular weakness, staggering gait, partial anoesthesia, 
convulsions and paralysis (one preponderating over the 
other), weak, slow, irregular respiration, feeble, rapid pulse, 
paralysis of the sphincters, stupor and death. Death occurs 
mainly from asphyxia, but is due in part to cardiac failure. 
The physiological test consists in placing a drop of the 
urine (secreted by the poisoned animal) into the eye of a 
healthy animal, when mydriasis should follow if the case be 
one of belladonna poisoning. Three-quarters of a grain of 



USES OF BELLADONNA 383 

atropine under the skin lias proved fatal to dogs. Two 
grains of atropine produce mild toxic symptoms in the 
horse. Small dogs are slightly poisoned by gr.-^^y of atro- 
pine ; medium sized dogs by gr.y^^, given hypodermatically. 
Cattle are as susceptible as horses, although herbivora are 
not so easily influenced as carnivora. The pulse in dogs is 
greatly accelerated, sometimes as high as 400, v/hile the 
pulse rate of the horse is not generally more than doubled. 
Rodents, as guinea pigs and rabbits, and pigeons, are parti- 
cularly insusceptible to belladonna, in regard to its effect 
upon the pupil, circulation, etc. 

The treatment of poisoning includes the use of the 
stomach pump, emetics, cardiac stimulants, and pilocarpine 
under the skin. Also external heat, general faradism and 
artificial respiration. 

Post-3fortein Apjxarances. — These are not generally 
characteristic, except of asphyxia. The blood is dark and 
poorly coaguable. There is congestion of the lungs, general 
passive hypersemia, and sometimes ecchymoses in the brain, 
cord, and their membranes. Congestion of the retina is said, 
however, to be pathognomonic of belladonna poisoning. 

Administration. — The fluid extract of belladonna root is 
the official preparation more commonly used for horses. 
The alcoholic extract of the leaves is given in pill or suppo- 
sitory to dogs, and in electuary to horses. Atropine sul- 
phate is employed under the skin when a rapid effect is 
desired. 

Uses Extei^nal. — Local application of belladonna is more 
effective when combined with internal medication of the 
same drug. Belladonna is the best remedy for mammitis, 
applied by massage in the form of liniment, and given by 
the month. It relaxes spasm, contracts the blood vessels, 
and lessens inflammation and congestion ; paralyzes the 
secretory nerves and so diminishes the amount of milk, 
vascular tension, pain and glandular activity. In fissure of 
the rectum, and in haemorrhoids, belladonna (with opium) 
in ointment or suppository, allays spasm and pain. Lini- 



aSi VEGETABLE- DRUGS 

ment of belladonna is useful in rheumatic or neuralgic pain, 
and rubbed upon the throat, in cases of pharyngitis and 
laryngitis, affords a serviceable application, when combined 
with the internal administration of the drug. 

Uses in Connection With the Eye. — In examination of the 
fundus of the eye, the media, or lens, for cataract, the pupil 
may be dilated to advantage with a weak solution (gr,^- 3 i.) 
of atropine sulphate. A drop will suffice, and no trace of 
its effect will remain after the second day. A strong solution 
(gr.iv.-3i.) is essential to completely paralyze the iris and 
ciliary muscle. In the normal animal, accommodation is 
paralyzed and vision disturbed for 8 or 12 days after the 
use of this solution. Atropine is particularly useful in 
keratitis and iritis. In the former disease, photophobia and 
blepharospasm are diminished by the paralyzing action of 
atroj)ine upon the trigeminus, and pain, congestion and 
inflammation are diminished by contraction of the peri- 
pheral blood vessels. In central perforating ulcer of the 
coruea, with protrusion of the iris, atropine, by dilating 
the pupil, draws the iris away and prevents its permanent 
adhesion (anterior synechia) to the cornea, while the per- 
foration is becomi-ag filled with lymph and the anterior 
chamber is being restored. Strong solutions of atropine 
instilled at frequent intervals, are useful in iritis by (1) 
paralxzing and securing rest of the iris and ciliary muscles; 
(2) in lessening local blood supply, congestion and iuflam- 
mation, and in preventing adhesions of the posterior sur- 
faces of the iris to the anterior capsule of the lens (posterior 
syiioc' se), which both limits the normal variation in the 
pupillary diameter and interferes with the nutrition of the 
lens, and so predispose to cataract. Atropine is contra- 
indicati d in glaucoma. 

ll^es I 'terncd. — The general indications follow directly 
from oiir knowledge of the ])hysio]ogical action of the drug. 
They aiH as follows :- 1. To stimulate the respiration and 
circulation. 2. To diminish secretion. 3. To relieve spasm 
and pain. 



USES OF BELLADONNA 385 

1. Acute diseases, as pueumonia, bronchitis, influenza, 
cerebro-spinal meningitis, etc., are frequently treated at the 
outset with belladonna, with the intent of cutting short the 
inflammatory process by producing general vascular con- 
traction. There does not seem to be sufficient physiological 
or clinical evidence to warrant this practice (except in coryza, 
pharyngitis and laryngitis), and there are other drugs (ergot) 
which accomplish the purpose, were it desirable, more effi- 
ciently. In the second stage of acute diseases, as pneu- 
monia, belladonna is a valuable agent in combination with 
strychnine, to stimulate respiration, prevent effusion and 
vasomotor and cardiac depression. Belladonna is of service 
also as a respiratory, cardiac and vasomotor stimulant 
in poisoning by various drugs, including opium, chloro- 
form, ether, aconite, prussic acid, physostigma and pilocar- 
pine. Recent experiments by Reichert {Therapeulic Monthly y 
May, 1901) and others show that atropine, while stimulating 
the respiratory centre exerts a powerful depressing action 
on the pulmonic motor fibres of the vagi, and that in opium 
poisoning atropine, instead of strengthening, actually lessens 
respiratory power. Strychnine undoubtedly is a much 
better antidote in this condition. In surgical shock, with 
low temperature, owing to vasomotor paralysis and vascular 
dilatation, atropine is a most potent remedy, combined with 
digitalis. 

2. Belladonna is employed therapeutically to diminish 
excessive sweating and salivation, mercurial or otherwise. 
It is recommended in serous, or watery diarrhoea. (Edema 
of the lungs is combated most successfully with atropine 
(combined with strychnine) subcutaneously. In the second 
stage of acute respiratory diseases, as bronchitis, influenza, 
canine distemper, and pneumonia, belladonna diminishes 
secretion, irritability and cough, and stimulates the heart 
and respiration. It may be associated with opium to in- 
crease the sedative effect. 

3. Belladonna does not have much influence over spasm 
of the voluntary muscles, unless injected (atropine) into their 



386 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

substance. Elieumatic lameness aiul cramps and spasm 
due to injury of nerves, may be treated in this manner. 
Spasm of involuntary muscle is, however, more easily over- 
come, and this action is of exceeding therapeutic importance. 
Intestinal spasmodic colic of horses succumbs most readily 
•when atropine is given with morphine under the skin. In 
peritonitis and enteritis, full and repeated doses of atropine, 
with morphine, assist in paralyzing the smooth muscular 
fibres of the intestines, and in quieting peristaltic move- 
ment. Paradoxical as it may seem, large doses of atropine 
have been recently used in human medicine, and with re- 
markably good results, in the treatment of intestinal ob- 
struction from impacted feces, and even in invagination and 
twist, on the assumption that the inhibitory splanchnic 
fibres of the gut are paralyzed by these large quantities 
given under the skin (see " Action on Muscles and Nerves "). 
Cough, stridulus breathing, and spasm, associated with 
acute pharyngitis and laryngitis, are iufluenced favorably by 
belladonna, in the first stage. The drug acts locally to 
paralyze the ends of the motor nerves in the throat, relieves 
spasm, and also contracts the peripheral vessels and over- 
comes congestion and inflammation. It may be given to 
horses in electuary, and also applied in liniment or oint- 
ment externally. The following prescription is suitable for 
horses suffering from pharyngitis or laryngitis. 

]^ 

Extract. Belladonnte Rad, Fl 3 i. 

Pulv. Potassii Chloratis 3 ii. 

Pulv. GlycyrrhizEe 3 v. 

Syrupi Fusci Q. S. ' 

M. et f. electuarium. 

Sig. Give i ounce every two hours. (Furnish i ounce 
for sample dose.) 

In bronchitis and asthma, belladonna also allays spasm 
and lessens secretion, irritation and cough. Other spasmo- 
dic conditions benefited by belladonna are, "thumps," lead 
colic, convulsions (with bromides), spasm of the rectum 
owing to fissure or other causes, and incontinence of 



HYOSCYAMUS 387 

urine due to spasm of the neck of the bladder. Pal- 
pitatiou of the heart is relieved by the sedative action 
of the mydriatic upon the unstriated cardiac muscle. 
Tetanus is favorably influenced by extract of belladonna 
given in electuary. In this section may be included the 
effect of small doses of belladonna in paralyzing the inhi- 
bitory (splanchnic) nerve terminations in the bowels, and 
thus assisting the action of peristaltic stimulants, as aloes 
and strychnine. Pills containing aloin (gr.|), extractum 
belladonnse alcoholicum foliorum (gr.g), and extractum cas- 
carae sagradse (gr.^), form a useful laxative combination in 
chronic constipation of dogs. 

Htoscyamus. Hyoscyamus. (U. S. P.) 

Synonym. — Hyoscyami folia, B. P.; henbane, herba 
hyoscyami, E. ; feuilles de jusquiame noire, Fr. ; bilsen- 
krant, G. 

The leaves and flowering tops of Hyoscyamus niger 
Linne (nat. ord. solanacese), collected from plants of the 
second year's growth. 

Habitat. — Indigenous to England, the Continent, and 
Asia, and naturalized in the northern part of the United 
States. 

Description. — Leaves ovate, or ovate-oblong, up to 25 
cm. long and 10 cm. broad ; sinuate-toothed ; the teeth large, 
oblong or triangular, grayish-green, and, particularly on the 
lower surface, glandular-hairy ; midrib prominent ; flowers 
nearly sessile, with an urn-shaped, five-toothed calyx, and a 
light yellow, purple-veined corolla; odor heavy, narcotic; 
taste bitter and somewhat acrid. 

Constituents. — Two alkaloids : hyoscyamine Ci-H.jN O3, 
and hyoscine. The first resembles atropine in composition 
and action. Impure, amorphous, commercial hyoscyamine 
is a dark-brown fluid and contains as its active principle 
mainly hyoscine. 

Incompatibility. — Incompatible with caustic alkalies and 



388 YEGETABLE DRUGS 

vegetable acids, lead acetate and silver nitrate. Hyoscyamus 
may be given in pill with the two latter mineral salts. 
Bose.—U. & C, §ss.-i. (15.-30.); T>., gr.v.-xv. (.3-1.). 

PREPARATIONS. 

Extractuvi Hyoscyami. Extract of Hyoscyamus. (U. S. & B. P.) 
Made by maceration and percolation with diluted alcohol, and 

evaporation to pilular consistency. The extract should contain 0.3 per 

cent, of mydriatic alkaloids. 

Dose.— H. &C., gr.xx.-3i. (1.3-4.); D., gr.ss.-ii. (.03-.12). 

Fluidextractum Hyoscyami. Fluidextract of Hyoscyamus. 

(U. S. P.) 

Made by maceration, percolation with alcohol and water, and 
evaporation, so that 1 cc. = 1 gm. of hyoscyamus. Each 100 cc. of 
fluidextract contains 0.075 gm. of alkaloids from hyoscyamus. 
Dose.— B..&C., 3ss.-i. (15.-30.); D., mv.-xv. (.3-1.). 

Tinctura Hyoscyami. Tincture of Hyoscyamus. (U. S. & B. P.) 
Hyoscyamus, 100 ; diluted alcohol to make 1000. Made by mace- 
ration and percolation. Standardized to contain 0.007 gm. of mydriatic 
alkaloids in each 100 cc. of the tincture. (U. S. P.) 
Dose.— D., 3i.-iv. (4.-15.). 

The dose of hyoscyamus preparations is generally two to four 
times that of similar belladonna preparations. 

Succus Hyoscyami. Juice of Hyoscyamus. (B. P.) 
Dose. — Same as tincture. 



Hygscyamin^ Sulphas. Hyoscyamine Sulphate. 
(C,H,3 N O3), H,S O, 

The neutral sulphate of an alkaloid obtained from hyo- 
scyamus. 

Derivation. — Hyoscyamine is derived from hyoscyamus 
seed. The latter are treated with ether to extract fat, and 
then distilled with alcohol and sulphuric acid. The liquid 
residue is neutralized with caustic soda and precipitated 
with tannic acid. The precipitate is mixed with lime and 
extracted with alcohol. The resulting alcoholic solution is 
first treated with sulphuric acid, then with caustic soda, and 



HYOSCAMINE HYDROBROMIDE 389 

finally willi fthpv, -which dissolves the ulkaloid. The latter 
is recovered by distillation. 

Properties. — White, indistinct crystals, or a white pow- 
der, without odor, and having a bitter, acrid taste. Deli- 
quescent in damp air. Soluble in 0.5 part of water, and 
in 2.5 parts of alcohol; very slightly soluble in ether or 
chloroform. 

i^ose.— H., gr.i.-ii. (.06-.12); D., gr.^- 3V (.001-.002). 

Hyoscyamin^ Hydrobromidum. 
Hyoscyamine Hydrobromide. C,,B.,^ O3H Br. (U. S. P.) 

The hydrobromide of an alkaloid obtained from hyo- 
scyamus. 

Properties. — A yellowish-white, amorphous, resin-like 
mass, or prismatic crystals, having, particularly when damp, 
a tobacco-like odor, and an acrid, nauseous and bitter taste. 
Deliquescent on exposure to the air. Soluble in about 0.3 
part of water, 2 parts of alcohol, 3,000 parts of ether, or 250 
parts of chloroform. 

Dose.—B.., gr.i.-ii. (.06-.12); D., gr.^gV (.001-.002). 

HlosolN^ Hydrobromidum. Hyoscine Hydrobromide. 
Ci,H,,N 0,H Br. (U. S. P. & B. P.) 

The hydrobromide of an alkaloid obtained from hyo- 
scyamus. 

Properties. — Colorless, transparent, rhombic crystals; 
odorless and having an acrid, slightly biter taste. Perma- 
nent in the air. Soluble in 1.9 parts of water, and in 13 
parts of alcohol; very slightly soluble in ether or chloro- 
form. 

. Z)ose.— H., gr.|-i (.001-.015); D., gr.^io-Tw (.0004-.0006). 

Action Internal. — The action of hyoscyamus is a resul- 
tant of that of its two alkaloids, hyoscine and hyoscyamine. 
The latter is practically atropine, except that its mydriatic 
action is shorter. Hyoscine, in poisonous doses, is a power- 



o90 VEGETABLE DKUGS 

fill depressant to the cerebrum, respiratory centre, spinal 
reflex centres, and motor tract. It differs from atropine in 
being a cerebral sedative, and in its greater paralyzant 
action upon the spinal cord. The tetanic stage succeeding 
spinal paralysis, observed in tropine poisoning, does not 
ensue with hyoscine. The latter alkaloid slightly depresses 
and slows the heart, and does not paralyze the vagus termi- 
nations, nor depress the motor and sensory nerves or muscles. 
The circulation is but slightly influenced, and vasomotor 
depression only occurs in the latter stage of lethal poisoning. 
Death occurs from paralysis of the respiratory centres. 
Poisoning in animals is exhibited by loss of muscular power, 
slowing and failure of respiration, dryness of the mouth, 
stupor and asphyxia. The pulse may be ■ infrequent, the 
pupils are dilated and the skin is moist rather than dry. 
Delirium and convulsions sometimes occur in man. The 
effect of the combined action of hyoscyamine and hyoscine 
in hyoscyamus is shown when we compare the drug with 
belladonna. Hyoscyamus is more of a cerebral sedative and 
hypnotic, and less of a heart and respiratory stimulant. It 
is said to possess more power in overcoming spasm, and grip- 
ing of cathartics, and in aiding intestinal movement. 
Hyoscyamus is also thought to exert a more pronounced an- 
tispasmodic action than belladonna upon the smooth muscles 
of the bladder and urethra. 

Uses. — Hyoscyamus is generally applicable in the same 
disorders for which belladonna is indicated. In relieving 
some sorts of spasm, hyoscyamus is more efficient than bella- 
donna, as in spasmodic colic, spasm of the bladder, and 
griping caused by cathartics. Tetanus, chorea, and epilep- 
tic convulsions in dogs, are benefited by henbane, but the 
drug does not possess a curative action. Hyoscyamine may 
be combined to advantage with strychnine, subcutaneously, 
in impaction of the bowels in horses. The former drug 
depresses the inhibitory nerve endings (splanchnic), and 
assists the stimulant action of strychnine upon the intestinal 
muscle. Repeated small doses of oil will facilitate peristal- 
sis in this condition. Hyoscine hydrobromide is indicated 
in spasmodic affections and in nervous and sexual excite- 
ment. It is a powerful drug and should be employed at the 
outset in small doses. To avoid contamination with hyo- 
scamine is difficult, and the preparation of Merck is to be 



INDIAN CANNABIS 391 

recommended.* Hjoscine has not been employed to any 
extent in veterinary practice. It is used in human medicine 
as a hypnotic and sedative in mania and delirium of the 
insane. It causes no unpleasant after-effects. 

Cannabis Indica. Indian Cannabis. (U. S. & B. P.) 

The flowering tops of the female plant of the Cannabis 
sativa Linne (nat. ord. urticacese), grown in the East Indies. 

Synonym. — Indian hemp, E. ; chanvre indien, Fr. ; in- 
discher hanf, G. ; herba cannabis indicae, P. G. 

Haschisch is a confection of the drug. Arabian habi- 
tues of this preparation are frequently impelled by its in- 
fluence to deeds of violence. They are called " hascha- 
schins "; hence the English, assassins. Gunjab, or ganga, is 
the dried plant used in India for smoking. Churrus is the 
resin and epidermis scraped off the leaves. Bhang consists 
of the young leaves, flowering and fruiting tops and resin 
resulting from the first season's growth. 

Habitat. — The official cannabis is indigenous to Asia, 
but the common hemp plant (Cannabis sativa) grows in 
America and many other parts of the world. 

Description. — Branching, compressed, brittle, about 5 
cm. or more long, with a few digitate leaves, having linear- 
lanceolate leaflets, and numerous, sheathing, pointed bracts, 
each containing two small pistillate flowers, sometimes with 
the nearly ripe fruit; the whole more or less agglutinated 
with a resinous exudation. It has a brownish-green color, 
a peculiar narcotic odor and a slightly acrid taste. 

Incompatibility. — Water precipitates the active resinous 
principles. Lemon juice and other vegetable acids are the 
most efficient antidotes. 



* Scopolamine is identical with hyoscine and is so named because obtained from 
Scopola atropoides. Scopolamine, or hyoscine, with morphine under the skin (after 
Korff ) have been employed to some extent as general anaesthetics in human surgery 
to replace ether or chloroform. Hyoscine (or scopolamine) is sometimes given to 
horses to aid the action of chloroform and prevent its excitement. One hour before 
operation gr. 1-6 to 1-3 may be injected under the skin for this purpose. To produce 
general anfesthesia in dogs, morphine is given with hyoscine in 2 doses— one 3 hours, 
and the other 15 minutes, before operation. Thus morphine, gr. ss., with hyoscine 
gr. 1-100, are injected subcutaneously for this purpose and will generally suffice for 
the performance of ordinary operations — although a few whiffs of ether may be 
required in addition. Dogs are comparatively insusceptible to scopolamine. It has 
been estimated by Bernardini that morphine may be given to the extent of gr. 1-fi to 
each 2.2 lbs. of live weight ; and hyoscine from gr. 1-iaO to gr. 1-15 to each 2.2 ll)s. live 
weight for dogs. 



392 VEGETABLE DKUGS 

Constituents. — The active principle of cannabis indica is 
Cannabinol (O H COooHogC O H), a red oil or resin boiling 
at a high temperature, which apparently exerts the charac- 
teristic action (Marshall) of cannabis indica on man and 
animals. But the therapeutic value of the principle has 
not been sufficiently studied to enable it to be used as a 
substitute for the crude drug or its preparations. 

PREPARATIONS. 

Extractum Cannabis Indicce. Extract of Indian Cannabis. 
(U. S. & B. P.) 

Made by maceration and percolation with alcohol, and by evapora- 
tion to a pilular consistence. 

Dose.—H., 3i.-ii. (4.-8.); D., gr.J^-i. (.015-.06). 

Fluidextractum Cannabis Indicce, 

Fluidextract of Indian Cannabis. (U. S. P.) 

Made by maceration and percolation. The alcohol is distilled off 

from the last part of i!ie percolate, and the residue is dissolved in the 

first part (700 Cc), and enough alcohol is added to make 1 Cc. of the 

fluid extract equal 1 gm. of the crude drug. 

Dose.—H., 3iv.-vi. (16.-34.); D., nii.-x. (.12-.6). 
Administration. — The extract is given in ball, pill, electuary or 
suppository ; or the fluid preparations may be used. 

Tinctura Cannabis Indicce, Tincture of Indian Cannabis. 
(U.S. &B. P.) 

Indian cannabis, 100; alcohol to make 1,000 Cc. Made by macera- 
tion and percolation. (U. S. P.) 
Dose.—D., TTixx.-xxx. (1.3-2.). 

Action External, — Cannabis indica exerts a considerable 
irritant action when applied to mucous membranes. This 
is followed by local anaesthesia. 

Action Internal, — Indian hemp is a distinct depressant 
to the functions of the brain and cord in poisonous doses, 
although therapeutically stimulating these organs in small 
quantities, and producing in man a kind of intoxication and 
mild delirium. The reflex activity of the spinal cord is 
primarily increased, but this is succeeded by diminution of 
reflex movement, and, after large doses, by anaesthesia and 
loss of voluntary motion. The sensory tract (centres and 



INDIAN CANNABIS 303 

nerves) is depressed by considerable therapeutic doses. 
Our knowledge of the detailed physiological action of the 
drug is imperfect. The action of cannabis comes on slowly 
and continues for a long time. A horse receiving, under the 
direction of the writer, at the Harvard Veterinary Hospital, 
^ ounce of the solid extract, became drowsy. Sleep after a 
few hours deepened into stupor, and stupor into coma. 
The respiration became slow, the pulse slightly accelerated, 
and the animal so anaesthetic that amputation of the penis 
was done on the following day without producing the slight- 
est pain or struggling. The animal had to be supported in 
slings, and only recovered after three days. Frequently 
neither constipation, anorexia, or other deleterious after- 
effects follow the action of this drug. 

The following are extracts from experiments of Muir* 
with cannabis indica : 

Gelding. 8 years old ; condition poor. Gave two doses of fluid 
extract (Park & Davis, normal liquid) undiluted of 12.5 cc. each (about 
3 drachms) intra jugularly, twenty minutes apart. Became rapidly 
nervous and excitable, increased by sounds or touch. In half an hour 
from first dose he became sleepy and stupid. A third dose of 15 cc. 
(}y£ ounce) was injected into the jugular about an hour after the first 
and caused sweating and a sleepy condition, in which the animal jerked 
and twitched his head as if di'eaming. The temperature dropped to 
96° F., and the sleepy state, alternating with excitement when annoyed, 
lasted three hours, when delirium supervened and continued for six 
hours, at which time all the symptoms disappeared. 

Pony, 575 pounds ; condition fair. Received 15 cc. (J^ ounce) of 
the fluid extract intravenously. In two minutes became delirious ; in 
ten minutes was asleep against stall. In half an hour fell to floor and 
slept there for eighteen hours and could not be aroused. Temperature 
fell to 92.5° F. Respiration regular; pulse from 42 to 30 during 
experiment. 

Gelding. 1050 pounds ; in good condition. Given 45 cc. of fluid 
extract intravenously. In three minutes rearing, kicking, snorting 
and going on like one mad. He ran back and forth along one side of 
his stall like a caged tiger with sweat rolling off him and cutting and 
bruising himself, being apparently anesthetic. He endeavored to bite 



Jour. Comp. Med, and Vet. Archives, April and May^ 1900. 



394 VEGETABLE DKUGS 

or strike anyone approaching and remained delirious and excitable for 
twelve to twenty-four hours. 

Gelding, 650 pounds. 30 cc. of fluid extract injected into jugular. 
In four minutes became unsteady ; in twelve minutes he was asleep ; 
in half an hour he fell and so slept for eighteen hours. Temperature 
dropped to 91.8° F. from normal; the pulse was accelerated and th» 
respiration slightly so. 

Muii- deduces from his experiments that as much as 
50 cc. ( 3 iss.) of the fluid extract may be given with safety 
intravenously. 

In the human being, cannabis induces very peculiar 
mental phenomena, including hallucinations, a sense of 
double consciousness, and great prolongation of time, so 
that minutes are drawn out into hours, and hours into days. 
Sometimes sexual excitement, exaltation, and hilariousness 
are exhibited ; at other times a dreadful premonition of im- 
pending death seizes the human subject. The drug is not 
fatal, except in colossal doses, but the effects may appear 
alarming. Intrajugular injection into a small dog, of five 
drachms of the fluid extract (10 minims of which proved 
active in man ) only caused death after several hours 
(Hare). Preparations of Indian hemp vary greatly in 
strength, many being entirely inert, and this fact constitutes 
one of the principal objections to its use. The practitioner 
is recommended to experiment until he secures a reliable 
preparation, and use no other thereafter. 

Uses. — Cannabis is indicated for the relief of: 1, pain; 
2, spasm; 3, nervous irritability. It is not comparable to 
morphine as an analgesic, on account of the uncertainty and 
slowness of its action, and because anaesthesia is only pro- 
duced by an unwarrantably large dose. It is only superior 
to opium in not causing constipation, anorexia and indiges- 
tion, and is therefore sometimes given in colic to horses, 
for the relief of pain and spasm. The permanency of the 
action of Indian hemp suggests its use in conditions of long 
continued pain or spasm. In thirty-five cases of tetanus 
in the human being, treated with cannabis, twenty-one 
recovered and fourteen died. The results reported in veter- 



CAFFEINE 395 

inary pi*actice have been almost as favorable ; over half the 
cases have recovered when subjected to this medication. 
Medication has, however, usually very little influence in 
tetanus. Recovery appears to be largely a matter of chance, 
even with antitoxin. Cannabis Indica is occasionally em- 
ployed as a sedative for irritable cough, and to relieve the 
spasms of chorea. 

Caffeina, Caffeine. CgHioN^Oj + H^O. 
(U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym.— Theme, guaranine, E.; coffein, G.; cafeine, Fr. 

A feebly basic, proximate principle, obtained from the 
dried leaves of Thea sinensis Linne (nat. ord. ternstroemia- 
cese), or from the dried seeds of Coffea arabica Linne (nat. 
ord. rubiaceaB), and found also in other plants. 

Habitat. — Indigenous to Africa, and cultivated in othei 
tropical countries. 

Derivation. — Crushed coffee is treated with successive 
portions of boiling water, and the resulting solution is 
precipitated with lead acetate and filtered. Hydrogen sul- 
phide decomposes the excess of lead acetate remaining in 
the filtrate. The latter is then concentrated by evaporation 
and neutralized with ammonia water. Caffeine crystallizes 
on cooling. The alkaloid is purified by charcoal and recrys- 
tallization. 

Properties. — Fleecy masses of long, flexible, white crys- 
tals, possessing a silky lustre, without odor, having a bitter 
taste, and permanent in the air. Soluble in 80 parts ' of 
water, 33 parts of alcohol, 555 parts of -ether, or 7 parts of 
chloroform. Also soluble in about 2 parts of boiling water, 
and very soluble in boiling alcohol. Caffeine is neutral to 
litmus paper. Caffeine exists, curiously enough, as the 
active principle of the national non-alcoholic beverages in 
use all over the world. Coffee contains .0-2.2 per cent, of 
caffeine, together with glucose, fat, vegetable casein, tannic 
acid, and an empyreumatic oil developed by roasting, i. e., 



39G VEGETABLE DRUGS 

caffeone. Tea contains 1.36-3. per cent, of caffeine, or tlieine, 
and also a volatile oil and tannic acid. Guarana (the seeds 
of Paullinia cupana) contains 4 tc 5 per cent, of caffeine ; 
mate, or Paraguay tea (the leaves of Ilex paraguayensis), 
contains .45-1.2 per cent. Caffeine is found in kola nut (the 
fruit of Sterculia acuminata), used as a beverage in Africa, 
and now as a nervous stimulant in human medicine, and is 
allied to theobromine, occuring in chocolate beans, and to 
cocaine, existing in coca leaves. 

Incompatibility. — Caffeine is incompatible with mercury 
salts, potassium iodide and tannic acid. 

/Xasv'.-H. and C, 3i--ii. (4.-8.); D., gr.-ss.-iii. (.03-.2), 
according to size. 

Caffeina Citrata. Citrated Caffeine. (U. S. P=) 

Derivation. — Dissolve citric acid (50) in hot, distillled 
water (100); add caffeine (50) and evaporate the resulting 
solution, on a water bath, to dryness, constantly stirring 
towards the end of the operation. Reduce the product to a 
fine powder and transfer it to well-closed bottles. 

Properties. — A white powder, odorless, having a purely 
acid taste and acid reaction. One part of citrated caffeine 
forms a clear, syrupy solution, with about 3 parts of water. 
Upon dilution with water this yields a white precipitate 
(caffeine), which redissolves when about 25 parts of water 
have been added. It is also soluble in a mixture of two 
volumes of chloroform and 1 volume of ether. 

Dose.—B.., gr.xv.-xxx. (1.-2.); D., gr.i.-vi. (.06-.36). 

Action Internal. — Caffeine has no particular action upon 
the digestive tract, except in large quantities, when it may 
cause gastro-intestinal irritation. The effect of caffeine and 
raw coffee is identical, but when the latter is roasted, aroma- 
tic oils, or an empyreumatic oil, are developed (caffeone). 
It is impossible to separate completely the action of caffeine 
from caffeone in boiled coffee. Recent investigations appear 
to show that the oil (caffeone), of which there is from one to 



CAFFEINE 



397 



one-half drachm in a cup of the beverage, has no physiolo- 
gical action except to disturb digestion and cause bilious- 
ness. This result is not in accord with the general belief, 
and it is probable that caffeine possesses a transient action 
in stimulating intestinal peristalsis, the cerebral functions, 
and in lessening vascular tension. 

Circulation. — Caffeine stimulates the heart muscle and 
vasomotor centres. The action of the heart is strengthened 
and accelerated after moderate doses in most cases. Some- 
times the stimulating action on the vagus 'centre overcomes 
that on the heart and the pulse is somev^hat slowed. Blood 
tension is enhanced. In poisoning the pulse becomes weak 
and irregular and the heart stops in diastole. 

Nervous System. — Caffeine is a certain and direct stim- 
ulant to the higher nervous centres. In moderate doses it 
produces wakefulness and restlessness (action of tea and 
coffee at night on man), and increases the capacity for 
mental and physical work (see muscles). In the lower ani- 
mals caffeine often causes the most intense cerebral excite- 
ment and mania in large doses. The alkaloid affects the 
spinal cord like strychnine, and toxic quantities produce 
restlessness, increased reflex excitability and convulsions in 
the lower animals. It is undetermined whether the convul- 
sions are of cerebral or spinal origin. The motor and sensory 
nerves are unaffected by medicinal doses. Caffeine opposes 
the depressant action of opium and alcohol. It antagonizes 
alcohol in stimulating the highest or controlling functions 
of the brain, the reasoning faculties, perception of sensory 
impressions and association of ideas, and greater accuracy 
of touch and capacity for physical exertion. 

Muscles. — The injection of caffeine solution into a frog's 
leg causes a stiffness and hardness of the muscles like that 
seen in rigor mortis. On muscle fibres, removed from the 
body, it acts in the same way by coagulating the muscle pro- 
teids. In small quantities in the body it acts to stimulate 
the ability of the muscle to contract and its capacity and en- 
durance for work. The action of tea and coffee, in enabling 
men to perform more physical work, has hitherto betn 
ascribed to the action of caffeine on the nervous system, but 
is now attributed to its effect on the muscles themselves. 

Kidneys. — The kidneys primarily contract for two or 
, three minutes with corresponding diminution in the flow of 



398 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

urine, after the subcutaneous injection of small doses of 
caffeine. This effect is independent of the general vascular 
condition, and is followed by an increase in the volume of 
the kidneys, with accompanying augmentation of the urinary 
secretion, as shown by experiments with Roy's oncometer. 
The renal cells are directly stimulated, and it is thought that 
caffeine also increases the blood supply of the malpighian 
bodies. The drug is therefore a local diuretic and (with 
theobromine) is the most efficient and powerful. ^o other 
drug can produce such a flow of urine. 

Respiration. — The respiratory centres are stimulated 
(along with the vagus and vasomotor) by caffeine in mod- 
erate doses, and depressed by toxic amounts. 

Metabolism. — Caffeine increases tissue change and 
therefore the elimination of urea and carbonic dioxide — con- 
trary to the time honored teaching. 

Toxicology. — Caffeine is a spinal and muscle poison to 
the frog. Tetanic convulsions occur in the batrachian sim- 
ilar to those produced by strychnine, but there is also mus- 
cular rigidity. These phenomena follow the direct stimula- 
tion of the spinal motor tract and muscles, and are succeeded 
by paresis. In man, stimulation of the cerebral cortex oc- 
curs, while both stimulation of the brain and cord are ob- 
served in the domestic animals. The symptoms of poison- 
ing in dogs, cats and mammals generally, are restlessness, 
occasionally vomiting in dogs, rapid breathing, primary re- 
duction followed by rise in temperature, clonic or tonic 
convulsions, muscular weakness, and general paresis. Death 
occurs from respiratory failure. Tllie minimum fatal dose 
is about 1 gr. to 1 lb. of live weight in the cat. 

Administration. — Caffeine and its ordinary salts are 
decomposed by water and therefore should not be 'given sub- 
cutaneously. The alkaloid is best administered in solution 
with sodium salicylate, or benzoate, for use under the skin 
as folloAvs : — 

Caffeinse gr.xl. 

Sodii salicylatis gr.xxx. 

Aquae 3 i. 

M. 

S. Give fifteen drops hypodermically to horse. 
Three drops to dog. 
or: — 



CAFFEINE 399 



Caffeinae 

Sodii bensoinatis aa gr.xv. 

Aquae ni,xlv. 

M. 

S. Give one-half, under the skin, to horse. 

The soluble citrate may be given internally, but it is 
not a definite or reliable ^preparation, and inferior to caffeine, 
which may be administered in solution with a little citric 
acid, or as above. 

Uses. — Three indications for the use of caffenie may be 
deduced from our knowledge of its physiological action. 
1. To stimulate the brain. 2. To stimulate the heart. 
3. To cause diuresis. 

1. Its application as a cerebral stimulant is very lim- 
ited in veterinary medicine. It acts thus as an antidote to 
opium poisoning. One and a half grains of caffeine will save 
cats poisoned by the minimum fatal dose (gr. 1^) of mor- 
phine. 

2. Caffeine possesses particular value in the treatment 
of dropsy of cardiac origin in dogs, because of its diuretic 
action, as well as stimulant effect upon the heart. The 
therapeutic indications are much the same as for digitalis, 
but caffeine differs from digitalis in the following particu- 
lars : 

Does not prolong diastole. Is not cumulative. 

Does not slow the heart. More transient in its effect. 

Nor regulate the heart. 

Caffeine, in combination with acetanilid and other 
modern coal tar products, is useful in preventing their de- 
pressing action upon the heart. Furthermore, caffeine, tea 
and coffee are serviceable in the treatment of acute asthenic 
diseases in the horse (influenza), dog (distemper), and in 
foals and calves, acting as nervous and cardiac stimulants 
and perhaps restraining tissue waste. 

3. Diuretic pio})erty of caffeine renders it appro- 
priate in aiding the absorption of pleuritic effusion, ascites, 
and dropsies, particularly of cardiac and renal origin, and 
in the hepatic form as well. 



400 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

SECTION II. —DRUGS ACTING ON THE SPINAL 

CORD. 

Class 1. — Stimulating the Inferior Cornua. 

Nux Vomica. Nux Vomica. (U. S. <fe B. P.) 

Synonym. — Semen nucis vomicae, poison nut, Quaker 
button, E.; noix vomique, Fr.; kriihen-augen, breclinuss, G. 

The seed of Strychnos nux-vomica Linne (uat. ord. 
Loganiacese). 

Description. — About 25 mm. in diameter, orbicular, 
grayish, or greenish-gray, soft, hairy, of a silky lustre, with 
a slight ridge extending from the centre of one side to the 
edge ; iuternally horny, somewhat translucent, very tough, 
with a large circular cavity into which the heart-shaped, 
nerved cotyledons project. It is inodorous and persistently 
bitter. 

Constituents. — Two alkaloids. 1. Strychnine, 0.2-0.6 per 
cent. 2. Brucine (CjgHjeN.O,), 0.5-1.0 per cent Similar in 
action to strychnine, but weaker and slower. Both alkaloids 
exist in combination with igasuric acid. Brucine occurs in 
rectangular octohedral crystals ; is soluble in alcohol, in 
7 parts of chloroform, and possesses a bitter taste. With 
sulphuric and nitric acids a beautiful blood-red color is 
developed. Nux vomica should yield not less than 1.25 per 
cent, of strychnine (U. S. P.) 

Dose—R. k C, 3 i.-ii. (4.-8.); Sh., gr.xx.-xl. (1.3-2.6); 
Sw., gr.x.-xx. (.6-1.3); D., gr.i.-ii. (.06-.12). 

PREPARATIONS. 

Extractum Nucis Vomicae. Extract of Nux Vomica. (U. S. & B. P.) 
Made by maceiation with alcohol, water and acetic acid; percola- 
tion with alcohol and water, and evaporation. Standardized to contain 
5 per cent, of strychnine. (U. S. P.) 

Dose.—B.. & C, gr.vii.-xv. (.5-1.); Sh., gr.ii.ss.-v. (.15-.3); Sw., 
gr.i.-ii. (.06-.12); D., gr.fj (.008-.016). 



STRYCHNINE 401 

Fluide.rtractum Nucis Vomicce. Fluidextract of Nux Vomica. 

(U. S. P.) 
Made by digestion and percolation with alcohol, water and acetic 
acid. The alcohol is distilled off and the solution evaporated. Alcohol 
and water are added so that the fluidextract shall contain 1 per cent, of 
strychnine. 

Dose—B.. & C, Zi.-ii. (4.-8.); Sh., nixx.-xxx. (1.3-2.); Sw., lUx.- 
XX. (6-1.3); D., mi-ii. (.06-.12). 

Tinctura Nucis Vomica'. Tincture of Nux Vomica. (U. S. & B. P) 
Made by solution of the extract of nux vomica, 30, in alcohol, and 
water to make 1,000. (U. S. P.) Contains 0.1 per cent, strychnine. 
Dose.— D., TTi^v.-x. (..^-.6). 



Strychnina. strychnine. C,, H,, N, O,. (U. S. & B. P.) 

An alkaloid obtained from nux vomica, and also obtain- 
able from other plants of the natural order LoganiacesB. 

Derivation. — Nux VDinica seeds are powdered and 
strychnine is extracted with water acidulated with hydro- 
chloric acid. The solution is concentrated and strychnine 
precipitated with lime. It is then redissolved in boiling 
alcohol and the crystals are deposited upon concentration 
of the solution. 

Properties. — Colorless, transparent, octohedral, or pris- 
matic crystals, or a white, crystalline powder; odorless, and 
having an intensely bitter taste, perceptible in even highly 
dilute ( 1 in 700,000 ) solution. Permanent in the air. 
Soluble in 6,700 parts of water, and in 110 parts of alcohol; 
in 2,500 parts of boiling water, and in 12 parts of boiling 
alcohol ; also soluble in 7 parts of chloroform, but almost 
insoluble in ether. Upon ignition, it is consumed, leaving 
no residue. No coloration is produced with nitric or sul- 
phuric acid, but a drop of the latter and a grain of potassium 
bichromate, added to a crystal of strychnine upon a porce- 
lain plate, yields a beautiful violet, changing into purplish- 
red and cherry-red, and finally to orange or yellow. 

Dose. — Same as strychnine sulphate or nitrate (minimum 
quantities), which are preferable on account of their greater 
solubility. 



402 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

*Strychnin^ Sulphas. Stryclinine Sulpliate. 
(C,H,,N,0,), H,S O, + 5 H,0. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Derivation. — Made by tlie actiou oi sulphuric acid on 
stryclinine. 

Properties. — Colorless, or white, prismatic crystals, odor- 
less, and having an intensely bitter taste, perceptible in 
highly dilute (I in 700,000) solution. Efflorescent in dry air. 
Soluble in 50 parts of water and in 109 parts of alcohol ; 2 
parts of boiling water and in 8.5 parts of boiling alcohol. 
Almost insoluble in ether. Upon ignition, it is consumed, 
leaving no residue. On adding potassium or sodium hydrate 
to an aqueous solution of the salt, a white precipitate is 
thrown down, Avhich should conform to the test for strych- 
nine. 

Dose.—B.., gr.ss.-i.ss. (.03-.09); C, gr.i.-iii. (.06-.18); Sh., 
gr.|-i (.015-.03); D., gr.^-^V (.0005-.0015). 

The dose of strychnine should be proportioned to the 
weight in the case of all animals, but more particularly dogs. 
Otherwise, convulsive attacks or a fatal result may occur. 
The dose can be accurately determined, according to Feser, 
by the following data : 

Dose per kilo (21bs. 3oz. 119,9gr. avoirdupois) live weight: 

Horse, sheep and cattle 0001-.0002 (gr.^^^-g^) 

Swine 0002-.0003 (gr. 31^-^^^) 

Dogs 0001 (gr.eU 

In accordance with the foregoing figures, dose for 
Horse weighing 1,000 lbs. is .045-.09 (gr.f-li) 
Dog " 100 " " .0045 (gr.y'a) 

(gr..V) 

(gr-iis) 

Moreover, these doses may be given every three hours 
without producing poisoning by their cumulative action. 
Notwithstanding the foregoing figures, caution should be 
exercised in prescribing strychnine to dogs, as these animals 

* Strychnince Nitras — Strychnine Nitrate, occurring in colorless, 
odorless, glistening needles, is now official. Has very bitter taste; soluble 
in 42 parts of water. Dose same as Strychnine Sulphate. Strychnince 
Hydrochloridxmi (B. P.). Dose same as Strychnine Sulphate. 



100 " 


" .0045 


50 " 


" .00225 


25 " 


" .00113 


10 " 


" .00045 



STRYCHNINE SULPHATE 403 

appear sometimes extremely susceptible to strychnine, and 
it is therefore advisable to begin with a minimum dose 
(gr. V120) ^^ small animals. 

Tlie dose of one grain should not be ordinarily exceeded 
in the case of horses, as one and one-half grains proved 
fatal in an exceptional case. If animals are depressed by 
disease or shock, they will often bear much larger doses than 
could ordinarily be administered with safety. 

Action External. — Strychnine is a powerful antiseptic, 
but is of no practical value on account of its poisonous prop- 
erties. Brucine is a local anaesthetic. 

Action Internal. — Digestive Tract. — Strychnine and 
nux vomica act as bitter stomachics in increasing vascularity, 
appetite, gastric secretion and motion. In addition to this 
they improve the local tone of the alimentary canal; prob- 
ably by exciting the various spinal centres. Strychnine also 
stimulates the intestinal muscular tunic and therefore in- 
creases peristaltic action. 

Circulation. — Experiments on animals show that the 
chief action of strychnine on the circulation consists in stim- 
ulation of the vasomotor centres with increase of blood pres- 
sure. Clinically, however, strychnine appears to accelerate 
and strengthen the heart-beat and this is thought to result 
from excitation of the cardiac ganglia and muscle. In pois- 
oning, blood tension is still further enhanced through as- 
phyxia and muscular movements occasioned by convulsions. 

^Nervous System and Muscles. — The effect of strych- 
nine, which stands preeminent before all others, consists in 
the production of greatly exaggerated reflex action. Under 
its influence slight sensory stimuli result in the most marked 
and uncontrollable motor impulses (convulsions). It is 
proved also that afl'erent impulses must reach the cord 
through the sensory tract for convulsions to occur. Section 



404 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

of the spinal cord from the brain in animals shows conclu- 
sively that strychnine convulsions are of spinal origin. 

Ingenious experiments furthermore indicate that the 
tract in the spinal cord — which is acted upon to cause in- 
creased motor responses to sensory stimuli — is situated be- 
tween the entrance of the sensory roots into the cord and 
the motor cells of the inferior cornua. Or, more precisely, 
the seat of strychnine action appears to be immediately 
adjoining the afferent side of the inferior cornual cells. 

Increased reflex excitability produced b}^ strychnine has 
been heretofore attributed to the direct stimulating action 
of the drug on the motor tract of the cord. This is appar- 
ently not the case, for, when a solution of strychnine is ap- 
plied to the cord at the level of the cells controlling the fore- 
legs, and the forelegs are irritated, there is increased con- 
traction of the hind as well as the fore limbs. The motor 
cells of the hind limbs, in this experiment, are not directly 
acted upon by strychnine at all. The action of strychnine on 
the cord is thought to be indirect. 

That in some way it removes the natural resistance to 
the passage of afferent impulses to the motor cells and there- 
fore a greater force remains to be expended on the motor 
cells (Cushny). To put it more briefly, str^'^chnine increases 
the conductivity of the cord for sensory impulses. 

In fatal strychnine poisoning general paralysis ensues 
through depression of the spinal sensory and motor centres. 
This may be imme-diate after enormous doses, with absence 
of convulsions ; or appear at the end of fatal poisoning. The 
motor nerve endings are also paralyzed but this is secondary 
in mammals to the more important paralysis of the motor 
and sensory spinal centres. The voluntary muscles and af- 
ferent nerves are unaffected by strychnine. 



STEYCHXINE SULPHATE 405 

Respiration. — It is probable that strychnine is the most 
powerful and effective respiratory stimulant we possess. 
Through its influence the respiratory movements are quick- 
ened and strengthened by therapeutic doses. It is likely the 
action, as upon other spinal centres, is indirect, /. e., the res- 
piratory centres are made to respond more forcibly to sensory 
stimuli. 

Organs of Special Sense. — The sense of sight, smell, 
hearing and touch is rendered more acute by strychnine. 

Elimination. — Strychnine escapes to some extent un- 
changed, and also as strychnic acid, in the urine. It ap- 
pears within half an hour of ingestion and may be discov- 
ered in the urine from 3 to 8 days thereafter. The greater 
l^art of strychnine is probably oxidized in the body. While 
the drug is not cumulative, in the sense of producing sudden 
and violent action following its continual use in gradually 
increasing doses, yet a tolerance for it can not be acquired. 

Administration. — For tonic purposes, strychnine may be 
given to dogs in pills or tablets, and to horses in solution 
dropped on the tongue. ISTux vomica is given to horses upon 
the food in the form of powder, or in fluid extract upon the 
tongue ; while the tincture is more appropriate for dogs. 
When large doses of strychnine are used, or an immediate 
action is desired in acute diseases and emergencies, the 
alkaloid should be given under the skin. 

Toxicology. — One-twentieth of a grain of strychnine 
nitrate, injected subcutaneously by the writer into a dog 
weighing 25 lbs., caused uneasiness and excitement, with 
protrusion of the eye-balls, and in the space of ten minutes, 
tetanic convulsions. The breathing was shallow and almost 
imperceptible, tlic pulse rapid and iregular, the lips were 
covered with foam, the tail was stiff and extended, the ears 
laid back, and there was general muscular rigidity, the 
animal lying on his side in a state of opisthotonos. This 



406 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

condition lasted about three minntes, and was followed hx a 
period of relaxation. Bnt the sliG;htest noise or irritation of 
the skin brought on convulsions. The convulsions became 
less frequent and violent, and ceased altogether within half 
an hour. The same animal was given gr. V40 of the alkaloid 
on the following day, but without producing any appreciable 
result. One-tenth of a grain, given on another day and in 
the same manner, caused immediate uneasiness and restless- 
ness, and in ten minutes induced a severe convulsion, lasting 
for three minutes, in which the animal was so rigid that he 
could be lifted bodily without bending. The ears were 
drawn back, the limbs were extended and stiff, the tail was 
straight and rigid, and there was twitching of the muscles 
of the jaw and limbs. The corners of the mouth were drawn 
back (risus sardonicus), the mouth was covered with foam, 
and there was some trismus. The breathing was nearly 
suppressed, owing to tetanic spasm of the respiratory muscles. 
Following this convulsion, the jaw dropped, the muscles re- 
laxed and another attack could not be produced by noises or 
external irritation. Some twitching of the temporal muscles 
persisted. Evidently the second stage of poisoning had en- 
sued, and the motor nerves and cells of the inferior cornua 
had become paralyzed. Death occurred in general paralysis 
within half an hour, and without any recurrence of convul- 
sions or tetanic condition. Death takes place more com- 
monly in strychnine poisoning from asphyxia, during a con- 
vulsion, and is caused by spasm of the respiratory muscles, 
or, more rarely, by spasm of the glottis. Sometimes death 
ensues, after enormous doses, in general paralysis from de- 
pression of the spinal nerve centres — without the occurrence 
of convulsions. Rarely death occurs from exhaustion be- 
tween the paroxysms. When strj'chnine is given medici- 
nally in large doses the appearance of restlessness, excite- 
ment, and muscular twitchings, should warn one of the 
danger of approaching poisoning. 



STRYCHNINE SULPHATE 407 

Tlie letlial dose for do^s has been set at gi'-i-gi'-^- 
(Kanfmaim). This is much too large, as evidenced by the 
experiment mentioned above. The fatal amount varies 
greatly in accordance with the weight of an animal; probably 
less than gr.^ would kill toy terriers, and cases are reported 
where they have been destroyed by gr.-^ of the alkaloid. 
The therapeutic dose should therefore be proportioned as 
advised, to the weight of the animal. Five to eight grains 
of nux vomica will kill dogs. 

The minimum fatal dose of strychnine for man is one- 
half a grain. Usually four to seven grains constitute a 
lethal <)uantity, but recovery has ensued following the inges- 
tion of 22 cjraius, after a full meal. 

Horses. — The toxic symptoms in horses resemble those 
already described in the dog. They do not appear for some 
time (20 minutes to 6 hours), depending on the rapidity of 
absorption when the drug is swallowed, and include excite- 
ment, muscular spasm and convulsions, increased frequency 
of the pulse, and difficult respiration. Death occurs in* con- 
vulsions or in the interim between them. The minimum 
fatal dose of strychnine, when given under the skin, is about 
1^ to 3 grains, and when swallowed, 3 to 5 grains of the 
alkaloid, or 1 to 2 ounces of nux vomica. 

Cattle are similarly affected with horses and dogs. 
There are exhibited muscular spasms, frequent pulse, diffi- 
cult respiration, sensitiveness to light, sounds and external 
stimuli, protrusion of the eye-balls and convulsions. The 
fatal dose, by the mouth, varies greatly owing to difficulty 
of absorption in the complicated and capacious digestive 
apparatus of these ruminants. This is true of all medicines. 
"When given under the skiu, the lethal dose is a little larger 
than that for horses. The fatal dose for swine is said to be 
from gr.^-gr.|. Chickens are comparatively insusceptible; 
also guinea pigs and some monkeys. 

Strychnine poisoning differs from tetanus in the fact 
that muscular rigidity is continuous in the latter, but disan- 
pears to a considerable degree, if not completely, in the 



408 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

periods between the convulsions, in the case of strychnine 
poisoning. Moreover, in tetanus the body and limbs are 
less, and the jaw more affected ; while in strychnine poison- 
ing the condition is reversed. 

Treatment. — The treatment embraces the use of chemical 
antidotes, as iodine or its salts, or tannic acid ; animal char- 
coal and emetics or the stomach tube, before absoi-ption has 
occurred. The best physiological antidote is chloral in 
large doses per rectum. Chloroform and nitrite of amy! 
may also be given by inhalation, and quiet and rest enforced. 
Artificial respiration is of service in paralysis, but not in 
convulsions, unless air be forcibly driven into the trachea 
through a cannla. Calabar bean and gelsemium both 
depress the inferior cornua, but neither are of much valua 
in strychnine poisoning. 

PcM-Mortem Appearances. — These are simply those of 
asphyxia, with the usual congestive lesions and dark fluid 
blood, except that sometimes spinal hyperemia is ob- 
served. 

Uses Internal. — The indications for the employment of 
strychnine may be directly deduced from its physiological 
actions. The indications are as follows : 

1. To stimulate the heart and respiration. 

2. To stimulate the spinal cord ; more particularly the 
motor cells of the inferior cornua. 

3. To stimulate appetite, digestion, and intestinal peri- 
stalsis in atonic conditions. 

1. Strychnine is the best remedy we can employ to 
stimulate the heart, respiration and nervous system, and to 
promote appetite and digestion in acute diseases. ' No better 
drug can be used in the treatment of pneumonia and influ- 
enza in horses. Strychnine should not be used continuously, 
but only to bridge over a period of weakness or collapse. 
It may be combineil in the first stages of pneumonia with 
nitrites, as spirit of nitrous ether, or nitroglycerin. The 
latter dilate arterioles, equalize the circulation by prevent- 
ing venous stasis, and engorgement of the right heart; while 



STRYCHNINE POISONIKG 



40» 



Strychnine is preferable to digitalis as a heart stimuhint, 
because ifc does not so powerfully contract the arterioles. 
Strychnine is useful in influenza by counteracting nervous 
depression and improving the appetite and digestion. In 
collapse and shock, following surgical operations, or in ether 
and chloroform poisoning, strychnine is invaluable as a 
cardiac and respiratory stimulant, given in large doses 
subcutaneously. In chronic heart disease, strychnine is a 
useful remedy. The alkaloid has proved extremely service- 
able in chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and in that combi- 
nation of these disorders, often associated with asthma and 
known as "broken wind" or "heaves," in horses. 

The beneficial effect in these diseases is explained by 
the stimulating action of the drug on the respiratory centres, 
and the favorable influence exerted on digestion. 

2. In mild cases of chorea in dogs, strychnine is pre- 
scribed to advantage with Fowler's solution. In accordance 
with its physiological action, strychnine is indicated in 
various paralyses of spinal origin, but should not be used 
where there is irritation or inflammation of the spinal motor 
tract. It is employed in hemiplegia and paraplegia, result- 
ing from haemorrhage, after the lapse of several weeks, when 
irritation produced by the clot has passed away. Strychnine 
is said to be efl&cacious in the after-treatment of cerebro- 
spinal meningitis of horses, and also in the paraplegia of cattle 
(from parturient fever), and that of dogs resulting from various 
and often undiscovered causes. Strychnine is serviceable 
in the paralysis of lead poisoning, and in that form caused 
by traumatism or toxaemia following influenza, distemper in 
dogs, and I'heumatism. When injected into the muscular 
tissue, the alkaloid is believed to stimulate the peripheral 
nerves and muscular fibres, and is employed with benefit in 
localized paralyses affecting groups of muscles before atro- 
phy has occurred, as in "roaring" in horses. 

Either retention or incontinence of urine, resulting from 
atony or paralysis of the bladder, may be relieved by strych- 
nine ; also prolapse of the rectum induced by similar causes. 



410 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

Strycliiiine has proved curative in some cases of amaurosis, 
when injected iu the region of the temple. 

3. Strychnine or nux vomica, associated with iron and 
arsenic, form the most generally satisfactory tonic combina- 
tion for the horse and dog, particularly with reference to 
the digestion. Atonic forms of indigestion and constipation, 
the accompaniments of ansemia, are those amenable to the 
influence of the drug, which stimulates peristalsis, and there- 
fore hinders fermentation, prevents relaxation, and so over- 
secretion from loss of vascular tone. 

Strychnine is a valuable remedy iu overloaded rumen 
and omasum, and chronic tympanitis of cattle; or in over- 
loaded and impacted large intestines of the horse. It should 
be given siibcutaneously iu these conditions, and frequently 
in combination with pilocarpine and eserine. 

Constipation, and, on the other hand, diarrhoea, are 
benefited by strychnine w^hen they are due to atony of 
the intestinal muscular coat. It is more commonly in 
the former disorder that the drug finds its usefulness. 
The aloin, strychnine and belladonna pills, with cascara 
sagrada, are useful in habitual constipation in dogs, but the 
weaker formula, containing gr.y^-jj- of strychnine, should be 
employed. The value and application of strychnine in ano- 
rexia and atonic digestive disorders has been suflficiently 
treated above. 

Class 2. — Depressing" the Inferior Cornua. 

Physostigma. Physostigma. (U. S. P.) 

Synonym. — Physostigmatis semen, B. P. ; Calabar or 
ordeal bean, faba physostigmatis, S. faba Calabarica, E. 
The seed of Physostigma venenosum. Balfour (nat. ord. 
leguminosae). 

Habitat. — Calabar and the region of the mouth of the 
Niger, in Western Africa. 

Description. — About 25 to 30 mm. long, 15 to 20 mm. 



PHYSOSTIGMA 411 

broad, and 10 to 15 mm. thick ; oblong and somewhat reui- 
form; testa granular, chocolate-brown, with a broad, black 
groove extending over the entire length of the convex edge. 
Embryo with a short, curved radicle and two large, white, 
concavo-convex cotyledons ; inodorous ; taste bean-like. 

Constituents.— The principal constituent is the alkaloid 
physostigmine, or eserine. There are also the alkaloids 
calabarine, a product resulting from the decomposition of 
eserine, and eseridine, . similar in action to eserine, but 
weaker ; and a neutral principle, physoterin, resembling 
cholesterine. 

Calabar Bean Dose. — H., gr.xv.-xxx. (1.-2.) ; D., gi-.|-i. 
fOl.'^ ^H). 

The official preparations are the extract and tinc- 
ture of physostigma, but physostigmine is solely used in 
veterinary medicine, since it is more certain and generally 
free from calabarine, which produces, in toxic doses, a 
tetanic condition followed by paralysis. 

Physostigmine Salicylas. Physostigmine Salicylate. 
Ci,H,,N30,C3;03. (U. s. p.) 

Synonym. — Eserine salicylate. The salicylate of an 
alkaloid obtained from physostigma. 

Derivation. — Physostigmine is obtained from the alco- 
holic extract of Calabar bean by dissolving the extract in 
water, adding sodium bicarbonate, shaking the mixture with 
ether, and evaporating the ethereal liquid. The salicylate 
of the alkaloid — the most stable salt — is made by adding 
physostigmine to a solution of salicylic acid in boiling 
distilled water, when the salt crystallizes on cooling. 

Properties. — Colorless, or faintly-yellowish, shining, aci- 
cular, or short, columnar crystals; odorless, and having a 
bitter taste. Soluble in 150 parts of water, and in 12 parts 
of alcohol ; in 30 parts of boiling water, and very soluble in 
boiling alcohol. (U. S. P.) 

Dose. — B.. & C, gf.i.ss.-iii. (,09-.18); D., ^r.-^^^-j\ 
(.0006-.002). 



412 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

Given usually intravenously or subcutaneously to 
horses. 

Physostigmin^ Sulphas. Physostigmine Sulphate. 
(U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — Eserine sulphate. 

The sulphate of an alkaloid obtained from physostigma. 

Properties. — A white, or yellowish-white, micro-crystal- 
line powder, odorless, and having a bitter taste. It is very 
deliquescent when exposed to moist air, and gradually turns 
reddish by exposure to air and light. Very soluble in water 
and in alcohol. 

Dose.—B.. & C, gr.i.ss. - iii. (.09-.18) ; D., gr.yio-To" 
(.0006-.002). 

Given usually intravenously or subcutaneously to 
horses. 

physostigmine. 

Action Internal. — Alimentary Tract. — The flow of saliva 
is at first stimulated, whether by direct excitation of the 
salivary cells or not, is undetermined. Salivation ceases 
when the gland is deprived of blood by general vascular con- 
traction. The peristaltic action of the stomach and bowels 
is increased by the direct local action of the alkaloid on the 
muscles or ganglia of their walls. There are three stages, in 
reference to this action, observed in poisoning. First there is 
stimulation of peristaltic action, then tetanic contraction and 
diminution of the intestinal calibre, and finally relaxation 
and dilatation of the bowels. The secretions in the digestive 
tract are augmented with the expulsion of considerable 
mucus per rectum. When the alkaloid is given to horses, 
under the skin, within the trachea or intravenously, defse- 
cation and expulsion of gas commonly occurs in the space 
of half an hour, occasionally ii a fi^w minutes, and is often 
considerable in amount (11-20 lbs. of faeces). 

Circulation. — Eserine is readily absorbed, but exerts no 



PHYSOSTIGMINE 413 

influence on the blood. Moderate doses render the cardiac 
pulsations slower and more forcible, and increase vascular 
tension. Large toxic doses cause the heart to beat more 
rapidly and less forcibly. The first effect is due probably 
to stimulation of the peripheral vagi and heart muscle, and 
possibly the involuntary muscular fibres in the vessel walls. 
The second phenomenon follows depression of the heart and 
peripheral vagi, and terminates in cardiac paralysis and 
diastolic arrest. The action on the circulation is entirely 
subordinate to the influence of the drug upon the nervous 
system, and is unimportant from a therapeutical standpoint. 

Nervous System and Muscles. — The essential physiolo- 
gical action of physostigmine consists in depressing the cells 
of the inferior cornua. This has been abundantly and di- 
rectly proved by application of the alkaloid to the spinal 
cord. The superior columns are finally depressed ; per- 
ception of pain is wanting, but that of touch persists. The 
sensory nerves are not affected, and the motor nerve trunks 
but slightly. The muscular tremors are due to stimulation 
of the voluntary muscles themselves, or to the motor nerve 
endings. These are characteristic of physostigma poisoning 
in animals, but are not so frequently observed in man. 
Calabarine may be present in old preparations of physo- 
stigma, from decomposition of physostigmine, and acts like 
strychnine on the spinal cord. In poisoning by such, cala- 
barine may induce convulsions. The involuntary muscles 
throughout the body are stimulated, including those of the 
stomach, intestines, bronchial tubes, heart, blood vessels(?), 
spleen, uterus, bladder and iris. In the case of some of these 
organs, it has not been decided whether the muscles them- 
selves, or the motor nerve terminations, are affected. 

Respiration. — The respiration is not disturbed by medi- 
cinal doses. Toxic quantities at first quicken, and then 



414 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

retard tlie respiratory movements, and death occurs from 
asphyxia, before cessation of the heart, owing to paralysis 
of the medulhiry and spinal respiratory centres. The accel- 
eration of breathing is due to the stimulation of the pulmo- 
nary vagal endings, and possibly to constriction of the 
unstriped muscle of the bronchial tubes. 

Secretions. — Secretion is generally increased, including 
that of the salivary, gastric, intestinal, sudoriparous and 
lachrymal glands. In this respect eserine is antagonistic to 
atropine. 

Etjc. — Physostigmine is a myotic, applied locally or 
administered internally. Intraocular tension is diminished 
and there is spasm of accommodation (see footnote, p. 45). 
In all probability contraction of the pupil is brought 
about by stimulation of the circular muscular fibres 
of the iris or of the oculomotor nerve endings. Eserine 
is thus directly antagonistic to atropine in its efifect 
upon the eye, but they resemble each other in that they 
both exert a local action and do not affect the irides of birds. 
Enormous doses of physostigmine paralyze the oculomotor 
nerves and dilate the pupil. 

Elimination. — Eserine is rapidly absorbed and elimin- 
ated, mainly by the urine, but also in the other secretions. 

Toxicology. — Physostigma has been called "ordeal bean," 
because native Africans suspected of crime are given the 
crude drug. Vomiting it, they are proved innocent and 
survive the ordeal. Retaining it, they die, and so are pro- 
perly and primitively punished. Animals poisoned by Cala- 
bar bean exhibit muscular tremors which continue through- 
out the toxic period, and are often so violent as to simulate 
convulsions. Soon there is loss of muscular power and the 
animal falls or lies down. The respiration becomes rapid, 
labored, and stertorous; the pulse is increased in frequency 
by large toxic doses, and the temperature slightly elevated. 
There are salivation and sweating. The pupil is sometimes 
contracted and, when enormous lethal doses have been 
injected, dilated. Vomiting occurs in animals capable of 



PHYSOSTIGMINE 415 

the act, and loud peristaltic noises are heard, followed by 
the expulsion of faeces, mucus and flatus, with colicky pains 
and tenesmus. Reflex action is diminished or abolished, 
but sensation is preserved until late in the toxic period. 
The muscles are completely relaxed and powerless, notwith- 
standing the tremors which afilict them. The breathing 
becomes weak and irregular, and death occurs from res- 
piratory failure. 

In experiments of Winslow and Muir conducted inde- 
pendently and at different times the following cases may be 
of interest : 

A healthy gelding, weighing 1,050 lbs., was strapped upon the dis- 
secting table and given three grains of eserine sulphate intrajugularly. 
Within a few minutes slight muscular tremors appeared in the neck; 
the pulse rose to 120, the respiration was 24, and the temperature nor- 
mal. There was slight sweating. The pulse soon fell to 60, and was 
strong and hard, while the respiration became rapid and labored. No 
other symptoms developing within twenty-five minutes after the first 
dose, three grains of the alkaloid were administered in the same man- 
ner as before. The pulse became more frequent (78), the respiration 
(48) was difficult, and the muscular tremors increased in violence till 
they resembled convulsions. Sweating was profuse, while saliva 
dropped freely from the mouth. The respiration and pulse wei'e now 
reduced in frequency and became weaker. The pupils were unaffected, 
but the eyes were staring. Half an hour after the second dose in- 
creased peristaltic action was evidenced by loud noises and the expul- 
sion of gas and dung. Recovery began in two hours fi'om the exhibi- 
tion of the second dose. It is possible that the severe muscular tremors 
were caused by contamination of the eserine with calabarine, as the 
former was not a fresh preparation. An aged express horse, suffering 
for a week from impaction of the colon, was given twelve minims of a 
commercial extract of calabar bean. He fell down almost immediately, 
perspired freely, exhibited muscular tremors, and expired within a few 
minutes. The writer is unable to state the minimum fatal dose for 
horses, but eserine should be used with caution in weak subjects. — 
Winslow. 



416 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

A gelding, 800 lbs., poorly nourished, tempei'ature normal, pulse 60, 
was given physostigmine sulphate gr.lj^ (0.1) in y^ drachm of water 
intrajugularly. Muscular tremors and colic came on in seven minutes; 
in eleven minutes defsecation occurred, the heart became more rapid 
and colic increased. Passages from the bowels were frequent for two 
hours — about fifteen in all — the faeces weighing twenty pounds in the 
aggregate. All symptoms abated after three hours from the time of 
receiving the drug. — MuiR.* 

A gelding, thirteen years old, in good condition and weighing 1,205 
lbs., temperature and pulse normal, was given 3 grains (0.18) of eserine 
sulphate under the skin. After thirty -two minutes elapsed, defajcation 
began and continued with the expulsion of considerable mucus and 
flatus until six passages had occurred within one hour and twentj' 
minutes. During this time the pulse had increased in frequency and 
the animal was restless and pawing the ground. An hour and a half 
after the first dose, a second dose of 3 grains (0.18) was given in the 
same way. In twenty minutes muscular tremors and weakness became 
marked, for the first time, and great distress was evident, the patient 
appearing to be in much pain ; the respiration short, jerky and labored, 
and nostrils distended and working. The evacuations continued until 
twenty-three had been passed from the time of receiving the first dose 
and until one and one-half hours after the second dose. The faeces were 
quite liquid and contained much mucus and during passage were 
attended with considerable straining. The weight of faeces aggregated 
17 lbs. Four hours after the last dose all symptoms disappeared. — 
MuiR.* 

Summary. — Full medicinal doses of physostigmine 
(gr.l^ 3), given subcutaneously or intravenously, produce 
slight to considerable colic, increased peristalsis and mucous 
secretion, muscular tremors and weakness, and frequent 
defaecation — beginning in ten to twelve minutes after intra- 
venous use, about thirty minutes or more after injection 
under the skin — and being twice as copious when the 



* Jour, of Comp. Med. and Vet. Archives, Jan. and Feb., 1899. 



PHYSOSTIGMINE 417 

former mode of administration is employed than after the 
latter. Moreover, the disagreeable accompaniments of 
purging last twice as long (five hours) after the hypodermic 
method than after the intravenous injection (two and a half 
hours). Muir deduces from his experiments that physos- 
tigmine is a safe and active cathartic for the horse and is 
free from evil after-effects ; that along with increased peris- 
talsis and mucous evacuation from the bowels there are 
colic and more rapid pulse-rate with muscular tremors and 
weakness ; that eserine acts more quickly and effectively 
when injected into the external jugular vein, and that it 
may be safely given in this manner in a dose of 3 grains 
dissolved in 30 minims of water, to horses in fair con- 
dition and of average weight. 

The toxic line is closely approached, however, when 
physostigmine is used in this way, and we should be 
careful not to cross it by exceeding the dose. Barium 
chloride acts as rapidly and without the unpleasant accom- 
paniments of purgation caused by eserine, so that the 
former is generally preferable as a cathartic for use by the 
intravenous method. 

The minimum fatal dose is stated to be from gr.^-yV 
for dogs, and gr.gJy-g^ for cats. The treatment should be 
pursued with emetics, or the stomach pump, and the anti- 
dote, atropine. The latter will prevent death in rabbits 
when given five minutes after the administration of three 
times a minimum fatal dose. Atropine should be given 
under the skin, together with alcoholic stimulants, digitalis, 
and ammonia by the mouth. Artificial respiration should 
be practised and external heat applied. The essential action 
of atropine in antagonizing eserine, consists in stimulation 
of the respiratory centres, while it depresses the peripheral 
cardiac vagi, and so, to a certain extent, counteracts the 
primary influence of eserine on the heart. Large doses of 
atropine may only exaggerate the secondary depression of 
eserine upon the peripheral vagi in the heart, and so hasten 



418 VEGETABLE DKUGS 

a fatal result. Stryclinine is antagonistic to eserine in stimu- 
lating the respiratory centres and inferior cornua. 

Uses External. — Physostigmine has been injected empir- 
ically, but it is asserted with good results, into chronic 
dropsical effusions of joints and bursse of tendons in horses, 
after removal of the fluid by aspiration. From .05-.1 gm. is 
used, dissolved in 5-10. gm. of sterile water ; and this treat- 
ment is followed by cold applications for several days after- 
wards. 

Uses Internal. — Three physiological actions of eserine 
are put to therapeutical uses. 

1. The myotic action on the eye. 

2. Stimulation of the involuntary muscles. 

3. Depression of the inferior cornua. 

1. * Eserine is useful, in alternation with atropine, to 
break up adhesions to the iris ; to lessen intraocular 
tension in glauooma ; and to prevent prolapse of the iris 
and staphyloma, after wounds and ulcers of the cornea. 
It is also employed to contract the pupil and shut out the 
light in photophobia, and to antagnoize the influence 
of atropine on the eye. The action of eserine is, however, 
not nearly so powerful or persistent as that of atropine on 
the eye, and is somewhat painful. It is employed in 1 per 
cent, solution. 

2. Physostigmine is mainly of value for its action in 
rapidly stimulating the unstriated muscles of the alimentary- 
canal. In obstinate constipation ol horses it is particularly 
useful ; 1 gr. of eserine sulphate being given intravenously 
with 3 grs. of pilocarpine sulphate; the latter to increase 
the intestinal secretions. Strychnine sulphate (gr.l) may 
be added to counteract the depressing action of eserine on 
the respiratory centres and inferior cornua. 

Physostigmine is prescribed in obstruction of the 
bowels, from twist or intussusception in the horse, and 
while there is danger that the condition may bo aggravated 
by the increased intestinal movement, yet it may be 
employed when high rectal injections and elevation of 

* See page 45. 



PHYSOSTIGMINE 419 

the hind quarters of the patient fail. The alkaloid, in com- 
bination with pilocarpine, is serviceable for its speedy 
action in flatulent colic and impaction of the csecum, colon, 
and rectum in horses, and has been employed to expel 
calculi and foreign bodies from the intestines. 

Physostigmine is contraindicated in spasmodic colic, 
when it may increase the trouble by exciting intense peri- 
staltic contractions. Its employment is also attended with 
some danger in overloaded or greatly distended stomach 
or bowels, in view of possible rupture of these organs. The 
drug, like other purgatives, may aggravate the damage pro- 
duced by twist or intussusception. 

In atonic conditions of the stomach and bowels, and in 
indigestion due to chronic intestinal catarrh, small and 
repeated doses of eserine are sometimes of benefit. In cat- 
tle, eserine (gr -i.) and pilcocarpine (gr.-iii.) subcutaneously 
are of great value in impaction of the rumen and omasum, 
in acute gastritis, and in parturient apoplexy, to quickly 
empty the digestive canal. 

Eserine has been employed in chronic bronchitis, asth- 
ma and emphysema, to improve the tone of the bronchial 
mucous membranes and expel secretions. 

3. Eserine is one of the drugs commonly used in the 
treatment of tetanus in human and veterinary practice, with 
only a moderate degree of success. It must be employed 
early, given every three or four hours, and pushed to the 
physiological limit. Chorea and epilepsy have been treated 
with eserine without any pathological basis, as far as epil- 
epsy is concerned, and with little therapeutic advantage in 
either instance. In some cases of paraplegia, resulting from 
myelitis, a favorable effect has been obtained in man. 
Eserine is an appropriate purgative (hypodermatically) in 
acute encephalitis. 

Physostigmine and pilocarpine are the two best anti- 
dotes in atropine poisoning. Eserine has been used in 



420 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

strychnine poisoning, but is inferior to chloral, bromides 
and anaesthetics, and while it is antagonistic to a certain 
extent, and alters the character of strychnine convulsions, 
yet animals die more quickly when poisoned by both strych- 
nine and eserine, than by strychnine alone. 

Gelsemium, Gelsemium. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — Radix gelsemii, yellow jessamine, E.; racine 
de jasmin jaune, Fr.; gelber jasmin-wurzel, G. The rhizome 
or roots of Gelsemium sempervirens (Linne) Persoon (nat. 
ord. Loganiace?e). 

Habitat. — Southern United States. 

Description. — Cylindrical, long, or cut in sections, mostly 
from 5 to 15 mm. and occasionally 3 cm. thick, the roots 
much thinner ; externally light yellowish-brown, with pur- 
plish-brown longitudinal lines; tough; fracture splintery; 
bark thin, with silky bast-fibre closely adhering to the pale, 
yellowish, porous wood, which has fine medullary rays, and 
in the rhizome a thin pith ; odor aromatic, heavy ; taste 
bitter. 

Constituents. — The most important is the first alkaloid. 
1. Gelsemine, Cs^HegN^Oij. A colorless, crystallizable, bitter 
principle, soluble in alcohol and ether, and slightly in 
water. 2. Gelseminine, a brown, amorphous, bitter alkaloid. 
3. Gelseminic acid. 4. A volatile oil. 

Dosc—B.., 3 i.-ii. (4.-8.); D., gr.v.-x. (.3-.6). 

PREPARATIONS. 

Fluidextractum Gelsemii. Fluidextract of Gelsemium. 
(U. S. P.) 
Made by maceration, percolation and evaporation, so that 1 Cc. 
= 1 Gm. of tlie crude drug. 

Dose.— H., 3 i.-ii. (4.-8.); D., mv..x. (.3-.6). 

Tinctura Oelsemii. Tincture of Gelsemium. (U. S. & B. P.) 
Gelsemium, 100; alcohol and water to make 1,000. Made by 
maceration and percolation. (U. S. P.) 

Dose.-B.,, 3ss.-i. (15.-30.); D., mxv.- 3 i. (1.-4.). 



GELSEMINE 421 

Oelsemina. Gelsemine. 
(Non-official and uncertain in strength.) 
Dose.—B.., gr. \-\ (.015-.03); D., gr-Jg-^L (.001-.002). 

Action External. — None. 

Action Interned. — Gelsemium exerts no action on the 
digestive apparatus, or on the blood, after its absorption; 
neither does it ajffect the circulation in medicinal doses, but 
in toxic quantities it directly depresses the heart. The 
influence of the drug on the vasomotor system is unknown. 

Nervous System and 3Iuscles. —The prominent effect of 
gelsemium is directed on the nervous system, as evidenced 
by paralysis and convulsions after large doses. Both the 
convulsant and paralyzant action are of spinal origin. That 
the convulsions are not cerebral is shown by the fact that 
they occur below the point of section in mammals (under 
the influence of the drug), with divided spinal cord. That 
they are not peripheral is proved by their occurrence in the 
hind extremities when the posterior aorta is tied before the 
animal is poisoned. The paralyzant action of gelsemium is 
due to direct depression of the cells of the inferior cornua, 
and this is followed, in the later stages of poisoning, by 
depression of the motor nerve endings and spinal sensory 
tract, with general anaesthesia. 

The cause of the secondary convulsions is undeter- 
mined. A tetanizing principle in gelsemium, antagonistic to 
gelsemine, such as we find in physostigma, has been thought 
to be the cause of the convulsions. The muscles, motor 
(except those of the face) and sensory nerves are unaffected 
by gelsemium. 

Respiration. — Gelsemium, in toxic doses, progressively 
weakens and paralyzes the medullary and spinal respiratory 
centres, and death occurs from asphyxia. 

Eye. — In pcisoning, in animals, there is dilatation of the 
pupil produced in the latest stages of the toxic period. In 
man, there is, in addition to this, paralysis and drooping of 
the eyelids (ptosis), and paralysis of the recti muscles with 



42^ 



VEGETABLE DRUGS 



strabismus. These symptoms have been attributed with 
apparent reason to paralysis of the motor cells in the floor 
of the fourth ventricle and aqueduct of Sylvius, since they 
are a prolongation of the spinal motor tiact. As the pupil 
is dilated, however, by the application of much smaller 
doses than are required by the mouth, it seems probable 
that mydriasis results from local paralysis of the oculo- 
motor nerve endings. 

Toxicology. — Poisoning in animals is exhibited by mus- 
cular weakness, especially in the fore legs, staggering gait 
and falling. These symptoms are followed by convulsive 
movements of the muscles of the head, fore legs, and some- 
times of the hind legs. The I'espiration is slow and difficult, 
the pulse feeble ; temperature is reduced, and there is 
sweating. Consciousness is preserved until the occurrence 
of asphyxia. Death takes place from respiratory failure, 
with almost simultaneous cardiac arrest. Morphine sub- 
cutaneously has proved a successful antidote. Respiratory 
and heart stimulants should be employed in poisoniug by 
gelsemium, such as strychnine, atropine, alcohol, and digi- 
talis, together with artificial respiration, after evacuation of 
the stomach. 

Uses. — Gelsemium possesses little value in veterinary 
medicine. There is no therapeutic use to which it has been 
put that cannot be filled to better advantage by some other 
remedy. Thus, gelsemium has been employed as a cardiac 
depressant and antipyretic in acute diseases (pneumonia 
and pleurisy), but its other actions are disadvantageous and 
it is inferior to aconite, veratrum viride, or the modern anti- 
pyretics. In spasmodic diseases, irritable cough, vesical irri- 
tation, tetanus, chorea, etc., it is less satisfactory as a motor 
depressant than opium, belladonna, chloral, and bromides. 
Zuill, however, reports very successful results in horses from 
gelsemine (.08 Gm.) in tetanus. The dose should be given 
under the skin every half hour till muscular relaxation 
occurs. The drug has been used considerably to relievO 
rheumatic and neuralgic pains, but these succumb mori» 



TOBACCO '423 

readily to opium, coal tar products, etc. As a mydriatic, 
gelsemine is not to be compared with atropine for general 
purposes, but its action is niore transient. A solution (gr. 8- 
3 i.) is instilled (in man) in drop doses every fifteen minutes 
for one hour, and then every thirty minutes for two hours, 
to secure wide dilatation of the pupil; or discs, containing 
gr. ^/soo of gelsemine (with gelatine) are used for application 
to the eye. 



SECTION III.— DEOJGS ACTING CHIEFLY ON THE 
MOTOR NERVES. 

Class I. — Depressing the Motor Nerves. 

Tabacum. Tiobacco. 

Synonym. — Tabaci folia, B. P. 

The commercial dried leaves of Nicotiana Tabacum 
Linne (nat. ord. solanacese). 

i?rt&i^a^.— Tropical America. Cultivated in various 
temperate and tropical parts of the earth. 

Description. — The leaves are up to 50 Cm. long, oval 
or ovate-lanceolate, acute, entire, brown, friable, glandular- 
hairy, of a heavy, peculiar odor and a nauseous, bitter and 
acrid taste. 

Constituents. — Chiefly nicotine, Cjo H^^ Ng (0.7-5.-10 
per cent.). A colorless, volatile, oily alkaloid, resembling 
tobacco in odor and taste. Freely soluble in alcohol and 
ether ; less so in water. Nicotine is decomposed by heat and 
therefore tobacco smoke contains little of it, but in its stead, 
pyridine Cg Hg N, and various allied alkaloids, viz. : picoline, 
Cg H7 N; lutidine, C7 H9 N; rubidine, C^ Hj^ N; coridine, 
C10H15N; parvoline, CgHigN; and collidine, C^TIjjN; 



424 VEGETABLE DKUGS 

together with small amounts of sulphur, creosote, acetic 
and hydrocyanic acids and carbton compounds. Pyridine 
resembles nicotine in depressing the central nervous system 
and motor nerves and in paralyzing respiration, and is said 
to be formed more in pipe smoke, while, in the smoker of 
cigars, the less harmful collidine is produced by dry dis^ 
lillation. Nicotine exists to a very slight degree in Turjcisli 
tobacco. . , 

Dose.— Nicotine, H. & C, gr. V66-V20 (•001-.003).. , 



ACTION OF TOBACCO AND NICOTINE. 

Action External. — Tobacco is a local anodyne, antiseptic 
and parasiticide. ■ ; 

Action Internal. — Digestive Tract. — Tlie physiological 
effect of tobacco is due to nicotine. Nicotine increases peri- 
staltic action and, in large- doses, causes tetanic spasm of the 
intestines, even when it is injected into the blood. In toxic 
quantities nicotine is a powerful gastro-intestiiial irritant,' 
and produces the usual symptoms of pain, vomiting (in ani- 
mals capable of the act), purging and collapse. 

Circulation. — The action of nicotine on the circulation 
is complicated. The chief effect is ^ due to prinaary stimula- 
tion of the vagus centre, with slowing of the pulse, followed 
shortly by depression of this centre and heart muscle with 
feeble and rapid pulse — after large toxic doses. In the same 
manner there is a transient stimulation followed b}- depres- 
sion of the vasoconstrictor centres with consequent primary 
rise and subsequent fall in blood tension. 

Nervous System and Muscles. — Nicotine acts first to 
stimulate the reflex excitability of the spinal cord, medulla 
and hind brain in large doses— but this action is quickly 
followed by depression and paralysis of the whole central 
nervous system and motor nerves. The muscles and sensory 
nerves escape its influence. All sympathetic ganglia are 
first stimulated and then depressed by nicotine.' 



' ' ACTIOX OF TOBACCO A2sD JS'ICOTINE 425 

" Respiration. — The respiratory centres are primarily 
stiWilated but later depressed and paralyzed by fatal doses 
of nicotine and death occurs throngh respiratory failure. 

."• Secretidns. — The secretions of sweat, saliva and bron- 
chial iliucus are at first increased and then diminished by 

• the action of nicotine in stimulating and then depressing 
the ganglia in the- course of the secretory nerves. 

' '. • I^ye. — j^^icotine affects the pupil variously. It is trans- 
iently dilated in the dog and cat; constricted in the rabbit; 
and, in man, contraction is followed by dilation. These 
differences appear to depend upon whether the drug stimu- 
lates- more the sympathetic (dilation) or the oculomotor 
(contraction) ganglia. 

EI ijni not ion. ■—^icotme is in part destroyed by the liver. 

'It is also elimi'natecl chiefly by the kidneys but also is found 
in the saliva and sweat. 

Toxicology: — Nicotine is one of the most powerful and 
rapidly acting poisons. When sw^allowed, it causes, in ani- 
mals, local irritation and pain in the throat and stomach ; 
muscular tremors and weakness, on account of which the 
animal falls. These symptoms are followed, first, by severe 
tonic and' clonic convulsions, and then by abolition of volun- 
tary motion and quittude. There are vomiting (in the case 
of some animals), purging and micturition. The respira- 
tion is at first shallow and rapid, but becomes weaker and 
slower, and death occurs from respiratory failure and general 
collapse. The pulse is primarily slow and intermittent, but 
later becomes rapid. The treatment of poisoning consists in 
evaciiation of the stomach ; the use of tannic acid ; respira- 
tory and heart stimulants, as strychnine, atropine, and alco- 
hol ; together with external heat and artificial respiration. 
The minimum lethal dose is about one drachm of tobacco, or 
one minim of nicotine, for small dogs. For horses, five to ten 
drops of nicotine or one-half pound of tobacco. 

Uses., — ^^Tobacco is nQt a particularly valuable medicinal 
agent. Its internal action is often violent, and causes great 



42G VEGETABLE DRUGS 

nausea. Absorption and poisoning may follow its external 
application in the smaller animals. The drug may be em- 
ployed for four purposes, as follows : 

1. As a local sedative. 

2. As a parasiticide. 

3. As a motor depressant. 

4. As a cathartic. 

External. — 1. Tobacco is an efl&cieut sedative in decoc- 
tion (1-40), for relieving pruritus ani and vulvae. It must be 
remembered that absorption and poisoning may occur when 
larger amounts are used externally than can be administered 
with safety by the mouth. 

2. The latter remark applies also to the use of tobacco 
decoctions in killing parasites on the skin, such as the 
acari of mange and scab, together with lice and fleas. 
There are other agents which are as efficient and less dan- 
gerous (creolin). A decoction can be made by boiling 
tobacco (2.5) with water (130), salt (5), and wood ashes (10), 
for three hours, as recommended by Ostertag. 

InteoiiaL—S. Tobacco has been employed as a motor 
depressant in spasmodic disorders, such as asthma, tetanus 
(given by the rectum or under the skin), and strychnine 
poisoning, but it is inferior to, and more dangerous than, 
other drugs. 

4. The Germans prescribe tobacco to stimulate peri- 
stalsis in ruminants, in doses of 2 ounces, with one-half 
pound of common salt and one pound of Glauber's salts for 
cattle ; and for sheep, ^ ounce, with 2 ounces of salt and 3 
ounces of Glauber's salts. Tobacco was given formerly in 
colic and intestinal obstruction, but this use is obsolete. 
The decoction (1-2 per cent.) may be injected into the 
rectum of horses, in non-toxic quantities, to kill oxyurides 
and ascarides, and to excite peristalsis and relieve spasm 
in colic. 

Tobacco smoke is sometimes used in the same manner 
to destroy worms in the lower bowels. 



coNiUM . 427 

CoNiUM. Conium. 

Synonym. — Conii folia, B. P.; hemlock fruit, E.; fruits 
de graude cigue, Fr.; scliierliugsfriichte, G. 

The full grown fruit of Conium maculatum Linne (nat. 
ord. umbelliferse), gathered while yet green. 

Habitat. — Indigenous to Europe and Asia, but natura- 
lized in the United States. 

Description. — About 3 mm. long; broadly ovate; later- 
ally compressed; grayish-green; often divided into the two 
mericarps, each with five crenate ribs, without oil-tubes, and 
containing a seed which is grooved on the face ; odor and 
taste slight. When triturated with a solution of potassium 
or sodium hydrate, conium gives off a strong, disagreeable, 
mouse-like odor. Conium fruit resembles carraway and 
anise seed, but these have oil-tubes or vitt?e. 

Constituents. — There are two essential principles in 
conium : conine, or coniine, and methyl-coniine. 

1. Coniue, Cg Hj, N, is a yellowish, oily, volatile liquid 
a,lkaloid, of an odor resembling that of mouse urine, and 
acrid taste. It is freely soluble in alcohol and ether, and 
is soluble in 100 parts of water, with which it forms a 
hydrate. It undergoes decomposition when exposed to air 
and heat, and becomes first brown aud then resin-like. For 
this reason the alkaloid is uncertain in its physiological 
action, but its salts (the hydrobromate and acetate) are 
more stable and reliable. Conine may be obtained by dis- 
tillation of the fruit with an alkaline water. 

2. Methyl-coniine, C, Hj^ C N, is a colorless liquid. 

3. There is also a nearly inert and crystalline alkaloid, 
conhydrine. 

Incompatihility. — Vegetable acids, caustic alkalies and 
astringents are incompatible with conium. 

Conium Dose. — H. & C, 3 i.-ii. (4.-8.); Sh, & Sw,, gr.x.- 
XX. (.6-1.3); D., gr.ii.-v. (.12-.3). 

Conince Hijdrohromidum. — H. & C, gr.|-l4- (.045-.1) ; Sh. 
& Sw., gr. -1-1 (.012-.024) ; D., gr.^-^ (.001-.d02). 

Dissolved in alcohol. 



428 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

PREPARATIONS. 

Fluidextractum Conii. Fluidextract of Conium. (U. S. P.) 
Made by maceration and percolation with acetic acid and diluted 
alcohol, and evaporation so that 1 cc. = 1 gm. of the crude drug. 
Standarized to contain 0.45 gni. of coniine in each 100 cc. of the fluid- 
extract. 

Dose.— H. & C, 3i.-ii. (4.-8.); Sh. & Sw., mx.-xx. (.6-1.3); D., 
TTlii.-v. (.12-.3). 

SuccuH Conii (B. P.).— D. & C, 3 i.-ii. 
Tine. Conii (B. P.).— D. & C, 3 ss.-i. 
Ung. Conii (B. P.). 

ACTION OF CONIUM AND CONINE. 

ExterrMl. — Conine is an irritant applied to mucous 
membranes. Conium is thought to act as a local sedative 
upon raw surfaces. Physiological experiments show that 
the sensory nerves are but slightly depressed. 

Internal. — Circulation. — Conium has little effect upon 
the digestive apparatus, except in toxic doses, when it may 
cause irritation, vomiting and diarrhoea. It is absorbed and 
produces ])rimary acceleration of the pulse, probably owing 
to paralysis of the ganglia of the pneumogastric, followed 
by a fall in the pulse rate. The action on the circulation is 
insignificant compared to that on the nerves. 

Nervous System and Muscles. — The predominant action 
of coniniu consists in paralyzing the voluntary and in- 
voluntary muscles, with loss of motion but without loss 
of consciousness or sensation. That this effect is due 
to paralysis of the motor nerves has been proved by 
poisoning frogs with conium after ligature of the aorta, so 
that the blood supply to the hind legs was cut off. Failure 
of motion and reaction to galvanism occurs in the fore legs, 
bat irritation of the paralyzed fore legs causes reflex con- 
traction of the posterior extremities. This experiment shows 
that the motor nerves are paralyzed in the fore legs, but 
that the sensory nerves and spinal cord retain their func- 
tional activity. The afferent nerves are somewhat depressed 
by enormous doses. The brain and spinal cord are slightly 



ACTION OF CONIUM AND CONINE 429 

affected by coninm. The convnlsions occurring in conium 
poisoning appear, nevertheless, to be of central origin, 
although consciousness is retained until the stage of asphy- 
xia. The special senses are somewhat interfered with (sight). 
The motor cells of the inferior cornua are slightly depressed 
b}'^ methyl-coniine, which influences the cord as well as the 
motor nerves, but it is considerably less active than conine. 
The muscles are primarily unaffected. 

Eye. — The pupil is dilated (not constantly) and ptosis 
is observed in. poisoning by conium, owing to paralysis of 
the oculomotor nerve endings. If conine is dropped into 
the eye, primary contraction, due to reflex irritation, is soon 
succeeded by dilatation of the pupil. 

Respiration. — The spinal and medullary respiratory 
centres are finally depressed by lethal doses of conium, and 
this result, together with paralysis of the terminations of 
the nerves of the diaphragm, causes death by asphyxia. 

Elimination. — Conine is excreted by all channels, but 
mainly in the urine. 

Toxicology. — The minimum fatal dose of conium is un- 
certain, owing to the proueuess of the alkaloid to decompo- 
sition, and to the volatility and the variable amount con- 
tained in the crude drug. A few drops of the alkaloid will 
kill small cats and dogs. Herbivora, as goats, sheep and 
horses, are less susceptible than carnivora. 

The domestic animals occasionally become accidentally 
poisoned by eating hemlock at pasture. The symptoms 
exhibited are duluess, loss of muscular power (at first in 
the hind legs), stumbling and falling, or lying down. We 
observe, also, nausea, salivation (sometimes amaurosis), 
dilatation of the pupil and ptosis, sweating, and often mus- 
cular tremors and clonic convulsions. The pulse becomes 
slow and feeble, the breathing faint, the surface cold and 
clammy, and the animal often lies as still as though dead, so 
complete is the paralysis. Death finally occurs from asphy- 
xia, frequently associated with coma. The respiration ceases 
before the heart-beat. The urine of poisoned animals may 



430 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

be used as a physiological test iu frogs, to decide doubtful 
cases. The treatment of poisoning consists in evacuation of 
the stomach and the use of tannic acid, artificial respiration, 
external heat, and respiratory and cardiac stimulants, as 
strychnine, atropine and alcohol. The post-mortem appear- 
ances are those of asphyxia, with sometimes evidences of 
gastro-iutestinal irritation. 

Administration.— Couixxm. is best given in the form of 
the fluid extract or hydrobromate of the alkaloid. The 
English use the succus conii, of which the dose for the horse 
is 3 ii.-iv.; dog, 3 ss.-i.; but it is inferior to the fluid extract 
and often inert. The initial dose of any preparation should 
be small, on account of the variation in strength, but 
should be rapidly increased until physiological effects are 
evident. 

Uses External. — Conium is occasionally applied extern- 
ally as a poultice of the leaves, or in ointment (equal parts 
of cerate and extract of conium), to relieve pain of sores, 
ulcers, malignant growths, rheumatism and neuralgia. It is 
thought to be both resolvent and curative on cancers and 
tumors, but without sufficient basis. It relieves pain when 
pain is due to spasm. 

Uses Internal. — Conium is rarely used in veterinary 
medicine on account of the uncertainty of its preparations 
and natural therapeutic limitations. Conium has been em- 
ployed as a motor depressant in many diseases, but should 
only be prescribed for spasm due to irritation of nerve 
trunks or endings ; not for spasmodic conditions of central 
origin. In tetanus and strychnine poisoning, it is valueless, 
and is not wholly antagonistic (tremois and conviilsions) in 
convulsive disorders. When an animal poisoned with strych- 
nine is given paralytic doses of conium, the tetanic spasms 
of strychnine still persist. The drug has been prescribed in 
chorea, however, and with temporary benefit, when the con- 
vulsive movements were so severe as to threaten life. 



COCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE 431 

SECTION IV.— DEUGS ACTING ON THE 
SENSORY NERVES. 

Class 1. — Depressing- the Sensory Nerves. 

Cocaine Hydrochloridum. Cocaine Hydrocliloride.* 
C,, R, N O, H CI. (U. S. & B. P.) 

The hydrochloride of an alkaloid obtained from coca 
(or cuca) leaves. These are derived from the Erythroxylon 
coca Lamarck (nat ord, Lineje). Cultivated in Peru and 
Bolivia and introduced into medicine by KoUer in 1884. 

Derivation. — Cocaine hydrochloride is recovered by 
agitating an acidulated alcoholic solution of coca leaves with 
ether. The ethereal liquid is made alkaline with sodium 
carbonate and evaporated. The residue is purified, decolor- 
ized, neutralized with hydrochloric acid, and finally crystal- 
lized. 

Description. — Colorless, transparent crystals, or a white, 
crystalline ])owder ; without odor ; of a saline, slightly bitter 
taste, and producing upon the tongue a tingling sensation, 
followed by numbness of some minutes' duration. Perma- 
nent in the air. Soluble in 0.4 part of water, and in 2.6 
parts of alcohol ; very soluble in boiling water and in boiling 
alcohol; also soluble in 2,800 parts of ether, or in 17 parts 
of chloroform. The prolonged application of heat to the 
salt, or to its solution, induces decomposition. The salt is 
neutral to litmus paper. 

Dose.—B.., gr.v.-x. (.3-.6); D., gr.M (.008-.045). 

Action External. — Solutions of cocaine (4-10 per cent.), 
applied to mucous membranes, pi'oduce perfect local anaes- 
thesia by paralyzing the sensory nerve endiiigK. The 
functions of the nerves of special sense are abolished before 
those of ordinary sensibility. Stronger solutions paralyze 
the motor nerve terminations. The local application of 
cocaine causes pallor of the mucous membrane, which is 
succeeded by redness and congestion. The first condition 

* These are also official : 

Oleatum Cocaiiue (5 per cent.) U. S. P. 
ITiujuentnm Cocaime (4 per cent.) B. P. 
Iiijeetio Cocainm Hypodermica (10 per cent.) B. P. 



432 ■ . VEGETABLE DHUGS 

follows constiictipn of tlie superficial Mood vessels, wliicb 
is said to be due to tonic contraction of the smooth muscular 
fibres of the vessel walls. The secondary vascular relaxa- 
tion, and tendency' to 'congestion in. parts subjected to 
cocaine anae -thesia, lessens ^flle resistance of the tissues 
(especially of sensitive st'riictlir^s,; as the eye) to the irri- 
tation of antiseptics and bacterial products. Therefore, 
surgical operations perfoim'ed under' cocaine anaesthesia are 
somewhat more prone tivbe followed by inflammation,* 

Action Inter uaL^- Digefilive Tract. — Cocaine exerts a local 
anaesthetic action upon the gastric mucous membrane, and 
in this way lessens the appetite and sometim6s*stops vomit- 
ing. Intestinal peristalsis is increased by moderate doses, 
but is decreased and destroyed by' the paralytic action of 
large doses of cocaine. ' , ■ 

, Nervous System.-^QvdinaYj medicinal doses produce no 
marked effect upon the .nervous system, except sdme mental 
exhilaration. Full dcjses of cocaine stimulate the psychical 
functions of the brain and cause intoxication, which is fol- 
lowed, in j^oisoning, by stupor and convulsions. The con- 
vulsions are mainly of cerebi;al origin, but may be due in 
part to irritation of the spinal reflex centres. These latter 
centres are first stimulated by toxic doses, but depression 
and paralysis of the spinal cord follows; the sensory before 
the motor tract. The sensory nerves are paralyzed and the 
motor nerves depressed by toxic doses. The voluntary 
muscles are stimulated by medicinal doses of cocaine, and 
the alkaloid relieves fatigue and, experimentally, more than 
doubles the response to stimuli in wornout muscles. Volunr 
tary muscles are paralyzed by the local application of large 
quantities of cocaine. 

Circulaiion. — The action of cocaine upon the heart and 
vessels is not very marked, except in poisoning. The alkal- 
oid is, however, a slight cardiac stimulant in moderate doses, 
increasing the pulse-rate and tension. The action upon the 
i>e;irt is caused by depression of the cardio-inhibitory 

* Refers to use' of strqng soiutions. ' Cocaine applied locally to the eye stimu- 
lates the endings of th« sympathetic nerve and dilates the pupil, constricts the 
blood vessels of the conjuhctiva and iris, ahd causes some exophthalmos and 
reduction of intraocular tension. -. • 



COCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE . 433 

centres, and sometimes as well by depression of the' cardiac 
inliibitory ganglia. Vas6nlar tension is increased' because 
of stifnulation of the medullary Vasomotor centre's, smooth 
inuscle, of the vessel walls, .and because of the increased 
ac.tion of ;the heart. On the oSHer hand, both minute and 
large doses may diminish the pulse rate.; 

'Respiration. — Cocaine ..is a;, respiratory stimulant in 
^ medicinal doses, but a paralyzant in toxic amounts. The 
respiratory centres are first stimulated and the breathing is 
made deeper and quicker. , Depression and paralysis of the 
respiratory centres .fojlow ; cyanosis supervenes, and the 
respirations are shallow and irregular. • Death occurs from 
asphyxia. ,' ' ■ , ■ , •• 

Temperature. — The body hea£ is elevated, sometimes to 
an excessive degree, by poisonous dOses of cocaine. Medi- 
cinal dose$ doVnOt affect the temperature. The rise of tem- 
perature isi said to follow .increased heat production. 

• Kidneys.— The greater part of the cocaine absorbed is 
oxidized withijn the body. The smaller part is eliminated 
by the kidneys.- Experimental- evidence concerning the 
influence of the alkaloid upon the isecretion and composition 
of the urine is conflicting and indefinite. 

Toxicology. T-M.odev able: doses' produce in dogs mental 
exhilaration and joyousness, so^that they bark and jump 
about with deljight. ' Poisoning with large doses (gr.^ of 
cocaine to 2 lbs. of live weight) may be divided into three 
stages. In the first stage, there is restlessness, anxiety and 
terror, with rhythmical movements. Noises frighten the 
animal and he fails to recognize his master. The second 
stage is characterized by a joyous, condition, in which dogs 
bark, dance about and lick people's hands. In the third 
stage, weakness and nervous' phenomena appear, — as mus- 
cular twitching, rhythmical movements, a pendulum-like 
motion of the head, convulsions and stupor. There is dys- 
pnoea, feeble pulse and failing respiration.. In an experiment 
upon a Newfoundland dog, weighing about 100 lbs., con- 
ducted by the writer,;there were<n.o symptoms produced by 
3 grains of cocaine .micjer the skin, .Except dilation of the 



434 VEGETABLE DKUGS 

pupils and a constant" lapping with the tongue. In man, an 
amount of cocaine exceeding gr.f should not be employed 
under the skin, or upon mucous membranes, and death has 
occurred in susceptible patients from even smaller doses. 
The most powerful action follows the use of cocaine in very 
vascular parts, as about the face. One-half a grain of cocaine 
given subcutaneously to a girl of eleven years old, was fol- 
lowed by a fatal result in 40 seconds, and the writer has seen 
violent convulsions produced by the instillation of a few 
drops of a 2 per cent, solution into the eye of a man. On 
the other hand, spontaneous recovery has obtained in the 
human subject after the ingestion of 22 grs. of the alkaloid. 
In the horse, a toxic dose of cocaine (5 i.) causes restless- 
ness and excitement, muscular twitching and trembling, 
rhythmical movements of head (as nodding and weaving), 
dilated pupils and salivation, culminating within an hour 
in a state of acute mania and intense excitement. These 
symptoms are followed by gradual recovery after the lapse 
of a few hours. Three grains of cocaine given under the 
skin, will sometimes induce nervous excitement in susceptible 
horses. The treatment of dangerous forms of cocaine poison- 
ing, with respiratory and heart failure, consists in the use 
of opium and rapidly acting stimulants, as morphine sul- 
phate under the skin, nitroglycerin upon the tongue, and 
strychnine, atropine and brandy subcutaneously. 

Uses External. — Cocaine and its synthetic chemical 
substitutes are the most valuable agents we possess to cause 
complete local anaesthesia for surgical purposes.* The opera- 
tions most suitable for the hypodermatic application of 
cocaine are included in the following: 
Removal of tumors. Opening of abscess. 

Docking and pricking the tail. Injuries and operations upon the 

Tarsal tenotomy. eyeballs and eyelids. 

Firing. Operations about the feet in horses. 

Neurectomy. Operations upon mucous membranes. 

Laparotomy in bitches. 

The alkaloid may also be employed to dilate the pupil 
for examination of the eye, and to detect lameness. In a 
case of doubtful foot lameness in the horse, injection of 



* Cocaine in surgery can often be combined most advantageously 
with adrenalin. (See p. 639.) 



COCAINE HYDROCHLOEIDE 435 

cociiine into tbe plantar nerve trunk, on either side of the 
leg and a little above the point of selection for plantar neu- 
rectomy, will often completely abolish sensation in the foot. 
This fact may be determined by pricking the soft parts 
above the hoof. If there is complete anaesthesia of the foot, 
and the seat of lameness be situated therein, the horse will 
go sound while the anaesthesia lasts. This method may be 
taken advantage of in the diagnosis of localized lameness 
elsewhere. If cocaine is injected over an area (suspected to 
be the cause of lameness), and the animal goes sound while 
the cocaine anaesthesia lasts, the site of lameness becomes 
certain. 

It has been discovered that injections of powerful 
cocaine solutions into a sensory nerve trunk will paralyze its 
sensibility throughout its peripheral distribution (regional 
anaesthesia). When ligation of a limb, or part, can be 
secured between the operative field and the heart, the 
anaesthetic action of cocaine is more profound and toxic 
symptoms are less liable to occur, since the drug is drained 
away in the blood during the operation. Many operations 
can be performed under cocaine, as neurectomy, firing, 
tenotomy, etc., without casting the horse. In using cocaine 
for the removal of tumors, or opening of abscess, the solu- 
tion is injected at several points in a circle about the base 
of the tumor or abscess, and not in the inflamed tissue of 
the latter. Following the first injection, the succeeding 
applications may be made painless by inserting the needle 
within the area made anaesthetic by the previous injection 
(circumferential anaesthesia). 

The amount of cocaine solution to be injected is of 
importance. This depends upon the strength of the solu- 
tion, the weight and species of the animal, and the seat of 
application. A solution stronger than 4 per cent, is irritat- 
ing to the eye. The stronger cocaine solutions (5 to 10 per 
cent.) are more powerful paralyzants to the sensory nerves, 
and are advisable when they can be used with safety, but a 
4 or 2 per cent, or even a much weaker solution, will ordin- 



436 YEGETABLE DRUGS 

ariiy produce an?esthesi;i when introduced under the skin. 
In the horse, subcutaneoits injection of a 5 or 10 per cent, 
solution may be made to the amount of 2 drachms of the 
former, or 1 drachm of the latter solution (cocaine, gr.6). 
Larger doses may induce restlessness, excitement, etc., 
which, although not indicative of danger, may interfere with 
.operative procedures. When larger quantities are desirable, 
2^ drachms of a 4 per cent, solution, or 5 drachms of a 2 per 
cent, solution, may be employed (equivalent to 6 grs. of the 
alkaloid), or Schleich's solution may be utilized. Not more 
than 7 to 15 drops of a 10 per cent, solution should be 
injected into dogs. This is equivalent to gr.| and gr.l| of 
the alkaloid. Three-quarters of a grain of cocaine is a safe 
limit of dosage for small dogs. If a 2 or 4 per cent, solution 
is employed, 30 M. of the former, or 15 M. of the latter 
solution (equivalent to gr.f of cocaine) may be injected. 
When larger amounts of the anaesthetic solution are in- 
dicated for dogs, Schleich's method of infiltration is appro- 
priate (infiltration anaesthesia). 

This method depends upon the fact that the pressure 
of saline solutions injected into the tissues causes a benumb- 
ing of. the sensory nerves, and also upon the anaesthetic 
action of minute doses of cocaine and morphine. Schleich's 
solution may be used in any amount and can be made con- 
veniently from the tablets prepared by chemists. The 
ordinary solution contains : 

1 part of cocaine hydrochloride. 

2 parts of common salt. 

0.1 part of morphine hydrochloride. 
In 1 ,000 parts of sterile water. 

Note.— Since writing the above, it has been found that the morphine in 
'Schleich's solution is an irritant rather than a local anaesthetic, and when large 
quantities of cocaine or eucaine are to be used under the skin— or danger is, tor 
any reason, to be anticipated— the writer would strongly advise the employment of 
a normal salt solution (4 grains sodium chloride to 1 drachm of water), containing 
from 1-10 to 1 p. c. of cocaine (or eucaine. 1 p. c). These weaker solutions will 
usually cause complete and safe local anaesthesia. The solutions should always be 
warin— at body temperature— and not over twenty-four hours old, as acid develops 
which interferes with the anaesthetic action. They are most conveniently made 
by solution of cocaine tablets in salt solution at the time of operation. 



COCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE 437 

Local applicatious to mucous membranes may be reap- 
plied, once or twice, at intervals of five minutes, to secure 
perfect aiisesthesia. A larj^er quantity of cocaine than re- 
commended above for hypodermatic use, should not be 
employed. Cocaine, as already stated, produces a primary 
astringent action, followed by secondary irritation and 
vascular relaxation; yet, when properly diluted and applied 
in the first stage of inflammation, it may prove a valuable 
abortive and sedative agent. 

Haemorrhage from mucous membranes can be arrested 
by its topical application ; coryza aborted, and hgemorrhoids 
relieved by this method. Pruritus, about the anus and 
vagina, is allayed by cocaine. In relation to the eye, 5 to 
10 drops (horse) of cocaine solution (1 to 4 per cent.) are 
employed for various purposes, embracing examination, 
removal of foreign bodies, operations, and tlie relief of 
suffering in acute inflammation resulting from natural causes 
or mechanical irritation. The following prescription is of 
value in superficial inflammatory and painful conditions of 
the eye : 

Cocainae hydrochlor gr.v. 

Acid, borici gr-x. 

Aq. dest. ad 3 i. 

M. 

S. Instil a few drops into the eye hourly. 

Injection into the eyeball is preferable to instillation 
for enucleation. 

Solutions of cocaine should be freshly made, and must 
not be sterilized by boiling, although they should be made 
with sterile water, or, better, normal salt solution. The 
tablets supplied by pharmaceutical chemists are convenient 
for hypodermatic use. Ten grains of boric acid will pre- 
serve an ounce of cocaine solution for a month. 

Uses Internal. — Cocaine maybe administered in aqueous 
solutions for the relief of persistent vomiting in dogs. 
Otherwise, the drag finds no indication in veterinary medi- 
cine. The alkaloid is occasionally used as a stimulating 



438 TEGETABLE DRUGS 

and supporting agent in asthenic fevers and adynamic con- 
ditions of the human patient. 

The most wonderful recent advance in surgeiy consists 
in the production of anaesthesia in the lower (posterior) half 
of the body by injection of cocaine solution into the liimbar 
region of the spinal canal.* This method has been success- 
fully used in men and dogs in a large number of cases, 
rendering parturition and operations on the abdominal and 
pelvic organs and lower (posterior) extremities painless. 
The anaesthesia lasts one to five hours, and, in man, from 
gr.^ to gr.^ of cocaine hydrochloride in aqueous solution are 
injected into the spinal canal between the fourth and fifth 
lumbar vertebrae. The procedure is not devoid of danger, 
and in man is frequently followed by headache, vomiting, 
sweating, slight chills and rise of temperature. The injection 
must be conducted with absolute aseptic precautions. 

EuCAlN^ Hydrochloras. Eucain Hydrochlorate. 
C, H,, N O, H CI. (Non-official.) 

This is a laboratory product, formerly known as eucain 
Hydrochlorate "B." Eucain is used in 2 per cent, aqueous 
solution in the eye, and in 10 per cent, on mucous mem- 
branes, and is said to be harmless in any ordinary amount. 
It is employed as a substitute for cocaine in the same 
manner and for the same purposes, but with the following 
advantages : Safer, 3 times less toxic ; cheaper ; does not 
decompose on keeping iu solution ; can be sterilized by 
boiling ; less irritating ; does not dilate the pupil ; is a 
slight antiseptic. 

Ophthalmologists find that the drug does dilate the 
pupil after several instillations, and that it does irritate the 
already inflamed eye. It, moreover, does not contract vessels 
when locally applied, and does sometimes produce poisoning 
like cocaine, but much less frequently. 

* Rudolf Klapp (Deutsche Zeitschr. f. Chir. 1904. Vol.' Ixxi, p. 187) 
has experiuiented upon animals with spinal injections foi- the production of 
anjesthesia, and finds by combining gelatin, adrenalin and cocaine, the 
toxic effect of the latter is wholly averted and that this combination is a 
safe and jierfect an.Tsthetic for dogs. Tiiis method demands practical trial 
in veterinary surgery, as it bids fair to supersede general anaesthesia on 
account of its simplicity and safety. The intradural injection is made 
through a special fine trocar sold i'or the purpose by dealers in surgical 
(human) instruments. The point of selection is between the first and second 
lumbar spines, about a thumb's breadth from the middle line. The injec- 
tion is made at an angle of 60 deg. downward and toward the median line. 
When the needle enters the dura the resistance ceases and a few drops of 



STOVAINE 439 

Stovaixe. (CiJI.i^^OsHCl). 

Occurs in small, lustrous scales, very soluble in water 
and alcohol. It is used as a substitute for cocaine but is only 
^ as toxic; slower to induce ampstbesia (15 to 30 minutes) ; 
and the anaesthesia is of longer duration (2 hours). Solu- 
tions may be boiled without harm to the drug. 

It produces some vasomotor relaxation, but solutions 
may be combined with TTLx. of adrenalin solution to avert 
this. 3 to 5 grs. in 5 6 of sterile water may be used safely 
and successfully in spaying bitches of setter size (gr. ii. for 
fox terriers). 5 2 4; are injected intraperitoneally in the re- 
gion of the internal inguinal rings, on each side, and o 1. into 
the skin incision. After keeping the animal on its back for 
20 or 30 minutes the operation is begun.* (Eggieston & 
Miller, Am. Vet. Review, Jan., 1007.) 



SECTION^ v.— DRUGS ACTING 01^ THE 
SECRETORY XERVES. 

Class I, — Pilocarpus and Pilocarpine. 

PiLOCAKPus. Pilocarpus. (U. S. P.) 

Synonym. — Jaborandi, B. P. ; the leaflets of Pilocarpus 
Jaborandi Holmes, or of Pilocarpus microphyllus Stapf. 
(Earn. Rutacea?), yielding not less than 0.5 per cent, of 
alkaloids. 

Habitat. — Brazil, in the neighborhood of Pornambuco. 

Description. — About 10 to 15 cm. long, and 4 to 6 cm. 
broad ; short stalked, oval or ovate-oblong, entire and slightly 
revolute at the margin, obtuse and emarginate, unequal at 
the base, dull green, coriaceous, pellucid-punctate, mostly 
smooth ; when bruised, slightly aromatic ; taste somewhat 
bitter and pungent. 

Constituents. — 1. Pilocarpine, CuIIigXoOa (.25-.5 per 

spinal iliiid are permitted to escape to prove entrance into the spinal 
canal. Five cc. of a sterilized 10 per cent, aqueous gelatin solution, con- 
taining lOni. of adrenalin (1-1000 solution) and 0.02 to 0.04 gin. of 
cocaine, are then injected through the trocar and the puncture scaled 
with iodoform collodion. 

* Cocaine (gr. 1/4-1/2) injected into the muscle of the abdominal 
Avail in dogs, along the line of incision, will induce anaesthesia of the 
abdominal organs; so one need not use the dangerous intra-abdominal 
injections. 



440 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

cent.), is the alkaloid to which jaborandi owes its principal 
effect. 2. Jaborine, 0321132^404, an alkaloid resembling 
atropine in its action on the heart, pupils, intestines and sali- 
vary glands. It occurs occasionally as an impurity in com- 
mercial pilocarpine, to which it is antagonistic. It is soluble 
in alcohol. 3. Pilocarpidine (CioIIi4N202)j an alkaloidal 
product of the decomposition of pilocarpine, which it resem- 
bles in action but is weaker. It is soluble in alcohol. 
4. Jaborandine is another alkaloid resulting from the de- 
composition of pilocarpine, and is similar to atropine. 
These atropine-like principles are never present in sufficient 
quantity to wholly antagonize the predominant action of pilo- 
carpine in jaborandi. 5. A peculiar acid. G. A volatile oil. 
Dose.—H. & 0., 5ii.-iv. (8.-15.); Sh. & Sw., 5 ss.-l. 
(2.-4.); D., gr.v.-3i. (.3-4.). 

PREPARATIONS. 

Fluidextractum Pilocarpi. Fluidextract of Pilocarpus. (U.S. P.) 

Made by maceration and percolation wi^^h diluted alcohol, and 
evaporation, so that 1 cc.^1 gni. of the crude drug. Each 100 cc. of 
the fluidextract contains 0.4 gni. of the alkaloids from pilocarpus. 

Dose.—B.. & C, 3ii.-iv. (8.-15.); Sh. & Sw., 3 ss.-i (2.-4.): D., 
Tl\,v.-3i. (.4-4.). 

Extractum Jahorandi Liquiduin. (B. P.) 

Dose same as above for fluidextract. 

PiLocARPiNyE Hydrochloridum. Pilocarpine Ilydrach- 
lorid. 0,iHi6N2O2H0L (U. S. P.) 

Derivation. — The hydrochloride of an alkaloid obtained 
from pilocarpus, with alcohol and hydrochloric acid by dis- 
tillation and evaporation. The residue is dissolved in a 
slight excess of ammonia and chloroform, shaken with water, 
and neutralized with hydrochloric acid. Orystals of the 
hydrochloride form on evaporation. The salt is- purified by 
recry stall ization. 

Properties. — Small, white crystals, odorless and having 
a faintly bitter taste ; deliquescent on exposure to damp air. 
Very soluble in water and in alcohol ; almost insoluble in 
ether or in chloroform. 

Dose. — H., sialogogue, gr.i.-ii. (.06-.12) ; cathartic, 
gr.ii.-v. (.12-.3) ; 0., cathartic, gr.v.-x. (.3.-.6) ; IL, diar- 
phoretic, gr.vi -xii (.36-.72), dangerous; Sh., gr.i. (.06); 
D.,gr. VI 0-1/3 (.000-. 02). 



ACTION OF PILOCARPUS AND PILOCARPINE 441 

Pilocarpine.^ Nitras. Pilocarpine Nitrate. (U.S.&B.P.) 

Colorless, odorless, faintly bitter-tasting crystals, soluble 
in four parts of water. 

Dose. — Same as for hydrochloride. 

action of pilocarpus and pilocarpine. 

Internal. — Alimentary Canal. — Pilocarpine increases 
enormously salivary secretion, and, in a less degree, the 
gastric and intestinal secretions. It stimulates peristaltic 
action of the stomach and bowels as well, and acts as a pur- 
gative. Salivation is due to direct excitation of the secre- 
tory nerve (chorda tympani) endings and the gland cells. 
Salivation occurs when pilocarpine is injected into the gland 
and prevented from entering the general circulation ; also 
when the secretory nerves are severed. The action on the 
salivary glands is set aside by atropine. The parotid, sub- 
maxillary, and sublingual glands become somewhat tense 
and tender under the influence of pilocarpine, and the saliva 
is rich in salts and ptyaline, and contains a slight excess of 
lu'ea. The unstriped muscle of the stomach and intestines 
is stimulated by pilocarpine through its action on the effer- 
ent nerve endings and muscular tissue. 

Circulation. — Pilocarpine increases leucocyte formation 
in the blood. In the lower animals the alkaloid stimulates 
the vagus endings in the heart. This action is succeeded by 
depression of the vagus terminations and, after large doses, 
by depression of the heart muscles and vagus centres. 

The pulse is then at first slow, next it becomes acceler- 
ated, and finally slow and weak with loss of tension. 

In man, and occasionally in dogs, the pulse is often at 
the beginning frequent and the vascular tension is increased. 
The physiological reasons for this are unknown. 

Respiration. — The respiration is not directly affected by 
the drug, in moderate doses, but the bronchial secretions are 
greatly increased, the bronchioles are much constricted, and 
in poisoning there are, in consequence, oedema of the lungs 
and dyspnoea. Weakness of the circulation and contraction 



442 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

of the bronchial muscles accounts for the cedema. There is 
also great excess of secretion which may aggravate the drown- 
ing process. The respiration becomes weak and slow and 
death occurs from asphyxia after lethal doses. 

Nervous System and Muscles. — Medicinal doses do not 
cause any functional disturbance of the nervous system, but 
very large doses excite the spinal motor tract and reflex 
centres and cause convulsions in frogs, succeeded by spinal 
depression and paralysis. The latter is due in part to an 
influence on the muscles themselves. Tremors occur occa- 
sionally in man and the domestic animals in poisoning. The 
nerves escape unscathed. The involuntary muscles are stim- 
ulated throughout the body, owing to the direct action of 
the drug uj^on their motor nerve terminations. 

Skin. — Moderate doses of pilocarpine stimulate but 
slightly the secretion of sweat in the lower animals, but in 
man the secretion is enormous (1 pt.). The salivary secre- 
tion appears to supplant that of the skin in the domestic 
animals, unless very large doses are employed (H., gr.vii.- 
xii.), which cause diarrhoea, salivation and loss of body 
weight (40 to 60 lbs.), and may entail pulmonary redema 
and heart failure. The secretory nerve terminations are 
stimulated. The secretion of tears, nasal mucus and milk 
are slighly increased in the same manner, and the growth of 
hair is rendered more luxurious. 

Temperature. — Tlie temperature is reduced by evapora- 
tion from the skin, if there is much sweating. 

Genito-Urinary Organs. — Pilocarpine exerts a slight 
and uncertain oxytocic action on the pregnant uterus and has 
sometimes precipitated parturition in pregnant animals at 
full term. The unstriped muscle of the spleen and bladder 
is stimulated, and micturition is frequent. Pilocarpine, in 
repeated small doses, augments the flow of urine and prob- 
ably, increases tissue w^aste and the excretion of urea by its 
general action on the secretions. It is eliminated unchanged 
in the urine. 

Eye. — Pilocarpine contracts the pupil when ap- 
plied to the eye ; it also reduces tension of the eyeball 
and induces contraction of the ciliary muscle. The my- 
osis is due to stimulation of the peripheral oculomotor 



ACTION OF PILOCARPUS AND PILOCARPINE 443 

nerve endings. When the alkaloid is given internally it 
may contract the pnpil, but jaborandi, or the fluid extract, 
are less likely to do so on account of the opposing alkaloid 
(jaborine), which tends to dilate the pupil. 

Summarij. — Pilocarpine possesses two important actions. 
1. To increase secretions (stomach, intestines, salivary glands, 
sudoriparous, lachrymal and mammary glands, kidneys, 
bronchial and nasal mucons membranes, and ear). 2. To 
stimulate the involuntary muscles ( stomach, intestines, 
heart, bronchial tubes, uterus, bladder, spleen, vessels and 
iris). Both actions are peripheral and are exerted on the 
secretory and motor nerve terminations. 

Administration. — Pilocarpine is given usually when an 
immediate effect is desired. Therefore the hydrochlorate 
or nitrate are employed subcutaneously. If prescribed in 
combination with eserine, the sulphate of both alkaloids 
may be used, or eserine sulphate and pilocarpine hydro- 
chlorate may be injected separately. 

Toxicology. — Symptoms appear in five or ten minutes 
after -the subcutaneous injection of pilocarpine, and in fifteen 
to twenty minutes after the injection of jaborandi. Saliva- 
tion alone occurs after small doses, but with toxic quantities 
there are present salivation, accompanied by more or less 
sweating, intestinal colic, purging and perhaps vomiting, a 
slow, weak pulse, and dyspnoea. Muscular tremors are 
observed sometimes in man, and convulsions in frogs, but 
spasmodic movements are uncommon in the domestic ani- 
mals. Dogs have been killed by gr.| of pilocarpine. The 
administration of an amount larger than 5 grs. of the alkal- 
oid to horses, subcutaneously, is attended with danger. 
Atropine is the physiological antagonist of pilocarpine in 
relation to the heart, secretions, pupils, and, in large doses, 
probably to the intestines. 

Atropine should be given along with alcoholic stimu- 
lants, or ammonia, in jaborandi or pilocarpine. poisoning. 

Uses Internal. — The chief value of pilocarpine in veteri- 
nary medicine consists in its use as a purgative to stimulate 



444: VEGETABLE DRUGS 

secretiou, and, to a certain extent, peristalic action — in com. 
bination with physostigmine — in obstinate constipation of 
horses, and in impaction of the rumen and omasum, and in 
acute gastritis of cattle (pilocarpine, gr.-iii., with eserine 
sulphate gr.-i., subcutaueously). It is also given in colic, 
and in obstruction from twist and intussusception, with 
physostigmine.* The alkaloid is a good substitute for eserine 
for application to the eye (in 1 or 2 per ceni solution), and 
is less painful. Pilocarpine is the most efficient antidote to 
atropine, and should be administered in amount equal to 4 
times that of atropine. Jaborandi is employed to remove 
waste matters from the blood and system (urea and effu- 
sions), but is of little value in veterinary practice, compared 
with its efficiency in human medicine, on account of its 
feeble sudorific action. It has been recommended in dropsy 
of cardiac origin, not uncommon in dogs, but is dangerous, 
since it tends to produce pulmonary oedema and heart weak- 
ness. For the same reason it is inadvisable in pleuritic 
effusions and renal dropsy, and in all three conditions it is 
inferior to purgatives. Pilocarpine is highly recommended 
by the Germans in cerebral and spinal meningitis, to assist 
absorption of effusion. Pilocarpine stimulates the skin in 
its elimination, and is sometimes of service in chronic ec- 
zema, psoriasis, prurigo, and chronic urticaria. It is recom- 
mended in chronic rheumatism as an eliminative, and in 
acute inflammation of the brain, and it may be employed 
to stimulate the gland in chronic ic!iopathic parotitis. 
Small doses of pilocarpine have been employed success- 
fully to stimulate a failing milk secretion, and to pre- 
vent excessive sweating in general debility. Jaborandi 
relieves dry throat and excessive thirst. Obesity, in robust 
dogs, may be treated with pilocarpine under the skin, in 
one-half grain doses daily. Success sometimes attends this 
method. The drug is contraindicated when there is impair- 
ment of the respiratory functions, a weak or fatty heart, and 
in uncoijsciousness, when excessive secretion may obstruct 
•the air passages. 

* The luuter use of the drug is attended with danger of increasing the 
obstruction, if not successful. 



DIGITALIS 445 

SECTION YL— DKUGS ACTING ON THE HEAET. 

Class 1. — Increasing the Force and Decreasing the 
Frequency of the Heart. 

Digitalis. Digitalis. 

Synonym. — Digitalis folia, B. P.; foxglove, digitalis 
leaves, E.; digitale, feuilles de digitale pourpree (de grande 
digitale), Fr.; fingerliutkraut, G. 

The leaves of Digitalis purpurea Linne (nat. ord. scro- 
phularinese), collected from plants of the second year's 
growth. 

Description. — From 10 to 50 cm. long; ovate or ovate- 
oblong, narrowed into a petiole, crenate, dull green, densely 
and finely pubescent, wrinkled above, paler and reticulate 
beneath, midrib near the base broad ; odor slight, some- 
what tea-like ; taste bitter, nauseous. 

Constituents. — The active principles of digitalis are four 
glucosides ; the three first represent its stimulant action. 
1. Digi toxin, the most poisonous and active. Said to be 
cumulative. It occurs in crystals, soluble in alcohol and 
chloroform, slightly in ether, and insoluble iu water. 2. 
Digitalein, an amorphous, bitter substance, soluble in water 
and alcohol and non-cumulative. Dose. — H., gr.g-j (.008- 
.015); D., gr.-,^ (.0006). 

3. Digitalin, a bitter, crystalline body, soluble in alcohol, 
and sparingly soluble in water and ether. 4. Digitonin* 
(Co, H,^ O13), resembling, or identical with, saponin of senega. 
Soluble iu water. It is a heart depressant, muscular para- 
lyzant and powerful irritant, besides being antagonistic to 
digitalis. In addition to these principles, there are : 
5. Digitin, an inert body, 6. Digitalic and antirrhinic 
acids. 7. Tannin, coloring matters, starch, sugar, gum, a 
volatile oil, salts, etc., common to most vegetables. 

Two substances are found in commerce : 1. Nativelle's 
digitalin (CjgH.jOu), occurring in white crystslline tufts com- 
posed of needles. It is bitter, and soluble in alcohol and 

* There exists another glucoside in digitalis— digitophyllin— which has been 
insufficiently studied. 



446 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

chloroform ; insoluble in water or ether. It contains digi- 
toxin, cligitalin, cligitalein and digitonin, but mainly digi- 
toxin, and is cumulative. Dose. — H. k C, gr.|-^ (.015-.03)j 
B.gr.A-aV (•001-002). 

2. Homolle's or Quevenne's digitalin, an amorphous, 
whitish powder, or small scales ; very bitter, inodorous, and 
soluble in 2,000 parts of water. It is composed largely of 
digitalin, with a little digitoxin. Dose. — H. k C, gr.^ (.015) 
= gr.22i of digitalis leaves; D., gr.-gV-sV (-001-. 002) = 
gr.l|-3 of digitalis leaves. 

Neither Nativelle's nor H(3molle's digitalin form a com- 
plete substitute for digitalis, and their use is not recom- 
mended. Schmiedeberg's digitalin* is, however, said to be 
the best substitute, by eminent authority. 

Incompatibility. — Digitalis is incompatible with tannic 
acid, lead acetate, cinchona and ferric salts. 

Digitalis Folia Dose. — H., gr.x.-3i. (.6-.4); C, 3 ss.-i.ss. 
(2.-6.); Sh. & Sw., gr.v.-xv. (.3-1.); D., gr.ss.-iii. (.03-.2). 

PREPARATIONS. 

Extractum Digitalis. Extract of Digitalis. (U.S. P.) 
Made by maceration and percolation with alcohol and water; dis- 
tillation of the alcohol and evaporation to pilular consistence. 
Dose.— H. &C., gr.v.-xx. (.3-1.3); D., gr.i-1. (.008-.06). 

Fluidextractum Digitalis. Fluidextract of Digitalis. (U. S. P.) 
Made by maceration and percolation with alcohol and water, and 

evaporation, so that 1 Cc. = 1 Gm. of the crude drug. 

Dose.— H., nx.- 3 i. (.6-4.); C, 3 ss.-i.ss. (2.-6.); Sh. & Sw.. niv.-xv. 

(.3-1.); D., mss.-iii. (.03-.2). 

Tinctura Digitalis. Tincture of Digitalis. (U. S. & B. P.) 
Made by maceration and percolation of powdered digitalis (100), 

with sufiicicient alcohol and water to make 1,000. (U. S. P.) 

Dose.— H. & C, 3ii.-vi. (8.-24.); Sh. &Sw., tt^xxx.- 3 i.ss. (3.-6.); 

D., mv.-xxx. (.3-2.). 

Infusum Digitalis. Infusion of Digitalis. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Digitalis, 15; alcohol, 100; cinnamon water, 150; boiling water, 

500 ; cold water to make 1,000. By maceration. (TJ. S. P.) 

* This preparation is the Digitalin " German " of Merck, and may be given in 
the pame doses as Homolle's digitalin. No one glucoside of digitalis represents the 
action of the whole drug, as obtained by use of the tincture or fluidextract. 



ACTION OF DIGITALIS 447 

Dose.— H. & C, 3ii.-vi. (60.-180.); Sh. & Sw., 3 ss.-i. (15.-30.); 
D., 3i.-iv. (4.-15.)* 

ACTION OF DIGITALIS. 

External. — None. 

Internal. — Alimentary Canal. — Digitalis in large doses is 
a erastro-intestinal irritant, and in poisoning causes nausea, 
colic, purging, and vomiting in animals capable of tlie act. 

Circulation. — The dominant action of digitalis is ex- 
pended upon tlie heart and blood vessels. After medicinal 
doses we find the pulse becomes : 1. Slower. 2. Fuller and 
stronger. 3. More regular in rhythm, if previously irregu- 
lar. In poisoning, these phenomena are reversed and the 
pulse is : 1. Rapid, 2. Weak. 3. Irregular. The thera- 
peutic effects following moderate doses are due to: 1. 
Stimulation of the heart muscle, and ] perhaps its con- 
tained ganglia (pulse stronger and somewhat less frequent). 
2. Excitation of the vagus centre and the vagus cardiac 
terminations (pulse infrequent). 3. Stimulation of the mus- 
cular walls of the vessels and vasomotor centres (increased 
vascular tension). The tension is also augmented by the 
greater force of the heart-beat, and, on the other hand, 
the heart is slowed in overcoming the increased resistance 
in the vessels. In consequence of the action on the heart 
the ventricular contractions are complete and forcible, and 
the diastolic period is lengthened; therefore, more blood 
enters the viscus and more is squeezed out with each con- 
traction. The systolic period is unaltered. Farthermore, 
the nutrition of the heart is thought to be promoted by : 
1. Increase of its blood supply during the prolonged dia- 
stole. 2. Stimulation of the trophic nerves (vagi?) of the 
heart. As diastole is the rest period of the heart, increasing 
it conserves the strength of the organ. In poisoning, the 
symptoms noted above follow: 1. Excessive irritability of the 
heart muscle (pulse rapid). 2. Insufficient filling of the vessels 
and paralysis of the vessel walls (low tension). 3. Forcible 
contractions contending against prolonged dilatation of the 

* The infusion contains chiefly digitonin and digitalein, on account of their 
solubility in water, and therefore is lacking in the most stimulating principles. 



448 VEGETABLE DEUGS 

ventricles (pulse irregular). At one time the heart beats 
slowly and weakly because the heart muscle can scarcely 
overcome the tendency of the excited vagi to cause ventric- 
ular dilatation ; at another time the heart beats rapidly and 
strongly, when powerful muscular contractions overmaster 
the inhibitory influence of the vagi. The heart, during this 
irregular toxic period, is seen to be unequally affected, in 
that one portion (the apex) may be firmly contracted while 
the rest of the ventricle is dilated. Moreover, the auricles 
and ventricles do not act synchronously, owing to inhibition 
of impulses from auricle to ventricle. The irregularities 
and rapidity of rhythm increase more and more (delirium 
cordis), until both auricles and ventricles lapse into fibrillary- 
contractions, and death in mammals occurs in diastolic arrest. 
The action of digitalis on the heart is more pronounced 
in dogs and sheep than in horses and cattle. The char- 
acteristic effect of digitalis is observed when it is applied 
locally to the isolated nerve-free apex, or when the vagi 
are previously cut or paralyzed by atropine, and when 
the spinal cord is destroyed. These facts show that the 
heart muscle is influenced. That the peripheral vagi are 
stimulated, is shown by the fact that an amount of galvanic 
stimulation of the vogi, ineffective before poisoning, will, 
after exhibition of digitalis, cause diastolic arrest of the 
heart. In regard to the vessels, experiments conducted on 
the terrapin exhibit the fact that when the vessels are de- 
prived of their nerve supply, the heart excised, and an arti- 
ficial circulation substituted, even then vascular contraction 
and retardation of flow will occur under the influence of 
digitalin added to the factitious blood. The resultant of the 
various actions of medicinal doses of digitalis is increased 
work of the heart, so that more blood is pumped throughout 
the body in any given unit of time. 

Respiration. — The respiratory centres are only influ- 
enced by toxic doses, being first stimulated and then de- 
pressed by digitalis: the respiration is fii^st rapid and deep, 
and later weak and imj)erfect. 



ACTIOX OF DIGITALIS 449 

Nervous System and Muscles. — These are not influenced 
by therapeutic doses of digitalis. Toxic quantities cause 
loss of reflex action, muscular weakness, vomiting, and con- 
vulsions in the frog. The first two phenomena are due to 
primary stimulation of the inhibitory reflex centres of Set- 
schenow in the medulla, followed by general paralysis of the 
spinal cord, and direct depression, of the motor nerves and 
muscles; while the convulsions are also caused by stimulation 
of the medulla. 

Temperature. — The temperature is unaffected by medi- 
cinal doses. Toxic doses reduce temperature. Fever is 
lowered by large doses of digitalis, but it is rarely safe to 
use, the drug as an antipyretic. Moreover, digitalis is some- 
times inoperative as a heart stimulant in fever, because the 
functional activity of the vagus centres and peripheral term- 
inations is depressed and insensitive to the actirm of the 

Kidneys. — MetahoUsm and, Elimination. — The influence 
of digitalis on the amount of urinary secretion is variable. 
It may exert a slight stimulating effect upou the renal secret- 
ing cells. (Albumin and blood in urine in poisoning.) If 
general vascular tension is lowered (cardiac disease), dig- 
italis will exert a diuretic action in consequence of increas- 
ing blood pressure. As a rule, it may be stated that if 
digitalis increases the systemic vascular tension more than 
that of the kidney (stinnilating pressure in glomerules), 
diuresis follows. T!lie effect of digitalis on tissue waste is 
uncertain and the mode of its elimination is unknown. Ex- 
periments relative to the composition of the urine are 
conflicting. The smooth muscle of the uterus is said to be 
stimulated to contraction by digitalis. 

Cumulative Action. — Digitalis and strychnine are said 
to be cumulative in their action. Evidence is stronger in the 
case of the former drug than in that of the latter. By cumu- 
lative action is meant sudden transition from a therapeutic 
to a toxic effect. This may be due to three causes. 1. Tardy 
absorption. 2. Increasing susceptibility. 3. Delayed elim- 



450 'VEGETABLE DRUGS 

ination and accumulation of the drug in the system. Tlie 
cumulative action of digitalis is chiefly due to tlie latter 
cause. It should never be administered in full medicinal 
doses uninterruptedly for any considerable length of time. 

Toxicolofjy. — Poisoning may occur from large single 
doses within 3 to 10 hours of their ingestion, and last for 16 
or more hours with a fatal result; or may appear suddenly' 
after the administration for several days of large medicinal 
doses (cumulative action). A minimum fatal dose for the 
horse is about " vi. of digitalis, or gr.i.s^. of HomoUe's digi- 
talin. For dogs, 3 i- of digitalis, or gr.| of digitalin. The 
symptoms exhibited are chiefly coucerned with the digestion 
and circulation. They consist in dulness, lassitude, loss of 
appetite, nausea, flatulence, diarrhoea, infrequent, full pulse 
(reduced 6-10 beats in the horse), and contracted pupils. 
There is vomiting in dogs. In fatal cases these symptoms 
are followed by severe colic and tympanites; rapid, feeble, 
dicrotic, irregular or intermittent palse (120-140 in horses), 
while the heart may be heard and felt beating wildly and 
strongly, and a systolic blowing murmur can frequently be 
detected. This is due to mitral or tricuspid i egurgitation 
caused by irregular contraction of the column?e cavnse. The 
pulse is imperceptible because of the failure of the heait 
to fill the vessels. The extremities are cold, the eye is pro- 
truding, and salivation occurs. Bloody diarrhoea is very 
often present and the urine may be suppressed. The breath- 
ing finally becomes difficult and death ensues within a few 
hours, or as late as several days. 

Treatment. — Evacuation of the stomach and bowels. 
Tannic acid, as a chemical antidote, alcohol, opium, and 
aconite, which is the physiological antagonist in depressing 
the action of the heart and lowering blood tension. In 
addition, external heat should be applied and complete 
quiet and rest secured. 

Administration. — ■ In view of its slow absorption and 
elimination digitalis should not be given oftener than once 
in six, eight, or even twelve hours. Very large doses may 



USES OF DIGITALIS 451 

be given, however, repeatedly, in case of threatened heart 
failure, by the siibcntaneons method. The appearance of 
indigestion, nausea or dulness, and a decided fall in the pulse 
rate, should be a warning to stop the administration at once. 
The best preparations are the tincture, infusion, and fluid 
extract. The former may be injected deep into the muscle 
to avoid abscess. 

Uses External. — Digitalis is occasionally employed as a 
poultice of the leaves, applied over the loins to promote 
diuresis, or in local inflammation, to contract vessels. 

Uses Internal. — Digitalis is a heart stimulant, although 
sometimes classified as a heart depressant. It may, however, 
exert a sedative effect upon a Aveak, rapid, irregular heart, 
by increasing the inhibitory and muscular power. Digitalis 
is indicated : (1) In all conditions where the heart is weak, 
irregular or intermittent, and the circulation sluggish; (2) 
as a diuretic, chiefly in dropsy secondary .to cardiac disease, 
but also in that of renal origin ; digitalis has also been used 
(3) as a hajmostatic in internal hapmorrhage, and (4) to re- 
duce temperature in fever ; but, in both of the last two in- 
stances, wnth questionable advantage. 

1. In syncope following disease, shock, injury or pois- 
oning (aconite), digitalis is invaluable when injected sub- 
cutaneously together with alcoholic stimulants. Its action is 
slow, however, and in emergencies it should be reinforced 
by the use of strychnine or adrenalin. In acute diseases, 
digitalis is one of the most generally serviceable stimulants. 
The drug is peculiarly applicable in the second stage of 
pneumonia, because it strengthens the right ventricle, forces 
the blood through the obstructed lung, and prevents sys- 
temic venous engorgement and arterial anjrmia. In other 
words, it equalizes the circulation. Moreover, in stimulating 
the peripheral vagi, digitalis improves the tone of the 
bronchioles and prevents collapse of the air vesicles, and, 
by the same action, steadies the rhythm of the breathing. 
The drug is likewise an efiicient circulatory stimulant in 
influenza of horses and distemper of dogs. Digitalis is 
frequently prescribed in chronic bronchitis and emphysema, 



452 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

to strengthen the heart and obviate passive pulmonary con- 
gestion and cough. Yalvular disease of the heart, in its 
various phases, is the most common field of usefulness for 
digitalis in human medicine, but in veterinary practice these 
disorders are rarer and the exact lesion diflScult or impos- 
sible to diagnose. In mitral stenosis and regurgitation and 
aortic stenosis, with lack of compensatory hypertrophy of 
the heart and evidence of circulatory disturbances, digitalis 
is clearly indicated. In these conditions the drug enables 
the heart to pump more blood into the arteries and prevents 
engorgement of the right heart and veins and the occurrence 
of dropsy. Digitalis is counter-indicated in aortic insuffi- 
ciency, because in prolonging diastole it allows more time 
for the blood to flow back from the aorta through the leaky 
valve into the ventricle. As a general proposition, digitalis 
is inferior to aconite in simple cardiac hypertrophy. ' But 
this does not apply when enlargement of the heart is insuffi- 
cient to compensate for valvular lesions. 

Digitalis is extremely successful in palpitation of the 
heart (horses) following over-exertion, but is not appropriate 
in palpitation due to nervousness (dogs), or to indigestion. 
Digitalis may be exhibited to advantage in rheumatic fever 
and in endocarditis or pericarditis to quiet the heart and 
secure rest by prolonging diastole. 

2. Digitalis is a valuable diuretic in dro[)sy of cardiac 
origin by stimulating the heart and overcoming venous stasia 
in the kidneys and elsewhere.* It is often desirable to com- 
bine iron preparations with digitalis. Turbidity results 
from the action of iron on the tannic acid contained in digi- 
talis when in solution, but this can be removed by the 
addition of a little diluted phosphoric acid. 

3. Since digitalis contracts the uterus and blood vessels, 
it has been prescribed in uterine haemorrhage, and to stop 
bleeding from other internal parts ; but it is inferior to ergot 
on account of the general rise of blood tension. Haemoptysis, 
due to passive congestion of the lungs in mitral disease, is 
relieved by digitalis. 

* It is often combined for this purpose with calomel, squill, juniper, potas> 
sium acetate and nitre. See Dropsy, section on treatment. 



STROPHANTHUS 453 

4.. The use of digitalis in large doses as an antipyretic 
in fevers is not without danger and is inadvisable. 

STROPHANTHUS. Strophanthus, 
(U. S. &B. P.) 

The seed of Stvophanthus Koinbe Oliver (nat. ord. 
Apocyuaceae), deprived of its long awn. 

Habitat. — Tropical Africa. There are eighteen species, 
and the seeds from at least two are found in commerce. 
This has led to some confusion, as the chemical and physio- 
logical properties of their different products vary to some 
extent. 

Description. — About 15 Mm. long and 4 or 5 Mm. broad ; 
oblong-lanceolate, flattened and obtusely edged, grayish- 
green, covered with appressed, silky h;iir, one side with a 
ridge extending into the attenuated, pointed end ; kernel 
white and oily, consisting of a straight embryo, having two 
thin cotyledons, and surrounded by a thin layer of peris- 
perm ; nearly inodorous ; taste very Ijitter. 

Constituents. — The chief one is (1) Strophanthin, C31 H^g 
O12 (8-10 per cent.), a glucoside occurring in white or faintly 
yellowish crystalline powders, and having a very bitter 
taste. Soluble in water and alcohol, and insoluble in 
chloroform or ether. Decomposed by sulphuric acid into 
glucose and strophanthidin. Strophanthin is said to be 
contained only in S. Komb6. It varies in composition and 
strength and decomposes in solution. (2) Kombic acid. 
(3) An alkaloid, Ineine. (4) Tanghinin, occurring in rhombic 
prisms. 

PREPARATION. 

Tinctura Strophanthi. Tincture of Strophanthus. (XT. S. &B. P.) 

Made by digestion and percolation of strophanthus (100) with 
alcohol and water to make 1000. (U. S. P.) 

Dose.—B.. & C, 3 i.-iv. (4.-15.); D., mii-x. (.12-.6). The minimum 
doses should be used at first, since preparations vary in strength. 



454 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

Strophanthinum. Stroplianthin. 
(U. S. P.) 

Dose.-B.., gr.|4 (.012-.03) ; D., gr.^-J^ (.0006-.001), 
The glucoside is not always pure and the dose is uncertain 
and must be given with caution. 

Action External. — Strophanthus is a local anaesthetic. 

Action Internal. — Strophanthus is a gastro-inte'stinal 
irritant in large doses, like digitalis, and produces violent 
purging and sometimes vomiting. On account of its bitter 
qualities it may act in small mediciual doses as a stomachic, 
improving appetite and stimulating gastric secretion and 
motion. 

Circulation. — The action of strophanthus on the circula- 
tion is very similar to that of digitalis, but it is a more 
powerful and uncertain heart stimulant and produces less 
vascular constriction. By its influence the heart beats are 
made more forcible, infrequent and regular. Diastole is 
prolonged and systole is strengthened but unaltered in time. 
Arterial tension is raised and the pulse wave is increased in 
volume and force. The physiological details are not so well 
ascertained as are those of digitalis, but -it is known that 
strophanthus directly stimulates the heart muscle in moder- 
ate doses. The vessels are slightly contracted, but not 
nearly as much so as by digitalis. Increased blood pressure 
results mainly from the augmented heart's action. In 
poisoning, the peripheral vagi are paralyzed and vascular 
tension falls, owing probably to tetanic contraction of the 
ventricles. The heart is arrested in systole or diastole. 

Nervous System. — 3Iuscles and Respiration. — Strophan- 
thus is a powerful muscle poison. Therapeutic doses 
increase muscular activity and tone, while toxic quantities 
paralyze voluntary muscles. Medicinal doses not only 
stimulate the voluntary muscles, but also the unstriped 
muscle of the heart, and to some extent that of the vessel 
walls. The nerve centres and trunks are unaffected except 
by the local application of strophanthus, which paralyzes 



CONVALLARIA 455 

the sensory nerve endings and muscular tissue. The respira- 
tion is uninfluenced by therapeutic doses of strophanthus, 
but in poisoning death sometimes takes place from 
respiratory failure following paralysis of the respiratory 
muscles. 

Kidneys. — The kidneys are irritated by large doses of 
strophanthus and the urine is albuminous. Inflammation of 
the renal tubules with minute hsemorrhages are found post 
mortem. The renal vessels are not dilated, and the oncometer 
shows that the size of the kidney is not increased. The 
drug stimulates the secretory cells of the renal tubules and 
causes diuresis directly as well as indirectly by increasing 
general blood pressure. The active principle is eliminated 
in the urine. A cumulative action in the lower animp,ls and 
in man has been noted by several observers. 

Uses Interned. — In general, it may be stated that the 
indications for strophanthus are identical with those for 
digitalis, but the former is not so certain in its effects. It is 
of value as a substitute for digitalis when this medicine is 
not well borne, and to replace digitalis temporarily in order 
to avoid its cumulative action. On account of the stimulant 
and diuretic properties of strophanthus, it is useful in 
mitral disease, cardiac dropsy, pericardial and pleural effu- 
sions, pulmonary oedema, and chronic nephritis ; but in 
heart disease digitalis should be tried first. 

CoNVALLARiA. Convallaria. (IT. S. P.) 

Synonym. — Lily of the Valley, E.; muguet, Fr. The 
rhizome and roots of Convallaria majalis Linne (nat. ord. 
Liliaceae). 

Habitat. — United States, in the Alleghany Mountains, 
Europe and northern Asia. 

Description. — Of horizontal growth and somewhat 
branched ; about 3 Mm. thick, cylindrical, wrinkled, whitish, 
marked with few circular scars ; at the annulate joint with 
about 8 or 10 long thin roots ; fracture somewhat fibrous, 



450 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

white; odor peculiar, pleasant; taste sweetish, bitter and 
somewhat acrid. 

Constituents. — Two glucosides ; (1) Convallamariii {G^^^^ 
Ojj), the active principle. A white powder, having a sweet, 
bitter taste, and soluble in water and alcohol. (2) Conval- 
larin (Cj^H^iOi,), occurring in prismatic crystals, soluble in 
alcohol, sparingly in water, and insoluble in ether. A 
purgative. 

PREPARATION. 

Fluidextractum Convallarice. Fluidextract of Convallaria. (U. S. P.) 
Made by maceration and percolation with diluted alcohol, and 

evaporation, so that 1 cc. = 1 gm. of the crude drug. 
Dose.— H. & C, 3i.-iv. (4.-15.); D., tti,v.-x. (.3-.6). 

Action and Uses Internal. — Convallaria, by virtue of 
convallamarin, resembles digitalis in its action on the heart, 
vessels and kidneys, but is not so reliable and powerful. 
The indications for its use are the same as those for digitalis. 
In some cases it is successful where the latter drug has 
failed. Occasionally purging has resulted owing to the con- 
vallarin in convallaria. The fatal dose of convallamarin is 
stated by Marme to be gr. | to ^, (.015-.03) for dogs, and yet 
the dose recommended in veterinary text books is gr. |^ to 2 
(.03-.12). The glucoside is not a pure principle and there- 
fore varies in strength. For this reason the dose is uncertain 
and its use undesirable. 



SoiLLA. Squill. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — Squills, E. ; meerzwiebel, G. ; scille, squille, 
Fr.; bulbus scill^e, P. G. 

The bulb of Urginea maritima (Linne) Baker (nat. ord, 
Liliacese), deprived of its dry, membranaceous outer scales, 
and cut into thin slices, the central portions being rejected. 

Habitat. — Southern Europe, on the shores of the Medi- 
terranean. 

Description. — In narrow segments about 5 cm. long, 
slightly translucent, yellowish-white or reddish, brittle and 



SQUILL 457 

pnlverizable when dry ; tougli and flexible after exposure to 
damp air ; inodorous ; taste mucilnginous, bitter and acrid. 

Constituents. — Various active principles have been 
recovered, but it is doubtful if any completely represent the 
action of the drug. All possess some poisonous properties. 
Merck sells three substances derived from squill : (1) Scil- 
litoxin, a glucoside. (2) Scillipicrin. (3) Scillin. In addi- 
tion, the drug contains mucilage. 

SquRl Dose.—R., 3 i.-ii- (4.-8.) ; C, 3 ii.-iv. (8.-15.) ; Sh., 
gr.xv.-xxx. (1.-2.) ; D., gr.i.-v. (.06-.3). 

PREPARATIONS. 

Fluidextr actum Scillce. Fluidextract of Squill. (U. S. P.) 
Made by maceration and percolation with alcohol and water, 
and evapoi'ation, so that 1 Cc. = 1 Gm. of the crude drug. 

Dose.— H., li.-ii. (4.-8.); C, 3 ii.-iv. (8.-15.); Sh., ttlxv.-xxx. 
(1.-2.); D., TTLi.-v. (.06-.3). 

Tinctura Sciirce. Tincture of Squill. (U. S. & B. P.) 
Made by maceration and percolation of squill, 100; witli alcohol and 

water to make 1000. (U. S. P.) 

Dose— H., : vi.- 1 i.ss. (24.-45.) ; C, 3 i.ss.-iii. (45.-90.) ; Sh., 3 i.ss.-iii. 

(6.-12.); D., TTiv.-xxx. (.3-2.). 

Syrupus SciUoi. Syrup of Squill. (U. S. & B. F ) 
Made by boiling and filtering vinegar of squill, 450 ; adding sugar, 
800 ; straining and adding water to make 1000. (U. S. P.) 
Dose.— H., 3SS. (15.); D., 3ss.-i. (2.-4.). 
Incompatible with ammonium carbonate. 

Syrupus Scillce Compositus. Compound Syrup of Squill. (U. S. P.) 

Synonym. — Coxe's Hive Syrup. Fhiidextract of squill. 80; fluid- 
extract of senega. 80; antimoniuin and potassium tartrate, 2; purified 
talc, 20; sugar, 750; water to make 1000. 

Dose.— D., Tilv.-xxx. (.3-2.). 

Pil. Ipecachuanhae cum Scilla. (B. P.) 

Contains 5 per cent, opium. Dogs, gr.ii.-viii. The compound 
syrup (U. S. P.), or the pill of ipecac with squill (B. P.), are good 
cough remedies for dogs. 

Action Internal. — Gastro-intestinal Tract. — Therapeutic 
doses do not exert any effect, but toxic quantities cause 



458 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

vomiting and purging in clogs, with fall of temperature, 
stupor, intermittent paralysis, convulsions, suppression or 
scanty secretion of bloody urine, and death within 12 or 15 
hours. Lesions of gastro-enteritis and congestion of the 
kidneys are found after death. 

Circulatio:i. — The action of squill on the heart and 
vessels is practically identical with that of digitalis. 

Be^piration.—CliwicnX experience, rather than physio- 
logical experiments, has shown that squill acts as an expect- 
orant during its elimination from the bronchial mucous 
membrane, thereby increasing secretion and vascularit}'. 

KidneTjs. — Squill is eliminated mainly by the kidneys, 
and in its excretion directly stimulates them and increases 
the amount of urine. In toxic doses it produces acute 
pai-enchymatous nephritis and urinary suppression. Squill 
is a more powerful diuretic than digitalis. 

Uses Internal. — Squill is useful in ascites of dogs, result- 
ing from valvular lesions or otherwise, to stimulate the 
heart and cause diuresis. It may be given to advantage in 
pill with digitalis, calomel, and extract of hyoscyamus — one 
grain of each. Small doses of squill are often exhibited to 
dogs in the second stage of acute bronchitis, and occasion- 
ally to horses, as an expectorant; and in large doses as an 
emetic for dogs in the form of the simple or compound 
syrup. The drug is indicated in bronchitis with scanty 
secretion, or when exudation is excessive to improve the 
tone of the bronchial mucous membrane. 

Class 2. — Decreasing the Force and Frequency 
of the Heart. 

AcoNiTUM. Aconite. 

Synonym. — Aconiti radix, B.P.; racine d'aconit, Fr.; 
tubera aconiti, P. G.; eisenhutknollen, G. The tuber of 
Aconitum Napellus Linne (nat. ord. Ranunculacefe).* 

Habitat. — Northwestern North America, Europe and 
Asia in mountainous regions, and cultivated in the United 
States for its showy flowers. 



* Should yield not less than 0.5 per cent, of aconitlne. 



ACONITE 459 

JDescnptmi. — From 10 to 20 Mm. thick at the crown ; 
conically contracted below ; from 50 to 75 Mm. long, with 
scars or fragments of radicles ; dark brown externally, 
whitish internally, with a rather thick bark ; the central 
axis about seven-rayed ; without odor ; taste at first sweetish, 
soon becoming acrid and producing a sensation of tingling 
and numbness which lasts for some time. 

Constituents. — The alkaloid representing the action of 
the drug is aconitine (Cg^H^.NOn), which is precipitated by 
ammonia from an aqueous solution of an alcoholic extract 
of the root of various species. It is a colorless, crystalline, 
or amorphous, gray powder, almost insoluble in water, and 
soluble in 22 parts of alcohol, in 44 parts of ether, and 1 
part of chloroform. Its salts are soluble in water. 

Commercial preparations vary in purity and strength, 
and since it is extremely poisonous (an Indian arrow poison) 
its internal administration is undesirable. Pseudo-aconitine 
(CjeHjgNOu), aconine (CoeHjgNOu), and other alkaloids in com- 
bination with aconitic acid (CgHgOg), have been obtained Iro.i 
aconite, bat their identity and chemistry are uncertain. 

Aconite Dose. — H. & C, gr.iii-xx. (.2-1.3) ; D., gr.-^-ii. 
(.006-. 12). 

Aconitinoi Nitras. (Squibb.) Subcutaneously. 

Hi, gr. Jff (.002) ; D., gr.^-^^^ (.0003-.0006). 

ACONITINA. Aconitine. (U. S. & B. P.) 
Occurs in colorless or white rhombic tables or prisms, 

possessing no odor, and permanent in the air. Almost 

insoluble in water. 

Aconitine often contains a considerable proportion of 

aconine and benzaconine, and so varies in activity, which is 

a* great objection to the use of one of the most powerful 

drugs known. (Vid. supra). 

PREPARATIONS. 

Tinctura Aconiti. Tincture of Aconite. (U. S. & B. P.) 
Synonym. — Teinture de racine d'aconit. Fi-. ; eisenhuttinktur, G. 

Made by maceration and percolation of aconite, 100; with alcohol and 

water to make 1000. (U. S. P.) 

Dose.—B.., TTlxx.-3i. (1.3-4.): C, 3 ss.-i.as. (2.-6.); Sh. & Sw., 

mx.-xx. (.6-1.3); D., mii.-x. (.12-.6). 



460 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

Fluidextractum Aconiti. Fluidextract of Aconite. (U. S.P.) 

Made by maceration and percolation with alcohol and v.ater, and 
evaporation, so that 1 ce. = 1 gra. of the crude drug. 

Dose. — U. & C, miii-xx. (.2-1.3); D., Tlll/10-ii. (.006-.12). 

Vnguentum Aconitince. (B. P. ) (2 per cent.) 

Linimentum Aconiti. (B. P.) 

Fleming's Tincture. (Non-ofFicial.) (79 per cent.)] 
i)ose.— H., TTlvii.-xv. (.5-1.); D., THHi. (.015-.12). 

ACONITE AND ACONITINE. 

Action External. — Aconite or aconitine applied to 
mucous membranes, raw surfaces or the unbroken skin, irri- 
tates and then paralyzes the nerves of touch and temperature. 
This is evidenced in the human subject by a sensation of 
tingling and burning, followed by numbness and local annes- 
thesia. 

Action Internal. — Digestive 'Tract. — Aconite in medi- 
cinal doses has no special effect on the digestive organs. 
Toxic doses produce nausea and retching, and, in animals 
capable of the act, vomiting. 

Circulation.- — The chief therapeutic value of aconite 
depends upon its influence over the heart and vessels. It 
reduces both the force and frequency of the cardiac pulsa- 
tions and lowers blood tension owing to stimulation of the 
vagus centre in the medulla. This is the chief effect of 
aconite on the circulation in medicinal doses. In fatal pois- 
oning by the drug, however, the action of the heart becomes 
rapid and irregular. The time of contraction of the auricles 
does not correspond with ventricular contraction, and the lack 
of rhythm and irregularity increase until the heart is thrown 
into delirium. 

Depending on this condition of the heart, the blood pres- 
sure is naturally subject to momentary variations. The 
rapidity and irregularity of the heart are due to stimulation 



ACO?>ITE 461 

of the cardiac muscle and paralysis of the peripheral vagus 
endings occurring simultaneously. 

The vasomotor system is not influenced by medicinal 
doses, but the blood pressure is lowered through the slowing 
of the heart beats, prolonged diastole, and lessened systolic 
contractions. In poisoning there is paralysis of the vaso- 
motor centres. 

The heart is arrested in diastole, but death immediately 
results from respiratory failure. 

Nervous System. — The most striking effect of aconite 
on the nervous system (in man) consists in tingling followed 
by loss of sensation and temperature sense after large medi- 
cinal doses. This phenomenon is due to stimulation succeeded 
by depression of the sensory nerve terminations. The drug 
is not comparable with opium, since doses large enough to 
produce a general anodyne action are dangerous. 

Poisonous doses of aconite cause muscular twitching 
and loss of motor power, which result from excitation, and 
finally paralysis of the motor nerve endings. Convulsions 
occur in poisoning. These are thought to follow stimulation 
of the medulla as the higher cerebral centres are often un- 
impaired. Stimulation and then depression of the lower 
divisions of the nervous s^^stem — especially the medulla and 
peripheral sensory and motor nerves — describe the general 
effect of aconite. Its influence over the cord is uncertain. 

Respiration. — Tlie breathing of animals under the in- 
fluence of aconite resembles that observed after section of 
the vagi. The respiration is slow and labored ; the expira- 
tion is prolonged, and is succeeded by a considerable interval 
before the next inspiration. This condition is brought about 
by depression of the medullary respiratory centres. 

Temperature. — The bodily heat is reduced by aconite 
in fever, after medicinal doses, and in poisoning by the drug. 
Vascular dilatation, retarded circulation, and therefore heat 
dissipation, probably explain the antipyretic action. 

Slx'in. — Aconite sometimes produces slight diajihoresis. 
The cause of this action is unknown. 



462 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

Kidneys and Elimination. — The urinary flow is some- 
wliat increased, especially in fever. The cause is uncertain. 
Aconitine is eliminated in the urine. 

Toxicology. — The minimum fatal dose of aconite is about 
3 i. for the horse ; gr.xx. for medium sized dogs ; and gr.v.-vi. 
for cats. The smallest fatal dose recorded in man is a tea- 
spoonful of tincture of aconite, equivalent to about gr.xxx. of 
the crude drug. The minimum lethal quantity of aconitine 
is gr.j^ for man, and about the same for cats. For dogs it 
is from gr.| to gr.^. The writer has found that cats will 
live from fifteen minutes to half an hour after receiving the 
smaller deadly doses under the skin, but large doses produce 
death immediately by paralyzing the heart. Large thera- 
peutic doses cause, in horses, restlessness, pawing the 
ground, shaking of the head, champing of the jaws, increased 
secretion of salivary mucus, and attempts at swallowing, 
probably owing to the peculiar sense of irritation produced 
by the drug in the throat. Nausea and retching are observed 
in all animals, while vomiting occurs in dogs and cats. The 
pulse and respiration are weakened and generally retarded. 
After lethal doses these symptoms are intensified. We 
observe violent retching, frequent and difficult attacks of 
swallowing, ejection of frothy mucus from the mouth, 
copious sweating in horses ; pulse first weak and infrequent, 
later rapid, running and. almost imperceptible; respiration 
slow, interrupted, and shallow, and reduction of tempera- 
ture. Death is preceded by muscular twitchings in the 
horse and loss of strength, so that the subject falls and is 
unable to rise ; or in the case of cats and rabbits, the animals 
jump vertically into the air, topple over backwards and go 
into convulsions, lying helpless on their side. The labial 
muscles are retracted and the lips drawn back, showing the 
teeth covered with foam. The face is anxious, the eyeballs 
are retracted or protruded, and the pupils more commonly 
dilated. Death takes place usually from asphyxia, occasion- 
ally from syncope. The post-mortem tippearances are 
simply those resulting from asphyxia. 



ACONITE 463 

Treatment — Evacuate the stomacli by pump or siphon. 
Emetics are contraindicated as disturbing the heart. Car- 
diac and respiratory stimulants are to be given subcutane- 
ously, as alcohol, ammonia, ether, tincture of digitalis, 
atropine and strychnine, in addition to inhalation of amyl 
nitrite. The patient must be kept quiet, and artificial 
respiration done if practicable and necessary. 

Experimental and clinical evidence abundantly prove 
the antagonism of digitalis as an antidote in stimulating 
the heart, even when it has stopped beating, in aconite 
poisoning. 

Uses External. — Aconite may be applied in the official 
liniment (fluid extract of aconite, 40 ; chloroform liniment, 
60) to relieve pain of an inflammatory, neuralgic, or rheu- 
matic character; or as aconitine in ointment (2-4 per cent.) 
for the same purposes. Aconitine is very expensive, how- 
ever. Care must be exercised to prevent undue absorption 
and poisoning. 

Uses Internal. — Aconite fills certain indications which no 
other drug does. It is useful in fever because : 

1. It diminishes the force and frequency of the heart. 

2. It causes arterial relaxation and equalizes the circu- 
lation ; i.e., it allows the blood to flow away from congested 
areas into dilated peripheral vessels. It is not so powerful 
as veratrum viride. 

3. It lowers temperature and produces sweating and 
diuresis. 

4. It relieves pain and restlessness to some extent. 
Aconite is particularly applicable, conjoined with sweet 

spirit of nitre, in the first stages of febrile diseases ; in those 
attacking the young ; and in those of self-limited and short 
duration, viz., coryza, laryngitis, pharyngitis, pleuritis, 
bronchitis and pneumonia uncomplicated with influenza. 
It is also indicated in the initial period of acute muscular 
rheumatism, enteritis and peritonitis (combined with opium), 
and in mammitis, lymphangitis, and laminitis. Spasmodic 
and painful disorders, as colic, are relieved more success- 



464 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

fully by powerful anodynes and antispasmodics (opium and 
belladonna). 

In chronic or long continued fevers, the use of aconite 
should not be persisted in, but it should be given at the very 
outset of fevers and repeated frequently in small doses. 
TtXxv. for the horse, and TTLii. for the dog, every fifteen min- 
utes for two hours, and afterwards TIXxxx. for the horse and 
TTtiii. for the dog, hourly, being governed, however, by the 
condition of the pulse and temperature -and the physiolo- 
gical effects. Aconite is a liseful sedative in some cardiac 
disturbances. It quiets nervous palpitation, and that form 
resulting from hypertrophy of the heart. It can be admin- 
istered to advantage in the first stages of acute pericarditis 
and endocarditis. 

Vekatrum. Veratrum.* 

Synoiiym. — Veratri viridis rhizoma, B. P. ; veratrum 
viride, American hellebore, green hellebore root, Indian poke 
root, E. ; griiner germer, G. veratri albi rhizoma, white helle- 
bore root, E. 

The rhizome and roots of Veratrum viride Aiton or 
Veratrum album Linne (nat. ord Liliacejv). 

Description. — lihizome upright, obconical, simple or 
divided, from 3 to 8 Cm. long and 2 to 4 or 5 Cm. thick ; 
externally blackish -gray, internally grayish-wdiite ; showing 
numerous short, irregular Avood-bundlcs. Roots emanating 
from all sides of the rhizome, numerous, shrivelled, light 
yellowish-browm ; about 10 to 20 Cm. long and 2 Mm. thick. 
Inodorous, but strongly sternutatory when powdered ; taste . 
bitterish and very acrid. 

Constituents. — 1. Veratrine (C32ll49J^O„), a pure 
alkaloid. 2. Jervine (C26lI;^-XO;j), a pure alkaloid. 
3. An impure alkaloid, veratroidine, a mixture of rubijerv- 
ine and an inert resin. 4. Pseudojervine. 5. Rubijervine. 
5. A resin, a gastro-intestinal irritant. 

VeratruniDose.—R. & C, 5 ss.-i. (2.-4.); Sh. & Sw., 
gr.xx.-xxx. (1.3-2.) ; D., 1-10-i. (.006-.06). 

*Great confusion exists concerning the alkaloids in veratrum be- 
cause writers apply different names to the same alkaloids. 



VEEATRUM 463 

PREPARATIONS. 

Fluidextractum Veratri, Fluidex-tract of Veratrum. 
(U. S. P.) 
Made hj maceration and percolation with alcohol, and evaporation, 
*o that 1 cc. =1 gm. of the crude drug. 

Dose.—B.. & C, 3ss.-i. (2.-4.); Sh. &S\v., mxx.-xxx. (1.3.2.); D., 
ni^Vi- (.006-.06). 

Tinctura Veratri. Tincture of Veratrum. 
. (U. S. &B. P.) 
Made by maceration and percolation of veratruni viride, 100 ; and 
alcohol to make 1000. (U. S. P.) 

Dose.— H. & C, §ss.-i. (15.-30.); Sh. & Sw., 3 ii.-iv. (8,-15.); D., 
TTIV.-XV. (.3-1.) 

JERYTNE. 

Action Internal. — Digestive Tract. — Large doses cause 
salivation, but have little eflfect on the stomach or bowels. 

Circulation. — Jervine is a powerful depressant to the 
heart muscle, its contained ganglia, and the vasomotor 
centres. Large doses, therefore, weaken and slow the pulse 
and lower vascular tension. 

Eespiration. — The alkaloid is also a profound respira- 
tory depressant, and death occurs from asphyxia in poison- 
ing, the heart continuing to beat after cessation of breathing. 

Nervous System. — In poisoning b}^ jervine, animals 
exhibit muscular tremors and weakness, and finally fall 
from loss of muscular power. Lying prostrate on the 
grouncl in a paralytic state, they are attacked by clonic con- 
vulsions. The paralysis is attributable to depression of the 
cells of the inferior cornua, while the convulsions are due to 
disturbance of the cerebral circulation, or stimulation of the 
cerebral motor tract. The muscles and nerves are unaffected 
by jervine, but there is partial anaesthesia of spinal origin 
observed just before death. 

VERATROIDINE. 

Action Internal. — The alkaloid is a decided gastro-intes- 
tinal irritant and produces vomiting in animals capable of 

the act, and often purging. 



4:GQ VEGETABLE DRUGS 

Circulation. — Veratroidine mainly influences tlie cardiac 
inhibitory apparatus. When artificial respiration is practised, 
so that the effect of the substance on the respiratory centres 
will not overcome the action on the circulation, it is found 
that the alkaloid slows the heart's action in moderate doses 
by stimulating the pneumogastric centres. Large toxic 
doses, on the other hand, paralyze the vagus nerve endings 
in the heart, and the cardiac pulsations therefore become 
very frequent. The vasomotor centres are uninfluenced by 
ordinary quantities of veratroidine. 

Respiration. — The depressing action of veratroidine on 
the respiratory functions is more marked than that exerted 
on the heart, so that, unless artificial respiration is sustained, 
asphyxia supervenes, and this leads to vasomotor spasm and 
great rise of blood pressure. Death ensues from respiratory 
failure. 

Nervous System. — The influence of veratroidine upon 
the nervous system is similar to that of jervine, but the 
spasmodic phenomena are not so prominent. 

VERATRUM. 

Action Internal. — The action of the drug is a resultant 
of the action of veratrine*, jervine and veratroidine. 

Circulation. — The most noteworthy therapeutic value of 
veratrum viride depends upon its effect on the circulation. 
It first lowers the force (jervine), and, if continued, the fre- 
quency (veratrine*, protoveratrine*, veratroidine and jer- 
vine) of the pulse, and also reduces vascular tension 
(jervine). Veratrum is considerably more powerful than 
acouite, which depresses the action of the heart, but does 
not directly lessen arterial action. Veratrum is, however, 
inferior to aconite for general purposes, as it does not 
possess the anodyne, diarphoretic, or diuretic properties 
peculiar to the latter drug. 

The temperature is reduced several degrees by large 
doses of veratrum. 

Toxicology. — The symptoms exhibited in veratrum 
poisoning are : salivation, vomiting, or attempts at vomiting, 

* See p. 468. 



VERATRUM 467 

purging, abdominal pain, muscular weakness, dijQficultj in 
progression, loss of power and general paralysis, muscular 
tremors and spasms, and occasionally convulsions. The 
pulse is unaltered in rate at first, but later becomes infrequent 
and compressible and finally rapid, thread-like and running. 
The respiration is shallow, the temperature reduced, the 
skin is cold and clammy ; there is semi-consciousness, loss 
of sight and death from asphyxia. 

Treatment should be pursued with cardiac and respira- 
tory stimulants, as amyl nitrite (by inhalation), alcohol, 
strychnine and atropine ; tannic acid as a chemical antidote ; 
opium to subdue pain ; and demulcents to relieve local irrita- 
tion of the digestive tract. Warm water should be given the 
smaller animals to wash out the stomach and to assist vomi- 
tion, and quietude should be enforced. In man, fatal poison- 
ing is rare, since the drug is sj)ontaneously vomited. The 
same would probably apply to dogs. Recovery has ensued 
in horses after ingestion of two ounces of veratrum root. 

Administration. — It is advisable to give small doses of 
the tincture or fluid extract hourly. In the case of the 
smaller patients, the dose should be preceded by the ad- 
ministration of a correspondingly small dose of laudanum 
(T[\,v.-x.) to prevent vomiting. 

Uses Internal. — The alkaloids of veratrum are difficult 
to obtain in their purity, and are not used in practice. 

The drug is applicable as a circulatory sedative at the 
outset of sthenic diseases afflicting strong, plethoric ani- 
mals. Veratrum bleeds an animal into its own vessels by 
causing vascular dilatation. The indications are similat 
to those applying to venesection, and are therefore limited. 
In some cases of acute diseases, included within the limits 
defined above, it may prove of the utmost service to cut 
short or even abort the attack. 

In- this list may be placed sthenic pneumonia, cerebritis, 
laminitis, puerperal fever, and, when veratrum is combined 
with opium to obviate stimulation of peristaltic action, 



468 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

enteritis, peritontis, and abdominal wounds and injuries. 
Veratrum is said to relieve pain, lower temperature and 
lessen the duration of acute rheumatic fever. 

Veratrum Album.* 

Synonym. — Veratri albi rhizoma, white hellebore root, 
E. 

Habitat. — Europe (used on the continent). 

Constituents. — 1. Protoveratrine (C32H51NO11), an 
alkaloid acting like veratrine on the heart. 2. Jervine, 
3. Rubijervine. 4. Pseudojervine and other alkaloids. The 
Germans recommend it to be given as an emetic to swine, in 
milk, gr.v.xx. (.3-1.3), and as an emetic to cattle, 5 iv.-vi. 
(16.-24.). Its use is, however, attended with some danger 
in these doses. 

Veratrina. Veratrine.f (U. S. & B. P.) 

A mixture of alkaloids obtained from the seed of 
Asagrsea officinalis (Schlechtendal et Chamisso) Lindley 
(nata. ord. Liliacese). (U. S. P.) 

Derivation. — Obtained from the seed by alcohol, which 
is recovered by distillation, and the residue is treated with 
water to precipitate resins ; filtered, and veratrine is precipi- 
tated from the filtrate by ammonia. It is further purified by 
solution in water, decolorization, and reprecipitation. 

Properties. — A white, or grayish-white, amorphous, or 
semi-crystalline powder ; odorless, but causing intense irri- 
tation and sneezing when even a minute quantity reaches 
the nasal mucous membrane ; having an acrid taste, and leav- 
ing a sense of tingling and numbness on the tongue. Per- 
manent in the air. Very slightly soluble in- cold or hot 
water ; soluble in 3 parts of alcohol, and very soluble in 
boiling alcohol ; also soluble in 6 parts of ether, and in 2 
parts qf chloroform. 



* Veratrum (U.S.P. ) now includes both Veratrum viride (Ameri- 
can Hellebore) and Vei'atrum Album (White Hellebore). 

t This substance contains the pure alkaloid veratrine (C32H49NO9), 
veratrine of Wright (C37H53NO11), and eevadine. The action described 
is that of pure veratrine. 



VERATEINE 469 

Dose.—K., gr.ss.-ii. (.03-.12) ; C, gr.ii.-v. (.12-.3) ; D., 
gr 1/50-1/10 (.0012-.006). 

The smaller doses to be given subcutaneously. 

PREPARATIONS. 

Oleatum Veratrince. Oleate of Veratrine, 2 per cent. (U. S. P.) 
Unguentum Veratrince. (U. S. & B. P. ) (4 per cent., U. S. P.) 

Action Internal.- — Veratrine is a powerful irritant. If 
inhaled in minutest quantity it causes sneezing and a mucous, 
or bloody discharge. When injected under the skin, vera- 
trine occasions suffering and restlessenss. Rubbed into the 
skin or applied to a mucous membrane or raw surface, it 
produces redness and pain followed by local anaesthesia. 

Action Internal. — Here again veratrine is an intense 
irritant. After ingestion of large doses, there are salivation, 
violent vomiting, in animals capable of the act ; often severe 
purging, pain, collapse, fall of temperafure and other symp- 
toms common to gastro-enteritis. 

Nervous System and Muscles. — Veratrine is a poison to 
the medulla, spinal cord, motor and sensory nerves and mus- 
cles, first exalting and then depressing and paralyzing their 
functional activity. The cerebrum escapes its influence. 
Spasms and convulsions occur in veratrine poisoning, in the 
stage of motor excitement, while paralysis follows depression 
of the nerves and muscles. The action of the substance be- 
gins and ends sooner in the nerves than the muscles. The 
effect of veratrine on voluntary muscle is peculiar. A tracing 
of a muscle during contraction shows that the latent period, 
and that of ascent, is unaltered ; but the amount of contrac- 
tion is much augmented, as shown by the increased height 
of the curve ; and the time of relaxation is greatly prolonged. 

Circulation. — Veratrine affects the heart muscle much 
as it does the striped muscle, and the vagus nerve similarly 
to the spinal nerves. The cardiac muscle, vagus and vaso- 
motor centres are primarily stimulated, while later the heart 
muscle, vagus endings and vasomotor centres are depressed 
and paralyzed. Three conditions have been noted in rela- 
tion to the pulse, corresponding to different stages in the 
action of veratrine. 1. A small dose may, induce a temporary 



470 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

rise of pulse rate, force and tension, by stimulation of the 
cardiac muscle and vasomotor centres. 2. Large doses are 
followed by slowing and weakening of the pulse. The 
vagus centre is stimulated and the heart muscle depressed. 
3. Towards the end of fatal poisoning the pulse becomes 
weak, thread-like, rapid and irregular from paralysis of the 
heart muscle, vagus endings and vasomotor centres. It 
sometimes happens, however, that the pulse remains weak 
and slow in this stage because the paralyzing influence of 
the substance on the heart muscle prevents quickening of 
the heart even after the removal of inhibitory control. The 
heart is dilated and irresponsive to galvanism, after death, as 
are also the voluntary miiscles. 

Respiration. — Lethal doses paralyze the respiratory 
centres and death occurs from respiratory arrest. The 
breathing may be quickened by small doses of veratrine, 
owing to transient stimulation of the respiratory centres and 
vagus nerve endings in the lungs. 

Toxicology. — The symptoms of poisoning are referable 
to the action of veratrine on the digestive, nervous and 
muscular apparatus, heart, and respiratory organs. They 
include nausea, salivation, clammy sweating, excessive vomit- 
ing in dogs, cats and cattle, attempts at vomiting in the 
horse, abdominal pain, severe purging, muscular twitchings 
or convulsions (excited by external stimuli), loss of muscular 
power and paralysis. The pulse, at first weak and infrequent, 
becomes thready, rapid and irregular. The temperature is 
reduced and the respiration is weak and slow. Death occurs 
in convulsions or paralysis. One-sixteenth of a grain has 
caused alarming symptoms in man. The minimum fatal 
dose is about one grain for dogs. One grain subcutaneously, 
or five to six grains by the mouth, produce poisonous 
symptoms in horses. 

Treatment. — External heat; respiratory and cardiac 
stimulants should be employed subcutaneously. Potassium 
carbonate and demulcent drinks are to be given in- 
ternally. 



IPECAC 471 

Uses External. — Veratrine is of trivial value, since its 
therapeutic application is narrowly limited. It is occasion- 
ally useful in the official ointment, or in greater strength 
(gr.xl. to 3 i.) for its local anaesthetic action applied over 
rheumatic joints. It may be employed also as a simple 
rubefacient. An aqueous solution of veratrine sulphate, or 
an alcoholic dilution of the pure alkaloid, is recommended by 
Ellenberger and other noted Germans in shoulder lameness, 
myalgia, and chronic rheumatic affections of the horse, to be 
injected every alternate day, or oftener, into the muscalar 
tissue over the seat of the trouble. The animal should be led 
about for fifteen or thirty minutes while the pain of the 
treatment lasts. The initial dose is gr.f (0.4 Gm.), to be 
increased to gr.li (0.1 Gm.). 

Uses Internal. — Veratrine has been employed as a cardiac 
sedative and antipyretic in pneumonia, acute rheumatism, 
and in other sthenic disorders, but it is inferior for these 
purposes to aconite or veratrum, and, its other effects 
are undesirable. The remedy is lauded by foreign authori- 
ties as an emetic and cathartic for cattle in impaction of the 
third stomach, and in conditions where it is desirable to 
quickly unload their digestive apparatus. 

P. Cagny advises veratrine, grs.25-3 (.15-.20), subcutane- 
ously, to be followed if necessary by daily doses of grs.5-7^, 
(0.3-0.5 Gm.) in mucilaginous drinks by the mouth. The 
same writer finds the drug useful in "broken wind." Vera- 
trine stimulates intestinal secretion and peristalsis in the 
horse, but is inferior to eserine and pilocarpine in that 
animal as a quickly acting cathartic. 



SECTION VII.— DEUGS ACTING ON THE 
KESPIRATOKY ORGANS. 

Ipecacuanha. Ipecac. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Synofiym. — Ipecacuanha, racine bresilienne, Fr. ; 
brechwurzel, ruhrwurzel, G. 



472 VEGETABLE DBUGS 

The root of Cephaelis Ipecacuanha (Brotero) A. 
Richard (nat. ord. Rubiacese). 

Habitat. — South America from Brazil to Bolivia, and 
New Grenada. Cultivated in India. 

Description. — About 10 Cm. long and 4 or 5 Mm. thick ; 
mostly simple, contorted, dull grayish-brown or blackish, 
finely wrinkled, closely and irregularly annulated, and often 
transversely fissured ; bark thick, brittle, brownish, easily 
separated from the thin, whitish, tough, ligneous portion; 
odor slight, peculiar, nauseous ; taste bitterish, acrid, 
nauseating. 

Constitue7ds.—l. The alkaloid Emetine (Ci,H„(CH3)N0,)* 
existing to the extent of 1-2 per cent., and representing in 
the main the action of the crude drug. It is a white, odor- 
less, uncrystallizable powder, with a bitter, burning taste, 
and soluble in alcohol and chloroform ; less so in ether, and 
very slightly in water, turning yellow on keeping. The 
impure commercial alkaloid occurs in brownish-red trans- 
parent and deliquescent scales, very soluble in water. 2. 
An amorphous, bitter glucoside. 3. An astringent, ipecac- 
uanhic acid. 4. A volatile oil, starch, gum, tannin, coloring 
matter, etc. Hemidesmus exists as an impurity, it is cracked, 
not annulated ; also bitter almond powder, which exhales 
the odor of prussic acid when wet. Emetine (non-official) is 
rarely used. 

Dose of Poivdered Boot. — H^ 3 i.-ii. (4.-8.) ; C, 3 ii.-iv. 
(8.-15.) ; Sh., 3 ss.-i. (2.-4.) ; D., gr.ss.-ii. (.03-.12). 

Emetic. — D. & Sw., gr.xv.-xxx. (1.-2.). 

PREPARATIONS. 

Fluidextraetnm Ipecacuanhce. Fluidextract of Ipecac. (U. S. P.) 
Made by maceration and percolation with alcohol and water, evap- 
oration of a portion of the percolate, solution of the residue in the 
reserved portion of the pei'colate, and addition of arlcohol and water, so 
that 1 cc. = 1 gm. of the crude drug. The fluidextract should contain 
1.75 per cent, of alkaloids from ipecac. Dose. — Same as powdered root. 

Exfractnm Ipecacuanha; Liqiiidimi. (B. P.) 
Dose — One-half that of the U. S. P. fluidextract. 



* ReaUy emetine is composed of three alkaloids: (1) Pure em^etine (Ci4Hi8 
(CHajNOa). (~) Cephaeline (C14H19NO2), resembling emetine in action. (3) 
Psychotrine, which is inert. 



IPECAC 473 

Syrupus Ipecacuanhce. Syrup of Ipecac. (U. S. P.) 
Fluid extract of ipecac, 70 ; acetic acid, 10 ; glycerin, 100 ; sugar, 
700 ; water to make 1000. 

Dose.— D. (expectorant), mxv.- 3 i. (1.-4.). 

Vinum Ipecacuanhce. Wine of Ipecac. (U. S. & B. P.) 
Fluid extract of ipecac, 100; alcohol, 100; white wine, 800. 
(U. S. P.) 

Dose. — Same as syrup of ipecac. 

Pulvis Ipecacuanhce et Opii. (U. S. & B. P.) (See opium.) 
Tinctura Ipecacuanhce et Opii. (See opium.) 

Action External. — Ipecac, and still more emetine, are 
decided irritants when applied to mucous membranes, raw 
surfaces, or even to the unbroken skin ; causing, variously, 
hyperaemia, vesication, pustulation, and ulceration, according 
to their strength and the mode of application. Ipecac is 
said to possess some antiseptic properties not resident in 
emetine. 

Action Internal. — Digestive Tract. — Ipecac is naturally a 
local irritant in the alimentary canal as well as externally. 
It increases the flow of saliva and gastric juice, besides 
dilating the blood vessels of the stomach. Small doses are 
stomachic, improving the digestion and tone of the gastric 
mucous membrane, and, in some cases, minute quantities are 
anti-emetic i)i allaying vomiting. Large doses, on the other 
hand, cause a little nausea and free vomiting. It is probable 
that emetine is not, as frequently stated, a specific emetic; 
that is, it does not act directly on the vomiting centre, 
although vomiting is produced, when emetine is thrown into 
the blood, by means of its elimination through the stomach. 
This is substantiated by the following facts : (1) Emetine is 
recovered in the first vomitus after its subcutaneous injec- 
tion. (2) Vomition does not occur so rapidly, and more 
emetine is required, when the alkaloid is injected in place of 
being ingested. (3) Furthermore, when the vagus is pre- 
viously divided, vomiting does not follow hyperdermic medi- 
cation of emetine. The act does, however, follow the admin- 
istration of apomorphine and tartar emetic under similar 



474 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

conditions. Therefore it is probable that in whatsoever way 
ipecac is exhibited, vomiting proceeds from direct irritation 
of the stomach or the vagus endings situated therein. Ipecac 
and emetine do not act so promptly as zinc sulphate or 
apomorphine (under the skin). The latter are accordingly 
preferable as evacuants in poisoning. Compared with tartar 
emetic, ipecac is less persistent and prostrating in its effect. 
It is probably the mildest emetic at our command. Ipecac 
and emetine increase secretion and cause hypersemia and 
purging, sometimes of a bloody character, in their passage 
through the bowels. Gastro-enteritis may follow the admin- 
istration of large quantities to dogs. Experimental evidence 
has shown that ipecac is an hepatic stimulant (cholagogue), 
increasing the secretion of bile. 

Circuhtion. — Medicinal doses have no influence on the 
circulation. Lethal doses paralyze the heart muscle. The 
act of vomiting, nevertheless, may slightly depress the 
heart. 

Respiratory Organs. — The lungs are often found intensely 
hypersemic after death by ipecac poisoning. Not only this ; 
portions are seen to be collapsed and consolidated. In 
therapeutic doses the pulmonary mucous membrane is stimu- 
lated during its elimination and is made more vascular ; the 
secretion of bronchial mucus is increased and cough is 
reflexly excited. Ipecac is thus strictly a stimulating expect- 
orant in so far as its action on the bronchial mucous mem- 
brane is concerned ; but it is, perhajjs unfortunately and 
misleadingly, classed by some (Brunton) as a depressing 
expectorant because of the side influence on the circulation. 

Skin. — Ipecac is mildly diarphoretic in addition to 
and independent of this action common to nauseants in 
general. 

Toxicology. — The following toxic phenomena are exhib. 
ited by animals : vomiting, loss of muscular power and 
paralysis, increased, followed by diminished reflex activity, 
failure of heart and respiration, and post mortem evidences 
of congestion and inflammation of the lungs and intestines. 



IPECAC 475 

Three ounces of ipecac have killed a horse, and two grains 
of emetine have proved fatal to a dog. 

Uses. — The indications for the therapeutic employment 
of ipecac may be described under the following heads : 

1. Emetic and anti-emetic. 

2. Expectorant. 

3. Diarphoretic. 

4. Empirically in dysentery and chronic diarrhoea. 

1. Powdered ipecac is a good agent for dogs, cats and 
pigs, given in luke-warm water, in \repeated doses if neces- 
sary, to empty an overloaded stomach. Also in acute 
bronchitis and laryngitis of dogs and cats, when the patient 
is endangered by accumulation of secretion, ipecac, by the 
forcible expulsion attending vomiting, removes secretion 
from the upper respiratory tract and clears out the stomach 
of any secretion which may have been swallowed. Ipecac is 
efficacious in stopping vomiting in cases of acute catarrh of 
the stomach in dogs, and is given as the wine with tincture 
of aconite, one drop each in a drachm of ice water, at half 
hour intervals. The drug is also of service in reflex vomit- 
ing, and that due to an atonic or depressed condition of the 
stomach. Therapeutically, ipecac should only be of value in 
the latter disorder, but it nevertheless is often efficient in the 
vomiting of irritative dyspepsia, as noted above. 

2. Ipecac is prescribed in the first stage of acute bron- 
chitis, when the secretion is scanty, and again in bronchitis of 
long standing, to stimulate the bronchial mucous membrane. 
It may be given to dogs and cats in repeated expectorant 
doses of the wine or syrup, with other expectorants, diarpho- 
retics and diuretics, as syrup of squill and spirit of nitrous 
ether, or as Dover's powder, to all animals. 

3. Ipecac is a feeble diarphoretic, and inferior to sweet 
spirit of nitre, aconite, alcohol or external heat, for general 
sudorific purposes. The combination of opium and ipecac, 
in Dover's powder, is an appropriate mixture to relieve pain 
and cause diarphoresis in acute rheumatism, and may cut 
short attacks of acute inflammation of the respiratory tract. 



i76 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

4. Ipecac is probably tlie best single remedy for the 
treatment of dysentery. It should be given in the form of 
powder, bolus, or pill every four hours, combined with 
opium to prevent nausea or vomiting. Extempoianeous 
decoctions are likewise useful given in the form of enemata, 
and may take the place of the drug by the mouth in 
dysentery or chronic diarrhoea. Ipecac has been used 
successfully in the treatment of anthrax, in man, by dusting 
the powdered drug over the external lesion and giving it 
internally every two hours. 



SECTION VIII.— ANTIPYKETIC AND ANTISEPTIC 
OEGANIC AGENTS. 

Class 1. — Cinchona and its Alkaloids. 

Cinchona. Cinchona. (U. S. P.) 

Synonym. — Cinchon?e cortex, B.P. ; cortex chinse, E. ; 
quinquina, Fr. ; chinarinde, G. 

The bark of Cinchona calisaya Weddell, Cinchona 
officialis Linne, and of hybrids of these and of other species 
of cinchona (nat. ord. Rubiacete), yielding when assayed not 
less than 5 per cent, of total anhydrous cinchona alkaloids, 
and at least 4 per cent, of ether-soluble alkaloids. 

Habitat. — Indigenous in South America on the east 
slope of the Andes, and northwards into Colombia ; south- 
wards to the lower part of Bolivia, at altitudes varying from 
5,000 to 10,000 ft. Cultivated in India, East Indies, Jamaica, 
and to some extent in South America. 

Description. — In quills or incurved pieces, varying in 
length, and usually 2 or 3 or sometimes 5 Mm. thick. The 
outer surface covered with a gray or brownish-gray cork, 
usually slightly wrinkled, marked with transverse, and also 
with intersecting, longitudinal fissures (C. Calisaya), and 
sometimes with scattered warts and slight, longitudinal 



CINCHONA 



477 



ridges ; inner surface light cinnamon-brown, very finely 
striate ; fracture short and granular in the outer layer, and 
finely fibrous in the inner layer ; powder, light brown or 
yellowish-brown ; odor slight, somewhat aromatic ; taste 
bitter and somewhat astringent. 

Constituefits. — (a) Four chiff alkaloids and three artificial 
products. 

(1) Quinine (C.oH.AO, -f 3 H,0). Solutions 
of its salts are fluorescent. Turns plane of 
polarization to left. Gives green color with 
ammonia and chlorine water. Precipitated 

* Isomers \ from its salts as hydrate. 

(2) Quinidine ( CjoH^^NoO,). Solutions of its 
salts flnorescent. Differs from quinine in turn- 

I ing plane of polarization to right, and in being 
[ insoluble in ammonia except in excess. 

(Quinicine is an artificial amorphous alkaloid, probably not occur- 
ring naturally, and obtained from quinine by heat and excess of a 
mineral acid. Quinoidine is a cheap brown amorphous substance 
obtained from the mother liquor after quinine sulphate has crystallized 
out, and contains a mixture of quinidine cinchonine and cinchonidine.) 

(3) Cinchonine (CigHjjNjO). Is not fluores- 
cent. Turns plane of polarization to right. 
Does not assume a green color with ammonia 

* Isomers -{ or chlorine water. 

I (4) Cinchonidine (CigH^.KO) is slightly 
I fluorescent. Turns plane of polarization to 
[ left. 

Cinchonicine is an artificial alkaloid obtained from cinchonine by 
heat and an excess of a mineral acid. 

Some other alkaloids of no particular importance are : 

Quinamina (C18H24N2O2). 
Paricina (CisHisNaO). 
Aricina, etc. 



^ Isomers are bodies composed of the same elements, in the same 
proportions, but possessing difiierent chemical or physical properties. 



478 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

(&) Less Important Constituents. — (5) Kinic, or quinic 
acid (C^HijOe), occurs in colorless prisms. Related to benzoic 
acid and eliminated in the urine as hippuricacid. Found in 
coffee beans and other vegetables. 

The alkaloids in cinchona are naturally united with 
kinic or kinovic acid, and salts of this combination are used 
in medicine ; i.e., quinine kinate, which is soluble and may 
be employed subcutaneously. 

(6) Kinovic, or quinovic acid (Cj^H^gOe), a white, amor- 
phous substance allied to kinovin. 

(7) Kinovin, or quinoviu (CjoH^gOg), a glucoside readily 
decomposed into glucose and kinovic acid. 

(8) Cincho-tannic acid, or kiuo-tannic and kinovi-tannic 
acid (2-4 per cent.). The astringent principle of cinchona. 
Distinguished from tannic acid in yielding green color with 
ferric salts. 

(9) Cinchona red, the coloring matter of cinchona bark. 
Nearly insoluble in water. 

(10) A volatile oil existing in minute amount. 

(11) Starch, gum, resin and salts common to other 
vegetable matters. 

Incompatibility. — Cinchona is incompatible with lime 
water, ammonia, metallic salts or gelatin. 

Bose.—B.., 3ii.-iv. (8.-15.); C, 3 i -ii. (30.-60.); Sh. <feSw., 
3 i.-iv. (4.-15.) ; D. & C, gr.x.- 3 i. (.6-4.). 

PREPARATIONS. 

Fluidextractum Cinchonce. Fluidextract of Cinchona. 
(U. S. P.) 
Made by maceration and percolation with glycerin, alcohol and 
water ; evaporation of the last portion of the percolate, and addition of 
the residue to first portion, with enoup:h water and alcohol to make 
1 cc. = 1 gm. of crude drug. Contains 4 per cent, of alkaloids. 
(U. S. P.) 

Dose. — Same as cinchona. 

Extracttim Civchonce Liquidum. (B. P.) 
Contains 5 per cent, of alkaloids. 
Dose. — Same as cinchona. 



RED CINCHONA 479 

Infusum Cinchonce Acidiuii. (B. P.) 
Dose.—R.,Oi. (500.); D., 3 ii.-iv. (8.-15.). 

Tinctura Cinchonce. Tincture of Cinchona. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Made by maceration and' percolation of cinchona, 200, with 
glycerin, 75 ; and alcohol and water a sufficient quantity to make 1000. 
0.75 gm. alkaloids in 100 cc. of tincture. (U. S. P.) 

Dose.— H., 3i.-ii. (30.-60.); D., 3 ss.-ii. (2.-8.). 

Cinchona Eubra. Bed CinchoDa. 

Ciuchonae rubras cortex, B. P. The bark of Cinchona 
succirubra Pavou (nat. ord. Bubiacese), containing not less 
than 5 per cent, of anhydrous cinchona alkaloids. 

Habitat. — Ecuador, west of Chimborazo. 

Description. — In quills or incurved pieces, varying in 
length, and from 2 to 4 or 5 Mm. thick ; the outer surface 
covered with a grayish-brown cork, more or less rough from 
warts and longitudinal, watery ridges, and from few, mostly 
short, transverse fissures ; inner surface more or less deep 
reddish-brown and distinctly striate ; fracture short-fibrous 
in the inner layer; powder reddish-brown; odor slight; 
taste bitter and astringent. 

Constituents. — Same as cinchona. 

Dose. — Same as cinchona. 

PREPARATION. 

Tinctura Cinchonce Compositus. Compound Tincture of Cinchona. 
(U.S. &B. P.) 
Made by maceration and percolation of red cinchona, 100 ; bitter 
orange peel, 80 ; serpentaria, 20 ; with glycerin, 75 ; and alcohol and 
water to make 1000, (U. S. P.) 

Dose.—B.., 3 ii.-iv. (60.-120.); D., 3 ss.-iv. (2.-15.). 

*QuiNiN.E Sulphas. Quinine Sulphate. 
(C,,„H,,N,OJ, H,SO, + 7 H,0. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — Chininum sulfuricum, P.G.; sulfas quinicus, 
disulphate or basic sulphate of quinia, E.; sulphate de 
quinine, Fr.; schwefelsaures chinin, G. 

* Tine. QuinincB Ammoniatci (B. P.), from the sulphate. Dose — 
H., 3 ss.-i. D,, 3 ss.-i. 



480 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

Derivation. — Prepared by boiliug ciiicliona bark with 
hydrochloric acid and adding lime to the filtered decoction 
to precipitate alkaloids and coloring matter. The precipitate 
is washed and digested in boiliug alcohol to dissolve quinine 
and cinchonine. The alcohol is distilled off and the residue 
dissolved in diluted sulphuric acid, boiled with animal char- 
coal, filtered, and quinine sulphate crystallizes, leaving 
cinchonine sulphate in solution. 

Properties. — White, silky, light and fine needle-shaped 
crystals ; fragile and somewhat flexible, making a very light 
and easily compressible mass ; lustreless from superficial 
efflorescence after being for some time exposed to the air ; 
odorless, and having a persistent and very bitter taste. The 
salt is liable to lose water on exposure to warm air, to absorb 
moisture in damp air, and to become colored by exposure to 
light. Soluble at 15° C. (59° F.), in 740 parts of water, and 
in 65 parts of alcohol ; in 30 parts of boiling water ; also in 
40 parts of glycerin ; in about 680 parts of chloroform, and 
freely in dilute acids. 

Incompatibles. — Alkalies and their carbonates, iodine, and 
tannic acid. 

Dose. — H. (tonic), gr.xv.- 3 i. (1.-4.) ; C, 3 ss.-i.ss. (2.-6.) ; 
Sh. & Sw., gr.v.-x. (.3-.6) ; D. & Cats, gr.i.-ii. (.06-.12). Anti- 
pyretic Dose— H. & C, 3 ii--iv. (8.-15.); Sh., gr.xxx.-xl. 
(2.-2.6); Sw., gr.xv.-xxv. (1.-1.6) ; D. & Cats, gr.v.-x. (.3-.6). 

Quinine Bisulphas. Qaiuine Bisulphate. CsoH^.N^Oo 
H3SO, + 7 HA (U. S. & B. P.) 

Dn-'viifion. — Made by the action of sulphuric acid on 
quinine sulphate suspended in water ; filtration and crystal- 
lization. 

Properties. — Colorless, transparent or whitish, ortho- 
rhombic crystals or small needles ; odorless, and having a 
very bitter taste ; efflorescing on exposure to the air ; soluble 
in 10 parts of cold water and in 32 parts of alcohol ; very 
soluble in boiliug water ami in boiling alcohol. 

Jjose. — Practically same as quinine sulphate, but theo- 



QUININE HYDROBROMIDE 481 

retically it should be slightly larger. The salt is very soluble, 
but is commonly made extemporaneously by adding diluted 
sulphuric acid (Q. S.) to quinine sulphate in preparing 
solutions for medicinal use. The salt is serviceable for 
administration in pill ; or for hypodermic injection, when 
it should be given in about one-third smaller dose than that 
of quinine sulphate by the mouth. 

QuiNiNiE Hydrobeomidum. Quinine Hydrobromide. 
C,„H„N,0, H Br + H,0. (U. S. P.) 

Derivation. — Made by the action of barium bromide, in 
solution, on quinine sulphate suspended in water ; filtration, 
evaporation, and crystallization. 

Properties. — White, light, silky needles ; odorless, and 
having a very bitter taste. The salt is likel}' to lose water 
on exposure to warm or dry air. Soluble in 54 parts of 
cold water, and in 0.6 part of alcohol ; very soluble in 
boiling water and boiling alcohol ; also soluble in 6 parts of 
ether and in 12 parts of chloroform. 

Dose. — Same as quinine sulphate. 

*QuiNiN.E Hydrochloridum. Quinine Hydrochloride. 
a„H,N,0, H CI + 2 H,0. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Derivation. — Made by the action of hydrochloric acid 
on quinine, aud by crystallization. 

Properties. — White, silk}', light and fine, needle-shaped 
crystals ; odorless, and having a very bitter taste. The salt 
is liable to lose Avater when exposed to warm air. Soluble 
in 34 parts of cold water, and in 3 parts of alcohol ; in 1 part 
of boiling water, and very soluble in boiling nlcohol ; also 
soluble in 9 parts of chloroform. 

Dose.^Siiine as quinine sulphate. f 

* Tinctiira Qidninw (B. P.), from tlie hydrochloride. Dose — H., 

3 ss.-i. D., 3 sis.-i. 

f Quinince. Salicylas, Quinine Salicj'hite (U. S. P.). Soluble in 77 
parts of water. Occurs in colorless needles. Dose as for sulphate. 



482 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

QuiNiNiE Valeras. Quinine VrtlpiJit^-. 
C,oH,,N,0,C5H,„0, + H,0. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Derivation. — Made by decomposition of quinine sulphate 
witli ammonia, followed by the immediate action of valerianic 
acid, and ciystallization from a cold solution. 

Properties. — White, or nearly white, pearly, lustrous 
triclinic crystals, having a slight odor of valerianic acid, and 
a bitter taste. Permanent in the air. Soluble in 100 parts 
of cold water, and in 5 parts of alcohol ; in 40 parts of 
boiling water, and in 1 part of alcohol. 

Dose. — D., gr.i.-ii. (.06-.12). Three times daily as tonic. 

Quinine Bimuriatis Carbamas. Double Muriate of Quinine 
and Urea. (Non-official.) 

Very soluble and contains about 61 per cent, of quinine. 
Dose. — Same as quinine sulphate, but used subcutane- 
ously in 50 per cent, aqueous solution. 

Chinoidinum or Quinoidinum. Chinoidine or Quinoidine. 

Brown, resinous mass, containing mixture of quinidine, 
cinchonine and cinchonidine. A cheap substitute for quinine 
sulphate. 

Dose. — Three or four times that of quinine sulphate. 

QuiNiDiNiE Sulphas. Quinidine Sulphate. (CooHo^NjOJj 
H,SO, -f- 2 H,0. (U. S. P.) 

The neutral sulphate of an alkaloid obtained from the 
bark of several species of cinchona (nat. ord. Rabiacese). 

Synonym. — Sulfate de quinidine, Fr. ; schwefelsaures 
chinidin (cinchinin), G. 

Derivation. — Recovered from quinoidine, or from the 
mother liquors after the crystallization of quinine sulphate, 
by the same method ;is for quinine. 

Properties. — White, silky needles, odorless, and having 



CINCHONINE SULPHATE 483 

a very bitter taste; permanent in tlie air. Soluble in 100 
parts of cold water, and in 8 parts of alcohol ; in 7 parts of 
boiling water, and very soluble in boiling alcohol ; also in 
14 parts of chloroform and in acidulated water ; almost 
insoluble in ether. 

Do.se. — One-third larger than quinine sulphate. 

CmcHONiN^ Sulphas. Cinchonine Sulphate. (CisHj^NjO), 
H,SO, + 2 H,0. (U. S. P.) 

Deprivation. — Obtained from the mother liquors after the 
crystallization of the sulphates of quinine, quinidine and 
cinchonidine, by precipitation with caustic soda, washing 
with alcohol to free it from other alkaloids, solution in 
sulphuric acid, and by purification with animal charcoal, and 
crystallization. 

Properties. — Hard, white, lustrous, prismatic crystals, 
without odor, and having a very bitter taste. Permanent in 
the air. Soluble in 66 parts of cold water, and in 10 parts 
of alcohol ; in 13.59 parts of boiling water, and in 3,25 parts 
of boiling alcohol. Also soluble in 78 parts of chloroform, 
but almost insoluble in ether. 

Dose. — One-third larger than that of quinine sulphate. 

Cinchonidine Sulphas. Cinchonidine Sulphate.* 
(C,,H.2N,0), H,SO, -i- 3 HA (U. S. P.) 

Derivation. — Procured from the mother liquors, after 
the crystallization of quinine sulphate, by further con- 
centration. Purified by crystallization from alcohol, and 
finally from hot water. 

Properties. — White, silky, acicular crystals, without odor, 
and having a very bitter taste ; slightly efflorescent on ex- 
posure to air. Soluble in 70 parts of cold water, and in 66 
parts of alcohol; in 1.42 parts of boiling water, and in 8 parts 

* Elixir Ferri, Quininm et Strychnime. Phosphatum (U. S. P.), and 
Syrupus Ferri Phosphatis cum Quinina et Strychnina (B. P.), (dose — 
D., 3 i.)) are good tonic preparations for dogs. 



484 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

of boiling alcohol ; also soluble in 1316 parts of chloroform, 
and almost insoluble in ether. 

Dose. — One-third larger than that of quinine sulphate. 

CINCHONA AND ITS ALKALOIDS AS REPRESENTED BY QUININE. 

Acfdon External. — Qaiuiiie is a powerful antiseptic and 
microbicide. A solutif)n (1 to 250) of the alkaloid or its 
salts are poisonous to the fungi of fermentation and putre- 
faction. A one per cent, solution quickly destroys bacteria 
and vibrios, but spores may live in it for some days. Quinine 
and its salts cause irritation of the denuded skin, or mucous 
membranes, but exert no effect upon the unbroken skin. 

Action Internal.^— Digestive Tract. — Quinine, in thera- 
peutic doses, acts as. a simple bitter (stomachic), and there- 
fore promotes appetite and gastric digestion. It stimulates 
the gustatory nerves in the mouth and gastric nerves in the 
stomach, thus reflexly increasing the flow of saliva and 
gastric juice, and the vascularity and peristaltic motion of 
the stomach together with the appetite. Experimentally, 
quinine retards the action of the gastric and pancreatic 
ferments. Large doses, particularly if the stomach be 
irritable, may cause vomiting. Quinine becomes dissolved 
in the gastric juice and is converted into the chloride. A 
portion unabsorbed finds its way into the bowels and is 
there precipitated by the alkaline juices and bile, whose 
acids form insoluble salts with quinine, unless the bile is in 
great excess. 

Blood. — Quinine is absorbed into the blood, and would 
naturally be precipitated in this alkaline fluid ; but this is 
not the case, and it has been shown that quinine is probably 
^:ield in solution by the loosely combined carbonic dioxide 
gas in the blood. Quinine possesses several well-defined 
and important actions in relation to the blood. 

1. White Blood Corpuscles. — Quinine in great dilution 
lessens the amoeboid movements of the white corpuscles iu 
blood removed from the body. When a frog receives large 
doses of quinine and its mesentery is irritated, the white 



ACTIO]N^ AXD USES OF QUIJfIXE i85 

corpuscles do not collect in the arterioles or migrate through 
their walls (diaiDedesis). Again, when inflammation has 
already begun in the mesentery, quinine stops the trans- 
migration of leucocytes, and yet does not stop those in the 
tissues from wandering away. Moreover, large doses mark- 
edly lessen the number of white corpuscles in the blood. The 
foregoing actions should make quinine invaluable in check- 
ing inflammation. How great this influence may be, when 
quinine is given in medicinal doses, it is impossible to 
determine. 

2. Red Blood Corpuscles. — Therapeutic doses increase 
the number of red corpuscles. The latter diminish in size 
in febrile conditions, but, under the action of quinine (and 
other antipyretic agencies), regain their normal condition. 
This follows the eft'ect of quinine in lowering temperature, 
and is not due to any specific power of quinine exerted on the 
corpuscles themselves. 

3. Oxidation. — Quinine hinders the red corpuscles from 
serving as carriers of ozone and also prevents them from 
yielding it to the tissues. In this way functional activity of 
tissue cells is diminished and metabolism decreased. Quinine 
also lessens the ozonizing power of vegetable juices. The 
alkaloid prevents the develapment of acidity in blood outside 
the body, which is thought to be the product of oxidation. 

Heart and Blood Vessels. — Quinine in moderate doses 
does not affect the heart or vessels appreciably. Large doses 
at first stimulate the muscle of the heart and blood vessels 
and cause the pulse to be accelerated and vascular tension to 
be raised. In poisoning this effect is temporary and is fol- 
lowed by depression of the muscle of the vessel walls and 
heart and the cardiac pulsations become slow and weak and 
the blood tension falls. Death occurs immediately from fail- 
ure of respiration, however, the pulse is at first slowed, the 
vagus becomes finally paralyzed in poisoning, and the pulse 
is rapid and imperceptible in the later stages. 



486 VEGETABLE DKUGS 

Nervous System. — Toxic closes of quinine injected into 
the carotid artery cause meningitis by direct irritation. In 
man, ringing in the ears, fuhiess in the head, and slight deaf- 
ness commonly follow a large medicinal dose (cinchonism). 
Blindness also very rarely occurs in man after large doses. 
There are contraction of the retinal vessels and degenerative 
changes in the retina and spiral ganglia of the cochlea, which 
account for the loss of sight and hearing. There is some 
clinical evidence that quinine in medicinal doses is a cerebral 
stimulant, but there is no experimental proof of the fact. 

Spinal Cord and Nerves. — Quinine, as shown by experi- 
ments conducted on the frog, lessens reflex activity after 
small doses. This condition disappears on section of the 
medulla. Toxic doses, however, cause permanent loss of 
reflex excitabilty. The same alkaloid first excites and then 
paralyzes the peripheral sensory nerve endings. These effects 
on the nervous system are not observed in mammals. Mus- 
cular contractility stimulated by small and paralyzed by 
poisonous doses of quinine. 

Uterus. — Quinine is thought by many to be an abortifa- 
cient. There is no sufficient warrant for this conclusion. 
There is, nevertheless, considerable testimony affirming that 
the alkaloid stimulates uterine contractions in inertia during 
parturition, but at the same time increases the likelihood of 
metrorrhagia. 

Kidneys, Metabolism and Elimination. — Quinine less- 
ens the secretion of uric acid and, to a somewhat less extent, 
that of urea. Tissue waste must therefore be reduced. This 
is in accordance with our knowledge of its power to lessen 
oxidation and protoplasmic activity. It is curious to note 
in this connection that the excretion of carbonic dioxide by 
the lungs is not notably decreased. Ninety per cent, of qui- 
nine is eliminated unchanged in the urine ; some is unab- 
sorbed and passes away in the faeces. While its excretion in 
the urine begins soon after its ingestion, and lasts for some 
days, the greater amount escapes within forty-eight hours. 



ACTION AND USES OF QUININE . i48T 

Quinine is found in minute amount in the bile, tears, saliva, 
milk, etc., after its administration. 

Antipyretic Action. — Quinine does not alter the normal 
temperature of a healthy animal, but does reduce tempera- 
ture in fever. The amount of reduction depends upon the 
cause of the fever. An explanation of the antipyretic power 
of the alkaloid may include : 

1. The antiseptic property of quinine. This is most 
marked in the case of the plasmodium malarine, which is 
destroyed by the alkaloid, and the malarial fever is therefore 
overcome. 

2. By retarding metabolism and thus lessening the pro- 
duction of heat in the tissues. 

3. By dilating the vessels of the skin and therefore in- 
ducing loss of heat. 

Administration. — Quinine sulphate is usually given to 
horses in aqueous solution with sufficient diluted sulphuric 
acid to dissolve the salt. It may also be administered to 
these animals in ball, gelatine capsule, enema or subcutane- 
ously. Quinine is exhibited to dogs in pills, solution or sup- 
positories. The alkaloid is not commonly injected under 
the skin, because local irritation and abscess may follow ; 
but this does not frequently happen in the horse. The 
bi sulphate, hydrobromide and hydrochloride are most suit- 
able for hypodermic use. The first salt is more soluble, but 
the latter two are less irritating. 

At a temperature of 45° C. (113° F.) 

Quinine bisiilphate is soluble in 8.8 parts of water. 

Quinine hydrobromide is soluble in 45.02 " " " 

Quinine hydrochloride is soluble in 21.4 " " " 

This temperature may be used for subcutaneous injection, 
but the salts should be thoroughly dissolved and one grain 
of tartaric acid should be added to each five grains of quinine 
bisulphate, in order that precipitation may not occur in the 



488 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

tissues. The dose by the subcutaneous method is one-third 
less than by the mouth. 

The sulphates of quinidine, cinchonine and cinchonidine 
are similar in action to quinine, and their relative antipyretic 
effect is said to be : quinine, 100 ; quinidine, 90 ; cinchonidine, 
70 ; cinchonine, 40. The cinchona compounds are indicated 
for tonic and stomachic purposes. 

Uses External. — Quinine is too expensive for general 
antiseptic employment externally. 

Uses Internal. — It is impossible to draw definite deduc- 
tions as to the therapeutic indications for quinine founded 
on physiological experiments, since these are only sugges- 
tive and not conclusive. For the sake of convenience, we 
may classify the uses of quiuine under the following heads : 

1. Tonic Action. — Quinine is of unquestionable value as 
a tonic, more particularly in relation to digestion, but prob- 
ably also by increasing the number of red corpuscles and 
stimulating the nervous system generally. It is in those 
cases of anorexia and atonic dyspepsia secondary to exhaus- 
tion, overwork, anaemia, or following acute diseases, that the 
drug is indicated. Here, combination with iron is often of 
service, and the tincture of the chloride is a good preparation 
because it contains sufficient free muriatic acid to dissolve 
any of the salts of quinine. The compound tincture of 
cinchona is a prime, bitter tonic for dogs ; or quinine may be 
given in a pill with reduced iron and arsenic as a tonic. 
Chorea in the human patient has been treated successfully 
with quinine, but this remedy has failed in dogs. Neverthe- 
less, the alkaloid is an excellent tonic in canine distemper 
with its accompanying anseraia, but should be combined with 
iron and arsenic. Quinine is a good tonic for purpura in 
horses. 

2. Antiseptic and Antiphlogistic Effect. — Quinine possesses 
much less antipyretic power than phenacetin, anti pyrin 
and acetanilid. It acts more favorably with a falling than 
a rising temperature, and should be given two or three hours 
before the probable time of maximum temperature. Quinine 



ACTION AND USES OF QUININE 48;) 

is employed in mauy acute diseases, such as iuflaenza, 
bronchitis and pneumonia of horses. In full doses, at the 
outset of colds or inflammatory diseases of the resf)iratory 
tract, quinine may prove abortifacient. Later in these 
diseases the drug may be given as an antipyretic and anti- 
phlogistic (without much benefit probably), but in the con- 
valescent stages cpiinine, in small doses, becomes of great 
worth as a tonic. Some experiments involving the injection 
of putrid material into the blood of dogs, appeared to indi- 
cate that quinine had a restraining influence on the resulting 
septic state, and, in some cases, saved life. 

Puerperal fever and erysipelatous inflammation yield 
somewhat to quinine, and the drug should be tried in these 
infections. The alkaloid does not lower the temperature or 
prove destructive to the micrococci of pygeniia. A vast 
number of cases of rheumatic fever have been treated with 
quinine in human practice, but the results are inferior to 
those obtained by salicylates. In subacute and clironic 
muscular rheumatism quitiine is sometimes useful. It has 
been injected into the aff'ected muscles in this disorder, in 
horses, with favorable results. 

The alkaloids of cinchona may be used as anti[)yretics in 
all acute diseases with the exception of meningitis, cerebritis, 
gastritis, nephritis and c^^stitis, where they produce too 
much irritation. They are also contra-indicated in epilepsy 
and middle-ear disease. 

3. Specific Properties. — Quinine stands preeminent in the 
treatment of malaria, as it is the only drug which can be 
relied upon to kill malarial organisms. While periodicity 
in the febrile attacks is characteristic of malaria, an absolute 
diagnosis can only be made by the discovery of Laveran's 
Plasmodium in the red blood corpuscles. Malaria but rarely 
affects the lower animals in this part of the country (New 
England), although exceedingly common among human 
beings. Cases are said to occur not infrequently among 
horses and cattle in India, A single full antipyretic dose of 
quinine, if given from twelve to six hours before a promised 



490 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

malarial attack, will usually prevent it. A single large close 
should be given once daily for several days thereafter. When 
the disease is severe, treatment may also be pursued by the 
rectal and hypodermic methods at the same time that 
quinine is given by the mouth. A purge of aloes and calomel 
should be exhibited prior to the administration of quinine in 
the treatment of malaria. 



Class 2.— Salicylic Acid, Salicin, Salol, Oil of 
Gaultheria and Methyl Salicylate. 

AciDUM Salicylicum. Salicylic Acid. HC^H^Oj. 
(U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — Acid salicylique, Fr. ; salicylsaiire, G. 

An organic acid, existing naturally in combination in 
various plants, but chiefly prepared synthetically from car- 
bolic acid. 

Derivation. — Made by passing carbonic dioxide through 
sodium carbolate at a temperature of 428° F. (220°C). 
2 Na CgHsO (sodium carbolate) + COj = NaoC,H^03 (sodium 
salicylate) + CbHbO (phenol). Sodium salicylate is treated 
with hydrochloric acid, when salicylic acid is precipitated. 
Na,C,H,03 i- 2 H CI = HC,H503 + 2 Na CI. 

Properties. — Light, fine, white, prismatic needles, or a 
light, white, crystalline powder; odorless, having a sweetish, 
afterward acrid taste, and permanent in the air. Soluble in 
about 450 parts of cold water, and in 2.4 parts of alcohol ; 
in 14 parts of boiling water, and very soluble in boiling 
alcohol. Also soluble in 2 parts of ether, 2 parts of absolute 
alcohol, and 80 parts of chloroform. 

Incompatible. — Spirit of nitrous ether. 

Impurities. — In artificial salicylic acid, metacreosotic and 
orthocreosotic acids. 

Dose.—B.. & a, 3ii.-3i. (8.-30.); Sh., 3 i.-iv. (4.-15); 
Sw., 3 ss.-i. (2.4.) ; D., gr.v.-xxx. (.3-2.). 

Preparation. — Ungnentwn Acidi Salicylici (2 per cent.), B. P. 



SALICIN 491. 

Saltcinum. Salicin. Cj3H,,0,. (U. S. & B. P.) 

A neutral principle (<ylucoside) obtaiued from several 
species of Salix and Populus (nat. ord. Salicacese). 

Habitat. — Europe, but cultivated iu North America. 

Derivation. — Obtained from a decoction of willow bark. 
Salicin crystallizes on evjijioration, after removal of tannin 
by agitation with lead oxide. It is purified by repeated 
solution and crystallization. 

Properties. — Colorless, or white, silky, shining crystal- 
line needles, or a crystalline ]iowder ; odorless, and having 
a very bitter taste. Permanent in the air. Soluble in 28 
parts of water, and in 30 [)arts of alcohol; almost insoluble 
iu ether or chloroform. 

Dose.—U. & C, 3ii--3i. (8.-30.); Sh., ' 3 i.-iv. (4.-15.); 
Sw., 3 ss.-i. (2.-4.) ; D., gr.v.-xxx. (.3-2.). 

*SoDii Salicylas. Sodium Salicylas. Na C.HjOj 

(U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — Silicylate de sonde, Fr.; natrium salicyli- 
cum, G. 

Derivation. — Made by the action of salicylic acid on 
sodinin carbonate. 2 HC,H503 + Na.CO, = 2 Na C,H303 + 
H,,0 -H CO^. The solution is filtered, and heated to expel 
carbon dioxide. 

Properties. — A white, amorphous powder; odorless, and 
having a sweetish, saline taste. Permanent in cool air. 
Soluble iu 0.9 part of water, and iu 6 parts of alcohol ; very 
soluble iu boiling water or alcohol ; also soluble in glycerin. 

Dose. — Same as salicin. 

Phenylis Salicylas. Phenyl Salicylate, CfH C-H.O3 
(U. S. P.) 
Synmym. — Salol, B. P.; salicylic ether of phenol. 
Derivation. — Made by heating salicylic and carbolic 
acids with phosphorus pentachloride. 

Properties. — A white, crystalline powder; odorless, or 

_ - Strontii salicylas and lit'iiii salicylas are now official. Strontium 
salicylate is less in-itatino- to the stomach and lithium salicylate com- 
bines action of lithium salts. Doses same for both as for the sodium salt. 



492 VEGETABLE DKUGS 

having; a faintly aromatic odor, and almost tasteless. Per- 
manent in the air. Almost insoluble in water; soluble in 15 
parts of alcohol ; also soluble in 0.3 part of ether, and 
readily in chloroform and in fixed or volatile oils. 



SALICYLIC ACID, SALICIIST, SODIUM SALICYLATE AND PHENYL 
SALICYLATE OR SALOL. 

Action External. — Salicylic acid, sodium salicylate, 
salicin and salol are powerful antiseptics resembling carbolic 
acid in action but less toxic and irritant. A. solution of 
salicylic acid (1-60) is equivalent to a solution of carbolic 
acid (1-22) in destroying some bacteria, but is not generally 
as useful. Salicylic acid, sodium salicylate and salicin are 
irritating to the unbroken skin or raw surfaces. Salol is 
not. 

Action Internal. — Salicylic acid is an irritant in the 
digestive tract and in large doses causes nausea and vomit- 
ing in dogs. It is converted into salicylates by the alkaline 
intestinal juices, and is absorbed in this form, chiefly as 
sodium salicylate. For this reason, and because the latter 
salt is less irritating than salicylic acid, sodium salicylate is 
preferred to the acid when a constitutional action is desired. 
Salicin splits up in the bowels into salicylic acid, salicylous 
acid (HC7H5O0), salicyluric acid (HCgHgNOp, and glu- 
cose. Salol is decomposed by the pancreatic juice into sali- 
cylic acid (64 per cent.) and carbolic acid (36 per cent.) 
After large doses the urine takes on the characteristic smoky 
color produced in poisoning by phenol. Salol is an intestinal 
antiseptic. The salicylic group are slight cholagogues. 

Circulation. — The circulation is not perceptibly influ- 
enced by moderate doses of sodium salicylic, or salicylic 
acid, but large doses depress the heart force, blood pressure 
and nervous system. The artificial acid is said to be more 
depressant than natural salicylic acid obtained from plants, 
because of orthocreosotic and metacreosotic acids existing as 
impurities in the former. 

Nervous System^ — The action of salicylic acid on the 



ACTION AND USES OF SALICYLIC ACID, ETC. 493 

nervous system is unknown. Therapeutic quantities often 
cause, in man (salicvlism), ringing in the ears and headache. 

Respiration. — The respiratory movements are primarily 
quickened by the stimulation of the peripheral vagi and 
respiratory centres produced by sodium salicylate and sali- 
cylic acid ; but after large doses the respiratory centres are 
depressed and paralyzed and death takes place by asphyxia. 

Temperature. — Medicinal doses do not influence the 
normal temperature of healthy animals, but do often lower 
bodily heat in fever, and frequently induce sweating. The 
lai'gest therapeutic doses must be given to secure an antipy- 
retic action. Antipyresis occurs from heat loss due to dila- 
tion of cutaneous blood vessels. 

Kidneys and Elimination. — Salicylic acid, salicin and 
sodium salicylate circulate in the blood as sodium salicylate 
and are eliminated in the urine as salicyluric and salicylic 
acids. This happens in this wise: Some of the salicylic 
acid of sodium salicylate combines with glycocoll in the 
body and forms salicyluric acid. HC7H50., + CHr.XO^ 
(glycocoll) = HCgHgNO^ (salicyluric acid) + HoO ; while 
some of the sodium salt is decomposed by phosphoric acid in 
an acid urine into salicylic acid. Like quinine, the excretion 
of salicylic acid begins soon and goes on slowly. Therefore 
large doses given continuously may accumulate in the body. 
The quantity of urea and uric acid in the urine is increased 
very considerably by salicylic acid, and usually the amount 
of urine itself. It is made aseptic by the escaping salicylic 
acid, or in the case of salol, by both carbolic and salicylic 
acids. The urine of animals taking salicylic acid may be 
rendered green by indican and pyrocatechin, formed through 
the action of pancreatic juice, and takes on a purple color 
with ferric chloride. 

Toxicology. — In man, continued large doses give rise to 
delirium, vomiting, depression of the circulation, epistaxis, 
hgematuria, and retinal haemorrhages. The herbivora are not 
easily affected by large doses of salicylic acid or salicylates, 
but dogs exhibit nausea and vomiting, accelerated respira- 
tion, irregular pulse, loss of muscular strength, staggering 
gait, stupor, and, if death occurs, it is preceded by slow 
breathing, dilated pupils, dyspnoea, and convulsions due to 



494 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

asphyxia. The minimum fatal dose for a small dog is about 
one drachm of sodium salicylate, subcutaneously. 

Administration. — Sodium salicylate contains 48 grains of 
the acid to the drachm. Sodium salicylate is used in pre- 
ference to the acid because it is soluble and unirritating. It 
is given in solution, or to dogs in pills or tablets. Salicylic 
acid may be exhibited in solution by warming it with glycerin 
(gr.iv- 3 i.); or with syrup (1-5), and aquse ammonia in suffi- 
cient quantity to dissolve it, thus forming ammonium salicy- 
late. It may also be administered in pill or ball. Salol is 
given in pill, powder or mixture with water. The larger 
doses of salicylic acid and salicylates should not be repeated, 
and are used for their antipyretic action. A maximum daily 
dose of one ounce of salicylic acid or sodium salicylate, for 
horses, or one drachm of either for large dogs, should rarely 
be exceeded. 

Uses External. — Salicylic acid is employed in various 
forms as an antiseptic. Aqueous solutions (1-300) may be 
applied to wounds. Stronger solutions are prepared with 
alcohol, borax, sodium bicarbonate, and ammonium acetate 
solution. Salicylic acid may be applied as a dusting 
powder with zinc oxide (1-8), or in ointment (1-20 or 30), 
for its stimulant and antiseptic effect on wounds. It is 
used in the treatment of burns with cottonseed oil (1-8). 
Salicylic ncid is useful in powder or ointment in acute moist 
eczema (1-50), and in the following formula : 

Salicylic acid, one part ; zinc oxide, starch and vaseline, 
each 16 parts. Kinger recommends in pruritus ani and 
vulvae— salicylic acid, 3ii.; ol. theobrom., 3 v.; cetac, 3 iii-; 
ol. myrist, 3 i.ss. 

Antiseptic gauze is prepared by soaking the material in 
hot, saturated, watery solutions of salicylic acid. Salol is 
used as an antiseptic dusting powder of uncertain value. 

Uses Internal. — The salicylic acid group are specifics in 
rheumatic fever. They lower temperature, lessen pain, and 
by shortening the attack lessen the danger of cardiac com- 
plications. Sodium salicylate should be given every three 



ACTION AND USES OF SALICYLIC ACID, ETC. 495 

hours in doses of 3 ii- to horses, and gr.x-xs. to dogs. But 
this form of rheumatism is rare in veterinary practice, and 
salicylic acid is unfortunately not nearly so valuable in the 
treatment of other varieties. Salicylates are probably worth- 
less in chronic rheumatic arthritis where the local applica- 
tion of heat, stimulating liniments and blisters are service- 
able ; but they may be used with benefit in acute muscular 
rheumatism, sciatica, and rheumatic complications of influ- 
enza in horses. Salicylic acid, salicin, and salicylates are 
not comparable with the cold tar products as general 
antipyretics, and are useless in hyperpyrexia. Sodium sali- 
cylate is sometimes prescribed in gastric fermentative 
dyspepsia when the salicylic acid, set free by the hydro- 
chloric acid of the gastric juice, acts as an antiseptic. Salol 
is a good intestinal antiseptic in diarrhoea and intestinal 
indigestion, particularly when combined with bismuth sub- 
nitrate in powder or aqueous mixture for dogs. Salol is 
undissolved in the stomach, is less irritating than either 
salicylic acid or sodium salicylate, and is prescribed to 
lessen pain and fever. It may be advantageously given in 
doses of gr.v. to dogs, with phenacetin gr.v., and codeine 
gr.|, for painful rheumatism. It is probably inferior to 
sodium salicylate, but can be conveniently administered in 
powder as just noted. Salol is also a local anaesthetic and 
antiseptic in the urinary tract (carbolic acid from decomposi- 
tion), and is useful in cystitis and urethritis, to alleviate 
pain, to prevent frequent micturition, and to render the 
urine aseptic. Repeated large doses are likely to cause 
carbolic acid poisoning. Salicin acts more slowly than 
salicylic acid or sodium salicylate, and is not in general 
use. Salicylates are useful in in indigestion with slight 
icterus in acting as cholagogues. 

Oleum Gaultheri^. Oil of Gaultheria. (U. S. P.) 
Synonym. — Oil of checkerberry, oil of wintergreen, oil 

of box berry. 

A volatile oil distilled from the leaves of Gaultheria 

procumbens Linne (nat. ord. Ericaceae), consisting almost 



496 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

entirely of methyl salicylate (CHjC-H^Os), and nearly identi- 
cal with volatile oil of betula. 

Habitat. — North America; west as far as Minnesota, 
and south to Georgia. 

Properties. — A colorless or yellow,or occasionally reddish 
liquid, having a characteristic, strongly aromatic odor, and a 
sweetish, warm and aromatic taste. Spec. gr. 1.175 to 
1.185 at 59° F. Solubility same as methyl salicylate. 

Dose.—R., 3 ii.- 3 i. (8.30.); D., H^v.-xv. (.3-1.). 

Oleum Betulae. Oil of Betula. (U. S. P.) 

Synonym. — Oil of sweet birch. It is practically identi- 
cal in properties and action with oil of gaultheria. 

Methyl Salicylate. CH3C,H503 (U. S. P.) 

Synonym. — Artificial or synthetic oil of wintergreen. 

Derivation. — Prepared by di>.tillati()n of salicylic acid, or 
salicylates, with methyl alcohol and sulphuric acid. 

Properties. — A colorless or slightly yellowish liquid, 
having the characteristic, strongly avouiatic odor and the 
sweetish, warm and aromatic taste of oil of gaultheria, with 
the essential composition of which it is identical. It is 
wholly identical with oil of betula (birch). Spec. gr. 1.183- 
1.185 at 59°F. Soluble in all proportions in alcohol, glacial 
acetic acid, or carbon disulphide. 

Dose.-B.., 3 ii.- 1 i- l8.-30.) ; D., 111,v.-xv. (.3-1.) 

ACTION AND USES OF OIL OP GAULTHERIA, OIL OF BETULA 
AND METHYL SALICYLATE. 

Oil of wintergreen contains about 90 per cent, of methyl 
salicylate. Eleven parts of methyl salicylate are equivalent 
to nearly ten parts of salicylic acid. The oil and methyl 
salicylate are free from the impurities of artificial salicylic 
acid, while methyl salicylate is of more certain composition 
than the oil. Both behave similarly to salicylic acid thera- 
peutically, although the oil is more of a local irritant, and 
they are used for the same purposes as salicylic acid. Either 



GENERAL ACTION OF VOLATILE OILS 497 

may be given in emulsion, or to clogs in capsules, ajid in 
combination with salicylic acid or salicylates. 

Oil of wintergreen is serviceable in the following lini- 
ment for rheumatism : 

Tine. Aconiti. 

01. Gaultheriae. 

Chloroformi aa § i 

Lin. Saponis ad. § viii. 

M. 

S. External use. 

The external application of methyl salicylate to acutely 
inflamed rheumatic joints is one of the most efficient forms 
of treatment, and, since some is absorbed, will take the place 
of the internal administration of salicylates to a considerable 
extent. It is usually best to combine this treatment with 
internal medication, however. Plain gauze, or other absorb- 
ent material, is saturated with methyl salicylate, applied 
to the affected joint, and then covered with oil silk, or 
rubber protective and bandage. 



SECTION IX.— VOLATILE OILS, OR DRUGS 
CONTAINING THEM. 

GENERAL ACTION OF VOLATILE OILS. 

Synonym. — Essential, ethereal, aromatic or distilled oils. 

Externally, volatile oils cause reddening of the skin (rube- 
facients), sometimes blistering (vesicants), and often local 
anaesthesia, notably oil of cloves and peppermint. They are 
also parasiticide, antiseptic and disinfectant, penetrating 
into the protoplasm of bacteria. Inter'nally, these agents 
stimulate the flow of gastric, salivary and intestinal secretions 
and increase the vascularity and movements of the stomach 
and bowels, and are antiseptic and anthelmintic. They 
therefore temporarily improve digestion, overcome flatulence 
by expelling gas from the intestines, prevent griping pro- 



498 VEGETABLE DRXJGS 

diiced by cathartics, and disguise and offset disagreeable 
effects and tastes of medicines. In the digestive tract, vola- 
tile oils excite reflexl}'^ the nervous system and heart, and 
augment the pulse rate and vascular tension. In large doses, 
volatile oils are gastro-intestinal irritants. Volatile oils may 
be absorbed from the skin, bronchial mucous membrane, and 
stomach. They are eliminated by the skin, bronchial mucous 
membrane and kidneys, and act as antiseptics and para- 
siticides in the kidneys and lungs. 

In the process of excretion the parts are stimulated ; vas- 
cularity, secretion, and contractility of the unstriated muscle 
of the bronchial tubes are increased, and volatile oils thus 
assist expectoration and coughing. In irritating the kidney's 
and mucous membrane of the genito- urinary tract, the vola- 
tile oils are stimulant and diuretic ; while in poisonous doses 
they produce acute nephritis, strangury, and haematiuiji. 
Toxic doses, injected into the circulation, lower the force of 
the heart and the blood pressure, and occasion a sort of 
intoxication, and sometimes convulsions. To summarize : 
volatile oils possess the following actions in a greater or less 
degree : parasiticide, antiseptic, disinfectant, rubefacient, 
vesicant, local anaesthetic, sialagogue, stomachic, carminative, 
antispasmodic, stimulant, expectorant, emmenagogue, and 
diuretic actions. 

Class 1. — Used Mainly for their Action on the Skin. 

Terebinthina, Turpentine. (U. S; & B. P.) 

A concrete oleoresin obtained from Pinus palustris 
Miller, and from other species of Pinus (nat. ord. Conifer?e). 

Habitat. — Southeastern United States ; from Virginia to 
the Gulf of Mexico. 

Description. — In yellowish, opaque, tough masses, brittle 
iu the cold ; crumbly, crystalline in the interior, of a terebin- 
thinate odor and taste. 

Oleum Terebinthin^. Oil of Turpentine. (U. S. & B. P.) 
A volatile oil distilled from turpentine. 



OIL OF TURPENTINE 499 

Synonym. — Spirit of turpentine, E.; essence de terebin- 
tliine, Fr.; terpentinol, G. 

Properties. — A tbiu, colorless liquid, having a character- 
istic odor and taste, both of which become stronger and less 
pleasant by age and exposure to the air. Spec. gr. 0.855 to 
0.870. Soluble in three times its volume of alcohol ; also 
soluble in an equal volume of glacial acetic acid. 

Solvent for resins (varnish), fats, wax, gutta pereha, 
india rubber, sulphur, phosphorus, iodine, and many alka- 
loid . It is dextro-rotatory, but the French variety is leavo- 
rotatory. Old oil of turpentine and French oil of turpentine 
(Pin us maratima) are oxidizing agents. 

Coiistihients. — Turpentine contains 20 to 25 per cent, of 
oil of turpentine. Oil of turpentine is composed of several 
isomeric hydrocarbons, called terpenes, and having the 
formula C^JI^^. 

Among these terpenes are oil of juniper, savin, cubeb, 
caraway, cloves, thyme, etc. They differ from each other 
and turpentine in their boiling points and direction in 
which they rotate the plane of polarization. The terpenes 
are oxidized into camphors. 

Dose. — Carminative — H. & C, 3 i.-ii (30.-60.); Sh. & Sw., 
3i.-iv. (4.-15.); D., 11|x.-sxx. (.6-2.). 

Anthelmintic— K. & C, 3 ii.-iv. (60.-120.); D., 3 ss.-iv. 
(2.-15.). 

Diuretic— R. & C, 3 ii.-vi. '(8.-24.). 

PREPARATIONS. 

Linimentum Terbinthince. Turpentine Liniment. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Resin cerate, 650 ; oil of turpentine, 350 ; melt the resin cerate and 

add the oil of turpentine. (U. S. P.) 

Oleum Terebinthince Rectificatum. Rectified Oil of Turpentine. 

(U. S. P.) 
Derivation. — Made by shakingoil of turpentine, 1, with lime water, 
6; and distillation. 

Properties. — A thin, colorless liquid, having the same properties as 
oil of turpentine. 



500 VEGETABLE DEUGS 

Teeebenum. Terebeiie. C„H,6 (^- ^- ^^ B. P.) 

A liquid consisting chiefly of pinene, and containing not 
more than very small proportions of turpinene and dipentene. 
Made by action of sulphuric acid on oil of turpentine and by 
distillation. 

Properties. — A colorless, or slightly yellowish, thin 
liquid, having a rather agreeable, thyme-like odor, and an 
aromatic, somewhat terebinthinute taste. Spec. gr. about 
0.862. Only slightly soluble iu water, but soluble in an 
equal volume of alcohol, glacial acetic, or carbon disulphide. 

Dose.—Il. & C, 3ii.-vi. (8.-24.); ^y.-xy. (.3-1.). 

Terpini Hydras. Terpin Hydrate. Ci„H,8 (OH)^ ■«- H,0. 

(U. S. P.) 

The hydrate of the diatomic alcohol, Terpin. 

Derivation. — Eectified oil of turpentine, alcohol and 
nitric acid are mixed together iu shallow, porcelain dishes, 
and after three or four days terpin hydrate crystallizes 
out. The crystals are collected, drained, dried on absorbent 
paper, and purified by recrystallization in alcohol.* 

OIL OF TURPENTINE 

Action External. — Oil of turpentine is an irritant to the 
skin, causing itching, pain and redness, or even vesication, 
followed by local ausesthesia. It produces intense irritability 
and restlessness when applied externally to some horses. 
The oil is antiseptic, disinfectant and parasiticide, being 
more penetrating on the skin than mustard or cantharides. 

Action Internal. — Alimentary Canal. — The oil induces a 
sense of warmth in the stomach (man), and increases gastric 
secretion, motion and vascularity, but is too disagreeable to 
be iised as a stomachic. Iu acting similarly in the bowels, 
particularly in stimulating the muscular coat, oil of turpen- 
tine is a useful carminative by exciting peristalsis and expel- 
ling gas in tympanites. Its antiseptic properties also antag- 
onize intestinal fermentation. 

* Colorless, odorless crystals, having a somewhat bitter taste. Soluble in 
350 parts ot water and in 10 parts ot alcohol. 

Dose.—E.. I ss.-ii. (3.-8.); D., gr.v.-xx. (.3-1.3). 



OIL OF TURPENTINE 501 

Large doses occasion purging and are anthelmintic. 
Toxic doses create gastro-enteritis and sometimes intestinal 
nlceratioi]. The irritation of the nerve endiugs in the 
digestive tract caused by turpentine, leads to reflex stimulM- 
tioii of the nervous system and heart. 

Circulation. — Turpentine is readily absorbed into the 
blood. Experimental evidence is at variance with regard to 
the action of the oil on the circulation. Small doses appar- 
ently increase the force and frequency of the heart-beat, and 
slightly raise blood pressure. The vessels are somewhat 
contracted and the drug is employed to arrest haemorrhage 
in the digestive tract and in remote organs. It is interior to 
ergot as an haemostatic. Large doses of turpentine lower 
the cardiac force and frequency, and cause vascular dilata- 
tion and fall of blood pressure. 

Respiration. — Oil of turpentine enhances the strength 
and rapidity of the respiratory movements, in small doses, 
but large quantities depress the respiration. The oil is 
easily absorbed by inhalation and is also eliminated in the 
breath. Inhalation of the oil stimulates the bronchial mucous 
membrane, acts as an antiseptic, and excites muscular con- 
traction of the bronchial tubes and cough. 

Authorities differ as to the influence of turpentine on 
bronchial secretion. Rossbach found that the inhala- 
tion of air saturated with turpentine diminished secre- 
tion, while the topical application of a watery solution 
increased secretion. The oil is essentially a local stimu- 
lating expectorant. 

Nervous System. — Medicinal doses occasion mental 
exhilaration in man. Large doses cause dulness, languor 
and unsteady gait in animals ; while distinctly toxic doses 
produce coma, sensory paralysis, loss of reflex activity, and, 
at times, convulsions. 

Kidneys and Genito- Urinary Tract. — The kidneys are 
very prone to irritation during its elimination. Small doses 
induce frequent micturition. Large quantities lead to 
albuminuria, pain in the lumbar region, haematuria, and 



502 VEGETABLE DBUGS 

constant painful passage of high-colored urine, owing to 
irritation of the urinary mucous membrane and muscular 
spasm of the urethra (strangury). Menorrhagia and dys- 
menorrhoea occur in females under the influence of the 
oil. Acute nephritis and complete suppression of urine 
follow great toxic doses. The urine has sometimes the odor 
of violets. 

Elimination. — Turpentine is eliminated in the urine, 
breath, and, to some extent, in the bile and intestinal mucus; 
slightly by the skin. 

Toxicology. — Turpentine poisoning is not an uncommon 
occurrence from the administration of large doses (undiluted) 
by empirics. Post-mortem appearances reveal gastro- 
enteritis, sometimes congestion and inflammation of the 
lungs, and fatty degeneration of the liver, kidney and 
muscles, following prolonged use of the oil. 

The action of terebene and terpin hydrate is very 
similar to oil of turpentine. 

Administration. — Oil of turpentine is given with eight or 
more times its volume of cottonseed or linseed oil, gruel, or 
milk ; and in emulsion with acacia or white of egg. An 
emulsion is made by shaking a single dose with powdered 
acacia, and adding water or oil. Terebene is administered 
in a similar manner. Terpin hydrate may be exhibited in 
pill, ball or alcoholic solution. 

USES OF OIL OF TUEPENTINE, TEREBENE AND TERPIN HYDRATE. 

External. — Oil of turpentine is employed as a stim.ulant 
and counter-irritant with two or three parts of cottonseed 
oil and soap liniment, or as the official liniment in rheuma- 
tism, myalgia, sprains, shoulder lameness, swollen joints, 
gangrene, frost bites, burns and ulcers. It is serviceable in 
the same form and for the same actions applied to " sitfasts " 
and obstinate ulceration about the heels in horses, and in 
footrot of sheep. As a parasiticide, the oil, diluted two or 
three times with sweet oil, is painted on the skin to kill 
ringworm and lice. 



USES OF OIL OF TURPENTINE, ETC. 503 

Oil of turpentiue is a valuable counter-irritant in reliev- 
ing pain and inflammation of deep-seated parts. It is 
particularly useful in tympanitis, flatulent and spasmodic 
colic and peritonitis. In the first two named disorders, 
external application is combined with the internal and rectal 
exhibition of the drug. Oil of turpentine is less frequently 
employed over the chest in pleurisy and bronchitis. The 
turpentine stupe is the favorite method of applying the oil 
in abdominal troubles. A blanket is thoroughly sprinkled 
with turpentine, folded, and rolled into a cylindrical form 
which will fit into an ordinary pail. Boiling water is then 
poured on the blanket until it is saturated. The blanket is 
quickly wrung out, placed over and around the horse's trunk, 
covered with rubber protective and dry blankets, and 
allowed to remain in place fifteen to thirty minutes. 

Uses Internal. — Digestive Tract. — Oil of turpentine is of 
greatest utility in colic and in expelling gas iu tympanj 
given internally ( 3 ii.-Oii. of linseed oil) and per rectum. 
Enemata can also be employed for their stimulant action on 
the nervous system and circulation, iu collapse. One or two 
ounces of oil of turpentine are dissolved in two or four 
ounces of cottonseed oil, when used as an enema for horses. 
Turpentine is an anthelmintic for round and tape worms. 
From two to four ounces of the oil with one ounce of oleoresin 
of aspidium in a pint of linseed oil, are recommended for the 
latter purpose in the case of horses. Oil of turpentiue is 
often advised as an antidote for phosphorus because it con- 
tains ozone and forms a harmless, camphor-like body — tur- 
pentine phosphoric acid. The French variety only is effica- 
cious ; the American oil, so far from being antagonistic to 
phosphorus, actually assists its solution and absorption. 
Turpentine is occasionally given iu indigestion, chronic 
diarrhoea, and dysentery of horses and cattle, as a local 
stimulant and antiseptic. 

Respiratory Organs. — Oil of turpentine is an efficient 
stimulating and antiseptic expectorant in subacute and 
chronic bronchitis ; and deodorant in gangrene of the lungs. 



504 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

It is administered internally, and by inhalation in tlie pro- 
portion of one teaspoonful to the quart of boiling water. 
Terebene is used as a substitute for oil of turpentine, as a 
stimulating expectorant, and is likewise prescribed as an 
antiseptic and carminative in flatulence, and as a genito- 
urinary stimulant. Terpin hydrate increases bronchial 
secretion and is employed in both acute and chronic bron- 
chitis. Oil of turpentine has been found beneficial in ver- 
minous bronchitis of calves and lambs* (caused by Strongulus 
micrurus and filaria), injected into the trachea midway in 
the neck, according to the following prescription : 

01. Terebinthinae 3 i-ii 

Acid, Carbol 

Glycerini 

Chlorof ormi aa 3 ss. 

M. 

S. Inject in one dose. 

" Gapes " in fowl, due to Syngamus trachealis, is cured 
by the same mixture diluted with 5 parts of oil and applied 
to the throat internally with a feather. 

Circulation. — Oil of turpentine is of some worth as a 
cardiac stimulant and haemostatic. It is said to have been 
exhibited in parturient fever and apoplexy of cattle with 
success. Bleeding from the nose, limgs, digestive tract, 
uterus, kidneys, and bladder, and haemorrhages occurring in 
purpura hemorrhagica, are sometimes stopped by the inter- 
nal use of turpentine. 

Genito- Urinary Tract. — Oil of turpentine is indicated as 
a stimulant in amenorrhoea, chronic pyelitis and cystitis. 
The drug is contra-indicated in acute inflammation of the 
kidneys and alimentary canal. 

Pix BuRGUNDiCA. Burgundy Pitch, (B. P.) 

The prepared, resinous exudation of Abies excelsa 
Poiret (nat. ord. Coniferse). 

Synonym. — Poix blanche, poix de Bourgogne, Fr.; Bur- 
gunder harz (pech), G. 

* VerTnlnous bronchitis in calves may be cured by pouring into each nostril, 
once daily, '^ drams of tnrpentine with the head upturned. Also give internally, 
and to lambs with this disease, I dram in milk or gruels once daily. 



CANADA TURPENTINE 505 

HahitaL— Southern Europe, mountainous regions. 

Froperties.—B.sivd, yet taking gradually the form of the 
vessel in which it is kept ; brittle, with a shining, conchoidal 
fracture ; opaque or translucent ; reddish-brown or yellowish- 
brown ; odor agreeably terebinthinate ; taste aromatic, 
sweetish, not bitter. It is almost entirely soluble in glacial 
acetic acid, or in boiling alcohol, and partly soluble in cold 
alcohol. 

Constituents. — 1, resiu ; 2, a volatile oil (OioHig). 

Dose.—lI. & C, Si.-iii. (30.-90.); Sh. &Sw., 3 i.-ii. (4.-8.); 
D., gr.xx.-xl. (1.3-2.6). 

PREPARATION. 

EmpJaatrum Picis. Pitch Plaster. (B. P.) 

Terebinthina Canadensis. Canada Turpentine. 
(U. S. & B. P.) 

A liquid oleoresin obtained from Abies balsamea (Linne), 
Miller (nat. ord. Coniferse). 

Synonym. — Canada balsam, balsam of fir, balsamum 
Canadense, E. ; baume de Canada, Er. ; Canadischer terpen- 
tin, G. 

Habitat. — Canada and N. United States ; west to Minne- 
sota, south on mountains to Virginia. 

Properties. — A yellowish or faintly greenish, transparent, 
viscid liquid, of an agreeable terebinthinate odor, and a 
bitterish, slightly acrid taste. When exposed to the air it 
gradually dries, forming a transparent mass. It is completely 
soluble in alcohol, chloroform or benzol. 

Constituents. — 1, volatile oil, 20-30 per cent.; 2, a resin; 
3, a soluble bitter principle. 

Dose.—n. & a, 3 i.-iii. (30.-90.); Sh. & Sw., 3 i.-ii (4.-8.); 
D., gr.xx.-xl. (1.3-2.6). 

ACTION AND USES OF BURGUNDY PITCH AND CANADA TURPENTINE. 

Biirgundy pitch is slightly stimulating to the skin and 
is used as a mild counter-irritant (in plaster) in rheumatism, 



506 VEGETABLE DEUGS 

strains, swelling of joints, and upon the chest. Burgundy 
pitch, Canada turpentine, crude turpentine, Venice turpen- 
tine, Bordeaux turpentine and Frankincense have much the 
same action and uses as oil of turpentine internally. They 
are administered in the same manner and in nearly identical 
doses, but are less commonly employed than the latter. 

Eesina. Bosin. (U. S. & B. P.) 

The residue left after distilling off the volatile oil from 
turpentine. 

Synonym. — Colophony, resin, E. ; colophonum, P.G. ; 
colophane, Fr.; kolophonium, geigenharz, G. 

Properties. — A transparent, amber-colored substance, 
hard, brittle, pulverizable ; fracture glossy and shallow-con- 
choidal ; odor and taste faintly terebinthinate. Spec. gr. 
1.070-1.080. Soluble in alcohol, ether, and fixed or volatile 
oils ; also in solution of potassium or sodium hydrate. 

Constituents. — Chiefly abietic acid anhydride (C^^HgoO^,), 
80-90 per cent. 

PREPARATIONS. 

Ceratum Resiuce. Resin Cerate. (U. S. P.) 

Synonym. — Basilicon ointment. 

Rosin, 350 ; yellow wax, 150 ; lard, 500. 

Ceratum Resince Com.positiim. (U. S. P.) 

Contains oil of turpentine and linseed oil in addition to wax, lard 
and rosin. 

Emplastrum Adhwsivum. Adhesive plaster. (U. S. P.) 
Rubber, 20 ; petrolatum, 20 ; lead plaster, 960. 

Emplastrum Resince. Resin Plaster. (B. P.), 

Unguentum Resince. (B. P.) 

ACTION AND USES OF ROSIN. 

Bosin is a local stimulant and antiseptic externally. 
The cerate is an excellent preparation for burns, wounds, 
ulcers, and abraded surfaces. The fumes arising from 
burning rosin (on a hot shovel) are said to be of value when 
inhaled in chronic or subacute bronchitis. 



TAK 507 

Pix LiQuiDA. Tar. (U. S. (fe B. P.) 

An empyreumatic oleoresin obtained by tlie destructive 
distillation of the wood of Pinus palustris Miller, and of other 
species of Pinus (nat. ord. Coniferse). 

Synonym. — Resina empyreumatica liquida — goudron, 
^oudron vegetal, Fr.; theer, G. 

Habitat — United States. 

Properties. — Thick, viscid, semi-fluid, blackish-brown; 
heavier than water, transparent in thin layers, becoming 
granular and opaque with age ; odor empyreumatic, terebin- 
thinate ; taste sharp, empyieumatic. 

Tar is slightly soluble in water ; soluble in alcohol, 
fixed or volatile oils, and solutions of potassium or sodium 
hydrate. 

Constituents. — Mainly — 1, oil of tar ; 2, methylic alcohol ; 
3, creosote ; 4, guaiacol ; 5, phenol ; 6, pyrocatechin ; 7, toluol ; 
8, xylol ; 9, acetic acid ; 10, acetone ; 11, resins. 

Dose.—R. & C, 3 ss.-i. (15.-30.) ; Sh. & Sw., 3 i.-ii. (4.-8.); 
D.,nixv.-3i. (1.-4.). 

PREPARATIONS. 

UngiLentum Picis Liquidw. Tar Ointment. (U. S. & B. P.) 
Tar, 500 ; yellow wax, 150 ; lard, 350. 

Pix Carbonis Preparata. Prepared Coal Tar. (B. P.) 
Liquor Picis Cicrbonis. Solution of Coal Tar. (B. P.) 

OLEuai Picis Liquid.e. Oil of Tar. (U. S. P.) 

A volatile oil distilled from tar. 

Properties. — An ahnost colorless liquid when freshly 
distilled, but soon acquiring a dull, reddish-brown color, and 
having a strong tarry odor and taste. Spec. gr. about 0.970. 
Soluble in alcohol. 

Pix Nigra. Pitch. (Non-official.) 

A solid, shining, black, bituminous substance. Soluble 
in ether, oils, and aqueous alkaline solutions. It con- 
tains an altered resin, and a crystalline principle. Retina 
(CigHj,). 



508 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

Oleum Cadinum. Oil of Cade. (U. S. & B. P.) 

A product of the dry distillation of wood of Juniperus 
Oxycedrus Linne (nat. ord. Coniferse). 

Synonym. — Oleum juniperi empyreumaticum, E. ; huile 
de cade, Fr. ; cadol, G. 

Habitat. — North Africa, Spain, France, and Portugal, on 
the borders of the Mediterranean, in waste places and stony 
hill-sides. 

Properties. — A brownish or dark brown, clear, thick 
liquid ; having a tarry odor, and an empyreumatic, burning, 
somewhat bitter taste. Spec. gr. about 0.990. It is almost 
insoluble in water, but imparts to it an acid reaction. Parti- 
ally soluble in alcohol ; completely soluble in ether, chloro- 
form, or carbon disulphide. 

Constituents. — The composition is similar to that of tar. 

Dose. — Same as that of tar. 

ACTION AND USES OF TAR, OIL OP CADE AND PITCH. 

Externally, tar produces hypersemia, and, when rubbed 
continually into the skin, sometimes papules and pustules. 
It is a stimulant, rubefacient, antiseptic and parasiticide 
externally. Poisoning may follow the extensive application 
of large quantities of tar over a denuded surface, or if it be 
licked off the skin. Tar is mainly employed in veterinary 
medicine on the skin, and is a valuable remedy to relieve 
itching and as a local stimulant in chronic eczema (" grease "), 
sometimes in moist eczema and erythema, psoriasis, pityri- 
asis, pruritus, and lichen. It also destroys the parasites of 
mange and ringworm. It is applied with fat, vaseline, soap 
or alcohol, in the proportion of 1-2 to 10. The official oint- 
ment (1-2), is generally appropriate in the above-mentioned 
skin diseases, but may require dilution. The following 
preparation is serviceable on patches of psoriasis : 

Tar, soft or green soap, each two ounces ; alcohol, two 
ounces. Pure tar painted over the surface with a brush, is 
often most efficient in obstinate cases of eruptive disorders. 



ACTION AND USES OF TAR, ETC. 509 

A lotion of oil of tar, sulphurated potassa, or Peruvian 
balsam, is more cleanly and suitable for house dogs with 
eczema. (See diet for eczema in dogs, section on foods and 
feeding, p. 088.) Tar is of the greatest utility in stimulating 
the growth of horn, and is the principal ingredient of hoof 
ointments for horses. It may be mixed with an equal 
part of lard for this purpose, or the following mixture is well 
spoken of : tar, yellow wax and honey, | lb. each ; lard, 1^ 
lbs.; glycerin, 3 ounces. Melt and mix the lard and wax 
together ; add the other ingredients ; stir while cooling. 
Oakum, soaked with tar, is frequently packed under leather, 
beneath the shoes on horses' feet, to soften and stimulate the 
horn and to cure thrush and canker. Tar is also a beneficial 
application for foot rot of sheep. Tar is usually kept on 
hand for farming purposes, and is therefore a popular anti- 
septic and protective in the treatment of wounds and broken 
horns in cattle. 

Internally. — Tar — on account of its constituents, phenol 
and creosote — in large qiiantities causes toxic effects, with 
symptoms resembling carbolic acid poisoning: e.g. , abdominal 
pain, vertigo, signs of gastro-intestinal irritation, and the 
passage of dark-colored urine. It is not exceedingly pois- 
onous, however, as recovery has been reported in man after 
the ingestion of an amount varying from one to two pints. 
Tar is eliminated by the kidneys, with the production of 
irritation and diuresis ; also by the mucous membrane, and 
affects more especially that lining the bronchial tubes, where 
it acts as a local stimulant and antiseptic. For this reason 
the drug is an excellent expectorant in subacute or chronic 
bronchitis when given internally or by inhalation. The latter 
process may be conducted by pouring tar on a heated shovel, 
or, better, by dissolving tar in boiling sodium carbonate 
solution and steaming the patient with the vapor. Tar is 
occasionally exhibited in chronic gastro-intestinal catarrh 
and obstinate diarrhoea, with good results. 

Tar is of value internally in influencing tJiose skin 
disorders which are benefited by its external application. 



510 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

Iiilialatioiis of tai' are sometimes serviceable in pharyngitis 
and laryngitis, as well as in bronchitis. Oil of tar may be 
applied, dissolved in alcohol (1-8), as a lotion, and is an 
agreeable substitute for tar in chronic eczema or psoriasis of 
dogs. It is used in the pure state as a parasiticide for mange, 
scab, ringworm or favus. Oil of cade represents oil of tar 
and tar in their actions and uses, but its odor is pleasanter. 
It is prescribed externally in chronic eczema and pruri- 
tis, as follows : Oil of cade, 1 ; soft soap and alcohol, 4 parts 
each; or in equal parts with wax. Oil of cade can also be 
used in any proportion or manner in which tar is applic- 
able. Pitch likewise possesses the same action as tar, and 
is sometimes employed for making hoof ointments and 
plasters. 

Balsamum Peeuvianum. Balsam of Peru. 
(U. S. &B. P.) 

A balsam obtained from Toluifera Pereirae (Royal) 
Baillon (nat. ord. Leguminosse). 

Synonym. — Balsamum peruvianum nigrum, balsam indi- 
cum, baume de Peron, baume des Indes, Fr. ; Peru bal- 
sam, G. 

Habitat. — Central America. 

Properties. — A liquid having a syrupy consistence, free 
from stringiness or stickiness ; of a brownish-black color in 
bulk, reddish-brown or transparent in thin layers ; of an 
agreeable, vanilla-like, somewhat smoky odor, and a bitter 
taste, leaving a persistent aftertaste. On exposure to air it 
does not become hard. Spec. gr. 1.135 to 1.150, Miscible 
in all proportions, with absolute alcohol, chloroform, or 
glacial acetic acid. Completely soluble in 5 parts of alcohol. 

Constituents. — 1, a volatile oil, cinnamein, Cgll, (C-HjOj, 
about 60 per cent. ; 2, cinnamic acid, CigHgOj ; 3, a resin (32 
per cent.),yielding benzoic acid, HC^HsO., on dry distillation; 
4, styrol, CgHg ; 5, stilbene, G^JS-i. ; 6, a volatile oil, benzylie 
benzoate, C-H^ (C.H,) O, ; 7, benzylie alcohol, C^H.O. 



BALSAM OF TOLU 511 

Dose.—B.. & C, 3 i.-ii. (30.-60.) ; Sli. & Sw., 3 i.-ii. (4-8.); 
D., Hlx.-xxx. (.6-2.). 

Balsamum Tolutanum. Balsam of Tolu. (U. S. & B. P.) 

A balsam obtained from Toliiifera Balsamum Linne 
(iiat. ord. Legumiijosae). 

Synonym. — Baume de Toln, baume de Catbagene, Fr. ; 
Tolubal.sam, G. 

Habitat. — New Grenada and Venezuela. 

Properties. — A yellowish-brown, semi-fluid, or nearly 
solid mass, becoming more brittle when exposed to the cold ; 
transparent in thin layers ; having an agreeable odor, recall- 
ing that of vanilla, but distinct from it, and a mild aromatic 
taste. Soluble in alcohol, chloroform and solutions of fixed 
alkalies ; almost insoluble in water. 

Constituents. — 1, a volatile oil, tolene, CioHje, 1 per cent.; 
2, a volatile oil, benzylicbenzoate, C-H- (C-H;)0„ ; 3, benzoic 
acid, HC^HsOo ; 4, cinnamic acid, Cs,H,0,, ; 5, benzylic cinna- 
mate, CgH. (C-H-)Oo ; 6, resins. 

Dose. — Same as balsam of Peru. 

PREPARATION. 

Syrupus Tolutanns. Syrup of Tolu. (U. S. & B. P.) 
Balsam of Tolu, 10 ; precipitated calcium phosphate, 50 ; sugar, 850; 
alcohol, 50 ; water to make 1000. (U. S. P.) 
Dose.—T) , 3 i -iv. (4.-15.). 

ACTION AND USES OF BALSAMS OF PERU AND TOLU. 

Externally, the balsams are stimulant, antiseptic and 
parasiticide. Balsam of Peru is a useful remedy in alcoholic 
solution (1-8) for chronic eczema of dogs. It may also be 
serviceable in ointment (1-8) for sore teats in cows, or as an 
application to kill lice and the parasites of (sarcoptic) mange 
and ritigworm. It is, undiluted, a most excellent stimulant 
and antiseptic dressing upon wounds and ulcers. Occasion- 
ally renal inflammation follows its very extensive external use. 

Internally, the balsams are stomachic and carminative, 
and are eliminated by the skin, mucous membranes and 



512 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

urinary organs, stimulating tliese parts. They are therefore 
occasionally prescribed in chronic bronchitis, pyelitis and 
cystitis. The syrup of tolu is an exceedingly mild prepara- 
tion, but forms an agreeable vehicle for cough mixtures in 
canine practice. The balsams may be administered in 
emulsion rubbed up with either glycerin, mucilage, or white 
of egg and water. 

Benzoinum. Benzoin. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Syiiovyni. — Resina benzoe, asa dulcis, gum benjamin, 
E.; benzoin, Fr.; benzoe, G. 

A balsamic resin obtained from Styrax Benzoin Dryander 
(nat. ord. Styracese). 

Habitat. — Siam, Sumatra, Java and Borneo. 

Properties. — In lumps consisting of agglutinated, yellow- 
ish-brown tears, which are internally milk-white ; or in the 
form of a reddish-brown mass, more or less mottled from 
whitish tears imbedded in it. It is almost v/holly soluble in 
5 parts of moderately warm alcohol, and in solutions of the 
fixed alkalies. When heated it gives ojff fumes of benzoic 
acid. It has an agreeable, balsamic odor, and a slight aroma- 
tic taste. 

Ocnisiituents. — 1, benzoic acid, 12 to 20 per cent. ; 2, cin- 
namic acid, sometimes ; 3, several resins ; 4, a volatile oil. 

PREPARATIONS. 

Adeps Benzoinatus. Benzoinated Lard. (U. S. & B. P.) 
Made by melting lard, 1000, with benzoin, 20 ; and straining. 
(U. S. P.) 

Tinctura Benzoini. Tincture of Benzoin. (U. S. P.) 
Made by maceration of benzoin, 200, in alcohol ; filtration, and 
addition of alcohol to make 1000. 

Dose..—n. & C, =1. (:50.) ; D., 3 ss.-i. (2.-4.). 

Tinctura Benzoini Composita. Compound Tincture of Benzoin. 
(U. S. & B. P.) 
Synonym. — Friar's balsam. 

Benzoin, 100; purified aloes, 20; storax, 80; balsam of Tolu, 40; 
alcohol to make 1000. Made by digestion and filtration. (U. S. P.) 



BENZOIC ACID 513 

AciDUM Benzoicum. Benzoic Acid. HC.HsO.,. 
(U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — Acide beiizoique, fleurs de benjoiu, Fr. ; 
benzoesaure, benzoeblunieii, G. 

Derivation. — Obtained from benzoin by sublimation. 

Properties. — White, or yellowish-white, lustrous scales 
or friable needles ; odorless, or having a slight characteristic 
odor resembling that of benzoin, and of a warm, acid taste. 
Somewhat volatile at a moderately warm temperature, and 
rendered darker by exposure to light. Soluble, when pure, 
in about 500 parts of water, and in 2 parts of alcohol. Also 
soluble in 3 paris of ether, 7 parts of chloroform, and readily 
soluble in carbon disulphide, benzol, fixed and volatile oils, 
but sparingly soluble in benzin. 

Incompatihles. — Alkalies, ammonium carbonate. 

Dose.—R. k C, 3ii.-iv. (8.-15.); D., gr.v.-xv. (.3-1.). 

Ammonii Benzoas. Ammonium Benzoate, NH,C.H-,Oo 
(U. S. & B. P.) 
Made by the action of benzoic acid and ammonia water. 
In white crystals. Soluble in 5 j^arts of water; in 28 parts 
of alcohol. 

Dose. — Same as benzoic acid. 

SoDii Benzoas. Sodium Benzoate. Na C^H.O. 
(U. S. & B. P.) 
Made by the action of a hot solution of sodium carbon- 
ate on benzoic acid. Occurs in a white powder. Soluble 
in 1.8 ]iarts of water ; in 45 parts of alcohol. 
Dose. — Same as benzoic acid. 

LiTHii Benzoas. (U. S. P.) 
Dose. — Same as for sodium benzoate. 

action of benzoin, benzoic acid and benzoates. 
These substances may be represented by benzoic acid. 
Action External. — Benzoic acid is an irritant ajiplied 
externally, also when its vapor is inhaled. It is an eflfiicient 



514 YEGETABLE DRUGS 

antiseptic; a solution (1-1000) will inhibit the growth of 
many forms of bacteria. 

Action Internal. — Mediciual doses of benzoic acid exert 
only an antiseptic action in tln^ alimentary canal. Large 
doses occasion increased bronchial and cutaneous secretion, 
wit;Ji accelerated pulse. Enormous doses cause gastro-intes- 
tinal irritation, slowing of the pulse and respiration, con- 
vulsions, general paralysis and asphyxia. Benzoic acid is 
absorbed into the blood, acts as an antipyretic in fever, and 
is converted (probably in the kidneys) into hippuric acid 
and eliminated in the urine as such. It thus renders an 
alkaline urine acid, and stimulates and exercises an anti- 
septic influence upon the urinary mucous membrane. The 
change into hippuric acid is due to combination with a 
nitrogenous body — glycocoll — but the source of glycocoll is 
uncertain. 

Benzoic acid HC^HjO^ + glycocoll CjHjNO., = hippuric 
acid C9H3NO3 + water H„0. 

Benzoic acid is somewhat diuretic, but does not alter 
the composition of the urine in any constant manner, 
althongh metabolism is said to be increased. It is elimin- 
ated by the bronchial mucous membrane, augmenting secre- 
tion, and acting as an antiseptic in the bronchial tubes. 
When the vapor of any of the substances under consideration 
is inhaled in proper dilution, a similar expectorant action is 
attained. Benzoic acid is likewise excreted by the skin and 
salivary glands, exciting their functional activity. 

Uses External. — The compound tincture of benzoin is a 
valuable stimulant and antiseptic application for wounds, 
sores and ulcers. It is often applied to the part on gauze or 
lint, followed by bandaging. 

Uses Interned. — Benzoic acid is sometimes- given in 
powder, pill, or ball, as an intestinal antiseptic, and as a 
remedy for rheumatism. It is inferior to salicylic acid in 
the latter disorder. The benzoates are said to be equally 
efficient as antiseptics and have been highly recommended 
in diarrhoea and dysentery. 



WHITE MUSTAED 515 

Benzoin, in the form of the tincture, and the benzoates, 
are serviceable in laryngitis, tracheitis, and bronchitis, to 
promote secretion and antisepsis. An inhalation of the 
tincture ( 3 ii.-Oi. hot water) is also very serviceable in these 
diseases for the same purposes. 

The benzoates are of value in pyelitis and cystitis, 
particularly in carnivora with a normal acid urine, to acidify 
and disinfect the decomposing urine and stimulate the tract. 

SiNAPis Alba. White Mustard. 

Synonym. — Sinapis albee semina, B.P. ; semen erucae, 
yellow mustard seed, E. ; moutarde blanche, Fr. ; weisser 
senf, G. 

The seed of Brassica alba (Linne) Hooker filius et 
Thompson (nat. ord. Cruciferae). 

Habitat. — Southern Europe and Asia ; cultivated in 
temperate climates. 

Description. — About 2 Mm. in diameter ; almost globular, 
with a circular hilum ; testa yellowish, finely pitted, hard ; 
embryo oily, with a curved radicle and two cotyledons, one 
folded over the other ; free from starch ; inodorous ; taste 
pungent and acrid. 

Constituents. — 1, a glucoside, sinalbin (CjoH^NoS.Oig), and 
a ferment, myrosin, 10-15 per cent. The latter converts the 
former, in the presence of water, into the active principle of 
the drug, acrinyl sulphocyanide (C^H-ONCS), a very acrid, 
volatile body, siuapiue sulphate (CisHojNOsHjSOJ, and glu- 
cose ; 2, a bland, fixed oil, 25 per cent.; 3, gum, 20 per cent. 

Dose.—IL., 3 ss. (15.) ; C, 3 ss.-i. (15.-30.) ; Sh, & Sw., 
3i.-ii. (4-8.) ; D., gr.x.-xv. (.6-1.). 

Sinapis Nigra. Black Mustard. 

Synonym. — Sinapis nigrae semina, B.P.; semen sinapis, 
P.G.; moutarde noire (Grise), Fr.; schwarzer senf, G. 

The seed of Brassica nigra (Linne) Koch (nat. ord. 
Cruciferae). 



516 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

Hahitat. — Southern Europe and Asia; cultivated in 
temperate climates. 

Description. — About 1 Mm. in diameter, almost globular, 
with a circular hilum; testa blackish-brown or grayish- 
brown, finely pitted, hard ; etnbr}^© oily, with a curved 
radicle and two cotyledons, one folded over the other ; free 
from starch ; inodorous when dry, but when triturated with 
water, of a pungent, penetrating, irritating odor ; taste 
pungent and acrid. 

Constituents. — 1, a glucoside, sinigrin (or potassium 
myronate), and a ferment, myrosin. In the presence of water 
the latter converts the former into the acrid, volatile, official 
oil of mustard (allyl sulphocyanide, C3H5CNS), acid potas- 
sium sulphate, and glucose; 2, a fixed, bland oil, similar to 
that in white mustard ; 3, gum. 

Dose. — Same as white mustard. 

Commercial form of mustard is a mixture of black and 
white mustard, and constitutes Sinapis (B. P.) 

PREPARATION. 

Oleum Sinapis Volatile. Volatile Oil of Mustard. 

Si/nonyni. — Oleum sinapis, B.P.; allyl sulphocyanide 
(C3H5CNS), oleum sinapis 8ethereum,E.; essence de moularde, 
Fr.; setliprisches senfol, G. 

Derivation. — A volatile oil obtained from black mustard 
by maceration with water and subsequent distillation. 

Properties. — A colorless or pale yellow, limpid and 

strongly refractive liquid, having a very pungent and acrid 

oJor and taste. Freely soluble in alcohol, ether, or carbon 

(lisulphide, the solutions being neutral to litmus paper. 

Spec. gr. 1.018 to 1.029. 

Preparation. — Linimentum Sinapis (B. P.); volatile oil of mus- 
tard , camphor and castor oil. 

Action External. — Mustard quickly dilates the vessels 
of the skin and causes hj^persemia. If its application is 
frequently repeated, there is so much vascular irritation that 
transudation of serum occurs under the epidermis, and 
blisters or even pustules are formed. Mustard induces a 



MUSTARD 517 

sensation of burning in man, but is not so irritating as oil 
of turpentine to horses, and the primary irritation is followed 
by partial anaesthesia. It is one of the most useful counter- 
irritants, and by this action contracts vessels in the under- 
lying parts, relieves pain and congestion. 

In rapidly stimulating the skin, mustard reflexly excites 
the nervous system, respiratory functions and heart. Mus- 
tard is therefore a rubefacient, vesicant, and counter-irritant 
externally. 

Action Internal. — Mustard stimulates gastric vascularity, 
secretion and motion, and promotes the appetite in small 
doses. Large doses occasion vomiting in animals capable of 
the act. Intestinal peristalsis and secretion are probably 
likewise augmented by mustard. It is thus a stomachic, 
carminative and emetic internally, but is rarely administered 
save as an emetic because of its pungency and the difficulty 
attending its exhibition. Mustard is absorbed to some 
extent, but we are ignorant concerning its ultimate fate or 
remote action. It is said to be a diuretic. 

Uses External. — Mustard is an extremely valuable 
counter-irritant for relieving pain or congestion in almost 
any internal part. It is more commonly employed in the 
acute respiratory disorders of the domestic animals, as in 
laryngitis, bronchitis, congestion of the lungs, pleurisy, 
pneumonia, to stop incessant cough, and after exposure to 
severe cold ; and the flour of mustard is used in a very thin 
paste made with warm water and applied with friction to the 
skin. Boiling water should not be mixed with mustard, nor 
vinegar, nor alcohol, as they interfere with its action. The 
volatile oil of mustard is a cleanly and convenient substitute 
for the crude drug. A small quantity, diluted with olive oil, 
or cottonseed oil (1-15), may be rubbed into either side of 
the chest in bronchitis, pleurisy, and other chest disorders, 
as a counter-irritant. 

After the application of mustard, the part may be 
bandaged, or hot blankets may be placed over the body 
and the treatment reinforced by the use of mustard on the 
limbs and bandaging. If mustard is employed continuously 



518 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

to keep lip constant counter-irritation, the drug should be 
washed oflf in 20 or 30 minutes, and the process repeated 
once in 2 hours. It is unwise to induce much vesication over 
an extensive surface with mustard, as the result is painful 
and resolution is slow. Mustard is also serviceable in pain- 
ful abdominal diseases, as colic, tympanites, enteritis and 
peritonitis, but oil of turpentine appears here to be more 
efficient. 

A sinapism (mustard application) over the loins is iiseful 
in acute nephritis, and will not lead to irritation of the 
kidne5^s from absorption which may ensue after cautharidal 
blistering. Cantharides has, however, a more active, j)er- 
manent and revulsant effect in most local inflammatory con- 
ditions, and is more potent in acute laryngitis. The action, 
of mustard is rapid and fleeting, unless applied continually 
in considerable strength. For this reason it is indicated to 
impress the nervous system instantaneously, in opium, 
alcohol and other narcotic poisoning ; in respiratory failure, 
in collapse and extreme depression in the course of acute 
diseases (pneumonia and parturient apoplexy), applied all 
over the body, or over the cai'diac region in syncope. 
Mustard is of utility in muscular or articular rheumatism, 
and is employed on swollen glands (strangles), inflamed 
joints and tendons ; but is usually less efficacious than 
a good cantharidal blister in these three latter condi- 
tions. 

ZZves Internal. — Mustard is an efficient emetic for dogs, 
in tablespoonful doses, given in a cup of tepid water. It is 
usually at hand, and not only empties the stomach in poison- 
ing, but reflexly stimulates the heart and respiration. If 
administered for its carminative or stomachic effect, mustard 
must be given in pill or ball. 

Eucalyptus. Eucalyptus. (IT. S. P.) 

Synonym. — Feuilles d'eucalyptus, Fr. ; eucalyptus- 
blatter, G. 



OIL OF EUCALYPTUS 



519 



The leaves of Eucalyptus globulus Labillardiere (nat. 
ord. Myrtaceae), collected from the older parts of the tree. 

Description. — Petiolate, lanceolately scythe-shaped ; from 
15 to 30 cm. long ; rounded below, tapering above ; entire, 
leathery, grayish-green, glandular, feather-veined between 
the midrib and marginal veins ; odor strongly camphorace- 
ous ; taste pungently aromatic and somewhat cooling, bitter 
and astringent. 

Constituents. — 1, a volatile oil (see below); 2, a crystalliz- 
able resin; 3, a crystallizable, fatty acid ; 4, cerylic alcohol. 

Dose.—R. & d, 3 ii.-iii. (60.-90.); D., 3 ss.-ii (2.-8.). 

PREPARATIONS. 

Fluidextractuvi Eucalypti. Fluidextract of Eucalyptus. (U. S. P.) 
Made by maceration, percolation and evaporation, so that 1 cc. = 
1 gm. of the crude drug. 

Dose. — Same as for eucalyptus. 

Dnguenium Eucalypti. (B. P.) 

Oleum Eucalypti. Oil of Eucalyptus. (U. S. & B. P.) 

A volatile oil distilled from the fresh leaves of Eucalyp- 
tus globulus Labillardiere, Eucalyptus oleosa F. V. Mueller, 
and some other species of Eucalyptus (nat, ord. Myrtacese). 

Properties. — A colorless or faintlj^-yellowish liquid, 
haviug a characteristic, aromatic, somewhat camphoraceous 
odor, aud a pungent, spicy, and cooling taste. Spec. gr. 
0.915 to 0.925. Soluble in all proportions in alcohol, carbon 
disulphide, or glacial acetic acid. 

Condituents. — 1, a volatile oil, eucalyptol or cineol 
(CjoHigO), 70 per cent .* 2, eucalyptene (CjoHis) ; 3, cymene 
(CjoH,,). 

Incompatihles. — Alkalies, mineral acids, and metallic salts. 

Dose.—R., 3i.-ii. (4.-8.); D., IHii.-x. (.12-.6). 

Eucalyptol. Eucalyptol. C,,B.,,0. (U. S. P.) 
A neutral body obtained from the volatile oil of Eucalyp- 



520 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

tus globulus Labillardiere, and of some other species of 
eucalyptus (uat. ord. Myrtacese). 

Derivation. — Crude eucalyptol distills over from eucalyp- 
tus leaves at a temperature varying from 338° to 352° F., 
and is purified by redistillation from potassium hydrate or 
calcium chloride. 

Properties. — A colorless liquid, having a characteristic, 
aromatic and distinctly camphoraceous odor, and a pungent, 
spicy and cooling taste. Spec. gr. 0.930. Soluble in all 
proportions, in alcohol. 

Dose. — Same as oil of eucalyptus. 

ACTION OF EUCALYPTUS, OIL OF EUCALYPTUS AND EUCALYPTOL. 

External. — The oil is a powerful antiseptic and disinfect- 
ant, and is even said to be three times more efficient in this 
respect than carbolic acid. It is but slightly irritating to the 
skin, unless its vapors are confined by bandaging, when it 
may cause vesicles and pustules. Some local anaesthesia 
follows primary skin irritation. 

Internal. — Digestive Tract. — Oil of eucalyptus excites 
gastric and salivary secretion, and acts, both locally and 
during elimination, as a stimulant to the mucous membrane 
of the Talimentary canal. Large doses occasion diarrhoea, 
and the fsecal discharges are impregnated with the odor of 
the oil. It is a stomachic, carminative, antiseptic and 
anodyne in the digestive tract. 

Circulation. — Oil of eucalyptus arrests the amoeboid 
movements of the white blood corpuscles, and diapedesis, in 
inflammatory areas ; inhibits the growth of the plasmodia 
malarise ; is an antipyretic and anti[)eriodic, and generally 
comports itself like quinine ; but is nevertheless distinctly 
inferior to it. Small doses reflexly stimulate the heart and 
cause an increase in blood pressure; while toxic doses 
depress the heart's action and lower vascular tension. 

Respiration. — Small doses accelerate the respiratory 
movements. Large doses make the respiration slower and 
weaker, and death ensues through respiratory failure. 



EUCALIPTOL 521 

Nervous System. — Poisonous quantities depress the 
brain, medulla and spinal cord. Reflex activity is lost. 
Animals stagger, suffer great loss of muscular power and 
sensation in their limbs, and fall ; the breathing is slow and 
irregular, the pulse weak, and there are occasional convul- 
sions. The breathing stops before the cardiac pulsations. 

Elimination. — Oil of eucalyptus is excreted by the skin, 
kidneys, and mucous membrane of the bronchial tubes and 
bowels, and therefore stimulates and disinfects these parts 
during its elimination. Hence the drug is a diarphoretic, 
diuretic, and genito-urinary stimulant, stimulating expector- 
ant, and carminative. 

Administration. — The oil, or eucalyptol, are administered 
in emulsion with gum ; dissolved in alcohol ; or in capsules. 

USES OF EUCALYPTUS, OIL OF EUCALYPTUS AND EUCALYPTOL. 

External. — Eucalyptol is probably more generally useful 
than either eucalyptus or the oil. It is employed as an 
antiseptic with vaseline (1-8), on sores, wounds, and ulcers, 
and in lubricating instruments for use in the cavities of the 
body. It partially disguises the odor of iodoform, and is 
frequently combined with the latter in ointment. Eucalyptol 
is serviceable as a stimulating, antiseptic and deodorant 
inhalation in catarrhal diseases of the respiratory tract with 
putrid discharges, and in pulmonary gangrene. The ordinary 
doses (by the mouth) are placed in hot water for this 
purpose. Eucalyptol, with sweet oil (1-5), forms an efl&cient 
stimulating and anodyne liniment. 

Internal. — In chronic bronchitis, eucalyptol is often 
valuable in stimulating and disinfecting the bronchial mucous 
membrane during its elimination. It is also efficacious in 
chronic pyelitis and cystitis, for the same reason. The oil 
has been given with asserted success in various bacterial 
diseases, as septicaemia, canine distemper, influenza, etc., for 
its antiseptic action. In human medicine, eucalyptus and 
its derivatives are mainly of worth as substitutes for quinine 
in malaria, when the latter drug is inadmissible. Eucalyptol 



522 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

may be given as a stomachic and carminative in digestive 
disorders with foul-smelliug faecal evacuations. 



Arnica Flores. Arnica Flowers. 

Synonym. — Fleurs d'arnique, Fr.; wohlverleihbliithen, 
arnikabliithen, G. 

The flower heads of Arnica montana Linne (nat. ord. 
Compositae). 

Habitat. — Mountainous regions of Europe and Northern 
Asia. 

Description. — Heads about 3 Cm. broad ; depressed- 
roundish, consisting of a scaly invohicre in two rows, and a 
small, nearly flat, hairy receptacle, bearing about sixteen 
yellow, strap-shaped, ten-nerved, ray-florets, and numerous 
yellow, five-toothed, tubular disk-florets having slender, 
spindle-shaped achenes crowned by a hairy pappus. Odor 
feeble, aromatic; taste bitter and acrid. . 

Constituents. — 1, an ethereal oil ; 2, an amorphous, yell ov/, 
acrid, bitter principle, arnicin ; 3, resins; 4, tannic acid; 5, 
caprylic and capronic acids. 

Dose.—R & C, I ss.-i. (15.-30.) ; D., gr.x.-xx. (.6-1.3). 

PREPARATION. 

Tinctura Arnicce. Tincture of Arnica. (U. S. P.) 
Made by percolation of arnica flowers, 200, with diluted alcohol to 
make 1000. 

Dose.— H. & C, I i. (30.) ; D., tti„xv.-x1. (1.-2.6). 

Arnica Radix. Arnica Root. 

Synonym.^Arnicse rhizoma, B.P. ; racine d'arnique, Fr.; 
arnikawurzel, G. 

The rhizome and roots of Arnica montana Linne (nat. 
ord. Compositae). 

Description. — Rhizome about 5 Cm. long, and 3 or 4 Mm. 
thick; externally brown, rough from leaf scars; internally 
whitish, with a rather thick bark containing a circle of resin 



ARNICA 523 

cells, surrounding the short, yellowish wood wedges, and 
large, spongy pith. The roots numerous, thin, fragile ; 
grayish-brown, with a thick bark containing a circle of resin 
cells. Odor somewhat aromatic ; taste pungently aromatic 
and bitter. 

Constituents. — Identical with those of flowers. 

Dose. — Same as flowers. ' 

PREPARATION. 

Tinctura Arnicce. (B. P.) 
Dose.— H., 3 i.-ii. (30.-60) ;D., 3 ss.-i. (2.-4.). 

Action and Uses. — Externally, arnica, especially the tinc- 
ture of the flowers, increases the vascularity of the integu- 
ment, and may cause various grades of superficial inflamma- 
tion on sensitive skins if not properly diluted. Internally, 
the drug stimulates the mucous membrane of the digestive 
tract, and is stomachic and carminative. Arnica is eliminated 
by the kidneys and mucous membranes and stimulates these 
parts during its excretion. Arnica slows and stimulates the 
heart and increases vascular tension in medicinal doses, 
while large doses augment the frequency of the pulse. This 
action follows, first, stimulation, and later, depression of the 
inhibitory apparatus. Toxic quantities occasion gastro- 
intestinal irritation and nervous symptoms, as giddiness, 
stupor, delirium, insensibility, and convulsions ; with rapid, 
feeble pulse and sometimes syncope. 

The only rational use for arnica is in stimulating the 
skin in sprains and bruises. The tincture of the flowers is 
generally diluted with water (1-12) for this purpose. It is 
doubtful if it is more serviceable than alcohol in these con- 
ditions. There is no sufficient evidence to show that arnica 
possesses any therapeutic value when given iiiteruaiiy, 
although it has been used and is recommended for dysentery, 
chronic bronchitis, rheumatism, nervous disorders, etc. 



524 VEGETABLE DRUGS 



Myrrha. Myrrh. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — Myrrhe, F. 

A gum-resin obtained from Commiphora Myrrha (Nees) 
Eugler (nat. ord. Burseracese). 

Habitat. — Eastern Africa and Southwestern Arabia, 
along the borders of the Red Sea. 

Description. — In roundish or irregular tears or masses ; 
dusty, brownish-yellow or reddish-brown ; fracture waxy, 
somewhat splintery ; translucent on the edges, somewhat 
marked with whitish veins ; odor balsamic ; taste aromatic, 
bitter and acrid. When triturated with water, myrrh yields 
a brownish-yellow emulsion ; it is soluble in alcohol. 

Constituents. — 1, an active resinous principle, myrrhin 
(C,«H3,Oio), 30 to 40 per cent. ; 2, myrrhol (CjoHi^OJ, a volatile 
oil, 2 8 per cent. ; 3, arabin, a gum, 50 to 60 per cent. ; 4, a 
bitter substance. 

Dose.—R. & C, 3ii.-iv. (8.-15.); Sh. & Sw., 3ss.-i. 
(2.-4.) ; D., gr.v.-xxx. (.3-2.). 

PREPARATIONS. 

Tinctura Myrrhce. Tincture of Myrrh. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Made by maceration of myrrh, 200, with alcohol, and filtration to 
make 1000. (U. S. P.) 

Dose.— H. & C, I i.-ii. (30.-60.) ; Sh. & Sw., 3 iii.-vi. (12 -24.) ; D., 
3 ss-i. (2.-4.). 

Tinctura Aloes et Myrrhce. Tincture of Aloes and Myrrh. 
(U. S. P.) 

Made by maceration and percolation of myrrh, 100; purified aloes, 
100; liquorice root; with alcohol and water to make 1000. (U. S. P.) 

Dose.— H. & C, 5 ii.-iv. (60.-120.) ; Sh. & Sw., § ss.-i. (15.-30.) ; D., 
3 i.-ii. (4.-8.). 

Pilulce Aloes et Myrrhce. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Dose.— D., 2 pills. 

Action and Uses. — Myrrh, externally, is a mild stimulant 



CAPSICUM 525 

and antiseptic by virtue of its resin and volatile oil. It is a 
stomachic and carminative internally, exciting the appetite 
and increasing the secretion, motion and blood supply of the 
stomach and bowels. Myrrh is eliminated by the mucous 
membranes of the bronchial and genito-urinary tracts, and 
stimulates and disinfects these parts during its excretion. 
The drug is occasionally prescribed as a stimulating expec- 
torant in chronic bronchitis ; as a stimulant and antiseptic in 
chronic cystitis ; also as a uterine stimulant and emmenagogue 
in ammenorrhoea, and in chronic leucorrhoea. 

Myrrh is thought to prove beneficial in anaemia, when 
combined with iron. It assists the action of purgatives, and 
myrrh may be exhibited as a laxative in the form of the 
tincture of aloes and myrrh. The tincture forms a service- 
able mouth-wash in aqueous emulsion (1-16), and is some- 
times employed as a stimulant and antiseptic on wounds, 
sores and ulcers, diluted with 4 to 8 parts of water. Myrrh 
is administered in tincture, ball or pill. 

Class 2. — Used Mainly for their Stomachic and 
Carminative Action Upon the Digestive Tract. 

Capsicum. Capsicum. (U. S. P.) 

Synonym. — Capsici fructus, B. P. ; cayenne pepper, 
African or pod pepper, E. ; capsiqua, piment des jardins, 
piment rouge, poivre de cayenne, Fr. ; spanischer pfeffer, G. 
Called commonly " red pepper," when dried and powdered. 

The fruit of Capsicum fastigiatum Blume (nat. ord. 
Solanacese). 

Habitat. — Ti'opical America; cultivated also in other 
tropical countries. 

JJescription. — Oblong-conical, from 10 to 20 Mm. long ; 
supported by a flattish, cup- shaped, five-toothed calyx with 
a red, shining, membranous and translucent pericarp 
enclosing two cells and containing flat, reniform, yellowish 
seeds, attached to a thick, central placenta. It has a peculiar 
odor, and an intensely hot taste. 



526 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

Constituents. — 1, capsaicin (CgHi.NO,), a crystallizable, 
acrid body ; 2, capsicin, a volatile alkaloid ; 3, a fixed oil ; 4, 
fatty matter ; 5, resin. 

Dose. — B.., gr.xx.-3i. (1-3-4.); C, 3i.-ii. (4.-8.); D., 
gr.i.-viii. (.06-. 5). 

PREPARATIONS. 

Fluidexti'actum Capsici. Fluidextract of Capsicum. (U. S. P.) 
Made by maceration and percolation with alcohol, and evaporation, 

so that 1 cc. — 1 gm. of the crude drug. 

Dose.—H., mxx.Si. (1.3-4.); C, 3i.-ii. (4.-8,); D., mi.-viii. 

(.06-.5). 

Tinctura Capsici. Tincture of Capsicum. (U. S. &B. P.) 
Made by percolation of capsicum, 100, with alcohol and water to 

make 1000. (U. S. P.) 

Dose.—B.., 3ii.-iv. (8.-15.); C, § ss.-i. (15.-30.); D., ttIv.- 3 i. 

(.3-4.). 

Oleoresina Capsici. Oleoresin of Capsicum. (U. S. P.) 
Made by percolation with acetone, distillation, and evaporation of 
the residue. 

Dose.—B.., TTix.-xxx. (.6-2.); C, 3 ss.-i. (2.-4.); D., ttli-I. (.015-.06). 

Unguentum Capsici. (B. P.) 

Administration. — Capsicum and the oleoresin are given 
in ball or pill. The fluid extract should be freely diluted 
with water. 

Action and Uses. — Capsicum generally resembles the 
volatile oils in its action. Externally, it is rubefacient and 
counter-irritant, producing about the same degree of irrita- 
tion as mustard, but causing considembly more pain, while 
its fumes are unbearable. Capsicum is used mainly as a 
stomachic and a carminative in augmenting the appetite, 
gastric vascularity, secretion and motion, and intestinal 
peristalsis. Cap.sicum is employed on the skin in local 
paralysis— as of the lip — in horses, with mustard in paste ; 
or as the fluid extract painted on plaster splints to prevent 
dogs from gnawing them off. 

Internally, capsicum is of greater value than black or 
white pepper, and is indicated in atonic indigestion and 
flatulent colic in horses (see ammonium carbonate, p. 141). 



GINGER 527 

It may be combined advantageously with bitters, as nux 
vomica. Capsicum is a favorite stimulant and tonic remedy 
-to the digestion — with bird fanciers. It is also said to 
increase the laying of eggs when given to hens. 

Zingiber. Ginger. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — Ingwer, G.; gingember, Fr. 

The rhizome of Zingiber officinale Roscoe (nat. ord. 
Scitamineae). 

Habitat. — East and West Indies and India ; cultivated in 
tropical climates. 

Description. — About 5 to 10 Cm. long, 10 to 15 Mm. 
broad, and 4 to 8 Mm. thick ; flattish on one side ; lobed or 
<3lavately branched ; deprived of the corky layer ; pale, buff- 
colored, striate ; breaking with a mealy, rather fibrous frac- 
ture, showing numerous small, scattered resin cells and 
fibro-vascular bundles, the latter enclosed by a nucleus 
sheath ; agreeably aromatic and of a pungent and warm tsiste. 

Constituents. — 1, a volatile oil ; 2, a resin ; 3, gingerol, 
said to supply pungent taste, while the oil gives flavor. 

Dose.—ll., 3ii.-3i. (8.-30.); C, gi.-iv. (30.-120.) ; Sh. & 
Sw., 3 i.-ii. (4.-8.) ; D., gr.v.-xv. (.3-1.). 

PREPARATION. 

Fluidextr actum Zingiheris. Fluidextract of Ginger. (XT. S. P.) 
Made by maceration and percolation with alcohol, and evapora- 
tion, so that 1 cc. = 1 gm. of the crude drug. 
Dose. — Same as that of ginger. 

Oleoresiiia Zingiheris. (U. S. P) 
Dose. — H., gr.xxs.- 3 i.ss. (3.-6.); D., gr.i.-v. (.06-.3). 

Action and Uses. — Ginger is chiefly administered in 
powder as a stomachic and carminative in atonic indigestion 
of horses and ruminants. It is frequently combined with 
sodium bicarbonate and bitters. Ginger also aids the action 
of purgatives and prevents griping. The powder or fluid 
extract should be added to magnesium sulphate when it is 
given in full purgative doses to cattle or sheep. (See magne- 
sium and sodium sulphate, pp. 136 and 163). 



528 VEGETABLE DKUGS 

Mentha Piperita. Peppermint. (U. S. P.) 

Synonym. — Folia (herba) menthge piperitae, P.G.;,menthe 
poivree, Fr.; pfeffermiuze, G. 

The leaves and tops of Mentha piperita Smith (nat. ord. 
Labiatse). 

Hnbifat. — Indigenous in North America,Europe and Asia. 

Description. — Leaves about 5 Cm. long, petiolate, ovate- 
lauceolate, acute, sharply serrate, glandular, nearly smooth; 
the few hairs containing crystals of menthol in one or more 
thin cells ; branches quadrangular, often purplish ; flowers in 
terminal, conical spikes, with a tubular, five-toothed, often 
purplish calyx, a purplish four-lobed corolla, and four short 
stamens ; odor aromatic ; taste pungent and cooling. 

Constituents. — 1, a volatile oil : 2, menthol ; 3, menthene 
(CioHig). 

Oleum Menthje Piperita. Oil of Peppermint. 
(U.S. &B.P.) 

Synonym. — Essence de menthe poivree, Fr.; pfeffer^ 
minzol, G. 

A volatile oil distilled from peppermint. 

Properties. — A colorless, or yellowish, or greenish-yellow 
liquid, becoming darker and thicker by age and exposure to 
the air ; having the characteristic strong odor of peppermint, 
and a strongly aromatic, pungent taste, followed by a sensa- 
tion of cold when air is drawn into the mouth. Spec. gr. 
0.9 to 0.920. 

It forms a clear solution with an equal volume of alcohol, 
but becomes turbid when somewhat further diluted. 

Constituents. — 1, menthol ; 2, menthene, a liquid terpene 
obtained by distillation. 

Dose.—B.. & C, nixv.-xxx. (1.-2.) ; D., Tlli-v. (.06-.3). 

PREPARATIONS. 

Spiritiis MenthcR Piper itce. Spirit of Peppermint. (U. S. & B. P.) 
Synonym. — Essence de menthe poivree, Fr.; Englisch pfeffermin- 
zessenz, G.; spiritus menthaj piperitae anglicus, P.G. 



MENTHOL 520 

Oil of peppermint, 100 ; peppermint, 10 : alcohol to make 1000. 
Made by maceration and filtration. (U. S. P.) 

Dose.—B.. & C, 3 ii.iv. (8.-15.) ; D. nixv.-xxx. (1.-2.). 

Aqua Menthce Piperitce. Peppermint Water. (U. S. &B. P.) 

Oil of peppermint, 2 ; purified talc, 15 ; water to make 1000. 
Made by trituration and filtration. (U. S. P.) 
Dose. — Used as vehicle in canine practice. 

Menthol. Mentho]. C,,B.,,OIl. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — Mint or peppermint-camphor. 

A stearopten (having the character of a secondary 
alcohol) obtained from the official oil of peppermint (from 
Mentha piperita Smith), or from Japanese or Chinese oil of 
peppermint (from Mentha avensis Linne, var. piperascens 
Holmes, and Mentha Canadensis Linne, var. glabrata 
Holmes ; nat. ord. Labiatse). 

Derivation. — Made from the oil of peppermint by frac- 
tional distillation ; freezing of the higher boiling point pro- 
duct, and crystallization. 

Pr'operties. — Colorless, acicular or prismatic crystals, 
having a strong and pure odor of peppermint, and a warm, 
aromatic taste, followed by a sensation of cold when air is 
drawn in the mouth. Slightly soluble in water; freely 
soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, carbon disulphide or 
glacial acetic acid. When it is triturated with about an equal 
weight of camphor, thymol, or chloral hydrate, the mixture 
becomes liquid. Menthol may be dissolved by heat in oleic 
acid, fats or liquid vaseline. 

I)ose.—B.., gr.vii,-xv. (.5-].); D., gr.ss.-ii. (.03-.12). 

ACTION AND USES OF PEPPERMINT AND MENTHOL. 

Peppermint and oil of peppermint owe their medicinal 
virtues chiefly to the menthol they contain. They resemble 
the other volatile oils in most respects, but are more anaes- 
thetic 'and antiseptic than some. Menthol is used mostly 
externally, and is extremely valuable in relieving itching 
and neuralgic pain. It may be employed with alcohol or 



530 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

chloroform in solution ( 3 ss. to 3 i.), in urticaria or pruritus. 
An ointment is also serviceable, or a solution by lieat in 
oleic acid (1 to 24). For burns, the following will be found 
beneficial : Sweet oil and lime water, each one ounce ; 
menthol, one drachm. The cooling sensation produced by 
menthol is due to a specific effect upon the nerves of temper- 
ature. The anaesthetic and antiseptic action of menthol has 
been taken advantage of in the treatment of boils and super- 
ficial abscesses. A 10 to 50 per cent, solution in ether is 
said to abort these lesions when painted frequently on the 
inflamed parts. A menthol and camphor solution, obtained 
by dissolving fifteen grains of each in an ounce of liquid 
petrolatum, is one of the best preparations to use in an 
atomizer or dropper for acute or chronic nasal catarrh of 
dogs. 

Internally, the essence of peppermint or oil are of worth 
in cases of mild colic and flatulence on account of their 
anaesthetic, carminative and antiseptic action. Menthol may 
be given to dogs to relieve vomiting. Peppermint water 
assuages thirst in fever, and this preparation is also used as 
a pleasant vehicle in the- administration of disagreeable 
drugs to dogs. The oil is prescribed in pill or ball to pre- 
vent the griping of cathartics. 

Administration. — The essence is the preparation in most 
common use and is given in water. The oil is dissolved in 
spirit, or exhibited to dogs on sugar. Menthol may be 
administered in alcohol and syrup, equal parts ; or in pill or 
capsule to dogs. 

Mentha viridis (spearmint) is oflicial together with 
oleum menthse viridis (oil of spearmint), spiritus menthse 
viridis (spirit of spearmint), and aqua menthae viridis. The 
actions, uses and doses are the same as those of peppermint 
and its preparations, but the latter are more popular and 
pleasant. 

Anisum. Anise. 

Synonym. — Anisi fructus, B.P.; anis, Fr.; anis, G. 



ILLICIUM 531 

The fruit of Pimpinella Anisum Linne (nat. ord. Umbel- 
lifer?e) . 

Habitat. — Southeastern Europe, Egypt, Western Asia; 
also cultivated. 

Description. — About 4 or 5 Mm. long, ovate, compressed 
at the sides ; grayish, finely hairy, and consisting of two 
mericarps, each with a flat face and five light brownish, fili- 
form ridges, and about fifteen thin oil tubes, which can be 
seen in a transverse section by the microscope. It has an 
agreeable, aromatic odor, and a sweet, spicy taste. It may 
be distinguished from conium fruit by the odor and taste, 
while the latter has usually single mericarps which are 
smooth, grooved upon the face, and have crenate ridges with 
wrinkles between them, and no oil tubes. 

Constitiients. — Oil of anise. 

Dose.—B.. & C, 3 i.-ii. (30.-60.) ; Sh. & Sw., 3 ii.-iii. 
(8.-12.) ; D., gr.x.-xxx. (.6-2.). 

Illicium. lUicium. (U. S. P.) 

Synonym. — Anisi stellati fructus, B.P.; star anise. 

The fruit of illicium verum Hooker filius (nat. ord. 
Magnoliaceae). 

Habitat. — North An am. 

Description. — The fruit is pedunculate and consists of 
eight stellately arranged carpels, which are boat-shaped, 
about 10 Mm. long, rather woody, wrinkled, straight-beaked, 
brown, dehiscent on the upper suture, internally reddish- 
brown, glossy, and containing a single, flattish, oval, glossy, 
brownish-yellow seed ; odor anise-like, taste of the carpels 
sweet and aromatic, and of the seeds oily. Similar to the 
poisonous fruit of Illicium anisatum Linne (Illicium religi- 
osum Siebold), the capsules of which are more woody, 
shrivelled, and have a thiu, mostly curved beak ; a faint, 
clove-like odor, and an unpleasant taste. 

Constituents. — Oil of anise. 

Dose. — Same as that for anise. 



532 VEGETABLE DEUGS 

OleUxM Anist. Oil of Anise. (U. S. & B. P.) 

A volatile oil distilled from anise. 

Properties. — A colorless or pale yellow, thin and strongly 
refractive liquid, having the characteristic odor of anise, and 
a sweetish, mildly aromatic taste. Spec. gr. about 0.980 to 
0.990. Soluble iu an equal volume of alcohol. 

Dose.—R., ITLxx.-xxx. (1.3-2.); D., 1T[i.-v. (.06-.3). 

PREPARATIONS. 

Aqua Anisi. Anise Water. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Oil of anise, 2 ; purified talc, 15 ; water to make 1000. (U. S. P.) 
Used as vehicle. 

Spiritus Anisi. Spirit of Anise. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Oil of anise, 100 ; deodorized alcohol, 900. (U. S. P.) 
Dose.— D., 3i.-ii. (4.-8.). 

ACTIONS AND USES OF ANISE AND ILLICIUM. 

Oil of anise resembles in action the other volatile oils. 
It is employed with olive oil or alcohol (1-10) to kill fleas or 
lice on dogs, rubbed over the skin ; and one drop of the pure 
oil may be placed on the feathers of fowl to cause destruc- 
tion of lice. The oil is sometimes prescribed to disguise the 
taste or odor of drugs (see potassa sulphurata), and is 
ordered iu cough mixtures for its expectorant properties. 

Anise fruit is given to horses and ruminants on their 
food — frequently with sodium bicarbonate and ginger — to 
relieve mild forms of indigestion and flatulence through its 
stomachic and carminative action. 

Cardamomum. Cardamom. 

Synonym. — C.ardamomi semina, B.P.; fructus vel semen 
cardamomi minoris, P.G. ; cardamomes, Fr. ; cardamomen, 
kleine kardamomen, G. 

The fruit of Elettaris repens (Sonnerat) Baillon (nat. 
ord. Scitaminese). 

Habitat. — Malabar. 



COKIANDER 533 

Description. — Fruit ovoid or oblong, from 10 to 15 Mm. 
long ; of a pale buff color, with a thin, tasteless pericarp. 
Seeds 4 Mm. long, reddish-brown, and have an agreeable 
odor and a pungent, aromatic taste. The seeds are active ; 
the pericarp has no medicinal virtue. 

Constituents. — 1, a volatile oil, which is a terpene (CmHjJ; 
2, a fixed oil. 

Dose. — Same as that of anise. 

A tinctura and tinctura cardamomi compositse are official. 
They serve as coloring (red) and flavoring agents, and may 
be employed as vehicles in doses of one to two drachms, in 
canine practice. The dose of the fluid extract is the same 
as that of the drug. 



CoRiANDRUM. Coriander. 

Synonym. — Coriandri fructus, B.P. ; coriander fruit, E. ; 
coriandre, Fr.; koriander, G.; fructus coriandri, P.G. 

The fruit of Coriandrum sativum Linne (nat. ord. 
Umbelliferse). 

Habitat. — Southern Europe or Central Asia. 

Description. — Globular, about 4 Mm. in diameter, 
brownish-3^ellow ; odor and taste agreeably aromatic. 

Constituents. — 1, the volatile oil, oleum coriandri, a color- 
less, or slightly yellow liquid, having the characteristic odor 
of coriander, and a warm, spicy taste. 

Dose of coriander and its oil, same as for anise and 
its oil. 

FoENicuLUM, Fennel. (U. S. P.) 

Synonym. — Foeniculi fructus, B.P. ; semen foeniculi, 
fennel fruit or seeds, E. ; semences de fenouil, Fr.; fenchel- 
samen, G. 

The fruit of Foeuiculum capillaceum Gilbert (nat. ord. 
Umbelliferse). 

Habitat. — Southern Europe and Levant. 



534 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

Description. — Oblong, nearly cylindrical, from 4 to 8 Mm. 
long ; brownish or greenish-brown ; odor and taste aromatic, 
anise-like. 

Constituents. — A volatile oil of almost similar action and 
composition to oil of anise, oleum foeniculi. A colorless, or 
pale yellowish liquid, having the characteristic aromatic 
odor of fennel, and a sweetish, mild and spicy taste. Soluble 
in alcohol. 

Dose of fennel and its oil, same as that for anise and its 
oil. 

FcENUGREEK. (Non-official.) 

The seeds of Trigonella Foenum Grtecum, cultivated in 
France and Germany. They are oblong, cylindrical, some- 
what compressed, obliquely truncated at each end ; 1 to 2 
lines long; of a brownish-yellow color, and have a strong, 
peculiar odor, and oily, bitterish taste. Foenugreek contains 
both a volatile and fixed oil. 

Dose. — Same as for anise. 

ACTIONS AND USES OF CARDAMOM, CORIANDER, FENNEL AND 
FENUGREEK. 

These drugs resemble anise in actions, uses, and doses. 
They enter into the composition of many popular tonic or 
"condition" powders and drinks, and, by their stomachic 
and carminative properties, aid digestion. Ginger is perhaps 
in more frequent demand than other agents of this class, by 
the profession. 

Class 3. — Used Mainly for Their Antispasmodic 
Action in Stimulating the Nervous System. 

Valeriana. Valerian. 

Synonym. — Valerianae rhizoma, B.P. ; valeriane, Fr. ; 
baldrianwurzel, G. 

The rhizome and roots of Valeriana officinalis Linne 
(nat. ord, Valerianese). 



AMMONIUM VALERATE 535 

Habitat. — Europe and Northern Asia. Naturalized in 
New England. 

Dcscrijytion. — Eliizome from 2 to 4 Cm. long, and 1 to 2 
Cm. thick ; upright, subglobular, or obconical ; truncate at 
both ends ; brown or yellowish-brown, internally whitish or 
pule brownish, with a narrow circle of white wood under the 
thin bark. Roots numerous, slender, brittle, brown, with a 
thick bark, and slender, ligneous cord. Odor peculiar, 
becoming stronger and unpleasant on keeping ; taste cam- 
phoraceous and somewhat bitter. 

Constituents. — 1, a volatile oil ; 2, valerianic acid (CsH^Oj), 
a colorless, oily acid, with burning taste and odor of valerian. 
Soluble in alcohol and ether, and in 30 parts of water. 
Valerianic acid is also made artificially by a complicated pro- 
cess from the distillation of chromic acid and amylic alcohol. 
3, tannic acid ; 4, resin ; 5, malic, formic and acetic acids. 

Dose.—B.. & C, 3 i.-ii. (30.-60.) ; D., gr.x.- 3 i. (6.-4.). 

PREPARATIONS. 

Fluidextr actum Valeriance. Fluidextract of Valerian. CU. S. P.) 
Made b.y maceration and percolation with water, and evaporation, 

so that 1 cc. = 1 gm. of the crude drug. 

Dose.—B..&C., I i.-ii. (30.-60 ); D., ttlx.- 3 i (.6-4.). 

A tinctura valeriange (1-5) and a tinctura Valerianae ammoniata 

(1-5), prepared with aromatic spirit of ammonia, are also official. The 

dose of either is 3 ss.-ii. (2.-8.), for dogs. 

Tinctura Valeriance Ammoniata. (B. P.) 
Dose.—B., 3ss.-i. (2.-4.) 

Ammonii Valeras. Ammonium Valerate. NH.C.H.Oj 
(U.S. P.) 

Synonym. — Ammonium valerianate. 

Made by the action of ammonia gas upon valerianic 
acid, and crystallization. 

Properties. — Minute, colorless, cubical crystals, or a white 
granular powder ; without odor when colorless, but emitting 
a slight odor of iodine when colored, and having a sharp, 
saline taste. Very hygroscopic. Soluble in 1 part of water 
and in 9 parts of alcohol. 

Dose.—D., gr.ii.-v. (.12-.3). 



536 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

Ferri Valeras. Ferric Valerate. (Non-official.}» 

Made bj precipitating a solution of ferric sulphate with 
a solution of sodium valerianate, and washing and drying 
the precipitate. 

Properties. — A dark, brick-red, amorphous powder of 
somewhat varying chemical composition ; having the odor of 
valerianic acid and a mildly styptic taste ; permanent in dry 
air. Insoluble in cold water, but readily soluble in alcohol. 

Dose.—D., gr.i-iii. (.06-.18). 

Zixci Valeras. Zinc Valerate. Zii(C,H,0,), + 2 H,0. 
(U. S. & B. P.) 
Synonym. — Zinc valerianate. 

Made by crystallization from a mixture of hot solutions 
of zinc sulphate and sodium valerianate. 

Properties. — White, pearly scales, having the odor of 
valerianic acid, and a sweetish, astringent raid metallic taste. 
On exposure to the air it slowly loses valerianic acid. 
Soluble in 100 parts of water, and in 40 parts of alcohol. 

Incompatibility. — Incompatible with acids, metallic salts 
and soluble carbonates ; also vegetable astringents. 

Dose.—B., gr.i.-iii. (.06-. 18). 

Administration. — Valerian should be given in the form 
of the fluid extract to horses, and this preparation or the 
tinctures may be exhibited to dogs in dilution. Valerianic 
acid is not used in medicine except to make valerianates. 
Of the salts, the zinc valerianate is the most popular, and is 
administered in pills in canine practice. 

ACTION and uses OF VALERIAN AND VALERATES. 
The physiological action of valerianic acid and the 
valerates is an unknown quantity, but clinical evidence 
supports their value. The volatile oil in valerian has much 
the same properties as other volatile oils in stimulating 
secretion, motion, vascularity and apj^etite, in relation to the 
digestive organs ; and, in its elimination, the oil excites the 



ASAFETIDA 537 

mucous membranes of the bronchial tubes and geni to-urinary 
tract. The oil also stimulates the circulation reflexly. Toxic 
doses of the oil paralyze the brain and cord and depress the 
circulation ; while lethal quantities of ammonium valerate 
are said to first excite the spinal motor tract and cause con- 
vulsions, and to finally occasion spinal depression and 
paralysis. Valerian and the valerates are called antispas- 
modics in stimulating and strengthening an enfeebled 
nervous system and thus combating disorders which are 
created by an increased susceptibility to impulses originat- 
ing within the brain, or outside of the body. Valerian is 
both recommended and used in the treatment of polyuria 
and diabetes insipidus of the horse ; in chorea of dogs 
resulting from distemper, and occasionally in hysteria, 
epilepsy, convalescence from acute diseases, and nervous 
restlessness. Although the drug is of secondary importance, 
it finds a much larger field of usefulness in human medicine. 
Zinc valerate is more commonly employed in canine 
practice for chorea. Ferric valerate is supposed to com- 
bine the tonic and antispasmodic action of the two constitu- 
ents in one preparation. The oil of valerian is a useful 
remedy (in emulsion) as a carminative in flatulence. It may 
be given to horses in doses of 3 ss.-i.; and to dogs in quan- 
tities of 1TLii.-v. 

AsAFCETiDA. Asafetida. (U. S. P.) 

Synonym. — Asafetida, B. P.; Gummi-resina asafoetida, 
ase fetide, asafcetida, Fr.; stinkasant, teufelsdreck, G. 

A gum-resin obtained from the root of Ferula foetida 
(Bunge) E-egel (nat. ord. Umbelliferse). 

Habitat, — Persia, Afghanistan and Turkestan. 

Properties. — In roundish tears, from 2 to 6 Mm. or more 
in diameter; externally pale yellowish-brown, internally 
milk-white ; brittle when cold, and breaking with a flat, 
conchoidal, and waxy fracture ; or the tears are super^cially 
united into irregular masses without any intervening dark- 



538 VEGETABLE DKUGS 

colored substance. It lias a pecjiliar odor, and a bitter, 
acrid, nauseous taste. When triturated it readily yields a 
milk-white emulsion. 

Constituents. — 1, a volatile oil (3-9 per cent.), containing 
as its most important ingredient oil of garlic, which gives 
asafoetida its disagreeable odor ; 2, gum, about 25 per cent. ; 
3, resin, 50 to GO per cent., containing fernlaic acid (Cn,Hi(,Oj). 

Dose.—R. & C, 3 ss.-i. (15.-30.) ; Sh. <fe Sw., 3 i.-ii. (4.-8.); 
D., gr.iii.-xii. (.18-.8). 

Administration. — Asafoetida is given in ball to the larger 
animals or in an extemporaneous emulsion which is readily 
made — owing to the gum in the drug — by trituration with 
water. Asafetida is administered to dogs in pill. The drug 
may also be injected in aqueous mixture per rectum. 

Preparations. — Pilulse asafoetidae (gr.iii. each) ; dose— D., 
1-4. Tinctura asafoetidae (1-5) ; dose — H., § ii.-iv. (60.-120.); 
D., 3 ss.-i (2.-4.). Emulsum (mistura) asafoetidse, milk of 
asafetida (1-25) ; dose — D., 3 ss.-i. (15.-30.). 

Action and Uses. — Asafetida is of value by reason of its 
volatile oil, and therefore possesses much the same action as 
ether agents of this class. In experiments on man asafetida 
caused " stomachache," activity of the bowels, increased 
pulse rate and respiratory movements, headache, dizziness, 
and sexual desire. 

Asafetida is chiefly used as a carminative, stimulating 
expectorant, and nerve stimulant or antispasmodic. Liquid 
preparations may cause nausea and vomiting in dogs owing 
to the nauseous taste. The drug is of most service in flatulent 
colic of horses, when it is combined with ammonium carbon- 
ate in ball, or is given in this form simultaneously with 
linseed oil and oil of turpentine. 

In atonic constipation of horses, asafetida is prescribed 
with aloes in ball. Asafetida is occasionally employed as a 
stimulating expectorant in chronic bronchitis, and in the 
later stages of bronchial catarrh, but it is probably inferior 
to ammoniacum for this purpose. As an antispasmodic 
agent, asafetida is useful in functional spasmodic affections, 



AMMONIAC 530 

including hysteria, chorea and convulsions. The emulsion 
may be given in enema to dogs, in the two latter disorders. 
Finally, tincture of asafetida is recommended to be 
added to alcoholic liquors in veterinary practice to prevent 
their " misappropriation " by stable attendants. 

Ammoniacum. Ammoniac. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — Gummi-resina ammoniacum, E. ; ammonia- 
que, gommresine ammoniaque, Fr.; ammoniakgummi, G. 

A gum resin obtained from Dorema Ammoniacum Don 
(nat. ord. Umbelliferse). 

Habitat. — Eastern Persia and Turkestan. 

Properties. — In roundish tears, from 2 to 6 Mm. or more 
in diameter ; externally pale yellowish-brown, internally 
milk-white ; brittle when cold, and breaking with a flat, 
conchoidal and waxy fracture ; or the tears are superficially 
united into irregular masses without any intervening dark- 
colored substance. It has a peculiar odor and a bitter, acrid 
and nauseous taste. When triturated with water it readily 
yields a milk-white emulsion. 

Constituents. — 1, a volatile oil, 1^-4 per cent. ; 2, a resin, 
70 per cent. ; 3, a gum, 20-28 per cent. 

Dose.—'K. & a, 3i.-ii. (30.-60.); Sh. & Sw., 3ii.-iv. 
(8.-15.) ; D., gr.v.-xxx. (.3-2.) 

PREPARATIONS. 

Mistura Ainmoniaci. (B. P.) 
Dose.—D., ^ss.-i. (15.-30.) 

Emplastrum Ammoniacum cum Hydrargyro. Ammoniac Plaster 
with Mercury. (B. P.) 

Administration. — In emulsion, ball or pill. 

ACTION AND USES. 

Ammoniac is a drug of minor importance, resembling 
asafoetida and containing a small quantity of a volatile oil 
having the same action as other oils of this class. Am- 



54.0 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

raoniac is occasionally employed externally as a mild counter- 
irritant, in plasters. Since its volatile oil is eliminated by 
tlie bronchial mucous membrane, ammoniac is given intern- 
ally as a stimulating and slightly disinfecting expectorant in 
chronic bronchitis with or without excessive secretion. 

Class 4. — Used Mainly for their Stimulant and 
Diuretic Actions on the Kidneys and Genito- 
urinary Tract. 

BucHu. Buchu. (U. S. -P.) 

Synonym. — Buchu folia, B.P. ; feuilles de bucco, Fr. ; 
buckublatter, buccobliitter, G. 

The leaves of Barosma betuliua (Thunberg) Bartling et 
Wendland and Barosma Crenulata (Linne) Hooker (nat. ord. 
Rutacese). 

Habitat. — South Africa. 

Description. — About 15 Mm. long, roundish obovate, 
with a rather wedge-shaped base, or varying between oval 
and obovate, obtuse, crenate or serrate, with a gland at the 
base of each tooth ; dull yellowish-green ; thickish, pellucid- 
punctate ; odor and taste strongly aromatic, somewhat mint- 
like, pungent and bitterish. 

Constituents. — 1, a volatile oil having an odor somewhat 
like peppermint, 1^ per cent.; 2, a stearopteu (Buchu cam- 
phor or diosphenol, CjoHieO.), possessing an odor like pep- 
permint and ill solution in a liquid hydrocarbon, but crystal- 
lizing on exposure to the air; 3, barosmiu, a glncoside, 
soluble in ether, volatile oils, diluted acids and alkalies ; 4, 
gum ; 5, rutin, a bitter substance. 

Bose.—B.. & a, 3 i.-ii. (30.-60.) ; D., gr.xv.-xxx. (1.-2.). 

PREPARATIONS. 

Fluidextractum Buchu. Fluidextract of Buchu. (U. S. P.) 

Made by maceration, percolation and evaporation, so that 1 Cc. := 
1 Gm of Buchu. 

Dose.— H. &C., 3 i.-ii. (30.-60.); D., nxv.-xxx. (1.-2.) 



OIL OF JUNIPER 541 

An infusion (1-20) by steeping leaves in boiling water for half an 
hour in a closed vessel, is sometimes prefei'red, and will be taken volun- 
tarily by the larger animals in linseed tea. 

Tinctura Buchu. Tincture of Buchu. (B. P.) 
Dose. — Same as that of the fluidextract, 

ACTION AND USES. 

The volatile oil and bitter principle act upon the diges- 
tive organs as an aromatic bitter, promoting appetite and 
digestion in small doses, wliile large doses cause nausea and 
vomiting in dogs. The volatile oil is absorbed and elimin- 
ated by the mucous membranes, particularly of the bronchial 
tubes and genito-urinary tract. It thus stimulates and dis- 
infects the mucous membranes, slightly increases the secre- 
tion of urine, and imparts its peculiar odor to the latter. 

The drug is of considerable value in the treatment of 
chronic or subacute pyelitis, cystitis and urethritis. It is 
stimulating, but only slightly irritating. Buchu has been 
recommended in chronic nephritis, and is useful iu irritation 
of the urinary bladder, with frequent micturition, combined 
with spirit of nitrous ether. Buchu is occasionally pre- 
scribed in the later stages of bronchitis or in the chronic 
form of this disease, and is employed in its native country 
as a remedy for chronic diarrhoea and dysentery. 

Oleum Junipekl Oil of Juniper. (CJ. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — Oleum fructus (Vel Baccae) juniperi, oil of 
juniper berries, E.; essence de genie vre, Fr.; wachholder- 
beerol, G. 

A volatile oil distilled from the fruit of Juniperus Com- 
munis Linne (nat. ord. Coniferoe). 

Habitat. — Canada and United States ; Rocky Mountains, 
south to New Mexico. 

Properties. — A colorless, or faintly greenish-yelloW 
liquid, becoming darker and thicker by age and exposure to 
air; having the characteristic odor of juniper, and a warm, 



542 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

aromatic, somewhat terebinfcliinate and bitterish tuste. Spec. 
gr. 0.850 to 0.890. Soluble in about four times its volume of 
alcohol. 

Composition.— Oil of juniper is a terpene (C^JI,,), and is 
isomeric with oil of turpentine. 

Bose.—'K. & a, 3 i.-ii. (4.-8.) ; D., 1TLii.-x. (.12-.6). 

PREPAEATIONS. 

Spiritus Jimiperi. Spirit of Juniper. (U. S. & B. P.) 
Oil of Juniper, 50 ; alcohol, 950. (U. S. P.) 

Dose— H. & C, = i.-ii. (30.-60.) ; D., 3 ss.-i. (2.-4 ). 

Spiritus Juniperi Oompositus. Compound Spirit of Juniper. 
Oil of juniper, 8 ; oil of caraway, 1 ; oil of fennel, 1 ; alcohol, 1400; 
water to make 2000. 

Dose.— H. & C, 3 ii.-iv. (60.-1.20.) ; D., 3 i.-iv. (4.-15.). 

ACTIONS AND USES. 

Oil of juniper resembles oil of turpentine physiologically 
as well as chemically. It is a stomachic and carminative, 
particularly when combined with alcohol and other aromatic 
oils (sp'r. juniper, co.), but is used in medicine chiefly for its 
stimulant and diuretic action upon the kidneys and genito- 
urinary tract during its elimination. Oil of juniper is cap- 
able of irritating the kidneys in large doses, and causing 
congestion, strangury, and even suppression of urine. It is 
less likely, however, to disturb digestion than oil of turpen- 
tine, and does not so readily occasion hsematuria and albu- 
minuria. Oil of juniper is indicated in chronic nephritis, 
pyelitis and cystitis ; also in dropsy of cardiac, renal, or hep- 
atic origin. It is efficient in assisting absorption- of effusions 
into serous cavities, through its diuretic properties. The 
compound spirit of juniper approximates gin in composition, 
although it is not the official name for that liquor. This 
preparation is useful in the convalescent period of acute 
bronchitis and influenza, stimulating the bionchial mucous 
membrane by virtue of the volatile oil, and acting as a circu- 
latory stimulant and diuretic. The oil of juniper is an 



SAVINE 543 

efficient renal stimulant in passive congestion of the kidneys, 
and following the active stage of acute nephritis. 

Juniper berries are sometimes given to the larger 
animals on their food (3i.-ii.), or are exhibited in infusion. 

Class 5. — Used Mainly for its Emmenagogue Action 
on the Female Generative Organs. 

Sabina. Savine. 

Synonym. — Sabinse cacumina, B.P.; savin tops, E. ; 
sabine, Fi-. ; sadebaumspitzen, seveukraut, G. ; summitates 
(herba) sabinse, P.G. 

The flowering tops of Juniperus Sabina Linne (nat. ord. 
Coniferge). 

Habitat. — Canada, Nortliern United States, Europe and 
Siberia. 

Description. — Short, thin, sub-quadrangular branchlets«; 
leaves rather dark green, in four rows, opposite, scale-like, 
ovate-lanceoiate, more or less acute, appressed, imbricated 
on the back with a shallow groove containing an oblong or 
roundish gland ; odor peculiar, terebinthinate ; taste nau- 
seous, resinous and bitter. The chief constituent is the 
volatile oil, about 2 per cent. 

Dose.—B.., 3 i.-ii. (30.-60.) ; D., gr.v.-xv. (.3-1.). 

PKEPARATION. 

Fluidextractum Sabince. Fluidextract of Savine. (U. S. P.) 

Made by maceration and percolation with alcohol, and evaporation, 
so that 1 Cc. = 1 Gm. of the crude drug. 

Dose—H. & C, si -ii. (30.-60.) ; D., niv.-xv. (.3-1.). 

Oleum Sabin.®. Oil ot Savine. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — Essence de sabine, Fr.; sadebaumol, G. 
A volatile oil distilled from savine. 

Properties. — A colorless, yellowish liquid, having a 
peculiar terebinthinate odor, and a pungent, bitterish and 



5i4 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

camplioraceous taste. It becomes darker and tliicker by age 
and exposure to the air. Spec. gr. 0.910-0.940. Soluble in 
an equal volume of alcohol and glacial acetic acid. It is 
composed of several terpenes. 

Dose.-K. & a, 3ii.-iv. (8.-15.); D., 11\i-v. (.06-.3). 

Administration. — The oil is given in capsules or pills to 
smnll animals ; in emulsion with gum, or in bland oil, to the 
larger animals. 

Action External. — The oil is a powerful irritant to the 
skin, producing redness, vesication and even pustula- 
tion. 

Action Internal. — The oil resembles oil of turpentine, but 
is more irritating. Full doses cause gastric stimulation, 
reflex circulatory excitement, and frequent micturition. 
Toxic quantities occasion gastro-enteritis with vomiting (in 
dogs), purging, colic, painful micturition, and the passage of 
bloody, albuminous urine. There are also unconsciousness, 
stertor, rapid breathing and pulse, convulsions and collapse. 
Lesions of gastro-enteritis are observable after death, except 
in rare cases, when only congestion of the brain and Inngs 
occur. The oil is eliminated by the skin and bronchial 
mucous membrane, but chiefly by the kidneys, with con- 
sequent stimulation of the genito-urinary organs. The uterus 
and ovaries are irritated and congestion of them follows with 
acceleration of ovulation. The oil also excites uterine con- 
tractions in the pregnant state. The drug is therefore an 
emmenagogne and ecbolic. 

ZZses.— The Uuguentum (B.P.) may be applied exter- 
nally as a counter-irritant. The oil is occasionally employed 
as an anthelmintic, but is inferior to other agents for this 
purpose. It may be given in atonic ammenorrhoea, or in 
metrorrhagia due to uterine relaxation, with benefit, but it 
should bn used cautiously. The oil is not to be used 
as an aboitifacient, since sufiicient doses to cause abor- 
tion will usually endanger the life of the mother or foetus, 
or both. 



TALLIANINE 545 



Tallianine. (Non-official.) 

Derivation. — Tallianine is said to be the result of the 
action of ozone upon a terpin-bearing volatile oil, the action 
being arrested at a point when the latter has absorbed a 
quantity equal to four volumes of ozone. It is put on the 
market in sealed glass tubes containing each 10 c.c. 

Properties. — A clear, colorless, slightly syrupy liquid, 
having a strong odor of terpene and a taste both terebin- 
thinate and saline. 

Dose. — (Intravenously) H. & C, 3 iis.-v. (10-20 c.c.) ; 
Sh. & Sw., 1TL75-3iiss. (5-10 c.c); D., 1TL30-75 (2-5 c.c); 
Cats, 11115-30 (1-2 cc). 

Actions and Uses. — External. — It has empirically given 
the most favorable clinical results, according to recent 
reports, in the moist and pustular forms of eczema when 
applied once daily upon the skin in the pure state in con- 
junction with the intravenous administration of 2 c.c. also 
once daily, in the treatment of dogs. The skin should first 
be well cleansed of dirt and sebaceous matter, with soap, 
warm water and a scrubbing brush. There is no sort of 
local reaction or disturbance when the drug is injected 
intravenously. 

Internal. — Tallianine appears to be non-toxic in any 
reasonable amounts ; 300 to 400 c.c. produce no untoward 
effects when given intravenously to horses. The most pro- 
nounced action of tallianine is exerted apparently upon the 
blood. In ordinary doses it produces in the horse a leuco- 
cytosis amounting to two or three times the normal and 
within the space of two or three hours. The effect is the 
same in large and small animals, although more rapid in the 
latter. This action is maintained for from five to twenty 
hours. The action of the heart seems to be moderately 
stimulated, and also that of the kidneys, with accompanying 
diuresis. The physiological details of these latter actions 



546 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

have not been worked out satisfactorily. The appetite is 
also reported as being wonderfully improved under the 
influence of the drug — whether directly or indirectly has 
not been made clear. Talliauine is a French proprietary 
preparation, and as such its chemist^-y and mode of manu- 
facture have been withheld from the profession. Neither 
has a thoroughly scientific study been made to determine 
accurately its exact physiological action. The clinical re- 
ports in this country and abroad have been so exceptionally 
favorable that it was deemed proper to include the drug in 
this work, notwithstanding our disinclination to include pro- 
prietary preparations. Whether tallianine acts by virtue of its 
ozonizing pi'operties or by stimulating the phagocytic action 
of the white blood cells in combating the micro-organisms 
of disease or their toxins, or whether it is purely due to 
altered metabolic activity, has yet to be determined ; but 
clinically it has proven of great service in the following 
diseases when given intravenously once (or in very severe 
cases twice) daily, notably in pneumonia of all tj'pes, but 
also in pleurisy, pulmonary congestion, bronchitis, influenza, 
purpura hemorrhagica, lieat apoplexy and prostration, 
anasarca, tetanus and diphtheria. Genernl improvement 
with corresponding betterment in the local pathological 
conditions have been generally noted. Other medication 
should be withheld. The types of disease benefited by 
tallianine are so diverse that it is impossible to formulate a 
logical theory as to its mode of action. We have only the 
empirical, clinical results to base our remarks upon at 
present, but these thus far give promise that we have iu 
tallianine a substantial addition to our pharmacopeia. 



CAMPHOR 54:7 

So-called Solid Volatile Oils or Stearoptens. 

Camphora. Camphor. C,oH,eO. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — Gum camphor, laurel camphor, E.; camphre, 
Fr.; kampfer, G. 

A stearopten (having the nature of a ketone) obtained 
from Cinnamomum Camphora (Linne) Nees et Ebermaier 
(nat. ord. Laurineae), and purified by sublimation. 

Habitat. — China, Japan, Cochin China and Sunda 
Islands. 

Properties. — White, translucent masses, of a tough con- 
sistence and a crystalline structure, readily pulverizable in 
the presence of a little alcohol, ether, or chloroform ; having 
a penetrating, characteristic odor, and a pungently aromatic 
taste. Spec. gr. 0.995. Very sparingly soluble in water, but 
readily soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, carbon disul- 
phide, benzin, and in fixed and volatile oils, and milk. 
When camphor is triturated, in about molecular proportions, 
with menthol, thymol, phenol, or chloral hydrate, liquefac- 
tion ensues. On exposure to the air it evaporates, and when 
moderately heated, it sublimes without leaving a residue. 

Composition. — " A stearopten is a solid crystalline sub- 
stance separated from any volatile oil on long standing or at 
low temperature." Camphor is a stearopten and is chemi- 
cally an oxidation product of a terpene, — the principal con- 
stituent of all volatile oils. A terpene is a hydrocarbon 
containing 10 atoms of carbon, and the terpene {G^Ji^^) from 
which camphor is derived is isomeric with that of oil of 
turpentine and many other volatile oils. 

Dose.—B.., 3 i.-iii. (4.-12.) ; C, 3 ii.-iv. (8.-15.) ; Sh. & Sw., 
gr.xv.-3i. (1.-4) ; D., gr.iii.-xx. (.18-1.3). 

PREPARATIONS. 

Aqua Camphorce. Camphor Water. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Triturate camphor, 8, with alcohol, 8, and purified talc, 15 ; then 
with water to make 1000. Filter. (U. S. P.) 
Dose. — Ad lib. 



548 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

Spiritus Camphorce. Spirit of Camphor. (U. S. & B. P.) 
Dissolve camphor, 100, in alcohol, 800 ; filter, and add alcohol to 
make 1000. (U. S.) 

Dose.— H. &. C, §i.-ii. (30.-60.); D., 3 ss.-i. (2.-4.). 

Linimentum Camphorce. Camphor Liniment. (U. S. & B. P.) 
Synonym. — Camphorated oil. 
Camphor, 200 ; cottonseed oil, 800. (U. S. P.) 

Ceratum Camphorce. Camphor Cerate. (U. S. P.) 
Camphor liniment, 100 ; white petrolatum, 150 ; white wax, 350 ; 
lard, 400. 

Tmctura CamphorcB Composita. (B. P.) (Paregoric.) 
Contains 1 part of morphine in 2000 = gr.^ opium in 3 i. paregoric. 
Dose. — D., 3 ss.-i. 

Cdmphora Mo7iobromata. Monobromated Camphor. CioHi5BrO. 

(U. S. P.) 
Derivation. — Made by heating camphor and bromine together at a 
temperature of 172°F. (77.7°C.) and solution in benzin. C10H16 + 3 
Br = C10H16 Br O + H Br. Recrystallized from hot alcohol. 

Properties. — Colorless, prismatic needles or scales, having a mild, 
camphoraceous odor and taste; permanent in the air, unaffected by 
light, and neutral to litmus paper. Almost insoluble in water; freely 
soluble in alcohol, ether, and chloroform, hot benzin and fixed and 
volatile oils; slightly soluble in gljcerin. 
Dose.— D., gr.ii.-x. (.12-.6). 

Action External. — Camphor resembles the volatile oils 
chemically and physiologically. It is a slight antiseptic 
externally, and parasiticide. The vapor of camphor kills 
moths, fleas, bugs, etc. Camphor is a mild irritant, produc- 
ing a rubefacient action followed by partial anaesthesia. It 
is eliminated in part by the skin and occasions some diar- 
phoresis. 

Action Internal. — Alimentary Canal. — Camphor stimu- 
lates the stomach, increasing the secretion, motion and 
vascularity of the organ. In the bowels camphor is supposed 
to overcome pain, spasm, and check secretion in diarrhoea, 
but has little effect in normal conditions and in therapeutic 
doses. 

Circulation. — The heart is stimulated by camphor, and 
the pulse is increased in force by medicinal doses. The drug 
acts in part directly on the heart muscle and in part reflexly 



CAMPHOK 549 

from irritation of the stomach. Poisonous quantities of 
camphor depress the heart and the pulse becomes feeble and 
rapid. Leucocytosis is favored by camphor. 

Respiration. — Camphor, like volatile oils, stimulates the 
bronchial mucous membranes in its elimination by the lungs, 
and increases the blood supply and secretion of these parts. 
The characteristic odor is imparted to the breath after the 
ingestion of camphor. The drug is believed to relieve spasm 
and cough in bronchitis. 

Nervous Sysiem. — Camphor is often classed as an anti- 
spasmodic. It stimulates the nerve centres in the brain, 
medulla, and spinal cord, and thus overcomes spasm due to 
nervous weakness and incoordination. Poisonous doses 
depress and paralyze the higher nervous centres. 

Kidneys and Sexual Organs. — Camphor is broken up in 
the body and eliminated in the breath and sweat, but mainly 
in the urine, as camphoglycuronic acid. The drug influences 
the sexual organs, in some cases, but in most instances does 
not affect them. Full medicinal doses sometimes stimulate 
the sexual functions (aphrodisiac action). Very large doses 
are snid to depress sexual desire (anaphrodisiac action), but 
these quantities may irritate the genito-urinary tract and 
produce erotic excitement. 

Temj^erature. — Camphor is a slight antipyretic. 

Toxicology. — Two to four ounces of camphor given to 
horses or cattle induce convulsions, with rapid pulse and 
breathing, but usually recovery ensues. Two to four 
<lrachms cause, in dogs, vomiting, unsteady movements, 
asphyxia, coma and death. 

Administration. — Camphor is exhibited internally in the 
form of the spirit, in pill or ball ; and in solution in oil or 
milk. 

Uses External. — Camphor is applied in powder as a 
stimulant and antiseptic on indolent sores ; mixed with 
chalk or zinc oxide, as a dusting powder, in chafing or 
erythema, for its anaesthetic properties. It is employed in 
liniments (Lin. Saponis, Lin. Camphorae), in strains, bruises. 



550 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

rheumatism and myalgia, as a rubefacient and local ano- 
dyne. 

Uses Internal. — Camphor is a valuable nerve and cir- 
culatory stimulant in collapse, heart failure, and poisoning 
by alcohol, opium, belladonna, etc. The Germans praise it 
highly for this purpose, but it is not so frequently employed 
by English-speaking practitioners. It should be given sub- 
cutaneously in solution in ether (1 to 5 or 10), or in olive 
oil (1 to 5 or 10), in doses of 2 to 3 grains for dogs ; 15 to 
30 grains for horses, hourly. 

Camphorse gr.xv. 

Athens 3 ss. 

01. Olivae 3 ii. 

M. 

S. Inject whole, for a horse ; 15 to 30 drops for a dog. 

Camphor is of benefit in exhausting acute diseases 
(influenza and canine distemper), for the same reason and 
because it possesses diarphoretic and antipyretic properties. 
It may be combined with alcohol, spirit of nitrous ether, and 
ammonia compounds, in these affections. 

Respiratory disorders are improved by camphor, 
since it is an expectorant, diarphoretic, stimulant and 
antiseptic. It is prescribed in spasmodic cough, bronchitis 
and pharyngitis. For the latter, in electuary with bella- 
donna. 

Camphor is a valuable drug in diarrhoea, particularly in 
the serous variety and in that form following exposure to 
cold. It is not useful in inflammatory conditions, but checks 
secretion and pain. Camphor is prescribed alone in 
diarrhoea, or with brandy and laudanum. 

Camphor is sometimes given as an antispasmodic in 
hysteria and "thumps" (spasm of diaphragm) of horses; 
and in nervous palpitation of the heart, and chorea (mono- 
broniated camphor) of dogs. 

Spirit of camphor and nitrous ether are efficient in 
relieving irritation of the genito-urinary tract. 



THYMOL 5j1. 

Thymol. Thymol. C,oH,,0. (U. S. & B. P.) 

A phenol (or stearopten, B.P.) occurring in the volatile 
oils of Thymus Vulgaris Linne, Monarda punctata Linne (nat. 
ord. Labiatse), and Carum Ajowan (Roxburgh) Bentham et 
Hooker (nat. ord. Umbelliferse). 

Habitat. — Thymus vulgaris, Southern Europe, cultivated. 
Monarda punctata, United States, west to Colorado anJ 
Texas. Carum Ajowan, India, Egypt and Persia. 

Derivation. — Thymol is made from the terpenes of the 
three volatile oils mentioned above, by fractional distillation, 
by saponifying the result with caustic soda to remove more 
terpenes, and by cooling. The resulting soap, or soda-thymol 
compound, is decomposed with hydrochloric acid, and 
thymol is crystallized from an alcoholi& solution. 

Properties. — Large, colorless, translucent crystals of the 
hexagonal system, having an aromatic, thj^me-like odor, and 
a pungent, aromatic taste, with a very slight caustic effect 
upon the lips. Its specific gravity, as a solid, is 1.069, but 
when li<]uefied by fusion it is lighter than water. It melts at 
50° to 51° C. (122° to 123.8° R), remaining liquid at con- 
siderably lower temperatures. When triturated with about 
equal quantities of camphor, menthol, or chloral, it liquefies. 
Soluble in about 1200 parts of water, and in less than 
its own weight of alcohol, ether or chloroform; also readily 
soluble in carbon disulphide, glacial acetic acid, and in fixed 
or volatile oils. 

Dose.—K., 3ss.-ii. (2.-8.); Sh. (single dose), 3 s.s.-ii.^s.; 
D.. gr.i.-xv. ( 06-1.). 

Action and Uses. — Thymol resembles carbolic acid chemi- 
cally and physiologically. It is less poisonous and irritant 
more costly, and possesses greater antiseptic powers. It i* 
much less valuable, however, medicinally, on account of its 
expense, and odor which strongly attracts flies. 

Poisoning is not produced readily, as absorption from 
the digestive tract is slow ; but after considerable doses by 
the mouth, or when injected into the blood, toxic symptoms 
occur. One drachm given intravenously to a dog caused 



552 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

prostration, coma and respiratory failure. Recovery ensued 
after the use of artificial respiration. Often no lesions are 
discoverable after death. At other times there is hypersemia 
of the lungs and kidneys caused by elimination of the drug. 
The urine is colored greenish or yellowish-brown by trans- 
mitted light. 

Thymol is used externally for general antiseptic pur- 
poses, for application to ulcers, and as an injection in cystitis 
in aqueous saturated solution. It is employed in ointment 
with vaseline (1-15) to destroy ringworm and to relieve 
itching in pruritus, eczema, lichen, psoriasis, etc. It may be 
applied as follows for the same purposes : 

Thymol gr.xv. 

Alcohol 3 ii. ss. 

Glycerin 3 v. 

Aq. ad Oi. 

M. 

An efficient antiseptic mouth wash consists of borax, gr. 
40 ; thymol, gr. 20 ; water, 3 iv. It is indicated in stomatitis. 
Thymol internally is a powerful anthelmintic and parasiti- 
cide. It is employed as an intestinal antiseptic ; as a 
remedy for tape and round worm (uncinariasis in dogs), in 
goitre, and as a urinary antiseptic in cystitis. It is given in 
diluted alcoholic solutions ; better in oil or capsules. 



SECTION X.— VEGETABLE BITTERS. 

Gentiana. Gentian. (U. S. P.) 

Synonym. — Gentianse radix, B.P. ; radix gentianse rubrse 
(vel lutae vel majoris), gentian root, E. ; radix gentianse, 
P.G.; racine de gentiane (de gentinne jaune), Er.; enzianwur- 
zel, bitterwurzel, rother (gelber) enzian, G. 

The root of Gentiana lutea Linne (nat. ord. Gentianeae). 

Habitat. — The yellow gentian is indigenous in the Alps 
and mountains of southern and central Europe. 



GENTIAN 553 

Descripllon. — In nearly cylindrical pieces or longitudinal 
slices, about 25 Mm. thick ; the upper portion closely annu- 
late ; the lower portion longitudinally wrinkled ; externally 
deep yellowish-brown ; internally lighter ; somewhat flexible 
and tough when damp; rather brittle Avhen dry; fracture 
uneven ; the bark rather thick, separated from the somewhat 
spongy nieditullium by a black cambium line; odor peculiar, 
faint, more prominent when moistened; taste sweetish and 
persistently bitter. 

Coiisiitmnits. — The chief one is gentiopicrin, a bitter 
crystalline glucoside, soluble in alcohol and water. There is 
also gentisic acid (C^HijOs), combined with gentiopicrin, 
sugar, gum, and a trace of volatile oil. Contains no 
tannin. 

Incompatihles. — Iron in solution forms a black compound 
with the coloring matter in gentian. Silver nitrate and lead 
salts aie incompatible with gentian. 

Dose.—n., 3 ss.-i. (15.-30.) ; C, 3 i.-ii. (30.-60.) ; Sh. & Sw., 
3 i.-ii. (4.-8.) ; D., gr.v.-xxx. (.3-2.). 

PREPARATIONS. 

Extractum Gentiance. Extract of Gentian. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Made by maceration and percolation with water, and evapoi'ation 
to a pilular consistence. 

Dose. — About one-third that of gentian. 

Fluidextractum Gentiance. Fluidextract of Gentian. (U. S. P.) 

Made by maceration and percolation with diluted alcohol, and 
evaporation, so that 1 Cc. = 1 Gm. of the crude drug. 
Dose. — Same as gentian. 

Tinctura Gentiance Composita. Compound Tincture of Gentian, 
(U. S. &B. P.) 

Gentian, 100 ; bitter orange peel, 40 ; cardamon, 10 ; made by 
maceration and percolation with alcohol and water, to 1000. (U. S. P.) 
Dose.—B.. & C, si.-iv. (30.-120.); D., 3 i.-iv. (4.-15.). 

Administration. — Gentian is usually given to horses, 
cattle and sheep in powder, or to the former in the form of 
the compound tincture. The extract is suitable for dogs 



554 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

when exhibited in pills. Gentian is often employed as an 
excipient in the preparation of balls. 

Action. — The simple bitters, as gentian, act as stomachics 
and bitter tonics. They are stomachics in promoting gastric 
digestion by stimulation of the gustatory nerves, thus im- 
l^roving the appetite and reflexly causing dilatation of the 
blood vessels in the stomach and increasing salivary and 
gastric secretions. Furthermore, the bitters excite gastric 
and intestinal peristalsis to a slight extent. The bitters only 
net as tonics by their local effect in facilitating the digestion 
and assimilation, and by increasing the appetite. Externally 
the bitters are mildly antiseptic ; while internally they are 
inimical to intestinal parasites. 

Uses. — Gentian is serviceable in simple loss of appetite. 
It is especially indicated in feeble gastric digestion caused 
by acute disease, overwork, insufficient and poor food, and in 
that form associated with general debility and anaemia. In 
the latter state, characterized by a pasty tongue, anorexia, 
rough coat and pallid mucous membranes, which may often 
be co-existent with the presence of intestinal worms, powdered 
gentian is most efficient when given to horses on the food 
three times daily with dried ferrous sulphate. 

Again, loss of appetite, general weakness, and feeble 
digestion occurring in horses during convalescence from 
acute diseases, as influenza and pneumonia, is favorably met 
by a combination of compound tincture of gentian and 
whisky (1 ounce each), or by diluted hydrochloric acid 
and the compound tincture. The drug is useful in atonic 
indigestion, or mild chronic gastric or intestinal catarrh of 
young animals, when conjoined with sodium bicarbonate, 
which acts as a sedative and solvent of mucus. 

The simple bitters, including gentian, are contra-indi- 
cated in any acute inflammation of the digestive tract, since 
they are mild irritants. Gentian is a valuable bitter for 
cattle and sheep, but quinine is more commonly given to 
dogs. 



QUASSIA 555 

Quassia. Quassia. 

Synonym. — Quas-ite lignum, B.P. ; quassia wood, bitter 
wood, bitter ash, E. ; qnassie, bois amer, Fr. ; quaissien- 
holz, G. 

The wood of Picroena Excelsa (Swartz) Lindley (nat. 
ord. Simarubese). 

Habitat. — Jamaica and West Indies. 

Description. — lu billets of various sizes, dense, tough, of 
medium hardness, porous, with a minute pith and narrow 
medullary ) ays ; inodorous and intensely bitter. In the shops 
it is iisnally met with in the form of chips or raspings of a 
yellowish-white color. 

Constituents. — Chiefly, quassiin (C10H12O5), a bitter, neutral 
principle occurring in crystalline rectangular plates. There 
is also a volatile oil, but no tannin. 

X)o6e— Quassiin, D., gr.|-i (.008-.02). 

PREPARATIONS. 

Extractuvi Quassice. Extract of Quassia. (U. S. & B. P.) 
Made by percolation with water, boiling and evaporation topilular 
consistence. 

Dose.—B.., 3 i.-ii. (4.-8.) ; D., gr.ss.-iii. (.03-.18). 

Fluidextractum Qnassice. Fluidextract of Quassia. (U. S. P.) 
Made by maceration and percolation with alcohol and water, and 

evaporation, so that 1 Cc. = 1 Gm. of quassia. 

Bose.—H. & C § i.-ii. (30.-60.); Sh. & Sw., 3 ii.-iv. (8.-15.); D., 

TTlxv.. 3 i . (1. 4.). 

Tinctura Qnassue. Tincture of Quassia. (U. S. & B. P.) 
Made by maceration and percolation of quassia, 200, with alcohol 
and water to make 1000. (U. S. P.) 
Dose.— Twice that of fluidextract. 

Liquor Qit.asNia' Covcentrafus. (B. P.) 
Dose. — Same as for fluidextract. 

Administration. ^Qn&ssia. may be given to horses in the 
official preparations,— preferably the fluidextract,— or in 
infusion (1-80, in cold water for half an hour, B.P.). The 
dose of the infusion is 3 iv. for horses, 3 ii.-iv. for dogs. 



556 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

Actions.— Qnsissia, is the most active and bitter stomachic 
we possess. Large doses irritate the digestive tract. The 
drug is poisonous to the lower forms of animal life. One 
grain will kill a frog with the production of convulsions and 
respiratory and heart failure. A sweetened infusion is often 
employed to destroy flies. Considerable doses of quassia 
increase the secretion of urine, and stimulate peristaltic 
action and contraction of the urinary bladder. It is an 
antiseptic and prevents fermentation in the digestive canal. 
Quassia acts generally in the same manner as gentian, by 
sharpening the appetite, and increasing salivary and gastric 
secretions, together with vascularity and peristalsis of the 
stomach. The volatile oil assists the stomachic action. 

Uses. — Quassia, like gentian, is very serviceable in pro- 
moting appetite and digestion in atonic dyspepsia. It has 
this advantage, however, that it may be combined with 
liquid preparations of iron without incompatibility. Quassia 
is the most efficient vermicide in our possession for the 
destruction of Oxyuris curvula, horse ; and O. vermicularis, 
dog, in the lower bowel. An infusion is employed for 
this ]iurpose, made by soaking quassia chips in cold water 
(3ii.-0i.) for half an hour. The rectum should be first 
thoroughly washed out with soap and water, and one-half 
pint of this infusion is given in enema to dogs ; two quarts 
to horses. 

Cascarilla. Cascarilla. (U. S. P.) 

Synonym. — Cascarillse cortex, B.P.; cascarille, Fr.; cas- 
carilla, kascarillrinde, G. 

The bark of Croton Elutena Bennett (nat. ord. Euphor- 
biacese) . 

Habitat. — Bahama Islands. 

Description. — In quills or curved pieces about 2 Mm. 
thick, having a grayish, somewhat fissured, easily detached, 
corky layer, more or less coated with a white lichen, the 
uncoated surface being dull brown, and the inner surface 
smooth. It breaks with a short fracture, having a resinous 



CALUMRA 557 

and radially striate appearance. "When burned, it emits a 
strong, aromatic, somewhat musk-like odor ; its taste is 
warm and very bitter. 

Constituents. — 1, cascarillin, a neutral, bitter, crystalline 
body; 2, two resins, 15 per cent.; 3, a volatile oil, 1.5 per 
cent.; 4, tannic acid ; 5, gum. 

Incompatibles. — Metallic salts, mineral acids, and lime 
water. 

Dose.—K ii C, 3 ss.-i. (15.-30.) ; Sli. & Sw., 3 i.-ii- (4.-8.); 
D., gr.x.-xxx. (.G-2.). 

Administration. — Cascaiilla may be given in powder to 
the larger animals on their food, or in infusion (1-10, B.P.), 
or tincture (1-8, B.P.), 3 iv.-vi. of either for horses ; 3 ss.-i. of 
the tincture for dogs. The infusion does not keep. 

Action and Uses. — Cascarilla is called an aromatic bitter, 
since it combines the action of a volatile oil in stimulating 
gastro-intestinal secretion, motion, and vascularity, with that 
of the bitters in exciting the appetite, gastric and salivary 
secretions, together with vascularity and peristalsis of the 
stomach. The drug is suitable for the same cases as gen- 
tian, but is particularly indicated in the treatment of atonic 
gastro-intestinal indigestion with flatulence (on account of 
its volatile oil). Mineral acids precipitate the resins in 
tinctures, so that the infusion may be combined to better 
advantage with acids. 

Calumba. Calumba. (U. S. P.) 

Synonym. — Calumbae radix, B.P.; columbo, E.; columbo, 
Fr.; kolumbowurzel, G, 

The root of Jateorhiza palmata (Lamarck) Miers (nat. 
ord. Menispermaceae). 

Habitat. — Mozambique, East Africa. Cultivated in the 
East Indies. 

Description. — In nearly circular disks, 3 to 6 Cm. in 
diameter, externally greenish-brown and wrinkled, internally 
yellowish or grayish-yellow ; depressed in the centre, with a 
few interrupted circles of projecting wood bundles, dis- 



558 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

tinctly radiate in the outer portion ; fracture short, mealy ; 
odor slight ; taste mucilaginous, slightly aromatic, very 
bitter. 

Constituents. — 1, calumbin (C^iHooO,), a neutral, bitter, 
crystalline substance ; 2, an alkaloid, berberine (CooHi,^©^), 
found in berberis, hydrastis, etc. ; 3, calumbic acid (CjiH^oOg); 
A, starch, 33 per cent. 

Dose.—R. & C, I ss.-i. (30.-60.) ; Sh. & Sw., 3 i.-ii. (4.-8.) ; 
D., gr.v.-xxx. (.3-2.). 

PREPARATIONS. 

Fluidextractum Calumbm. Fluidextract of Calumba. 
(U. S. P.) 

Made by maceration and percolation with alcohol and water, and 
evaporation, so that 1 Cc. = 1 Gm. of the crude drug. (U. S. P.) 
Dose. — Same as Calumba. 

Tinctura Calunibce. Tincture of Calumba. (XT. S. & B. P.) 
Made by maceration and percolation of calumba, 200, in alcohol, 

and water to make 1000. (U. S. P.) 

Dose.—B.. & C, lii.-iv, (60.-120.); D., 3i.-iv. (4.-15.). Dose of 

tincture (B. P.) half that of U. S. P. tincture. 

Administration. — Calumba is given in powder on the 
food, or in the official preparations to the larger animals. 
The infusion (1-16, B.P.) may be used in the same doses as 
that of cascarilla. The tincture, and extract (gr.ii.-s., B.P.) 
are the best preparations for dogs. 

Actions and Uses. — Calumba is a mild but pure bitter, 
Berberine, calumbin and calumbic acid are all bitter, but 
none of them possess any powerful physiological action. 
Calumba is indicated in the same cases as gentian, but, beinjj 
free from tannin, may be combined with iron pieparation.'Js 
without producing an unsightly, inky mixture. It is less 
irritating than other bitters, and may be prescribed in more 
irritable conditions of the stomach. Calumba is frequently 
used during convalescence from the acute diseases and 
diarrhoea. 



TARAXACUM 559 

Taraxacum. Taraxacum. (U. S. P.) 

Synonym. — Taraxici radix, B.P.; dandelion, E.; pissenlit, 
dent de lion, Fr.; lowenzalin, G. 

The root of Taraxacum officinale Weber (nat. ord. Com- 
positse), gathered in autumn. 

Habitat. — Naturalized in the United States and growing 
commonly in waste places. Indigenous in Europe. 

Description. — Slightly conical, about 30 Cm. long, and 1 
or 2 Cm. thick above, crowned with several short, thickish 
heads, somewhat branched, dark brown, longitudinally 
wrinkled, when dry breaking with a short fracture, showing 
a yellowish, porous central axis, surrounded by a thick, 
white bark, containing numerous milk vessels arranged 
in concentric circles ; inodorous ; bitter. It should be free 
from the root of Cichorium Intybus Linne (nat. ord. Com- 
positse), which closely resembles it, but is usually paler, and 
has the milk-vessels in radiating lines. 

Constituents. — 1, taraxacin, a bitter, soluble, crystalline 
substance ; 2, inulin ; 3, taraxacerin (CgHigO); 4, resin, causing 
the milky juice. 

Dose.—R., 3 i.-ii. (30.-60.); Sh. & Sw., 3 ii.-iv. (8.-15.); D., 
3i.-ii. (4-8.). 

PREPARATIONS. 

Extraction Taraxaci. Extract of Taraxacum. (U. S. & B. P.) 
Made by bruising and expressing the juice from the fresh roots 

gathered in autumn. Tlie juice is strained and evaporated to a pilular 

consistence. 

Dose.—B.. & C, 3 i.-iv. (4.-15.); D., gr.v.-xx. (.3-1.3.). 

Fluidextractnm Taraxaci. Fluidextract of Taraxacum. (U. S. P.) 
Made by maceration and percolation with diluted alcohol, and 

evaporation, so that 1 cc. = 1 gm. of tai'axacum. 
Dose. — Same as taraxacum. 

Extractum Taraxici Liquidum. (B. P.) 
Dose. — Same as taraxacum. 

Administration. — The fresh juice squeezed from the root 
(succus, B.P.) may be given to horses ; or the official pre- 
parations may be used. 



560 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

Action and Uses. — Tiiraxaciim is a simple stomacliic and 
bitter and may be emploj^ed in place of gentian or calumba. 
It has been generally taught that taraxacum is an hepatic 
stimulant and increases the secretion of bile. This has been 
proved fallacious. The extract is often used as an excipient 
in preparing masses. 

Hydrastis. Hydrastis. (U. S. P.) 

Synonym. — Hydrastis rhizom a, B. P.; golden zeal, yellow 
root, yellow puccoon, orange root, Indian dye, Indian 
tumeric, E.; racine d'hydrastis de Canada, Fr.; Canadische 
gelbwurzel, G. 

The rhizome and roots of Hydrastis canadensis Linne 
(nat. ord. Ranunculacepe). 

Hahitai. — North America in woods, west to Missouri and 
Arkansas. 

Descripion. — Rhizome about 4 Cm. long and 6 Mm, 
thick ; oblique, with short branches, somewhat annulate 
and longitudinally wrinkled ; externally brownish-gray ; 
fi-acture short, waxy, bright reddish-yellow, with a thickish 
bark, about ten narrow wood-wedges, broad, medullary rays 
and large pith. Roots thin, brittle, with a thick yellow bark 
and subquadrangular, woody centre. Odor slight ; taste 
bitter. 

Constituents. — 1, berberine (C2oHj.N04), an alkaloid 
occurring in yellow crystals and found in many plants of 
the families Berberace8e,Rauunculace8e, andMenispermacese ; 
2, hydrastine (CoiH.iNOJ, a colorless, crystalline alkaloid, 
soluble in alcohol and ether ; 3, canadine (CjiHoiNO,,), occur- 
ring in white, acicular crystals. 

Dose.—H. & a, 3 ii.-*^3 i. (8.-30.); Sh. & Sw., 3 i.-ii- (4.-8.); 
D., gr.v.-3i. (.3-4.). 

PREPARATIONS. 

Fliddextractuin Hydrastis. Fluidextract of Hydrastis. (U. S. P.) 
Made by maceration and percolation witli alcohol, glycerin and 
water, and evaporation, so that 1 cc. = 1 gm. of hydrastis. 

Dose.— H. & C , 3 ii.- 1 i. (8.-30.); Sh. & Sw., 3 i.-ii. (4.-8.; D., nv.- 
3 i. (.3-4.). 



HYDRASTINE HYDROCHLORIDE 561 

Extractum Hydrastis Liquidum. (B. P.) 
Dose.—R.&C, 3i-iii. (4.-13.); D., tt^v.-xv. (.3-1.). 

Tinctura Hydrastis. Tincture of Hydrastis. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Made by maceration and percolation of liydrastis, 300 ; with diluted 
alcohol, to 1000. 

Dose.—Yi.., 3i.-ii. (30.-60.) ; D., 3 ss.-ii. (3.-8.). 

Glycerituvi Hydrastis. Glycerite of Hydrastis. (U. S. P.) 
Made by maceration and percolation of liydrastis, 1000 ; add water 
to the percolate and evaporate. Add water to the i-esidue, set aside 34 
hours and filter ; add enough water to the filtrate to make 500 ; then add 
glycerin, 500. 

Do.se. — Same as fluid extract. 



Hydrastin^ Hydrochloridum. Hydrastine Hydro- 
chloride. C,iH,,NO,H CI. (U. S. P.) 

The hydrochloride of an artificial alkaloid derived from 

hydrastine by the action of oxidizing agents. 

Properties. — Light, yellow, amorphous granules, or a 
pale yellow crystalline powder ; odorless, and having a bitter, 
saline taste ; deliquescent on exposure to damp air. Soluble 
in 0.3 part of water, and in 3 parts of alcohol. 

Dose.—B.., gr.i.-ii. (.06-.12); D., gr.^L-^ (.005-.01). 

Hydrastin. (Non-official). 

The commercial name for a mixture of variable com- 
position, consisting chiefly of berberine, together with 
hydrastine, and a resin. A greenish-yellow powder, having 
a bitter taste. Wrongly termed hydrastine. 

Dose.—H., gr.xv.-xxx. (1.-2.); D., gr.iii.-v. (.18-.3). 

Actions. — Hydrastis and its alkaloids, berberine and 
hydrastine, act as simple bitters and stomachics, in small 
doses, by improving the appetite and stimulating the secre- 
tion, motion and vascularity of the stomach. Hydrastis 
causes contraction of the non- pregnant uterus, and may 
induce abortion in pregnant animals. It also increase:^ 
the flow of urine. The drug is a mild anti-periodic, but 



5G2 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

is decidedly inferior to quinine in tliis respect. Hydrastine 
and berberine resemble each other in actions, uses and 
doses. Berberine sulphate and hydrastine hydrochlorate 
are to be found in the market, and are used in the same doses 
as the pure alkaloids. Poisonous doses of hydrastine and 
berberine are followed by convulsions and paralysis ; the 
former is more convulsant. Hydrastine is said primarily to 
markedly increase vascular tension. It is uncertain whether 
this action is due to vascular contraction or cardiac stimu- 
lation. In poisoning by either alkaloid there is great cardiac 
and vasomotor depression. 

Uses. — Hydrastis, berberine, and hydrastine are employed 
in anorexia and atonic indigestion. The fluid extract of 
hydrastis and hydrastine (which is, however, expensive) 
are especially efficient for horses in combination with other 
bitters and iron, as follows : 

Extr. Capsici Fl 3 "• 

Extr. Hydrastis Fl. 

Extr. Nucis Vomicfe Fl aa|iii. 

M. (Furnish 3 ii. bottle) 

Sig. Small bottleful tid. on tongue. 

or : — 

Hydrastinae gr.xxx. 

Pulv. Gentianee 

Pulv . Nucis Vomicje 

Ferri Sulph. Exsicc aa | ii. 

M. et div. in ch't, no. xii. 
Sig. One powder on food tid. 

Hydrastis is exhibited empirically (probably as a local 
stimulant and antiseptic) in atonic and inflammatory condi- 
tions of the digestive organs, with great benefit, as in chronic 
gastro-intestinal catarrh or catarrhal jaundice. Hydrastis is 
used most frequently in human medicine to stop uterine 
hemorrhage of all descriptions, and is often conjoined with 
the fluid extract of ergot for this purpose. Hydrastinine 
hydrochloride has been employed with great success as 



CALAMUS 503 

a haemostatic in metrorrhagia. Hytlrastine is given to 
horses as a bitter tonic in doses of gr.iii.-v.; and to 
dogs in quantities of gr.^-^. Externally, the fluid extract 
of hydrastis (1-8 to 1-2), or hydrastine (gr.v.- 3 i), in aqueous 
solution, are most serviceable as local stimulants in the 
treatment of the subacute stages in inflammatory diseases of 
mucous membranes, and in relaxed or atonic conditions of 
these tissues. The solutions are applied as injections, or 
lotions, in leucorrhcBa, endometritis, balanitis, otorrhoea, 
stomatitis, etc., and upon indolent ulcers. 



Calamus. Calamus. (U. S. P.) 

Synonym. — Sweet flag, radix acori, E.; rhizoma calami, 
P.G.; acore vrai, acore odorant, Fr.; kalmuswurzel, G. 

The rhizome of Acorus Calamus Linne (nat. ord. 
Aroidese.) 

Description. — In sections of various lengths, unpeeled, 
atDout 2 Cm. broad, subcylindrical, longitudinally wrinkled ; 
on the npper surface marked with leaf scars forming triangles, 
and on the lower surface with the circular scars of the root- 
lets in wavy lines ; externally reddish-brown, somewhat 
annulate from remnants of leaf-sheaths ; internally whitish, 
of a spongy texture, breaking with a short, corky fracture, 
showing numerous oil cells and scattered wood-bundles ; the 
latter crowded within the subcircular endoderm. It has an 
aromatic odor, and a strongly bitter taste. 

Constittoents. — 1, acorin (C^JI^^O^), a liquid, yellow gluco- 
side having a bitter taste ; 2, a volatile oil, 1-2 per cent.; 3, 
calamine ; 4. choline. 

Dose.—H. & a, 3 i.-ii. (30.-60.); Sh. & Sw., 3 i.-iii. (4.-12.); 
D., gr.xv.- 3 i. (1.-4.). 

PREPARATION. 

Fhiidextrdctinn. Calami. Fluidextract of Calamus. (tJ. S. P.) 

Made by maceration, percolation and evaporation, so that 1 ('c. = 
1 Gm. of the crude druer. 



564 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

Dose.— H. & C, li.-ii. (30.-60.); Sh. & Sw., 3 i.-iii. (4.-12.); D., 
mxv.-Si. (1.-4.). 

The powdered root may be given on the food to the larger animals; 
the fluid extract, or an infusion (1-16), may beexhibited to any patients. 

Action and Uses. — Calamus is a mild aromatic bitter, and 
is therefore useful in anorexia and indigestion associated 
with mild forms of flatulence. The powdered root is em- 
ployed as an excipient in powders, balls and electuaries. It 
is innocuous, and the dose is therefore unimportant. 

SECTION XI.— VEGETABLE CATHARTICS. 
Class 1.— Simple Purgatives. 

Aloe. (U. S. P.) 
The inspissated juice of the leaves of several varieties 
of aloes, including the Barbadoes and Socotrine. 

Aloe BARBADENgis. Barbadoes Aloes. (B. P.) 

Synonym. — Curacoa aloes, E.; aloes des Barbades, Fr.; 
Barbados-aloe, G. 

The inspissated juice of the leaves of Aloe vera (Linne) 
"Webb (nat. ord. Liliacese). 

Habitat. — The island of Barbadoes. 

Properties. — In hard masses, orange-brown, opaque, 
translucent on the edges ; fracture waxy or resinous, some- 
what conchoidal ; odor saffron-like ; taste strongly bitter. 
Almost entirely soluble in alcohol. 

Aloe Socotrina. Socotrine Aloes. (B. P.) 

Synonym. — Aloe succotrina, aloes sucotrin,' s. socotrin, 
Fr.; socotora s. socotrinische aloe, G. 

The inspissated juice of the leaves of Aloe Perryi Baker 
(nat. ord. Liliacese). 

Habitat. — Eastern Africa. 

Properties. — In hard masses, occasionally soft in the 
interior; opaque, yellowish-brown, orange-brown, or dark 
ruby-red, not greenish, translucent on the edges; fracture 
resinous, somewhat conchoidal. When breathed upon, it 



CAPE ALOES 565 

emits a fragrant saffron-like odor ; taste peculiar, strongly 
bitter. Almost entirely soluble in alcohol and in 4 parts of 
boiling water. The aqueous solution becomes turbid on 
cooling and yields a deposit. 

The color of socotrine aloes is lighter, and it is less 
opaque than Barbadoes aloes. The powdered socotrine aloes 
is brighter and redder, and the odor less disagreeable than 
that of Barbadoes aloes. 



Aloe Capensis. Cape Aloes. (Non-official.) 

Synonym. — Aloes der Cap, Fr. 

Habitat. — Africa. 

Properties. — Occurs in dark-brown or olive-green resin- 
ous masses ; fracture couchoidal ; odor strong, sour and 
disagreeable. Yields a gamoge-yellow powder. Solubility 
same as socotrine aloes. Product of several varieties of aloes 
obtained from Cape Town and Natal. 

Dose of Aloes.— R., 3 ss.-i. (15.-30.); C, 3 i.-ii. (30.-60.); 
Sh., 3 ss.-i. (15.-30.); Sw., 3 ii.-iv. (8.-15.); R, gr.xx.- 3 i. 
(1-3-4.). 

Constituents. — 1, aloin ; 2, a resin ; 3, a volatile oil ; 4, a 
trace of gallic acid. 

Aloinum. Aloin. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym.— KVome, Fr. 

A neutral principle obtained from several varieties of 
aloes, chiefly Barbadoes aloes (yielding Barbaloin), and 
Socotra or Zanzibar aloes (yielding Socaloin), differing more 
or less in chemical composition and physical properties 
according to the source from which it is derived. 

Derivation. — Obtained by pulverizing and macerating 
Barbadoes aloes in cold water, and evaporating the resulting 
solution in vacuo. Aloin crystallizes out and is dried 
between folds of bibulous paper. It is purified by repeated 
solution in hot water, filtration, recrystallizatiou, and finally 



566 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

"by solution in hot alcohol and crystallization. Nataloin is 
derived from Cape aloes. 

Properties. — Minute, acicular crystals, or a micro-crys- 
talline powder, varying in color from yellow to yellowish- 
brown ; odorless, or possessing a slight odor of aloes ; of a 
characteristic bitter taste, and permanent in the air. Bar- 
baloin and socaloin are soluble in about 60 parts of cold 
water. Barbaloin is soluble in 20 parts of alcohol. Socaloin 
in 30 parts of absolute alcohol. 

Dose.—R. &G., 3ii.-iii. (8.-12.); D., gr.ii.-xx. (.12-1.3), in 
combination with other purgatives. 

PREPARATIONS OF ALOES. 

The official preparations are numerous, but are not applicable to 
veterinary practice. 

Tinctura Aloes et Myrrhce. Tincture of Aloes and Myrrh. 

(U. S. P.) 
Synonym. — " Elixis pro," elixir proprietas Paracelsi, E. 
Made by maceration and percolation of purified aloes, 100 ; myrrh, 
100; and liquorice root, 100; with alcohol and water to make 1000. 

Action External. — Aloes is a slight stimulant to raw sur- 
faces. It is absorbed from the denuded skin and thus may 
occasion purging. 

Action Internal. — Alimentary Canal. — Aloes is first of all 
a purgative. In addition to this it is a bitter, and therefore 
small doses excite salivary and gastric secretion, together 
with the movements and vascularity of the stomach, and 
appetite. The activity of aloes in the bowels is due largely 
to the solvent action of bile upon it. Aloes is absorbed 
from the digestive tract and is eliminated by the bowels, 
kidneys and mammary glands. It may be excreted in suflfi- 
cient quantity in the milk to create looseness of the bowels 
in nursing animals. 

Aloes stimulates peristalsis of the large intestines, but 
does not notably increase the secretions of the bowels. 
Moreover, its action is very slow (12-24 hours). This prob- 
ably happens because the drug does not act till it reaches 



ALOIN 



567 



the large intestines, locally, or through elimination. Aloes 
is preeminently the best purgative for horses, but does not 
operate so well on the other domestic animals. Epsom salts, 
glauber salts or linseed oil are preferable for cattle ; linseed 
oil or carron oil for foals and calves ; and castor oil or 
calomel for dogs. A full dose of aloes often creates some 
general disturbances in horses, including nausea, slight colic, 
diuresis, elevation of temperature (l°-2° F.) and pulse, with 
purging lasting from 2 or 3 to 24 hours. Alofes also possesses 
anthelmintic properties because of its bitter qualities and 
purgative action. Socotrine aloes is the basis of the official 
preparations, but Barbadoes aloes finds most favor in veter- 
inary medicine, and is probably the stronger of the two. 
Cape aloes is a little inferior to the other varieties and is 
more apt to produce diuresis. Aloes and aloin lead to 
catharsis, whether injected under the skin, into the blood, or 
applied on raw surfaces. Administration by the mouth is 
more effective. Aloin appears to contain the active princi- 
ples of aloes, and is usually as operative, but some manufac- 
tures are ineffective. 

Kidneys and Sexual Organs. — Aloes causes reflex, or 
sympathetic irritation of the female ])elvic organs iu its 
operation on the lower bowel ; is an emmenagogue, aud may 
prove abortifacient. The drug sometimes excites diuresis. 

Administration. — Aloes is given to horses iu semi-solu- 
tion after being rubbed up with hot (115°-120^ r.)water; or 
in ball. The patient should, if possible, be previously pre- 
pared by a diet of bran mashes and salt only, for 2 or 3 
feedings before exhibition of the purge. The aloes ball iu 
use for many years in the Harvard Veterinary Hospital is 
made by melting and mixing Barbadoes aloes (1 lb.) with 
glycerin and molasses (each 3 ii.), and powdered ginger root 
(31.), on a water bath. When the mass is properly mixed 
it is removed from the fire and alcohol ( 3 v.) is added. The 
mass is poured on a layer of flaxseed meal to cool, and then 
is weighed into portions of 3 10^ each. These are rolled 
into balls, covered with tissue paper, and preserved in tight 



568 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

tin or glass vessels. Horses should not be worked after 
receiving aloes balls, but should be given a little walking 
exercise 12 hours after the administration of the dose. 
Colic and suiDerpurgation may follow if the dose is repeated 
within 48 hours, or if large quantities of cold water are 
allowed during the action of the cathartic. If aloes does not 
operate satisfactorily, it is safer to give linseed oil by the 
mouth and rectal injections, than to administer a second 
dose of aloes. 

Uses External. — The tincture of aloes and myrrh is 
sometimes applied as a stimulant to wounds, and powdered 
aloes is mixed with plaster of Paris in making splints foi 
dogs, to prevent these animals from biting and tearing them 
o£f. 

Uses Internal. — Aloes is employed in the treatment of the 
horse, whenever an active purge is desirable, with the fol- 
lowing exceptions : It must not be used in acute diseases of 
the respiratory tract lest metastasis occur, and the inflam- 
mation attack the bowels. Neither in acute inflammation of 
the alimentary canal nor of the kidneys is it desirable ; nor 
in intestinal obstruction or impaction of the colon. In the 
first two named conditions, aloes is too irritating to the 
organs implicated ; in the two last, the drug may aggravate 
the trouble by the production of impotent peristaltic move- 
ments. Pregnancy contra-indicates the use of aloes, lest 
abortion ensue. The therapeutic scope of aloes being large, 
it is impossible to enumerate all the diseases in which it is 
useful. Perhaj^s this cathartic is more commonly service- 
able in indigestion and spasmodic or flatulent colic. 

In acute inflammatory diseases of the brain and cord 
aloes is often combined with calomel ( 3 i-) in ball to enhance 
the effect. The administration of an aloes ball is followed 
by that of small doses of Epsom salts ( 3 iv.) in the drinking 
water in the treatment of hsemoglobinsemia of horses, or in 
conditions when we wish to assist the depleting action of 
aloes. Turpentine is followed by aloes, or aloes is given 
prior to a course of iron sulphate and gentian, for the 



LINSEED OIL 569' 

destruction of round-worms in liorses. A laxative ball may 
be composed of aloes ( 3 ii.-iv.), ginger and powdered nux 
vomica (each 3 ii-)> uaixed with glycerin or molasses. 

It is often taught that aloes is contraindicated in haemor- 
rhoids, but this teaching does not obtain unless the piles 
are inflamed. In piles, associated with an atonic condition, 
aloes may be beneficial by improving the tone of the bowels. 
Aloes may be useful in jaundice due to constipation, but in 
general it is inferior to salines, calomel and podophyllin in 
the treatment of this disordei-. According to Bruntou, the 
presence of bile in the intestines is essential for the chola- 
gogue action of aloes. Therefore the absence of bile in the 
bowels would forbid the use of- aloes as a purgative. 
Laxative doses of aloes are valuable in amenorrhoea, 
about the time that " heat " should occur, in combination 
with iron. 



Oleum Lot. Linseed Oil. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — Oil of flaxseed, E.; huile de lin, Fr.; leinol, 
leinsamenol, G. 

A fixed oil expressed from linseed without the use of 
heat. 

Properties. — A yellowish or yelloM-, oily liquid, having a 
slight, peculiar odor and bland taste. When exposed to the 
air it gradually thickens and acquires a strong odor and taste ; 
and if spread in a thin layer on a glass plate and allowed to 
stand in a warm place, it is gradually converted into a hard, 
transparent, resin-like mass (absence of non-drying oils). 

Spec. gr. 0.930 to 0.940 at 59° F. Soluble in about 10 
parts of absolute alcohol, and in all proportions in ether, 
chloroform, benzin, carbon disulphide, or oil of turpentine. 

Constituents. — 1, linolein ; 2, myristin ; 3, palmitin ; 4, 
albumin, which gives the oil its drying qualities. 

Dose.—R., Oss.-i. (250.-500.). Mild laxative, on bran 
mash. C, Oi.-ii. (500.-1000.) ; Sh. & Sw., 3 vi.-xii. (180.-360.); 
D. & C, 3 ss.-ii. (15.-60.). 



570 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

Action and Uses. — Linseed oil exerts a laxative, or mild 
purgative effect by its mechanical action in lubricating the 
bowels and their contents. It is suitable for horses when a 
derivative or depleting action is not desirable, as in f?ecal 
impaction or overloaded bowels in weak animals, and in 
those suffering from inflammak)ry diseases of the respiratory 
tract or digestive organs ; diarrhoea, dysentery, and in preg- 
nancy. Aloes, on the other hand, would be contraindicated 
in these conditions. Carron oil (linseed oil and lime water, 
equal parts), is particularly appropriate as a remedy for 
" heaves " in horses ( 3 ii.-iv.), and is one of the best cathar- 
tics for foals, lambs and calves ( 3 ii.-iv.). The laxative and 
antacid properties of this preparation tend to combat intes- 
tinal fermentation which is so common in young animals with 
digestive disorders and diarrhoea. The same qualities of 
carron oil prevent flatulence and interference with the 
already impeded breathing in " heaves " of horses. 

Linseed oil is frequently given to ruminants, although 
Epsom salts is generally the best purge for them. It is 
indicated for these animals when a milder operation than 
that obtained by a full dose of salts is required, and for its 
demulcent action in irritable states of the digestive organs. 
Linseed oil, combined with salts, is useful in impaction of 
the rumen and omasum in cattle. By combining lin- 
seed oil with croton oil we procure a potent purge for 
cattle. Castor oil or sweet oil are usually preferable to 
linseed oil in the treatment of dogs. Soap suds enemata 
are made more effective by the addition of 1 or 2 pints 
of linseed oil (for horses), and 1 or 2 ounces (for dogs). 
The oil may be given in its pure state, but more uncom- 
monly is prescribed with gruel, glycerin, mucilage, or 
molasses. One ounce each of linseed oil and molasses may 
be given to the larger animals ; or one drachm of either to 
the smaller animals, as an expectorant in bronchitis. The 
mixture is often a most serviceable one and probably acts by 
improving the nutrition of the bronchial mucous membrane. 
Linseed oil and sweet oil resemble cod liver oil in this 
respect, and while both are probably inferior to the latter, 
as expectorants, they are more palatable and cheaper. 



CASTOR OIL 



671 



Oleum Riginl Castor Oil. (U. S. & B. P.) 



Synonym. — Oleum palmse christi, huile de ricin, Fr.; 
ricinusol, G. 

A fixed oil expressed from the seed of Ricinus communis 
Linne (nat. ord. Euphorbiaceae). 

Habitat. — India. Cultivated in many countries. 

Properties. — A pale, yellowish and almost odorless, 
transparent, viscid fluid, having a bland, afterwards slightly 
acrid, and generally ojffensive taste. Spec, gr, 0.950-0.970 at 
59° r. Soluble in equal volumes of alcohol, and in all pro- 
portions in absolute alcohol, or in glacial acetic acid ; also 
soluble in three times its volume of a mixture of 19 volumes 
of alcohol and 1 volume of water (absence of more than about 
5 per cent, of most other fixed oils). 

Constituents. — 1, ricinolein, or ricinoleic acid glyceride, 
C3H5 (Ci8H3^03)3 ; 2, an acrid principle; 3, palmitin, stearin 
and myristin. 

J9o.se.— H. & C, Oi. (500.); Sh. & Sw., 3 ii.-iv. (60.-120.); 
D. & Cats, 3 i.-ii. (30.-60.) ; poultry, 3 i. (4.). 

Castor Oil Seeds.— These are not official. The name 
Eiicinus is applied to the plant because of the resemblance 
of the seed to a riciuus, or tick. The seeds are of a shiny, 
gray color, marked with brownish spots and streaks. They 
are about the size of small beans (17 Mm. X 8 Mm.), ovoid, 
flattened, and white inside. They contain 50 per ceut. of 
oil, and an acrid, poisonous substance. Three seeds have 
caused death in man, and they are ten times more purgative 
than the oil. 

Action and Uses. — Castor oil probably contains some 
unknown purgative principle which exists in larger amount 
in the seeds. It is often taught that ricinoleic acid, derived 
from the decomposition of ricinolein in the bowels, produces 
purgation. This is apparently not the case. Castor oil is 
mild, but has a more decided purgative action than linseed 
oil and often occasions griping. It acts in 4 or 5 hours and 
will purge when absorbed from the skin or rectum. Castor 



572 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

oil is a galactagogue and is said to stimulate tlie secretion of 
milk when the castor leaves are applied to the mammary- 
glands. Castor oil is specially applicable in canine practice, 
to unload the bowels, and in irritated conditions of the 
digestive tract. It is useful in constipation only as an 
occasional remedy, since it is followed by greater tendency 
in this direction ; also in overloaded bowels, indigestion, 
diarrhoea, and pregnancy ; after the ingestion of foreign or 
putrid matters; and to assist the action of anthelmintics. 
Castor oil is inferior to linseed oil for horses, as a simple 
laxative, because it is more prone to cause colicky pains, and 
because it is more expensive. Castor oil is thought to be 
notably useful in irritation and inflammation of the intestines 
in these animals, however, as in diarrhoea, dysentery, and 
enteritis ; and can be combined with anodynes and anti- 
spasmodics to prevent griping. Two or three ounces of castor 
oil are suitable for calves or foals with gastro-intestinal 
disorders. One or two teaspoonfuls are suitable for poultry. 
Administration. — Castor oil is given to dogs with syrupus 
rhamni cathartic! in the proportion of 1 ounce of the former 
to 1 drachm of the latter ; or with glycerin (equal parts) and 
a few drops of oil of wintergreen. It is administered to 
puppies ( 3 i.-ii.) with an equal volume of sweet oil. Castor 
oil may be exhibited to horses with oil of peppermint 
(TTLxx.); or in digestive irritation, in warm cooked flour 
gruel with laudanum ( 3 ss.) and fluid extract belladonna 
( 3 i.) ; to foals and calves with mucilage or gruel and 5 
drops of oil of peppermint. 

Rhamnds Purshiana. (U. S. P.) Cascara Sagrada. (B. P.) 

Synonym. — California buckthorn, sacred bark, chittem 
bark. 

The bark of Ehamnus Purshiana de CandoUe (nat. ord. 
Rhamnacese). 

Habitat. — United States from northern Idaho west to 
Pacific Ocean. 



FEANGULA 



573 



Description. — In quills or curved pieces about 3 to 10 
Cm. long aud about 2 Mm. thick ; outer surface brownish- 
gray and whitish ; the young bark having numerous rather 
broad, pale-colored warts ; inner surface yellowish to light 
brownish, becoming dark brown by age ; smooth or finely ' 
striate ; fracture short, yellowish ; in the inner layer of thick 
bark somewhat fibrous ; inodorous ; taste bitter. 

Constituents. — 1, three resins ; 2, a neutral body ; 3, a 
volatile oil ; 4, malic and tannic acids. 

Dose. — D., gr.v.-xxx. (.3-2.). 

PREPARATIONS. 

Fluidextr actum Ehanini Purshiance. Fluidextract of Rhamnus 
Purshiana 
Made by maceration and percolation with diluted alcohol, and 
evapoi'atioD, so tliat 1 cc. = 1 gm. of the crude drug. (U. S. P.) 
Dose.—D., TTlv.-xxx. (.3-2.). 

Flaidextractum Rliamni Purshiance Aromaticiim. (U. S. P.) 
Dose. — TTlv.-xxx. 

Extractuvi Cascara' Sagrade Liquidum. (B. P.) 
Dose. — D., TTLv.-xxx. (.3-2.). 

Extractum Cascarce Sugradce. (B. P.) 
Dose. — D., gr.ii.-viii. (.12-.5). 

Syriipus Cascarce Sagrade Aromaticus. (B. P.) 
Dose.—D., 3ss.-ii. (2.-8.). 

Feangula. Frangula. (U. S. P.) 

Synonym. — Rhamni frangulfe cortex, B.P.; buckthorn, 
alder buckthorn, black alder, E.; bourdaine, bourgene, Fr.; 
faulbaumrinde, G.; cortex frangulse, P.G. 

The bark of Rhamnus Frangula Linne (nat. ord. Rham- 
nese), collected at least one year before being used. 

Habitat. — Europe and northern Asia. 

Description. — Quilled, about 1 Mm. thick ; outer surface 
grayish-brown, or blackish-brown, with numerous small, 
whitish, transversely-elongated lenticles ; inner surface 
smooth, pale brownish-yellow ; fracture in the outer layer 
short, of a purplish tint ; in the inner layer fibrous and pale 
yellow ; when masticated, coloring the saliva yellow ; nearly 
inodorous ; taste sweetish and bitter. 



574 VEGETABLE DKUGS 

Constituents. — 1, a glucoside, frangulin {^20^20^10) y 
converted in time into (2) emodin (C15II10O5), a glucoside, 
to which the drug owes its purgative action. Frangulin 
yields emodin, a constituent of rhubarb as well, and rham- 
nose (CgHisOs), by hydrolysis. 

Dose.—D., 3 ss.-i. (2.-4.). 

PREPARATIONS. 

Fluidextractum Frangulce. Fluid extract of Frangula. 

Made by maceration and percolation with alcohol and water, and 
evaporation, so that Ice. of the preparation = 1 gm. of the crude drug. 
Dose.— D., 3 ss.-i. (2.-4.). 



Rhamnus Pueshiai-ta. (U. S. p.) 

Synonym. — Oascara Sagrada, B. P. 

Actions and Uses. — The buckthorns are laxatives in the 
doses employed in medicine. The fresh bark of R. frangula 
produces violent gastroenteritis (frangulin), and the same 
effect is produced by the bark of cascara sagrada, so that 
both should be kept a year before using. 

Frangula is rarely employed, but Cascara sagrada is 
probably the best purgative for chronic constipation in dogs. 
The dose does not require to be increased on repetition. On 
the contrary, the tone of the bowels is improved by the drug. 
It has a very bitter taste and is apt to cause griping so that 
cascara is commonly given with aromatics. Fluidextractum 
Phamni Purshiana^ Aromaticum (II. S.) D. TIXxv-xxx; or 
Syrupus Cascarse Sagradse Aromaticus (B. P.),'D. 5 ss.-ii,, 
are the best preparations. A solid and fluid extract are also 
official (U. S. «Si B. P.). The aromatic syrup of cascara 
sagrada may be prescribed to advantage with an ounce or 
two of castor oil, as an occasional purgative for dogs. A 
syrup of purging buckthorn (Rhamnus Catharticus) is also 
occasionally given dogs and cats with castor oil. D. ^ i-ii : 
Cats, o ss-i. 



RHUBARB 575 

Kheum. Rhubarb. (U. S. P.) 

Synonym. — Rhei radix, B.P.; rliubarbe, Fr.; rbubar- 
ber, G. 

The root of Rheum officinale Baillon (nat. ortl. Poly- 
gonace?e). 

Descripiion. — In cylindrical, conical or flattish segments, 
deprived of the dark brown, corky layer, smoothish or some- 
what wrinkled ; externally covered with a bright yellowish- 
brown powder, marked with white, elongated meshes, con- 
taining a white, rather spongy tissue and a number of short, 
reddish-brown or brownish-yellow striae ; compact, hard ; 
fracture uneven ; internally white, with numerous red, 
irregularly-curved and interrupted medullary rays, which are 
radially parallel only near the cambium line ; odor some- 
what peculiar, aromatic ; taste bitter, somewhat astringent. 
When chewed, rhubarb feels gritty between the teeth, and 
imparts a yellow color to the saliva. 

Constituents. — 1, a glucoside, chrysarobin {Q._.^^^0^^, 
which yields 2-3 per cent, of chrysophanic acid (CisHi^OJ, 
also called rhein or chrysophan ; 2, rheotannic acid (C^eHogOJ, 
which gives astringeucy to rhubarb ; 3, calcium oxalate (35 
per cent.), causing grittiness ; 4, resinous bodies : phaeoretin, 
emodin, aporetin and erythroretin. Chrysophanic acid and 
the resins are somewhat purgative, but the exact purgative 
principle has yet to be discovered. 

Dose.— Stomachic— R. k C, 3 i.-ii. (30.-60.); Sh., 3 i- (4); 
D. k Cats, gr.v.-x. (.3-.6). 

Mild Purgative — Foals and Calves, 3 i.-ii. (4.-8.); D., 
3 i.-ii. (4.-8). Fowl, gr.-v.-vii. in pill. 

PREPARATIONS. 

Fluidextmctnm Rhei. Fluidextract of Rhubarb. 
(U.S. P.) 

Made by maceration and percolation with alcohol and water, and 
evaporation, so that 1 Cc. = 1 Gni. of the crude drug. 
Dose. — Same as that of rhubarb. 



676 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

Piilvis Rhei Compositus. Compound Powder of Rhubarb. 
(U. S. &B. P.) 
Synonym. — Gregory's powder. Rhubarb, 25 ; magnesia, 65 ; 
ginger, 10. 

Dose. — Foals and Calves, 3 ss.-i. (15.-30.). 

Extractum Rhei. Extract of Rhubarb. (U. S. & B. P.) 
Dose.— D., gr.v.-x. (.3-.6). 

There are many other official preparations, but they possess no 
value in veterinary medicine. 

Action InteriKtl. — Alimentary Canal. — Rhubarb is a bitter, 
and therefore in small doses improves digestion in all 
animals by increasing the flow of salivary and gastric juices, 
and by stimulating the appetite, vascularity, and movements 
of the stomach. It is called a stomachic and bitter tonic. 
Larger doses cause mild purgation in the case of dogs and 
cats, but horses and cattle are but slightly affected in this 
way. The activity of rhubarb is partly due to the 
solvent action of bile. It is commonly described 
as an agent which stimulates peristaltic action, 
but it is not certainly known how purging is brought 
about. Secondary constipation is more apt to follow the 
use of rhubarb than other drugs, because of rheotannic acid. 
This substance may be absorbed and eliminated into the 
bowels after the occurrence of purgation. Rhubarb, by 
virtue of chrysophanic acid, stains the faeces, urine, milk and 
sweat yellow in its excretion. 

Uses. — Rhubarb is an efficient laxative remedy for the 
treatment of indigestion in young animals associated with 
diarrhoea. In this condition it sweeps oiit the source of irrita- 
tion and then exerts an astringent effect. The drug often 
acts most favorably with an antacid in the disorders noted. 
Gregory's powder is useful in the care of foals, calves and 
lambs with diarrhoea. The fluid extract may be given to 
dogs, bat rhubarb is not so generally useful a purgative for 
these animals as castor oil, calomel, or cascara sagrada. 
Rhubarb has been recommended when a laxative is desirable, 
in cases of haemorrhoids, to improve local tone, and also as 
a purgative in diarrhoea of young animals due to worms. 



CHRYSAROBm 577 

One or two drops of the tincture of rliubarb in the 
drinking water form a serviceable laxative for small birds. 



Chrysarobinum. Chrysarobin. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — Goa powder, araroba pawder. 

A neutral principle, in its commercial, more or less 
impure form, extracted from Goa Powder, a substance found 
deposited in the wood of Andira Araroba Aguiar (nat. ord, 
Leguminosse). 

Habitat. — Brazil. 

Properties. — A pale orange-yellow, microcrystalline 
powder, odorless and tasteless ; turning brownish-yellow on 
exposure to the air. Very slightly soluble in cold water or 
alcohol. Soluble in solutions of alkalies. 

Constituents. — Chiefly chrysarobin (C,,,H..,0,„) — also 
called rhein and chrysophan, — an orange-yellow, crystalline 
glucoside, somewhat soluble in alcohol and ether ; freely 
soluble in chloroform and benzol. It is oxidized into chry- 
sophanic acid (CioHi„OJ, and glucose. 

PREPARATION. 

Unguentum Chrysarobini. Chrysarobin Ointment. (U. S. & B. P.) 
Clirysarobiu, 6 ; benzoinated lard, 95. (U. S.) 

Action and Uses. — Chrysarobin is a powerful irritant to 
the skin and destroys parasites. It stains the skin and other 
materials dark brown. This may be removed, unless fixed 
by an alkali, with a weak solution of chlorinated lime or 
caustic soda. Chrj^sarobin is also a strong irritant in the 
gastro-intestinal tract, causing vomiting and purging in 
carnivora. It is eliminated by the kidneys, coloring the 
urine yellow. 

Chrysarobin is used as a parasiticide in the treatment of 
ringworm, and as a stimulant to the skin in chronic 
cutaneous disorders, as eczema (with much itching and 
scaling), and in alopecia areata. The official 5 per cent, 
ointment should be diluted 2 or 3 times for delicate skins. 



578 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

It ^liDul I be applied over a large area with care, but is one 
of llie most efficient remedies in obstinate diseases of the 
skin. 

Senna. Senna. 

Synonym. — Senna Alexandrina, senna Indica, B.P.; senna 
leaves, folia sennae, E.; feuilles de sene, Fr.; sennesbliitter, G. 

The leaflets of Cassia acutifolia Delile (Alexandria 
Senna), and of Cassia augustifolia Vahl (India Senna); (nat. 
ord. LegumiiJOsa3). 

Description. — Alexandria Senna. — It consists of leaflets 
about 25 Mm. long and 10 Mm. broad, lanceolate or lance- 
oval, subcoriaceous, brittle, rather pointed, unequally oblique 
at the base, entire, grayish-green, somewhat pubescent, of a 
peculiar odor and a nauseous, bitter taste. 

Impurities. — Argel leaves (Solenostemma Argel Hayue, 
nat. ord. Asclepiadse), are frequently present. They are 
thicker, one-veined, wrinkled, glaucous, and even at the base. 

India Senna. — It consists of leaflets 3 to 5 Cm. long, and 
10 to 15 Mm. broad; lanceolate, acute, unequally oblique at 
the base; entire, thin, yellowish-green, nearly smooth ; odor 
peculiar, somewhat tea-like ; taste mucilaginous, bitter and 
nauseous. It should be free from stalks, discolored leaves 
and other admixtures. 

Habitat. — Alexandria Senna — Upjier Egypt, Nubia, and 
Central Africa. 

Indian Senna, or Tinnivelly /Sewwrt—Eastern Africa to 
India. 

Constituents. — 1, the purgative properties are chiefly due 
to magnesium and calcium cathartates ; salts of cathartic 
acid (CiBoHggN.SO^o), a black, amorphous glucoside ; 2, two 
glucosides, senuacrol and sennapicrin, insoluble in water ; 3, 
chrysophanic acid ; 4, cathartomannit {C^Ji^^O^^, an unfer- 
njentable sugar. 

Dose.—B.. k C, 3iv.-v. (120.-150.); Sh. & Sw., 3 i.-ii. 
(30.-60.); D. k C, 3 i.-iv. (4.-15.); fowl, gr. xv.-xx. in pills. 



SENNA 579 

PEEPAKATIONS. 

Fluidextr actum Senna'. Fluidextract of Senna. (U. S. P.) 

Made by maceration and percolation with diluted alcohol, and 
evaporation, so that 1 Cc. = 1 Gm. of the crude drug. 
Dose. — Same as senna. 

Pulvis Glycyrrhiza Compositus. Compound Powder of Glycyrrhiza. 

(U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym,. — Compound liquorice powder. 

Senna, 180 ; glycyrrhiza, 236 ; washed sulphur, 80 ; oil of fennel, 4; 
sugar, 500. 

Dose.— D., 3ss.-ii. (2.-8.). 

Syrupiis Sennce. (U. S. & B. P.) 
Dose.— D., 3i.-iv. (4.-15.). 

Action Infernal. — Senna stimulates and increases the 
vascularity of the intestinal mucous membrane, and causes 
increased peristalsis of the large intestines, particularly of 
the colon. It produces copious pale-yellow and watery 
evacuations. The drug has a nauseous taste and purging is 
accompanied by some griping and flatulence. Senna acts 
more satisfactorily when combined with other purgative 
agents. It is absorbed and will occasion catharsis in suck- 
lings after administration to their mothers, and after intra- 
venous injection. The urine may be colored red or yellow 
by its elimination. It is extremely doubtful if senna exerts 
any influence on biliary secretion. 

Uses. — Senna is but rarely employed in veterinary medi- 
cine. It may be used where a simple, vigorous cathartic is 
indicated in constipation, or in cases of slight faecal accumu- 
lation. 

The drug acts more efl'ectively when given in conjunc- 
tion with salts. The fluid extract, or an infusion made by 
pouring boiling water over the leaves and allowing them to 
macerate until the water becomes cold, are added to solu- 
tions of magnesium sulphate. This combination is more 
suitable for cattle or sheep. The syrup or compound 
liquorice powder may be given to dogs as simple purgatives 
in occasional or habitual constipation. 



580 VEGETABLE DKUGS 



Class 2. — Drastic Purgatives. 

Oleum Tiglil Croton Oil. (U. S. P.) 

Synonym. — Olenm crotonis, B.P.; huile de croton, huile 
de graines de tilly, Fr.; crotonol, G. 

A fixed oil expressed from the seed of Croton Tiglium 
Linne (nat. ord. Enphorbiacese). 

Habitat. — India, Indian Archipelago, and Philippine 
Islands. Also cultivated. 

Properties. — A pale yellow or brownish-yellow, somewhat 
viscid, and somewhat fluorescent liquid, haviug a slight fatty 
odor, and a mild, oily, afterwards burning and acrid taste 
(great caution is necessary in tasting). Spec. gr. 0.940 to 
0.960 at 59° F. When fresh it is soluble in about 60 parts 
of alcohol, the solubility increasing by age. It is freely 
soluble in ether, chloroform, carbon disulphide, and in fixed 
and volatile oils. 

Constituents. — 1, crotonol (CisH^^Oj), a non-purgative 
body causiug irritation of the skin ; 2, tiglinic acid (CjIIgOa), 
and many volatile acids existing as glycerides and account- 
ing for the odor of croton oil ; 3, free and combined fatty 
acids. The purgative principle is undiscovered. 

Z>os('.— H.,1TLxv.-xxx. (1.-2.); C, 3 ss.-i. (2.-4.); Sh. & Sw., 
mv.-x. (.3-.6); D., Tllss.-iii. (.03-.18). 

Croton seeds resemble castor seeds in size, but are not 
mottled or shiny. They are 13 Mm. long by 8 Mm. wide ; 
oval in shape*; white within, and possessing a mild, mucila- 
ginous taste at first, but soon becoming hot and sharp. They 
contain from 50 to 60 per cent, of (iroton oil. 

Action External. — Croton oil is a most powerful irritant, 
causing pain, redness and swelling of the skin, soon followed 
by vesicles and pustules. Permanent destruction of the hair 
follicles succeeds with loss of hair and cicatrices. When 
applied to the skin, injected into the blood or under the skin, 
it is eliminated to some extent by the bowels, producing 



CROTON OIL 581 

purging; and sometimes by the kidneys, creating diuresis, 
irritation of tliese organs and strangury. 

Action Internal. — Croton oil is also an intense internal 
irritant. It increases the vascularity of the stomach and 
bowels and in large doses creates gastro-enteritis. Medicinal 
doses notably augment the intestinal secretions — but not 
that of bile — and to a degree peristalsis. The drug may 
act in half an hour, but usually within a few hours, and pur- 
gation is attended with colicky pain and griping. The 
movements are very fluid and sometimes contain blood. 
Croton oil is therefore a drastic hydragogue cathartic. The 
purgative action is probably due in part to direct irritation 
of the intestinal mucous membrane ; in part to absorption 
and elimination of the oil by the bowels. 

Toxicology. — Ten drops of croton oil will kill a dog 
unless vomiting occurs. Thirty drops prove fatal to 
a horse, intravenously. The treatment of poisoning in- 
cludes the use of emetics or stomach tube, demulcents and 
opium. 

Administration. — Croton oil maybe placed on the tongue 
of an unconscious animal, in a small quantity of linseed oil, 
olive oil, or lard. The oil can also be given in enema with a 
pint of linseed oil. It may be exhibited to dogs in pill, 
castor oil, or rubbed up with a little butter and smeared 
on the back of the tongue. Croton oil (in a pint of linseed 
oil) is valuable in assisting the action of salts in obstinate 
constipation of cattle. It may be administered to horses 
(TTLx.), when a powerful derivative and purgative action is 
indicated, as in acute inflammation of the brain and cord, 
with calomel and aloes in ball. 

Uses External. — Croton oil is ordinarily superseded by 
milder counter-irritants, as turpentine, mustard, or stimulat- 
ing liniments ; but it may be employed so as to secure any 
degree of irritation according to its strength. It is occasion- 
ally used for horses in acute diseases of the brain, applied 
around the poll and on the back of the neck ; 1 part 
(20-301T[), with 30 parts each of oil of turpentine and lin- 



582 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

seed oil ; in acute disorders of the cliest (10-151TL on either 
side) and abdomen (^OHI), similarly diluted. 

Absorption, purging and revulsani action may be 
secured by tlie external application of croton oil. Croton 
oil is more often employed in cattle (1-6 or 10, with cod liver 
oil) for its counter-irritant effect when rubbed into the skin, 
as in laryngitis, glandular enlargement, and rheumatic joints. 
It is less likely to cause severe inflammation and blemishing 
than in horses. For swine, croton oil is diluted with 2 
volumes of linseed or cod liver oil. 

Uses Internal. — Croton oil is more suitable as a drastic 
cathartic for cattle, than for horses. It is prescribed in 
obstinate constipation (not of organic origin) when other 
remedies fail. Also in unconscious conditions where its 
sm«,ll bulk will allow of its exhibition. Again, for its deriva- 
tive and rapid effect in cerebral congestion, parturient 
apoplexy, etc. Croton oil may be given to dogs and pigs in. 
similar conditions. The oil is too irritant for horses to 
justify its use save in exceptional cases. 

SCAMMONIUM. Scarnmony. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — Scammonee, Fr.; scammonium, G. 

A resinous exudation from the living root of Convolvu- 
lus Scammonia Linne (nat. ord. Convolvulacese). 

Habitat. — Syria. 

Descriptioyi. — In irregular, angular pieces or circular 
cakes, greenish-gray or blackish ; internally porous, and 
breaking with an angular fracture ; of a resinous lustre ; 
odor ]3eculiar, somewhat cheese-like; taste slightly acrid; 
powder gray or greenish-gray. When triturated with water, 
scammony yields a greenish emulsion ; ether dissolves at 
least 75 per cent, of it. 

Constituents. — 1, a resin (80-95 per cent.); 2, gum ; 3, 
starch. 

Dose. — D., 3 i--ii- (4.-8.); Cats, 3 ss.-i. (2.-4); Sw., 3 ii.-iv. 
(8.-15.). 



JALAP 583 

PREPARATION. 

Resina Seammonii. Resin of Scammony. (U. S. P.) 
Scammonice Besina, (B. P.) 

Derivation. — Made bj^ solution in boiling alcohol, and precipitation 
with water. 

Properties. — Yellowish- brown or brownish-yellow masses or frag- 
ments, breaking with a glossj', resinous fracture ; translucent at the 
edges ; or a yellowish-white or grayish-white powder, having a faint, 
pecviliar odor, and a slight, peculiar taste. Soluble in alcohol, ether, andi 
oil of turpentine. 

Constifiients. — Mainly scammonin (C8BH156O42), identical with 
jalapin . 

Do.se. — One-half that of scammony. 

Jalapa. Jalap. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — Tuber jalapse, P.G.; jalap, radix jalapse, Fr.; 
jalape, jalapenkuolleii, G. 

The tuberous root of Ipomoea Jalapa Nuttall (nat. ord. 
ConvolvulacBffi). 

ITabitat. —^iexico. 

Description. — Napiform, pyriform or oblong, varying in 
size ; the large roots incised, more or less wrinkled ; dark 
brown, with lighter-colored spots, and short transverse 
ridges; hard, compact, internally pale grayish-brown, with 
numerous concentric circles composed of small resin-cells; 
fracture resinous, not fibrous; odor slight, but peculiar, 
smoky and sweetish ; taste sweetish and acrid. Contains 12 
per cent, of resin of jalap obtained by solution of jalap in 
alcohol and precipitation with water. 

Constituents. — 1, a hard resin, chiefly the glucoside jala- 
purgin ; 2, a soft resin. 

Dose.—D., 3 i.-ii. (4-8.); Cats, 3 ss,-i. (2.-4); Sw., 3 ii.-iv. 
(8.-15.) 

PREPARATIONS. 

Piilvis Jalapae Covipositus. (U. S. & B. P.) 
Jalap, 35; potassium bitartrate, 65. Dose — D., gr.xv.-lx. 

Resina Jalupce. Resin of Jalap. (U. S. & B. P. ) 
Derivation.— MdiAe by maceration and percolation with alcohol, 
partial distillation ; precipitation with water ; washing and drying. 

Properties. — Yellowish-brown or brown masses or fragments, 
breaking with a resinous, glossy fracture, translucent at the edges, or 



684 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

a Ycllowish-gray or yellowish-brown powder, having a slight, peculiar 
odor, and a somewhat acrid taste. Permanent in the air. Soluble in 
alcohol; insoluble in carbon disulphide, benzol, and fixed and volatile 
oils. Not more than 10 per cent, of it is soluble in ether. 

Constituents. — 1, jalapurgin (Cc^HiooOsa), the most active principle; 
insoluble in ether ; 3, convolvulin or jalapin, identical with scammonin; 
3, starch or gum. 

Dose. — One-quarter that of jalap. 

ACTION OF SCAMMONY AND JALAP. 

Scammony and jalap are powerful liydragogue cathartics 
in their action on swine, dogs and cats. Horses and cattle 
are but slightly affected by them in ordinary doses. Their 
resins are dissolved by the bile in the duodenum, and a pur- 
gative substance is formed which chiefly stimulates the 
intestinal glands and causes a copious outpouring of 
secretion. 

Both drugs excite peristaltic action and increase the 
vascularity of the intestinal mucous membrane, particularly 
scammony, so that griping may occur. They produce gastro- 
intestinal irritation, with vomiting and purging, in animals 
capable of the act, after large doses. While jalap and 
scammony are active purgatives, they are not always certain, 
and are therefore more frequently employed in combination 
with other cathartics. They are indirectly cholagogue — 
like calomel — in sweeping out bile from the small intestines 
and preventing its reabsorption, and are said to be anthel- 
mintics as well. The active principles of both drugs are 
absorbed, as death has taken place in an infant after exhibi- 
tion of scammony to its nurse, and purging has followed the 
rubbing of jalap into the shaven skin of dogs. 

Uses. — Jalap is in more common use than scammony 
because it is somewhat more of a hydragogue and less prone 
to cause griping. It is particularly indicated in dropsy or 
ascites of dogs, made into pills with from 3 to 5 grains of 
calomel. Jalap may also be given to expel round or thread 
worms; in torpidity of the liver; and in obstinate constipa- 
tion in dogs. The latter is treated more satisfactorily by 



GAMBOGE 585 

massage, rectal enemata, manual evacuation and repeated 
doses of sweet oil. 



Cambogia. Gamboge. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — Gutti, P.G.; gummi, resina guttse s. gutti, 
gutta gamba, cambodia, gutte, gomme-gutti, Fr.; gummi- 
gutt, gutti, G. 

A gum-resin obtained from Garcinia Hanburii Hooker 
filius (nat. ord. Guttiferse). 

Habitat. — Siam, Anam, and Camboja. 

Properties. — In cylindrical pieces, sometimes hollow in 
the centre, 2 to 5 Cm. in diameter, longitudinally striate on 
the surface ; fracture flattish, conchoidal, of a waxy lustre, 
orange-red ; in powder bright-yellow ; inodorous ; taste very 
acrid ; the powder sternutatory. Gamboge is partially 
soluble in alcohol and ether. When triturated with water it 
yields a yellow emulsion, and forms with solution of potas- 
sium or sodium hydrate an orange-red solution from which, 
on the addition of hydrochloric acid, a yellow resin is 
precipitated. 

Constituents. — 1, gambogic acid, a bright yellow or 
orange-red resin, to the extent of about 75 per cent, of the 
crude drug ; it is not so active as the crude drug ; 2, a 
soluble gum. 

Dose.—R., 3 ss.-i. (15.-30.); C, 3 i.-i.ss. (30.-45.) ; Sh. & 
Sw., gr.xx.-3i. (1.3-4.); D., gr.v.-x. (.3-.6). 

Action and Uses. — Gamboge is a drastic, hydragogue 
purgative, and slightlj'- diuretic. Its action is uncertain and 
often violent, with production of griping pains. Large doses 
cause vomiting in carnivora and omnivora, and gastro -enter- 
itis in all animals. 

Gamboge is dissolved by the bile and alkaline intestinal 
juices and some of it is absorbed, since it colors the urine 
yellow in its elimination and occasions diuresis. Attempts 
to create catharsis by injection of gamboge into the blood, 
have proved futile. Gamboge should never be prescribed 



586 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

alone and is rarely used in veterinary medicine. It Las 
been recommended in obstinate constipation, indigestion, 
impaction of the tliird stomach, and cerebral diseases of 
cattle, combined with salts. The smaller of the foregoing 
doses are to be employed, as the amount of the active 
principle is variable. The gum forms an emulsion when the 
drug is triturated with water. 

CoLOCYNTHis. Colocynth. (U. S. P.) 

Synonym. — Colocynthidis pulpa, B.P. ; coloquintida, 
bitter apple, E ; coloquinte, Fr.; koloquinten, G. 

The fruit of CitruUus Colocynthis Schrader (nat. ord. 
Cucurbitacepe), deprived of its rind. 

Habitat. — A vine growing in North and South Africa, 
South and West Asia, and Japan, etc. 

Description. — From 5 to 10 Cm. in diameter ; globular, 
white or yellowish-white ; light, spongy, readily breaking 
into three wedge-shaped pieces, each containing, near the 
rounded surface, many flat, ovate, brown seeds ; inodorous ; 
taste intensely bitter. The pulp only should be used ; the 
seeds separated and rejected. 

Consiituents.- — 1, the chief purgative principle is colocyn- 
thin (CjeH^jOoj), 1-2 per cent. An amorphous or crystal- 
line bitter glucoside. Soluble in water and alcohol. There 
is also (2) an insoluble, resinous body called colocynthitin, 
or citrullin. 

Dose. — Colocynthin — H., 3 ss.-i. (2.-4.); D., gr.^-i. 
(.015-.06). 

Colocynth— D., gr.ii.-iii. (.12-.18). 

Elaterinum. Elaterin. C,oH,,0,. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — Cucumis asininus, cucumis agrestis, wild or 
squirting cucumber, E.; concombre sauvage (purgatif d'ane), 
Fr.; springgurke essels-kiirbis, spritzgurke, G. 

A neutral principle obtained from elaterium, a substance 



ACTION AND USES OP COLOCYNTH AND ELATERIN 587 

deposited by tlie juice of the fruit of Ecballium Elaterium 
(Linne) A. Richard (iiat. ord. Cucurbitacege). 

Habitat. — Elaterium grows in North Africa, West Asia 
and Southern Europe. It is also cultivated. 

Derivation. — Elaterium is exhausted with chloroform. 
Ether is added and elaterin is precipitated and is purified by 
redissolviug in chloroform and crystallizing. 

Properties. — Minute, white, hexagonal scales, or prisma- 
tic crystals, without odor, and having a slight, acrid, bitter 
taste. Soluble in 4'250 parts of water, and in 337 parts of 
alcohol ; also soluble in 543 parts of ether, or in 2.4 parts of 
chloroform. Permanent in the air. 

Dose.—D., gr.^V-TJ (.003-.005). 

ACTIONS AND USES OF COLOCYNTH AND ELATERIN. 

The action of colocynth and elaterin is similar in man, 
but the latter is more powerful. Both greatly increase 
secretions and, slightly, the flow of bile ; while they stimu- 
late peristalsis in some degree. Large doses cause painful 
griping, gastro-intestinal inflammation, excessive watery 
purging, and collapse. Elaterin frequently fails to purge 
horses and dogs, although death may follow large doses. 
Colocynth acts more certainly in the lower animals and is 
recommended by P. Cagny in dropsy and cerebral disease. 
Neither drug, however, is of any importance in veterinary 
medicine. Colocynth is contained in the compound cathartic 
pill given to dogs in doses of from one to three pills. 



Podophyllum. Podophyllum. 

Synonym. — Podophylli rhizoma, B.P.; May apple, man- 
drake root, E., podophylle, Fr.; fussblatwurzel, G. 

The rhizome and roots of Podophyllum pellatum Linne 
(nat. ord. Berberidese). 

Habitat —^orih America. 



588 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

Description. — Of horizontal growth, consisting of joints 
about 5 Mm. thick, but somewhat enlarged at the end, 
which has a circular scar on the upper side, a tuft of about 
10, nearly simple, fragile roots on the lower side, and is 
sometimes branched laterally; smooth or somewhat wrinkled, 
orange-brown, internally white and mealy, with a circle of 
small wood bundles; pith large; nearly inodorous; taste 
sweetish, somewhat bitter and acrid. 

Constituents. — 1, a resin, podophyllin (4-5 per cent.); 2, 
a coloring matter, podophyllinic acid. 

PREPARATION. 

Resina Podophylli. Resin of Podophyllum. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — Podophyllin. 

Derivation. — Made by maceration and percolation of podophyllum 
with alcohol; partial evaporation, and precipitation of the resin with 
diluted hydrochloric acid; washing with water; drying. 

Properties. — An amorphous powder, varying in color from grayish- 
white to pale greenish-yellow or yellowish-green ; having a slight, 
peculiar odor, and a peculiar, faintly bitter taste. Permanent in the 
air. Soluble in alcohol and in solutions of potassium and sodium 
hydrate. 

Constituents. — Chiefly podophyllotoxin (C23H24O9 + 2 H2O), stated 
to be a mixture of a purgative principle, picropodophyllin, and an 
inert body, podophyllinic acid, associated with a coloring matter, podo- 
phylloquercitin, and other resins. 

Dose.—H.. & C, 3i.-ii. (4.-8.); D., gr.i.-ii. (.06-.12). 
PilulcB Podophylli, Belladonnce et Capsici. Pills of Podophyllin, 
Belladonna and Capsicum. (U. S. P.) 
Dose.—B., 1 pill. 

Action. — Podophyllin is a powerful though slow acting 
cathartic. Large doses cause purging and vomiting in 
animals, and lethal quantities occasion gastro-enteritis, 
colic, super-purgation, with bloody faecal evacuations, 
convulsions and death. It acts in the same way whether 
it is applied externally, injected into the blood, or 
given internally. Podophyllin must therefore exert 
its effect after absorption, and about ten hours are 
required to produce purgation. The action is ex- 
erted mainly on the duodenum, which is intensely in- 
flamed and even ulcerated in poisoning. Podophyllin 



ISrUTGALL 589 

owes its activity partly to the presence of bile, which seems 
to be a solvent for it. It is probable that the intestinal secre- 
tions are somewhat augmented. The faecal movements, after 
medicinal doses of podophyllin, are liquid, often stained with 
bile, and may be accompanied by some nausea and griping. 
Since podophyllin is an uncertain purgative, affecting differ- 
ent patients unequally, it should be combined with other 
agents when a purgative action is desired ; preferably calo- 
mel and aloes. The time required for the action of these 
d'rugs is nearly the same as that necessary for podophyllin. 
Podophyllin has heretofore been regarded as essentially 
a cholagogue, but there is no sufficient evidence to warrant 
this assumption. 

Administration. — Podophyllin should be given to dogs 
in pills; to horses in ball with calomel and aloes, if purga- 
tion is desired ; or dissolved in liquor potassae and diluted 
with water. 

Uses. — Podophyllin, clinically, appears to be particu- 
larly useful in chronic constipation associated with jaundice 
and hepatic disorders. The result of its action is said to be 
more favorable when the fsecal discharges are dark colored, 
whereas calomel is more successful if the evacuations are of 
a light hue. 



SECTIOI^r XII.— TANNIC ACID AND DRUGS 
CONTAINING IT. 

Galla. Nutgall. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — Galls, E. ; galla?, P. G. ; noix de galle, galle 
de chene, Fr. ; gallafel, G. 

An excresence on Quercus lusitanica Lamarck (nat. ord. 
Cupulif erse) , caused by the punctures and deposited ova of 



590 VEGETABLE DKUGS 

Cynips Gallae tinctoriBe Olivier (class Insecta ; order Hymen- 
optera). 

Hahltat. — Levant. 

Description. — Subj^lobular, 1 or 2 Cm. in diameter, more 
or less tuberculated above, otherwise smooth, heavy, hard ; 
often with a circular hole near the middle communicating 
with the central cavity ; blackish olive-green or blackish- 
gray ; fracture granular, grayish ; in the centre a cavity con- 
taining either the partly developed insect, or pulverulent 
remains left by it ; nearly inodorous ; taste strongly astrin- 
gent. Light, spongy, and whitish-colored nutgall should be 
rejected. 

Constituents. — 1, (gallo) tannic acid, 60 per cent.; 2, gallic 
acid, 2-3 per cent; 3, sugar ; 4, resin. 

PREPARATIONSo 

Unguentum Gallce. Nutgall Ointment. (U. S. & B. P.) 
Nutgall. 20; benzoinated lard, 80. (U. S. P.) 

Unguentum Oallce Cum Opio. (B. P.) 

AciDUM Tannicum. Tannic Acid. TLC^JigOg. 

(U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — Acidum gallo-tanuicum, tanninum, tannin, 
digallic acid, E.; acid tannique, tannin, Fr.; gerbsaure, 
tannin, G. 

An organic acid obtained from nutgall. 

Derivation. — Powdered nutgall is exposed to damp air 
for 48 hours. It is then treated with water and ether. The 
water dissolves tannic acid ; the ether removes gallic acid, 
coloring matters and impurities. The mixture is filtered and 
allowed to stand, when the lower aqueous layer yields tannic 
acid on evaporation. 

Properties. — A light yellowish, amorphous powder, 
usually in the form of glistening scales or spongy masses ; 
odorless, or having a faint, characteristic odor, and a strongly 
astringent taste ; gradually turning darker wl^en exposed to 
air and light. Soluble in about 1 part of water, and in 0.6 



TANNIC ACID 591 

part of alcohol ; also in 1 part of glycerin, with the interven- 
tion of moderate heat ; freely soluble in diluted alcohol ; 
sparingly in absolute alcohol ; almost insoluble in absolute 
«ther, chloroform, benzol or benzin. 

Incompatibles. — Alkaloids, alkalies, mineral acids, silver, 
ferric, lead and antimony salts, gelatin and emulsions. 

Dose.—R. & C, 3ss.-§ss. (2.-15.); Sh. & Sw., 3 ss.-i. 
(2.-4); D., gr.i-xv. (.06-1.). 

PREPARATIONS. 

Collodium Stypticum. Styptic Collodion. (U. S. P.) 
Tannic acid, 30; alcohol, 5; ether, 25; collodion, to 100. Made by 
solution. 

Unguentuvi Acidi Tannici. Ointment of Tannic Acid. (U. S. P.) 
Tannic acid, 20; benzoinated lard, 80. 

Glyceritum Acidi Tannici. Glycerite of Tannic Acid. 
(U. S. &B. P.) 
Tannic acid, 20; glycerin, 80. (U. S. P.) 

Administration. — Tannic acid is given in solution in 
aromatic waters, alcohol, syrup, wine, glycerin, and water; 
also it is exhibited in powder. The drug is used externally 
in powder, ointment, glycerite, and lotion. Suppositories 
containing tannic acid are sometimes introduced into the 
rectum. 

Action External. — Tannic acid coagulates albumin, gela- 
tin, and fibrin. It has little effect upon the unbroken skin, 
but when applied to a raw surface or mucous membrane, it 
coagulates and dries secretion, and so fills up the niouths of 
glands, making the tissues harder, denser, and drier. Tannic 
acid causes a species of "tanning" compatible with life, by 
occasioning coagulation of the interstitial fluid in the tissues, 
abstraction of moisture, and contraction of the cells of the 
part — through the formation of protein tannate. It is 
the most important astringent principle contained in 
vegetable drugs. Tannic acid is, moreover, a local styptic 
or liEeraostatic in arresting hemorrhage by contraction of 
the smooth muscles of the vessel walls, by coagulation of the 
blood, and constriction of the tissues surrounding the blood 



592 VEGETABLE DKUGS 

vessels. Tannic acid causes arrest of leucocyte movements, 
and diapedesis of the same, at the point of its application. 
Tannic acid, although a slight local irritant to raw surfaces, 
exerts a depressing action upon the sensory nerve endings, 
and is essentially a sedative in inflammatory conditions by 
causing ischsemia. There are several kinds of tannic acid, 
possessing slightly different chemical and physiological prop- 
erties. The official tannic acid — gallotannic acid — is con- 
tained in nutgall and oak bark, while another variety — 
catechutannic acid — is found in kino, catechu, etc. 

Action Internal. — Tannic acid dries the mouth by clos- 
ure of glandular (mucous) ducts with coagulated secretion, 
and by constriction of the surrounding parts. It lessens the 
flow of mucus and of the digestive juices in the stomach and 
intestines by the same process. The drug therefore inter- 
feres with digestion for this reason, and also because it pre- 
cipitates pepsin ; so that tannic acid should not be given 
after eating. Moreover, the astringent action is arrested in 
the stomach by combination with albuminous and gelatinous 
material. Large doses irritate the alimentary canal and 
may create vomiting and diarrhu?a. Tannic acid is converted 
into gallic acid in the bowels. Traces appear ■ in the blood 
and urine as sodium tannate which has no astringent action. 
Of the tannic acid swallowed not more than 1 per cent, is 
excreted in the feces and urine as tannic or gallic acid. All 
the rest is oxidized in the body, Gallic acid docs not coagu- 
late albumin or gelatin and has a very feeble astringent 
action — like that of any weak acid — so that tannic acid 
should always be used for a local effect. The remote astrin- 
gent influence of tannic acid (in the form of gallic acid) is 
slight, but gallic acid is preferable when a remote astringent 
action on the tissues of the body is desirable, sinCe it is less 
irritating to the mucous membrane of the digestive organs. 
Catechu and kino are often chosen in place of tannic acid in 
the treatment of diarrhoea, because they are less soluble ( than 
tannic acid) and the contained catechutannic acid comes in 
contact with the intestinal mucous membrane for a longer 
time. The salts of tannic acid (tannates) are not astringent. 
Uses External. — Tannic acid is a valuable astringent in 
a great variety of local inflammatory lesions. In the form of 



GALLIC ACID 593 

the gljcerite, tannic acid maj be applied advantageously to 
the skin in moist eczema, and as a remedy for frost bites. 
It is a useful application for sore and cracked teats. The 
mouth is painted with the glycerite for the cure of ulcerative 
or apthous stomatitis. The same preparation is injected into 
the ear in otorrhoca of dogs, and into the vagina to arrest 
vaginitis and leucorrha?a. Pure tannic acid is an excellent 
agent when dusted upon raw surfaces, ulcers, and sores ; and 
to stop bleeding in slight wounds. An aqueous solution is 
useful in leucorrhoea (2-5 per cent.), in eczema (5-10 per 
cent.), as a high enema in dysentery (1 per cent.), and to kill 
ascarides (1-2 per cent.) in the rectum. A one per cent, 
aqueous solution is sometimes utilized as an inhalation in 
subacute laryngitis, tracheitis, and bronchitis. Powdered 
opium and nutgall ointment (1-14), or glycerite of tannin, 
are serviceable in haemorrhoids and rectal fissures, ulcers, 
or prolapse of the rectum. 

Uses Internal. — Tannic acid is exhibited in powder or 
solution to arrest bleeding in the stomach. It is a good 
astringent in diarrhoea* and hannostatic in intestinal ha;mor- 
rhage, given in ball or pill, and often with opium. Tannic 
acid is an antidote to alkaloids, metallic salts, and tartar 
emetic, forming comparatively insoluble tannates, which 
should be removed if possible by evacuation of the stomach. 

AciDUM Gallicum. Gallic Acid. IIC7TI5O5 + HgO. 
(U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — Acide gallique, Pr. ; gallussaiire, G. 

An organic acid, usually prepared from tannic acid. 

Derivation. — Made by the exposure of paste of nutgall 
and water to the air for a month, when tannic acid under- 
goes hydration (tannic acid) HCiJI^O;, + II2O = 2110^ 
H5O5 (gallic acid). The liquid is then expressed from the 
paste and the residue is boiled with distilled water and fil- 
tered, when hot, through animal charcoal. Gallic acid crys- 
tallizes out from the filtrate. 



* Tannalbin is a tasteless, non-irritant powder of tannic acid com- 
bined with albumin and only soluble in tlie pancreatic juice in the 
bowel. It is more suitable for small animals in diarrhoea than is tannic 
acid. Dose — Cats and Dogs, gr.x.-xx. on tlic food three times dailv. 



594: VEGETABLE DRUGS 

* 

Properties. — White, or pale fawn-colored, silky, inter- 
laced needles or triclinic prisms ; odorless ; having an 
astringent or slightly acidulous taste ; permanent in the air. 
Soluble in 100 parts of water, and in 5 parts of alcohol ; in 
40 parts of ether, and in 12 parts of glycerin. Very slightly 
soluble in chloroform, benzol, or benzin. 

Incompatihles. — Metallic salts and spirit of nitrous ether. 

Dose. — H. & C, 3 i'-- 3 ss. (8.-15.); Sh. & Sw., 3 ss.-i. 
(2.-4); D., gr.v.-xx. (.3-1.3). 

Action and Uses. — Since taunic acid is absorbed as gallic 
acid, and since the latter drug is less irritating, it follows 
that gallic acid is preferable when it is proposed to exert an 
astringent effect through the circulation. Gallic acid is a 
feeble local astringent, and therefore tannic acid is always a 
better agent for topical use. The remote astringent action 
of gallic acid is improbable, but successful results are 
alleged to have followed its administration in the treatment 
of haemorrhage from the lungs, uterus and kidneys, and in 
polyuria, albuminuria, bronchorrhoea, leucorrhoea, and 
excessive sweating. 

Ergot has been generally considered superior to gallic 
acid for the purpose of producing general constriction of the 
smaller vessels, and arrest of internal haemorrhage. 

Pyrogallol. Pyrogallol. G^B., {0B.\. (U. S. P.) 

Synonym. — Pyrogallic acid. 

Deyivation. — A triatomic phenol obtained chiefly by the 
dry distillation of gallic acid, HC,H,0, = C.H, (0H)3 -f CO^. 

Properties. — Light, white, shining laminae, or fine needles; 
odorless, and having a bitter taste ; acquiring a gray or 
darker tint on exposure to the air and light. Soluble in 1.7 
parts of water, and in 1 part of alcohol ; also soluble in 1.2 
parts of ether. 

Action and Uses. — Pyrogallol is an excellent agent for 
the treatmeut of chronic psoriasis and for ringworm. An 



WHITE OAK 595 

ointment containing an amount of pyrogallol, varying from 
gr.x.- 3 i- to the ounce of lard, is commonly employed. 
Toxic symptoms may follow its extensive application. 



QuERCUS Alba. White Oak. (U. S. P.) 

Synonym. — Quercus cortex, B.P.; cortex quercus, ecorce 
de chene, Fr.; eichenrinde, G. 

The bark of Quercus alba Linne (nat. ord. Cupuliferae). 

Habitat. — North America, iu woods. 

Descrijjtion. — In nearly flat pieces, deprived of the corky 
layer, about 5 Mm. thick ; pale brown ; inner surface with 
short, sharp longitudinal ridges ; tough ; of a coarse, fibrous 
fracture ; a faint, tan-like odor, and a strongly astringent 
taste. As met with in the shops, it is usually in irregularly 
coarse, fibrous powder, which does not tinge the saliva 
yellow. 

Constitvjents. — 1, quercitannic acid, 6 to 11 per cent ; 2, a 
bitter principle, quercin ; 3, resin ; 4, a sugar, quercite. 

Dose.—R., 3 ss.-i. (15.-30.); C, 3 i.-ii. (30.-60.); Sh. & Sw., 
3i.-ii. (4.-8.); D., gr.x.-xxx. (.6-2.). 

Prepa7-atio7i. — Fluidextractum Quercus (U. S. P.) — H. 
§ss. (15.). D., 1TL15 (1.). 

Action and Uses. — White oak bark is identical in action 
with tannic acid, but the latter is preferable for internal use. 
Oak bark is a cheap substitute for tannic acid applied 
externally in poultices, infusions, and decoctions, as an 
astringent. It is administered internally in infusion, or 
decoction (1-8), in diarrhoea and dysentery. The infusion 
may be given in gruel and combined with ginger, opium 
and alcohol iu the treatment of " scouring " in foals and 
calves. 

Catechu. Catechu. (B. P.) 

Synonym. — Catechu nigrum, terra japonica, cutch, E.; 
cachou, Fr.; katechu, pegucatechu, G. 



596 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

An extract prepared from the wood of Acacia Catechu 
(Linne filius) Willdenow (nat. ord. Leguminosse). 

Habitat. — India and Africa. 

Properties. — In irregular masses, containing fragments of 
leaves, dark brown, brittle, somewhat porous and glossy 
when freshly broken. It is nearly inodorous, and has a 
strongly sweetish and astringent taste. 

Constituents. — 1, catechutannic acid (35-40 per cent.) is 
the active principle ; it is converted into the isomeric inac- 
tive catechuic acid, or catechin (CjiHs^Og + 5 H.O), by 
the saliva and by boiling, a red color being developed. 
There is also (2) catechu-red. 

Incompatibles. — Metallic salts, alkalies, and gelatin. 
■ Bose.—R., 3 ss.-i. (15.-30.); C, 5 i.-ii. (30.-60.); Sh. & Sw., 
3i.-ii. (4.-8.); D., gr.v.-xxx. (.3-2.). 

PBEPARATIONS. 

Tinctura Catechu. (B. P.) 
Dose.— H. & C, §i.-ii. (30.-60.); Foals, Calves and Sheep, |ss.-i. 
(15.-30.); D., 3ss.-ii. (3.-8.). 

Pulvis Catechu Covipositus. Kino, Rliatany and Catechu. (B. P.) 
Dose. — Same as catechu. 

Tinctura Ganibir Composita. Compoiuid Tincture of Gambir. 

(U. S. P.) 

Now replaces the compound tincture of catechu and possesses 
the same action and is given in the same doses as the tincture. 

Administration. — The compound tincture, or an infusion 
(made by pouring boiling water over catechu, digesting for 
an hour, and straining), and the powder, are employed inter- 
nally. The powder is given in flour gruel. The powder, or 
an infusion of any strength may be applied externally. 

Catechu is represented in the B.P. by catechu pallidum, an 
extract of the leaves and young shoots of Uncaria Gambler, 
Eastern Archipelago. It occurs in brown cubes, about an 
inch square, and possesses a bitter, astringent taste. It is 



KINO 597 

employed in the same doses and for the same purposes as 
catechu. 

Action and Uses. — The action of catechu is exactly like 
that of tannic acid. The latter is preferable for external 
use on account of its greater solubility and astringency. 
Catechu acts more slowly and persistently in the digestive 
tract, by virtue of its tardy solubility, and is a useful remed}^ 
in diarrhoea, particularly in that of a watery or serous 
nature. It is frequently ])rescribed in this disorder with 
other synergistic agents, as opium, ginger and chalk. Finlay 
Dun recommends the following combination : Catechu, pre- 
pared chalk, and ginger, each three ounces ; powdered opium, 
six drachms. Divide into eight balls, for horses; into six 
doses suspended in starch gruel for cattle ; and into eight or 
ten doses (given in gruel) for calves or sheep. The com- 
pound tincture of catechu with laudanum is an equally 
suitable combination for all animals with diarrhoea, given in 
drench. If there is much mucus in the faecal discharges, 
showing a catarrhal state of the intestinal mucous membrane, 
it is advisable to order oil, salts, or calomel before locking 
up the bowels with an astringent. Catechu has been given 
internally in dysentery, and to stop uterine and other 
haemorrhages. 

Kino. Kino. (U. S. & B. P.) 

The inspissated juice of Pterocarpus Marsupium Pox- 
burgh (uat. ord. Leguminosse). 

Habitat. — East Indies. Kino, indigenous in the West 
Indies, is occasionally ituported here. 

Properties. — Small, angular, dark brownish-red, shining 
pieces ; brittle, in thin layers, ruby-red and transparent ; 
inodorous, very astringent and sweetish, tinging the saliva 
deep red. Soluble in alcohol ; nearly insoluble in ether, and 
only slightly soluble in cold water. 

Constituents. — The most important is (1) kinotannic acid 
(CigHjgOg, 75 per cent.), resembling catechu-tannic acid, but 



598 YEGETABLE DRUGS 

not identical witli it. There are also : 2, kinoin, a crystal- 
line, neutral substance ; 3, pyrocatechin, C,H^ (OH). ; 4, 
gum ; 5, pectin ; 6, kino-red, formed by oxidation from kino- 
tannic acid. 

Incompatihles. — Mineral acids, metallic salts, strong 
solutions of alkaloids, alkalies, and gelatin. 

Dose.-B.., I ss.-i. (15.-30.); C, I i.-ii. (30.-60.); Sh. & Sw., 
3i.-ii. (4.-8.); D., gr.v.-xxx. (.3-2.). 

PREPARATIONS. 

Tinctura Kino. Tinctvire of Kino. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Prepared by maceration and filtration of kino, 150, with glycerin, 
150 ; water and alcohol to make 1000. (U. S. P.) 

Dose. — H. & C, 3 i.-ii. (30.-60.); Foals, Calves and Sheep, 3SS,-i. 
(15.-30.); D., 3ss.-ii. (2.-8.). 

Pulvis Kino Compositus. Compound Powder of Kino. (B. P.) 
(Pulv. cinnamon, 4 grs. ; kino, 15 grs.; opium, 1 gr.) 

Dose. — Dog, 1 powder; Foals and Calves, 4 powders. 
Administration. — Kino may be given in ball, powder, infusion 
(1-32), or tincture. 

Action and Uses. — The physiological actions and thera- 
peutics of kino are nearly similar to those of catechu. The 
gum and pectin contained in kino renders its effect milder 
and more soothing to mucous membranes. Aqueous solu- 
tions gelatinize on standing, on account of tbe gum in them. 
The drug is prescribed chiefly in serous diarrhoea, and also 
is occasionally exhibited in dysentery and internal haemor- 
rhages. 

Krameria. Krameria. 

Synonym. ^- Kramerise radix, B.P. ; radix rhatanhise, 
rhatany root, E. ; radix ratanhfe, P.G. ; ratanhia, Fr.; 
ratanhawuvzel, G. 

The root of Krameria triandra Ruiz et Pavon, and of 
Krameria Ixina Linne (nat. ord. Polygalese). 

Hahitat. — Peru and Bolivia. 

Description. — From 1 to 3 Cm. thick, knotty and several 



KRAMEKIA 599 

headed above, branched below, the branches long ; bark 
smooth or in thinner pieces ; scaly, deep-rust brown ; 1 to 2 
Mm. thick ; very astringent ; inodorous ; wood pale brown- 
ish-red, tough, with fine medullary rays nearly tasteless. 
The root of Krameria Ixina is less knotty and more slender, 
and has a dark purplish brown bark about 3 Mm. thick. 

Constituents. — The chief principle is (1) kramero-tannic 
acid, C„H,,0,i, about 20 per cent. There are also : 2, rha- 
tanin ; 3, rhatanic-red {G„^„X),^, the coloring matter. 

Incompatibles. — Metallic salts, alkalies, gelatin, and lime 
water. 

Dose.— 'El., I ss.-i. (15.-30.); C, 3 i.-ii. (30.-60.); Sh. & Sw., 
3 i.-ii. (4-8.); D., gr.v.-xxx. (.3-2.). 

PREPARATIONS. 

Fhiidextrdctmti Krameria'. Fluidextract of Krameria. 
(U. S. P.) 
Made by maceration and percolation of krameria with glycerin and 
diluted alcohol, and evaporation, so that 1 Co. = 1 Gm. of the crude drug. 
Dose. — Same as krameria. 

Extractimi Kramerice. Extract of Krameria. (U. S. & B. P.) 
Made by filtration, and evaporation of a cold, aqueous infusion to 

dryness. 

Dose.— H. & C, 3 ii.-iii. (8.-13.); Sh. &Sw., gr.xxx.-xl. (2.-2.6); D., 

gr.v.-x. (.3-.6). 

Tinctura Kramerice. Tincture of Krameria. (U. S. & B. P.) 
Made by maceration and percolation of krameria, 300; with diluted 

alcohol to 1000. (U. S. P.) 

Dose—R. & C, 3 i.-ii. (30.-60.) Foals, Calves and Sheep, § ss.-i. 

(15.-30.); D., 3 ss.-ii. (2.-8.). 

Action and Uses. — Krameria and its preparations nearly 
resemble catechu and kino in all respects as astringents. 
The fluid extract is a serviceable preparation in watery 
diarihoea, and in arresting haemorrhage from the stomach 
and bowels. An infusion (1-20, B.P.) is an efficient remedy 
for leucorrhoea when injected into the vagina. The powdered 
extract is blown into the nostrils, or applied to the rectum 
to stop bleeding in these parts. 



600 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

H>^¥ATOXYLON. Ilaematoxyloii. 

Synonym. — Hnematoxyli lignum, B.P ; logwood, E. ; 
lignum campecliianum, P.G.; lignum coeruleum — bois tie 
campeche, bois d'inde, bois de sang, Fr. ; blauliolz, campe- 
cheholz, G. 

The heart wood of Hfematoxylon Campechianum Linue 
(nat. ord. Leguminosse). 

Habitat. — Central America ; naturalized in the West 
Indies. 

Description. — Heavy, hard, externally pnrplish-black, 
internally brownish-red, and marked with irregular, concen- 
tric circles, splitting irregularly; odor faint, agreeable ; taste 
sweetish, astringent; when chewed it colors the saliva dark 
pink. Logwood is generally met with in the form of small 
chips or coarse powder of a dark brownish-red color ; often 
with a greenish lustre. 

Constituents. — The most important is (1) tannic acid. 
There are also : 2, hgematoxylin, CigHi^Og (12 per cent.), a 
coloring matter, but in nearly colorless crystals when pure. 
It turns red on exposure to light, and solutions are used to 
stain pathological specimens ; 3, hsemateiu, Ci^Hj^Oe, formed 
from hsematoxylin by oxidation, and possessing a green, 
metallic lustre. 

liicompatibles. — Lime water, and tartar emetic, with 
metallic salts, forms a blue compound. 

PREPARATION. 

Extractum HceviatoxyK. Extract of HsBmatoxylon, (U. S. &B. P.) 

Made by boiling in water, straining, and evaporating to dryness. 
Dose.— H. & C, 3ss.-iv. (2.-15.); Sh. & Sw., 3 sS.-i. (3.-4.); D., 
gr.v.-xv. (.3-1). 

A non-official fluid extract is often found in commerce. 
Dose. — Three times that of extract. 

Action and Uses. — Hsematoxylon is a mild astringent, 
coloring the fseces and urine red during its elimination. The 
extract is given in diarrhoea of young animals, and may be 
combined for this purpose with aromatic sulphuric acid, 



HAMAMELIS 601 

ginger, chalk and opium. It is also employed internally in 
dysentery, atonic indigestion, and in leucorrhoea. The 
decoction (1-16, B.P.) may be exhibited in Oss.-i. doses to 
the larger animals ; in 3 i.-ii. doses to smaller patients. 

Hamamelidis Folia. Hamamelis Leaves. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — Witch-hazel. 

The leaves of Hamamelis virginiana Linne (nat. ord. 
Hamamelidaceae), collected in autumn. 

Description. — Short, petiolate, about 10 Cm. long, 
obovate or oval, slightly heart-shaped and oblique at the 
base, sinuate-toothed, thickish, nearly smooth; inodorous; 
taste astringent and bitter. 

Constituents. — The most important principle is (1) tannic 
acid, 8 per cent ; there are also : (2) a bitter substance, and 
(3) a resin. 

PREPARATIONS. 

Fluidextractvm Hamamelidis Foliorum. 
Fluidextract of Hamamelis Leaves. (U. S. P.) 

Exlractum Hamamelidis Liquidum. (B. P.) 
Made by maceration and percolation with alcohol, glycerin and 
water, and evaporation, so that 1 cc. = 1 gm. of the crude drug. (U.S. P.) 
Dose.—B.. &C., 3 i.-ii (30.-60.); D., 3ss.-ii. (2.-8.). 

Aqua Hamamelidis. (U. S. P.) 
Takes place of the proprietary extracts and consists of the bark 
macerated in water and distilled, alcohol being added to the distillate. 
Dose — Double that of fluidextract. 

Ungnentum Hamamelidis. (B. P.) 

Action and f/ses.-— Hamamelis is apparently physiologi- 
cally inert, as shown by experiments on healthy animals. It 
nevertheless possesses considerable medicinal virtue as an 
astringent and styptic. AVitch-hazel is a valuable agent 
applied externally, to stop venous oozing in wounds, and to 
reduce swelling and pain of bruises and sores. The fluid 
extract may be diluted with 8, or less, parts of water, for 
these purposes ; or the B.P. ointment (1-10) maybe employed. 
Hamamelis is useful in diarrhoea and mucous dischai'ges. It 
arrests haemorrhage from the uterus, kidneys, lungs and 
digestive tract ; sometimes in a surprising manner. The 
fluid extract is a successful haemostatic in bleeding from the 



()02 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

bladder or rectum (piles) when injected (1-8) into these 
parts. It lessens soreness and swelling of blind piles — with 
an equal part of glycerin and a little starch — and the same 
preparation is beneficial in eczema, pruritus, and cutaneous 
irritations. The clear, colorless proprietary extracts — now 
the aqua (U.S P.) takes their place — are often more eflScient 
externally and internally (in the same doses) than the 
oflGicial extract. 



SECTION XIII.— VEGETABLE DEMULCENTS. 

Oleum Oliv^. Olive Oil. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — Sweet oil, E. ; oleum olivarum, P.G. ; huile 
d'olive, Fr.; oilvenol, G. 

A fixed oil expressed from the ripe fruit of Olea Euro- 
poea Linne (nat. ord. Oleacese). 

Habitat. — Southern Europe and Asia. 

Properties. — A pale yellow, or light greenish-yellow, 
oily liquid, having a slight peculiar odor, and a nutty olea- 
ginous taste, Avith a faintly 9,crid after-taste. Spec. gr. 0.915- 
0.918. Very sparingly soluble in alcohol, but readily soluble 
in ether, chloroform, or carbon disulphide. Very frequently 
adulterated with cotton seed, or other seed oils, which prob- 
ably are of equal medicinal value, however. 

Constituents. — 1, olein, C3H5 (Ci8ll330„)3, 72 per cent., a 
fluid oil, a combination of oleic acid (HCij,H330.) and glyceryl ; 
2, palmitin, C3H5 (CjcH3i02)3, about 28 per cent., a combina- 
tion of palmitic acid (HCjeHjOo) and glyceryl ; and (3) 
cholesteriu {G.J1^J0). 

Z>ose.— Laxative— H. & C, Oi.-ii. (500.-1000.); D., 3 ii.-iv. 
(60.-120.). 

Oleum Gossypii Seminis. Cotton Seed Oil. (U. S. P.) 

A fixed oil expressed from the seed of Gossypium her- 
baceum Linne and of other species of Gossypium (nat. ord. 
Malvaceae), and subsequently purified. 



SOAP 603 

Eahifaf.—R United States and other semi-tropical 
countries ; cultivated. 

Properties. — A pale yellow, oily liquid, without odor, and 
having a bland, nut-like taste. Spec. gr. 0.920-0.950. Very 
sparingly soluble in alcohol, but readily soluble in ether, 
chloroform, or carbon disulphide. 

Constitiients. — 1, olein ; 2, palmitin ; 3, coloring matter. 

Dose. — Same as that of olive oil. 

Action and Uses. — Olive oil is in common use as an 
emollient in burns and skin irritation. It assists in the per- 
formance of massage for sprains and bruises. Cotton seed 
oil has superseded it in liniments, as a matter of economy. 
Administered internally, sweet oil (with an equal part of 
castor oil) is a useful laxative for dogs. Linseed oil is more 
frequently given to the larger animals. An enema of ^ pint, 
or more, of olivt oil is serviceable in softening hard fsecal 
masses in dogs, and should be followed by the use of warm 
soap suds. 

Sweet oil is a food, but is rarely used as such. Like 
other bland oils, it improves the nutrition of the bronchial 
mucous membrane in subacute or chronic bronchitis, and is 
of considerable benefit in these disorders, but inferior to cod 
liver oil or linseed oil. Olive oil is an efficient demulcent in 
inflamed conditions of the alimentary tract, and in poisoning 
by irritants. Large quantities form soap-like masses, — with 
the alkaline intestinal juices, — which have been mistaken 
for gall stones. Cotton seed oil is of equal therapeutic 
value with sweet oil. 

Sapo. Soap. 

Synonym. — Sapo duras, B.P.; hard soap, white castile 
soap, E.; savon, Fr.; seife, G. 

Derivation. — Soap is made by boiling olive oil with a 
solution of caustic soda, C3H3(CisH330.,)3 (olein) 4- 3 NaOH = 
3 NaCisH330„ (sodium oleate or soap) + C3H5(OH)3 (glycerin). 

Properties. — A white, or whitish solid, hard, yet easily 
cut when fresh ; having a faint, peculiar odor free from 



604 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

rancidity; a disagreeable alkaline taste, and an alkaline 
reaction. Soluble in water and in alcohol ; more readily 
with the aid of heat. 

PREPARATIONS. 

Linimentum Saponis. Soap Liniment. (U. S. & B. P.) 
Synonym. — Opodeldoc. Lin. sapo. cami)h. 

Soap, CO; camphor, 45; oil of rosemary, 10; alcohol, 725; water to 
make 1000. Made by solution, agitation and filtration. (U. S. P.) 

Emplastmm Saponis. Soap Plaster. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Soap, 100; lead plaster, 900; made by solution in water and evapor- 
ation. 

Sapo Mollis. Soft Soap. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — Potassium oleate, sapo viridis, green soap. 

A soap prepared from potassa and a fixed oil. 

Derivation. — Heat linseed oil, 400, to 140° F. Dissolve 
potassa, 90, in water, 450 ; add alcohol, 40 ; and stir the 
mixture into the oil at the same temperature until it is 
soluble in boiling water without the separation of oily drops. 

Properties. — A soft, unctuous mass, of a yellowish-brown 
or brownish-yellow color. Soluble in about 5 parts of hot 
water ; also in 2 parts of alcohol without leaving more than 
3 per cent, of insoluble residue. 

PREPARATION. 

Linimentum Saponis Mollis. Liniment of Soft Soap. (U. S. P.) 

Synonym. ^-Imctura. saponis viridis. 

Soft soap, 650; oil of lavender flowers, 20; alcohol, 300; water to 
make 1000. Made by solution and filtration. 

Castile soap is the best example of a pure soap. Mot- 
tled castile soap contains iron as the coloring matter. The 
household " soft soap " is not sapo mollis, but is made of all 
kinds of rancid fats and is generally unfit for medicinal use. 
Yellow laundry soap owes its color to resin. Super-fatted 
soaps are of neutral reaction and unirritating. They are 
used as a basis for medicinal soaps containing tar, carbolic 
acid, etc. 



SOAP 605 

Action and Uses. — Most soaps are alkaline. Soap is a 
detergent or cleansing agent. The lather mechanically 
removes dirt, while the alkalinity assists in the I'emoval of. 
grease, dead epidermis, and sebaceous matter from the skin. 
The caustic alkali contained in soap relieves itching and is 
stimulating to the skin ; so much so, that cheap soaps* are 
harmful in normal conditions of the integument. 

Liniment of soft soap is frequently employed in chronic 
eczema and psoriasis, to remove scales and crusts ; to stimu- 
late the parts ; and to quiet itching. It should be rubbed 
smartly into the skin, washed off, and followed by the appli- 
cation of a suitable ointment. Gauze saturated with soap 
suds (soap suds poultice) is an excellent agency to cause the 
exfoliation of the epidermis in patches of old scaly eczema 
and psoriasis, when applied for several hours. Soft soap, oil 
of cade, and alcohol, equal parts, are recommended as a 
useful preparation for the treatment of chronic eczema and 
pruritus. The application of soap and water is a necessary 
preliminary to the employment of a vesicating ointment, or 
parasiticide, since it cleanses the skin, and, by removing 
epidermis, exposes the burrows of acari in mange and scab. 
Soap liniment is a favorite remedy for sprains and bruises. 
If a more stimulating action is desirable, it is advisable to 
combine oil of turpentine or water of ammonia with it. If 
an anodyne effect is indicated, tincture of aconite or opium 
are added. 

Chafing of the skin produced by harness, should be 
treated by washing the skin with soap and water, and then 
by dusting with zinc oxide and starch, equal parts. Sapo 
mollis, together with an equal amount of flour of mustard, 
forms a most satisfactory cleansing and disinfectant mixture 
for the hands of the operating surgeon when emjDloyed in 
the same manner as ordinary soap. Soap may also be 
used as a lubricating agent for the hands or instru- 
ments in making examinations. Soap is a useful excipient 
for balls, pills, and plasters, and it is a constituent of lini- 
ments. 



606 TEGETABLE DRUGS 

Soap is employed botli as a qualitative and quantitive 
test for hard water. This contains salts of the alkaline 
earth metals, as sulphates and carbonates of magnesium and 
calcium. Soap is decomposed by these salts, and insoluble 
soaps, i.e., calcium and magnesium stearate, are precipitated. 
The free alkali of the soap is then converted into insoluble 
sulphates and carbonates. These reactions produce a milky 
precipitate when a solution of soap is added to hard 
water. 

Internally soap is an antacid and somewhat irritating, 
and may occasion vomiting and stimulation of intestinal 
peristalsis. These actions are taken advantage of in emergen- 
cies, when it may be given to dogs as an emetic, or to all 
animals in poisoning by acids. A piece of soap, when 
shaped by the hands into a conical form, dipped an instant 
into water, and introduced into the rectum, is one of the 
best agents for moving the bowels in the case of puppies and 
all young animals. Enemata of soap suds are in every day 
use. A mixture of sapo mollis, molasses, and water, in vary- 
ing proportions, is a more efficient preparation. Oil of 
turpentine may be added in flatulence. 

Glycerinum. Glycerin. C3H, (OH),. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — Glycerine, E. ; glycerine, Er. ; glycerin, 
oelsiiss, G.; glycerinum, P. G. 

Derivation. — A liquid obtained by the decomposition of 
vegetable or animal fats or fixed oils, and containing not less 
than 95 per cent, of absolute glycerin. It occurs as a bye- 
product in the manufacture of soap, but is made chiefly from 
palm oil by the action of superheated steam at a tempera- 
ture of about 600° F. 

Properties. — A clear, colorless liquid, of a thick, syrupy 
consistency, oily to the touch, odorless, very sweet and 
slightly warm to the taste. Spec. gr. not less than 1.250. 
Soluble in all proportions in water or alcohol ; also soluble 
in a mixture of 3 parts of alcohol and 1 part of ether, but 



GLYCERIN 607 

insoluble in etlier, cliloroform, carlion disulpliidp, benzin, 
benzol, and fixed and volatile oils. Reaction neutral. Glyc- 
erin is a solvent for alkaloids, digestive ferments, fixed 
alkalies, bromine, iodine, tannin, extracts, salicin, borax, 
boric acid, carbolic acid, etc. 

Dose.—B.. &C., z'l. (30.); D., 3 ss.-i. (2.-4). 

PREPARATIONS. 

Olyceritum Amyli. Glycerite of Starch. (IT. S. & B. P.) 

Starch, 10; water, 10; glycerin, 80. Made by solution with heat. 

There are also official glycsrites of phenol, of tannic acid (1-4), of 
boroglycerin (31 per cent.), of hydrastis, and of phosphates of iron, 
quinine and strychnine. 

Suppositoria Glycerini. Suppositories of Glycerin. (U. S. P. ) 
Glycerin, 30 gm. ; monohydrated sodium carbonate, 0.5 gm.; stearic 
acid, 2.0 gm. Made by solution with heat and moulded into ten sup- 
positories containing 3 gm. each. 

Action External. — Glycerin is hydroscopic, emollient, 
sometimes parasiticidal, and antiseptic. It does not evaporate 
or become rancid. The chief medicinal value of glyceria 
depends upon its affinity for water, so that (in solution) it 
keeps moist the surface to which it is applied. Pure 
glycerin is, however, slightly irritant to the skin and may 
cause some inflammation of raw surfaces and mucous mem- 
branes on account of withdrawal of water from the tissues. 
It should therefore be diluted with water for most thera- 
peutic purposes. 

Action /^iferwa?.— Glycerin is absorbed and oxidized in 
the body, and possesses some value as a carbohydrous 
food. It may give rise to a substance in the urine which 
reduces cupric oxide and renders the sugar test positive. It 
is somewhat antiseptic in the digestive tract, and appears 
to inhibit the formation of glycogen in the liver in some 
cases of glycosuria. Large doses are irritant and slightly 
purgative. Enormous quantities cause poisoning in ani- 
mals, with the production of hemoglobinuria, muscular 
weakness, dryness of the mucous membranes, collapse, 
tremor, convulsions, coma and death. 



G08 TEGETABLE DRUGS 

Vscs External. — These are manifold. It is largely- 
employed in lotions, ointments, and as a vehicle for the 
substances of which it is a solvent. Glycerite of starch is a 
successful remedy for rough, dry skin, and scaly eczema. 
Glycerite of carbolic acid is an appropriate application for 
fetid sores and ulcers, and, diluted with an equal part of 
glycerin, will destroy the acari of mange and scab. It should 
be used with caution to prevent poisoning. Glycerite of 
boroglycerin is an excellent preparation for the treatment of 
apthous stomatitis and thrush. In dryness of the meatus, 
and in canker of the ear (otorrhoea) in dogs, a mixture of 
tincture of iodine, 1 part, and glycerin, 4 parts, is recom- 
mended. Scratches and cracked heels of horses, fissured 
and excoriated surfaces, and erythema, are successfully 
treated with the following prescription ; 

Tine. Opii ^ i. 

Liq. Plumbi Subacetat 1\y. 

Glycerini 3 ii. 

Aquae ad. § viii. 

M. 

S. Apply externally. 

Uses Internal. — Glycerin is employed as an exeipient for 
balls and pills, and as a vehicle for nauseous and irritating 
drugs. It is not a valuable remedy for internal use, but is 
sometimes given with the food to prevent intestinal fermen- 
tation and relieve flatulence. It may prove curative in cases 
of glycosuria ; and in trichinosis when given by the mouth, 
and in high rectal injections after active purgation. Glycerin 
is a useful addition to cough mixtures in moistening and 
soothing the throat, and in not interfering with digestion. 
When injected into the rectum in quantities of 3 iv.-vi. for 
horses, or 3 ss.-i for dogs, it often causes prompt evacuation 
of the lower bowel. The suppositories may be employed in 
canine practice. 



GLYCYERHIZA 609 

Glycyrrhiza. Glycyrrhiza. 

Synonyyn. — Glycyrrhizfie radix, B.P.; liquorice or licorice 
root, E.; rej^lisse, bois cle reglisse, boix donx, raciiie douce, 
Fr.; spanisches siissholz, spanische siissholz-wurzel, G. 

The root of Glycyrrhiza glabra Liune and of the variety 
glandulifera (Waldstein et Kittaibel) Regel et Herder (nat. 
ord. Legumiuosse). 

Hahitat. — S. Europe and W. Asia ; cultivated. 

Description. — In long, cylindrical pieces, from 5 to 25 
Mm. thick ; longitudinally wrinkled, externally grayish- 
brown, warty ; internally tawny-yellow ; pliable, tough ; 
fracture coarsely fibrous ; bark rather thick ; wood porous 
but dense, in narrow wedges ; medullary rays linear ; taste 
sweet, somewhat acrid. The drug derived from the variety 
glandulifera (so-called Russian liquorice) consists usually of 
roots or root-branches 1 to 4 Cm. thick, 15 to 30 Cm. long, 
frequently deprived of the corky layer, the wood rather soft, 
and usually more or less cleft. 

Constituents. — 1, a yellow, sweet, amorphous glucoside, 
glycyrrhizin (C„,H.„0.,), about 6 per cent.; 2, glycyramin ; 3, 
asparagin, about 3 per cent.; 4, an acrid resin ; 5, starch; 6, 
glucose. 

PREPARATIONS. 

F Inidextractum Olycyrrhiza:. Fluidextract of Glycyrrliiza. 
(U. S. P.) 

Made by maceration and percolation with water of ammonia, 
alcohol and water, and evaporation, so that 1 cc. = 1 gm. of the crude 
drug. Dose of the root or fluidextract is unimportant. 

E.rtracfnm Glycyrvhizce Liquiduni. (B. P.) 
Dose unimportant. 

Piihns Qlycyrrhizm Compositus. (U. S. P.) (See p. 579.) 

Action and Uses. — Liquorice is demulcent and slightly 
laxative. The powdered root is employed as an excipient 
in making electuaries, since it is soothing to the throat. It 
is also used as an excipient in the preparation of balls, and 
more or less successfully conceals, in the form of the fluid 



GIO VEGETABLE DRUGS 

extract, the taste of aloes, cascara sagrada, ammonium chlo- 
ride, turpentine, hyoscyamus and quinine sulphate. 



LiNUM. Linseed. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — Flaxseed, E.; semence de liu, Fr.; leinsa- 
men, flachssameu, G.; semen lini, P.G. 

The seed of Linum usitatissimum Liune (nat. ord, 
Lineae). 

Hdhitat. — Most temperate climates. 

Description. — About- 4 or 5 Mm. long, oblong-ovate, 
flatteiK d, obliquely pointed at one end; brown, glossy, 
covered with a transparent, mucilaginous epithelium, whicli 
swells considerably in water ; the embrj^o whitish or pale 
greenish, with two large oily, planoconvex cotyledons and a 
thin perisperm; inodorous; taste mucilaginous, oily and 
bitter. 

Oonstituents. — 1, linseed oil, 30 to 35 per cent, in the 
nucleus ; 2, gum, 15 per cent, in the epidermis ; 3, proteids, 
25 per cent.; 4, a trace of auiygdalin. 

Action and Uses. — Linseed is a food. Oil cake or linseed 
cake from which the oil has been expressed, is exceedingly 
rich in protein (25-30 per cent.), and is also richer in fat (IQ 
per cent.) than most foods. Cottonseed meal, whicli contains 
considerably more protein and fat, is more frequently em- 
jDloyed in the United States. Gruel made from crushed 
linseed meal cake, or linseed meal, is useful as a restorative 
in all anin:als recovering from acute and debilitating dis- 
eases. The cake (1 lb.), or a pint of cottonseed meal per 
diem, is a good addition to the ordinary fodder for horses 
suffering from malnutrition, with rough staring coats and 
dry skin, and for those affected with " broken wind." Gruel 
of linseed meal or cake is also serviceable for calves or 
lambs when reared on skimmed milk or other poor food. 
Linseed tea, made by steeping 1 part of whole linseed in 20 
parts, by weight, of boiling water, for 1-4 hours, followed by 
straining, is a valuable demulcent preparation in pharyngitis, 



ACACIA 611 

bronchitis, gastro-enteritis, and is possibly useful in acute 
cystitis and nephritis. It may be given in any amount 
which an animal will take A'oluntarily. The mucilage con- 
tained in linseed tea cannot be carried through the blood 
and eliminated by the kidneys, so that it must act by virtue 
of the water contained in it and perhaps by some intrinsic 
diuretic property. 

The addition of a few drachms of gum arable to the 
quart of linseed tea will improve the demulcent action. 
Linseed, linseed meal or farina lini is the best substance to 
use in the preparation of poultices. It should be mixed 
with an equal quantity of bran, when the poultice is applied 
directly to the part. If the poultice is enclosed in a bag, 
the outside should be oiled to prevent its sticking to the skin. 
Linseed meal, mixed with an equal amount of molasses, 
forms a common excipient for ball masses. Linseed tea, 
made thicker than usual, is a good local application in irri- 
tation of the rectum, or vagina. 

Acacia. Acacia. 

Synonym. — Acacise gummi, B.P.; gum arable, E.; gomme 
arabique, Fr.; arabisches gummi, G. 

A gummy exudation from Acacia Senegal Willdenow 
(nat. ord. Leguminosse). 

Habitat. — N., E., and W. Africa. 

Properties. — In roundish tears of various sizes, or broken 
into angular fragments with a glass-like, sometimes irides- 
cent fi-acture ; opaque from numerous fissures, but trans- 
parent and nearly colorless in thin pieces ; nearly inodorous; 
taste insipid, mucilaginous ; insoluble in alcohol, but soluble 
in 2 parts of water, forming a thick, mucilaginous liquid. 

Constituents. — Arabin or arable acid (CioH.oOu), in com- 
bination with about 3 per cent, of magnesium, potassium and 
calcium. 

Incompatihles. — Alcohol, ferric salts, lead subacetate, 
borax, and sulphuric acid. 



612 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

Preparations. — Mucilago acacise, U. S. <fe B. P. (34 per 
cent., U. S.), and syrupus acaciae, U. S. P. (25 per cent.) 

Dose. — Ad lib. 

Action and Uses. — Gum arable Is but slightly nutritious. 
It is a useful demulcent in covering and protecting inflamed 
mucous membranes of the upper respiratory and digestive 
tracts. It may be given freely in water, but large quantities 
may undergo fermentation and cause indigestion and diar- 
rhcBa. A 10 per cent, aqueous solution is sometimes injected 
into the bladder, vagina or rectum in inflammation of .these 
parts. Acacia is chiefly of value in medicine for the prepara- 
tion of mixtures, emulsions, pills, balls and electuaries. 
About 3 iii- of mucilago acacise are required to suspend 3 i. 
of oil or resinous tincture. Acacia is sometimes prescribed 
in genito-urinary irritation. Animals will voluntarily drink 
aqueous solutions. 

Tragacantha. Tragacanth. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — Gomme adragaute, Fr. 

A gummy exudation from Astragalus gumniifer Labil- 
lardiere, and from other species of Astragalus (nat. ord. 
Leguminosae). 

Habitat. — Asia Minor. 

Projjerties. — In narrow or broad bands, more or less 
curved or contorted, marked by parallel lines or ridges; 
white or faintly yellowish, translucent, horn-like, tough, and 
rendered more easily pulverizable by a heat of 122° F. 
Very sparingly soluble in Avater, but swells into a gelatinous 
mass which is tinged blue with iodine. 

Constituents. — 1, arabin, 53.3 per cent., not identical with 
arabin of acacia, however ; 2, bassorin (CgHioOj), 33.1 per 
cent., a gum, swells up with water but does not dissolve ; 3, 
starch ; 4, ash. 

PREPARATION. 

MucUago Tragacanthce. Mucilage of Tragacanth. (U. S. & B. P.) 
Tragacanth, 6; glycerin, 18; water to make 100. (U. S.) 
Dose.— Ad. lib. 



ALTHiEA G13 

Action and Uses. — Tragacanth is a demulcent, but is 
chiefly used iu the preparation of mixtures and emulsions to 
suspend oils, resins and insoluble powders. 

Althaea. Althaea. (U. S. P.) 

Synonym. — Marshmallow root, E.; racine de guimauve, 
Fr. ; altheewurzel, eibischwuizel, G.; radix althseae, P.G. 

The root of Althaea officinalis Linne (nat. ord. Malvaceae). 

Habitat. — N. and W. Asia and Europe. Cultivated in 
Europe, and naturalized iu E. United States and Australia, 
growing in salt marshes. 

Constituents. — 1, bassorin, 35 per cent.; 2, pectin, 10 per 
cent.; 3, asparagin, 1 per cent.; 4, sugar. 

Action and Uses. — Althaea is occasionally employed as a 
demulcent in irritable conditions of the digestive canal, and 
as a vehicle in the form of syrup. 

Saccharum. Sugar. CioH220n- (U. S. P.) 

Synonym. — Saccharum purificatum, B.P.; "refined sugar, 
cane sugar, E.; sucre, sucre de canne, Fr.; zucker, rohrzuc- 
ker, G. ' 

The refined sugar obtained from Saccharum officinarum 
Linne, and from various species or varieties of sorghum (nat. 
ord. Gramineae) ; also from one or more varieties of Beta 
vulgaris Linne (nat. ord. Chenopodiaceae). 

Habitat. — Indigenous in S. Asia, but cultivated in many 
tropical and sub-tropical countries. 

Projxrties. — White, hard, dry, distinctly crystalline 
granules, odorless, and having a purely sweet taste. Per- 
maniint in the air. Soluble in 0.5 part of water ; in 0.2 part 



61-i VEGETABLE DRUGS 

of boiling water, and in 175 parts of alcohol. Insoluble in 
ether, chloroform, or carbon disulphide. 

PREPARATION. 

Syrupus. Syrup. (U. S. P.) 

Synonym. — Simple L;yrup, E. ; sirop de sucre, Fr.; weisser syrup, O.; 
syrupus simplex, P.G. 

Made by solution of sugar, 850; with heat in distilled water, strain* 
ing, and addition of distilled water to make 1000. (U. S. P.) 

Molasses. (Non-official.) 

Synonym. — Theriaca, B.P. ; sacchari faex, syrupus fus- 
cus, treacle, E.; melasse, Fr.; melasse, G. 

The brown, uncrystallizable syrup that drains away 
from the crystals of raw sugar in the refining process. 

Action and Uses. — Sugar, syrup and molasses are demul- 
cents, and are sometimes employed in medicated syrup or 
electuary, for their soothing action on the throat in catarrh 
of the upper air passages. They are liable to ferment in the 
alimentary canal if given continuously, with the production 
of acidity and indigestion, so that they are not suitable for 
general use as demulcents. Sugar, syrup and molasses are 
mainly useful as vehicles, corrigents, preservatives, and 
escipients in pharmacy. Sugar is utilized as a constituent 
of powders, and syrup and molasses are excipients in the 
preparation of balls and electuaries. Sugar increases the 
solubility of calcium salts (see Syrupus Calcis, p. 156) and 
protects ferrous compounds from oxidation (see Ferri Carb. 
Sacch.,p. 194). 

Sugar is an antiseptic, and, in syrup, prevents the fer- 
mentation of active medicinal substances. Brown sugar and 
molasses are laxative, in large doses, and are prescribed in 
veterinary practice, with ginger, to aid the action of salts on 
cattle (Oss.-i.) and sheep ( § ii-vi.); (See Epsom salts, p. 163.) 



AsriDiuM 515 

SECTION XIY.— VEGETABLE DEUGS KILLING 
PAEASITES. 

Class 1. — Used to Destroy Tape-Worms. 

AspiDiUM. Aspidium. (U. S. P.) 

Synonym. — Filix mas, B.P.; radix filicis maris, male 
•fern, male shield fern, E.; rhizome (racine) de fougere male, 
Fr. ; wurmfarnwurzel, waldfarnwurzel, johanniswurzel, G. • 
rhizoma filicis, P.G. 

The rhizome of Drjopteris Felix-mas Schott, and of 
Dryopteris Marginalis Asa Gray (nat. ord. Filices). 

Habitat. — D. filix-mas, Europe ; D. marginalis, U. S. 

Description. — From 5 to 15 Cm. long, 10 to 25 Mm. in 
thickness, and, together with the closely imbricated, dark- 
brown, roundish, and slightly curved stipe-remnants, 50 to 
75 Mm. in diameter ; densely curved, with brown, gloss}^ 
transparent and soft, chaffy scales ; internally pale-green ; 
rather spongy ; vascular bundles about ten (Dryopteris filix- 
mas) or six (Dryopteris marginalis) in number, arranged in 
an interrupted circle ; odor slight, but disagreeable ; taste 
sweetish, acrid, somewhat bitter, astringent and nauseous. 

Constituents. — The active principles are : (1) filicic acid 
(C35H42O13), a white, amorphous crystalline substance, and a 
series of neutral bodies, as aspidin, aspidinin (derivatives of 
phloroglucin). To filicic acid and these latter the action of 
aspidium is due. There are also : (2) a fixed oil, 6 per cent.; 
(3) resin, 4 per cent.; (4) filicin (CjgH.oOio), a crystalline 
principle soluble in chloroform, benzol, fixed and volatile 
oils ; (5) filix-red, a coloring matter ; (6) a small quantity of 
a volatile oil. 

Dose.—R. &. C, 3 v.-vi. (150.-180.); Sh., I ii.-iv. (60.-120.); 
Lambs, 3 i.-ii- (4.-8.); D. & 0., 3 ss.-i. (15.-30.). 

PREPABATION 

Oleoresina Aspidii. Oleoresin of Aspidium. (U. S. P.) 

Made by percolation with ether, distillation and evaporation of the 
ether. Dase (also of the extractum filicis liquidum, B.P.) — H. & C, 
3 iii.-vi. (12.-24.); Sh. & Sw., : i.-ii. (4.-8.) ; D. & C, nxv.- 3 i. (1. 4.) 



61G VEGETABLE DRUGS 

Action and Uses. — Aspidium is chiefly of value in veter- 
inary medicine as a tseniacide or agent destroying tape- worms, 
particularly tliose inhabiting dogs. Large quantities of the 
drug cause haemorrhagic gastro-enteritis, tremorp, weakness, 
stupor, coma, acute nephritis and cystitis. Six drachms of 
the oleoresin have proved fatal in man and sheep ; five 
drachms in a medium-sized dog ; and three ounces in the 
case of a cow. Aspidium must never be given with oil, 
which aids its absorption. Dogs should be fasted 24 hours 
or fed on a little milk ; then the oleoresin should be admin- 
istered, and the dose repeated in 3 hours. After the expira- 
tion of 12 hours from the administration of the first dose, a 
purgative quantity of castor oil is to be exhibited. An 
injection of salt and water assists the expulsion of segments 
of taenia from the rectum. If the head of the taenia is not 
expelled the treatment may be repeated in three days or a 
week. The oleoresin may be flavored with a few drops of 
oil of peppermint, and is often combined with a small dose 
of areca nut (gr.i. to the lb. live weight) iu emulsion with 
mucilage of tragacanth, or with fluid extract of kousso, 3 i- 
to 3 ii. The oleoresin may also be exhibited in pills or 
capsules. It is on the whole the best agent against the tape- 
worms cf dogs, including Taenia serrata, T. marginata, T. 
coenurus and T. echinococcus. 

Areca. (Non-ofiicial.) 

Synonym. — Areca-nut, betal-nut, E. ; noix d'areque, Fr.; 
areca-nuss, G. 

The seed of Areca Catechu (nat. ord. Palmaceae).- 

Habitat. — India, Coromandel and Malabar coasts ; also 
in warm parts of Asia. 

Description. — The seeds resenable nutmeg in size, shape 
and color. -They yield a brown powder, partially soluble iu 
water and alcohoL The taste is astringent. 

Constituents. — 1, the active principle is the liquid alka- 
loid, arecoline (C^HiaNOj); arecoline hydrobromate is the 



ARECA 617 

commercial salt, occurring in white crystals, soluble in 
alcohol and water; dose — H. & C, gr.g-l- (.02-.06), subcut. ; 
2, an inert alkaloid ; 3, red tannic acid ; 4, an oil. 

Dose. — Areca md — H., 3 ss.-i. (15.-30.) ; Lamb, 3 i. (4.) ; 
D., gr.ii. for each lb. of live weight, or gr.xv.-3ii. (1.-8.); 
i'owl (against A. gibbosa), gr.x.-xl. in pill. 

Action and Uses. — Areca nut is an anthelmintic more 
commonly classed as a taeniacide, but capable of killing 
round-worms satisfactorily. It acts more successfully as a 
vermicide in dogs than in the case of the larger animals. 
Areca nut is an astringent in small doses, but large amounts 
induce catharsis. When the drug is used as an anthelmintic 
the animal should be deprived of food for 24 hours previous 
to its administration. The powder is given to dogs in milk, 
frequently with oleoresin of male fern in small quantity. If 
purgation does not follow the use of areca nut within a short 
time, a dose of castor oil is indicated. The fluid extract is a 
more convenient preparation. 

Arecoline hydrobromate (CgHijNOj H Br) has been 
recently employed subcutaneously — H., gi'.|^-i. (.02-.06) ; D., 
S^'To'iV (.001-. 005) — as a rapidly-acting cathartic, exciting 
peristalsis, in colic and indigestion of horses, and in gastritis 
("Fardel bound") of ruminants. Experiments have been made 
by Muir* with arecoline to prove its eflScacy as a rapidly 
acting cathartic. He finds that while the drug produces 
salivation, it does not markedly increase intestin.-il secretion, 
but acts chiefly by stimulating peristalsis ; that it fre- 
quently causes severe colic and nausea; that there is also 
incontinence of urine ; that the pulse becomes slower and 
softer, and that sweating and reduction of temperature 
occur during its action; that arecoline hydrobromate may 
be safely given in the dose of ^ grain (0.02) intravenously 
or subcutaneously, and repeated in an hour if necessary. 
Finally, arecoline is less desirable than eserine on account 
of the distressing symptoms accompanying its purgative 



* Journal of Comp. Med. and Vet. Archives, Jan. and P'eb., 1899. 



618 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

action, and is still less so than barium cliloride, which 
<!auses no unpleasant effects at all in most cases and appears 
to be the most satisfactory of the rapidly acting cathartics 
which may be given under the skin. In 1 per cent, solution 
the alkaloid is used in the eye as a myotic. 



Kamala. Kamala. (Non-ofl&cial.) 

Synonym. — Rottlera. 

The glands and hairs from the capsules of Mallotus 
philippinensis (Lamarck) Mueller Arg. (nat. ord. Euphor- 
biacene). 

Habitat. — India, China and the Philippine Islands. 

Properties. — A granular, mobile, brick-red or brownish- 
red powder, inodorous and nearly tasteless ; imparting a 
deep red color to alkaline liquids, alcohol, ether or chloro- 
form, and a pale yellow tinge to boiling water. Under the 
microscope it is seen to consist of stellately arranged, color- 
less hairs, mixed with depressed-globular glands, containing 
numerous red, club-shaped vesicles. 

Constituents. — The chief principle is (1) rottlerin, 
(C^aHjoOc), occurring in yellow acicular crystals, soluble in hot 
alcohol, ether, benzol, and carbon disulphide. There are 
also. (2) resins, 80 per cent. 

Dose.—D., 3ss.-ii. (2.-8.-); H. & C, § i. (30.). 

Action and Uses. — Kamala is an anthelmintic. It is 
employed more frequently as a tseniacide, but will also kill 
ascarides and oxyurides. Large doses may give rise to 
nausea and vomiting in dogs and cats. Kamala is also a 
purgative, so that it is rarely necessary to employ one after 
its administration. It should be given in syrup to the fast- 
ing animal, and repeated in eight hours if the first dose is 
not operative by that time. 



Kous.so 619 

Cusso. Kousso. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Stjnonym. — Brayera, kooso, kusso, E.; cousso, kousso, 
Fr.; kosso, cusso, kusso, G.; flores kosso, P.G. 

The female inflorescence of Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce) 
Gmelin (nat. ord. Rodaceae). 

Habitat. — Abyssinia. 

Description. — In bundles, rolls, or compressed clusters 
consisting of pannicles about 25 Cm. long, with a sheathing 
bract at the base of each branch ; the two roundish bracts 
at the base of each flower, and the four or five obovate, outer 
sepals are of a reddish color, membranous and veiny ; calyx 
top-shaped, hairy, enclosing two carpels or nutlets; odor 
slight, fragrant and tea-like ; taste bitter, acrid and nauseous. 

Constituents. — 1, the active principle is kosin or koussiu, 
a yellow, tasteless, crystalline glucoside, soluble in alcohol, 
chloroform, benzol and ether, but insoluble in water ; dose — 
dogs, gr.x.-xl. (.6-2.6); 2, a volatile oil ; 3, gum ; 4, tannic 
acid ; 5, two resins. 

Dose. — Small dogs, 3 ss.-i. (2.-4); large dogs, 3ii.-iv. 
(8.-15.). 

PREPARATION. 

FJuidextradum Cusso. Fluid extract of Kousso. (Non-official.) 

Synonym. — Extractum brayerae fliiidum. 

Made by maceration and percolation of kousso with alcohol, and 
evaporation, so that 1 Cc. = 1 Gm. of the crude drug. 
Dose. — Same as kousso. 

Action and Uses. — Kousso is an effective tseniacide in 
dogs and cats. Large doses cause nausea, colicky pains and 
some catharsis. Kousso is administered in milk, or as an 
infusion flavored with peppermint ; also in the form of the 
fluid extract, or glucoside in capsules, to the fasting animal. 
It should be repeated 3 times, at hour intervals, and followed 
by a small dose of castor oil if the bowels are not sufiiciently 
relaxed. There is little danger of poisoning even by great 
quantities of the drug. 



620 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

Granatum. Pomegranate. 

Synonym. — Granati radicis cortex, B.P. ; ecorce cle la 
racine de grenadier (de balaustier), Fr.; granat-wurzelrinde, 
G.; cortex radicis granati, P.G. 

The bark of the stem and root of Punica Granatum 
Linne (nat. ord, Lythrariese). 

Habitat. — India and S. W. Asia. Also cultivated and 
naturalized in sub-tropical countries. 

Description. — In thin quills or fragments, from 5 to 10 
Cm. long, and from 1 to 3 Mm. thick ; outer surface yellowish- 
gray, somewhat warty, or longitudinally and reticulately 
rigid ; the stem-bark often partly covered with blackish 
lichens; the thicker pieces of the root-bark more or less 
scaly externally ; inner surface smooth, finely-striate ; 
grayish-yellow ; indistinctly radiate ; inodorous ; taste astrin- 
gently, very slightly bitter. 

Constituents. — The active principle is (1) pelletierine 
(CgHijNO), \ per cent., a colorless, oil}', aromatic alkaloid, 
soluble in alcohol, chloroform and ether ; four salts occur 
in commerce : the tannate, sulphate, hydrobromate and 
hydrochlorate ; the first is more frequently used ; dose — 
D., gr.ii.-v. (.12-.3) ; 2, punico-tannic acid, 22 per cent.; 3^ 
methyl, pseudo, and iso-pelletierine ; the latter is a taenia- 
cide. 

Dose. — Dogs, 3 ss.-i.ss. (2.-6.) 

PREPARATIONS, 

Fluidextractum Granati. (U. S. P.) 
Z>ose.— D., 3ss.-i. (2.-4.). 

Pelletieriiice Tonnas. (U. S. P.) 
Dose. — D., gr.iv. (.24). 

Action and Uses. — Pomegranate is inferior to the fore- 
going drugs as an anthelmintic, since it is disagreeable and 
prone to produce vomiting. Pomegranate is an astringent, 
but, in large, doses, acts as an emetic and purgative and has 
occasioned weakness, colic, dizziness and convulsions. In 
sufficient amount pelletierine is said to paralyze motor 
nerves, like curare. Granatum is an anthelmintic, chiefly 
against tape-worm. The decoction (1-8, B.P.) may be em- 



SANTONICA 821 

ployed (with ^ part syriip of gino;er) in three closes, at 
hour intervals, for dogs. The patient should be previously 
fasted for 24 hours, and castor oil is indicated if purging is 
not produced by pomegranate. Tannate of pelletierine is a 
yellowish, astringent- tastiug powder, soluble in 12.6 parts of 
alcohol and 235 parts of water. It is invariably used in 
human medicine in preference to the crude drug, and should 
be followed in 2 hours by a dose of castor oil. The use of 
pelletierine is undesirable in young animals. 

Class 2.— Used to Destroy Round-Worms. 

Santonica. Santonica. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — Levant worm seed, semen cin?e, s. contra, s. 
sanctum, s. santonici, E.; barbotine, semencine, Fr.; wurm- 
samen, zitwersamen, G.; flores cinse, P.G. 

The unexpanded flower-heads of Artemisia pauciflora 
"Weber (nat. ord. Co!npop.itfe). 

Habitat. — Northern middle Europe and Asia. 

Description. — From 2 to 4 Mm. long ; oblong-ovoid, 
obtuse, smooth, somewhat glossy, grayish-green, consisting 
of an involucre of about 12 to 18 closely imbricated, glandu- 
lar scales with a broad midrib, enclosing four or five rudi- 
mentary florets ; odor strong, peculiar, somewhat camphor- 
aceous ; taste aromatic and bitter. 

Constituents. — The active principle is (1) santonin. 
There is also (2) a volatile oil. 

Santoninum. Santonin. CisHigOs. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — Santonine, Fr.; santonin, G. 

A neutral principle obtained from santonica. 

Derivation. — Made from a mixture of lime and santonica 
by exhausting with alcohol, evaporation of the latter, and by 
the addition of acetic acid to the residue. Santonin is 
obtained by treating an alcoholic solution of the residue with 
animal charcoal and crystallization. 



^22 ' VEGETABLE DRUGS 

Properties. — Colorless, shining, flattened, prismatic 
crystals ; odorless and nearly tasteless when first put in the 
mouth, but afterwards developing a bitter taste; not altered 
by exposure to air, but turning yellow on exposure to light. 
Xearly insoluble in cold water; soluble in 40 parts of 
alcohol, in 140 parts of ether, in 4 parts of chloroform, and 
in solutions of caustic alkalies. 

PREPARATION. 

Trochisci Santonini. (U. S. & B. P.) 
U. S. P., gr.ss. ; B. P., gr. i. each. 

i>05e.— Puppies, gr.J-4 (.015-.03) ; D., gr.i.-iii. (.06- 
.18); H., 5^-iv. (1.-15.). 

Action and C/ses.— Santonin is preferable to santonica. 
Santonin is chiefly valuable as a parasiticide against round- 
v/orms ; viz. : A. lumbricoides of cattle and swine, A. mystax 
and marginata of cats and dogs, and A. megalocephala of 
horses. It has no influence on tape-worms, nor probably on 
oxyurides. 

Large doses cause poisoning, with the occurrence, in 
dogs, of nausea and vomiting, weakness, giddiness, muscular 
trembling, salivation, twitching of the head muscles, rolling 
of the eyes and grinding of the teeth. Then flexion and ex- 
tension, and rotation of the head from side to side, are fol- 
lowed by epileptiform convulsions. Between the convulsions 
momentary contractions of the muscles all over the body may 
be seen (Cushny). The convulsions are due to stimulation 
of the cortical and spinal motor centres. There are — slow 
pulse, dilated pupils, and rapid respiration, and death en- 
sues from asphyxia. While 5 to 6 grains induce symptoms 
of poisoning in dogs, |- to 1 drachm has often f ailedto produce 
a fatal result. Santonin is eliminated by the l^idneys, in- 
creasing their secretion, coloring an acid urine yellow, and an 
alkaline urine purplish-red, or bloody hue. Xanthopsy or 
yellow sight occurs in man, probably from a specific action on 
the retina. There is congestion of the heart, lungs and nerv- 
ous centres observed after death, but no gastro-enteritis. San- 
tonin is very slowly absorbed from the intestines and is oxi- 
dized in the tissues and eliminated as oxysantonins. The 
best treatment of poisoning consists in emptying the stomach 



STAPIIISAGKIA 623 

and bowels by emetics and purgatives, and in the use of 
inlialations of antrstheties, and enemata of chloral, to relieve 
the convulsions. The administration of santonin should be 
followed or accompanied by that of a cathartic, as santonin 
is repugnant, rather than fatal, to worms. 

The drug may be given to fasting puppies as follows: 
^ HydrarfT. Chlorid. Mkis. 

Santonini aa gr.v. 

Sacehari ad, 3 i. 

M. et div. in chart, no. x. 

Sig, One powder tid, (for round-worms). 

or: — 

Santonin! gr. vi. 

01. Ricini 3 ii. 

M. 

Sig. Give one-third every third day (for round-worms). 

Santonin may be given in pill to dogs combined w'ith 
oleoresina filicis and areca nut. Santonin is not so com- 
monly or successfully used in the treatment of round-worms 
in horses, as turpentine and aloes, creolin, etc, A ball con- 
taining 3 ii. of santonin and 3 i. of calomel, or a combination 
of 3 iv. santonin and 1 pint of castor oil, are suitable pre- 
scriptions for the horse. Santonin is often remedial in 
incontinence of urine in young animals, when belladonna 
fails, and is frequently beneficial in the treatment of 
amaurosis. 

Class 3. — Used to Destroy Lice. 
Staphisagria. Staphisagria. 

Synonym. — Staphisagria?. semina, B.P. ; stavesacre, 
semina staphidis agritie s. pedicularis, E, ; staphisaigre, Fr. ; 
stephauskorner, lausekorncr, G. 

The seeds of Delphinium Staphisagria Linne (nat. ord. 
RanuneulacejTp) , 

Ilahttat. — Shore;; of Mediterranean ; cultivated. 

Description. — About 5 Mm. long, 3 or 4 Mm. broad, 
flattish-tetrahedral, one side convex, brown or brownish-gray, 
with reticulate ridges, containing a whitish, oily, albumen 
and a straight embryo ; nearly inodorous, taste bitter and 
acrid. 

Constituents. — 1, the important principle is delphinine 
(C22II35NO6), a white, poisonous, crystalline alkaloid resem- 



G24 ■ VEGETABLE DRUGS 

bling veratrine and aconite ; soluble in alcohol, chloroform, 
and ether ; 2, delphisine (Cj,!!^^^,©^) ; 3, delphinoidine 
(CjaHgsNjO,) ; 4, staphisagrine (C22H22NO5) ; 5, a fixed oil. 

Action and Uses. — Powdered staphisagria is employed 
solely to kill lice (pediculi) in ointmeut (1-2) with benzoin- 
ated lard or vaseline. Creolin solutions (3-6 per cent.), 
tobacco infusions (5-10 per cent), and oil of anise with 
sweet oil (1-10 per cent.), are also used for the same purpose. 
The latter mixture is an elegant preparation for pet dogs. 

The tincture of larkspur (Delphinium consolida), another 
species of the same genus, is also a very efficient parasiticide 
against pediculi. It contains 1 part of lai'kspur seeds to 16 
of alcohol. 

Class 4. — Used, to Destroy Pleas. 

Pyrethrum. Pyrethrum. (Non-official.) 

Synonym. — Persian, Caucasian or Dalmatian insect 
powder. 

The flowers of Pyrethrum roseum and carneum. 

Habiiai. — Caucasian Mountains ; cultivated in Califor- 
nia, U. S. 

Description. — A coarse, greenish-yellow, pungent powder. 
Pyrethrum is the best parasiticide for fleas (pulicidae). It is 
used more frequently to kill these parasites on cats and dogs. 
Pyrethrum is simply dusted over the whole body or is 
applied in the form of a tincture (1-4), diluted with IP parts 
of water. 

The application of Dalmatian insect powder to kittens 
and puppies, or to dogs and cats in enfeebled condition, may 
be attended with danger unless the powder is brushed off 
within 10 or 15 minutes after its use. Deaths have occurred 
in these animals following its free and careless employment. 



EKGOT 625 

SECTIOi^ XV.— VEGETABLE DRUGS STIMULA- 
TING UNSTRIATED MUSCLE, PARTICU- 
LARLY THAT OF THE UTERUS. 

Ergota. Ergot. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — Ergot of rye, spurred rye, E. ; ergot, ergot 
de seigle, ergot de ble, ble coruu, Fr.; mutterkorn, korn- 
raiitter, zapfenkorn, G. 

The sclerotinin of Claviceps purpurea (Fries) Tulasne 
(Class Fungi), replacing the grain of rje, Secale cereale 
Linne (nat. ord. Graminea^). 

Habitat. — Ergot is obtained mainly from Spain and 
Russia. 

Description. — Somewhat fusiform, obtusely triangular, 
usually curved, about 2 or 3 Cm. long and 3 Mm. thick ; 
three-furrowed, ohtuse at both ends, purplish-black, inter- 
nally whitish with some purplish striae, breaking with a short 
fracture; odor peculiar, heavy; taste oily and disagreeable. 

Constituents. — It is doubtful whether the principles so 
far discovered wholly represent the activity of ergot. The 
following are the more important constituents: 1. Sphace- 
linic acid which contains the chief active principle — sphacelo- 
toxin, a resinous body soluble in alcohol. Sphacelotoxin, 
however, often itself combines with other constituents of 
ergot to form new principles. Thus with a weak acid sub- 
stance it forms the principle Chrysotoxin. The more im- 
portant medicinal virtues of ergot reside in sphacelotoxin 
and its derivatives. These are two : The power to constrict 
blood vessels, and the power to institute marked contraction 
of the pregnant womb. In poisoning by sphacelotoxin gan- 
grene of the extremities occurs due to the prolonged con- 
striction of arterioles. Thus in cocks dry gangrene of the 
comb is seen and this is used as the physiological test by 
which the activity of ergot is commonly proven. Toxic 
doses of sphacelotoxin produce violent irritation of the diges- 
tive tract. 

2. Cornutine, an alkaloidal substance soluble in alco- 
hol and probably embodj-ing in itself several distinct prin- 
ciples not yet separated. While cornutine stimulates the 
vagus, vasomotor and other medullary centres, primarily, 
yet this action is soon followed by depression and great fall 



026 ' VEGETABLE DKUGS 

of blood pressure. 3. Ergotiuic acid. This counteracts the 
action of the other principles of ergot by depressing the 
heart, vasomotor centre and spinal cord — but only when 
injected into a vein and subcutaneously, not when ingested. 
By giving ergot by the mouth the opposing action of crgo- 
tinic acid is avoided. These then are the chief active princi- 
ples of ergot (so far as known) and the action of ergot is 
the resultant of their actions. The chemistry of ergot is not 
only extremely complex but its principles are unstable and 
easily transformed into others. 'No one principle represents 
ergot and the action of the pharmaceutical preparations may 
differ much in poisonous doses. 

Dose.~JI. & C, 5ss.-i. (15.-30.); Sb. & S., oi.-ii. 
(4.-8. );.D., oss.-i. (2.-4.) 

PREPARATIONS. 

Fluidewtractum Ergotce. Fluidextract of Ergot. (U. S. P.) 
Made by maceration and percolation with diluted alcohol and 
acetic acid, and evaporation, so that 1 cc. = 1 gm. of ergot. 

Dose.—H. & C, Bss.-i. (15.-30.); Sh. & Sw., 3 i.-ii. (4.-8.); D., 
3ss.-i. (2.-4.). 

Extractum Ergotce. Extract of Ergot. (U. S. & B. P.) 
Synonym. — Ergotin. 

Made by evaporation of the fluid extract to a pilular consistence. 
Dose.—B.. & C, gr.xx.-3i. (1.3-4.); D., gr.ii.-x. (.12-.6). (By 
mouth or subcutaneously. ) 

Extractum Ergota Liquidum. (B. P.) 
(5 i ergot = § 1. of preparation.) 
Dose.—U. & C, 3iv. (15.); Sh. & Sw., 3 i. (4.); D., Tllxv.-xxx. 
(I.-.2.) 

Tinctura Ergotce Ammoniata. (B. P.) 

(109 gr. to §i.) 
Dose— H. & C, Sss.-ii. (15.-60.); Sh. & Sw., 3 i.-iv. (4.-15.); D., 
3ss.-ii. (2.-8.). 

Injectio Ergctini Hypodermica. (B. P. ) (33 per cent.) 
Dose.—B..,ll-\l ( 3.-6. ) ; D., TTliii.-x. (.2-.6). 

Ergot deteriorates rapidly with age. Both it and its 
preparations should be fresh ^nd the drug should be dis- 
carded when over a year old. 

Action Internal. — Digestive Organs. — Ergot stimu- 
lates directly the involuntary muscle of the stomach and in- 
testines (vomiting and purging), but this action is not 'ap- 
parent in medicinal doses. The blood vessels in the walls of 
the digestive tract are contracted directly by the drug, and also 
because of the constriction of the muscular walls themselves. 



EKGOT 627 

Circulation. — Ergot is absorbed into the blood, but does 
not influence that fluid. The essential action consists in 
constriction of the arterioles and veins throughout the body, 
with rise of blood pressure. This is due to stimulation of 
the medullary vasomotor centre and walls of the arterioles 
(sphacelotoxin and chrysotoxin) and the spinal vasomotor 
centres (chrysotoxin). The pulse rate is also somewhat re- 
duced, owing, probably, to stimulation of the peripheral 
cardiac vagi. When ergot is thrown directly into a vein 
(ergotinic acid), vascular tension is much lowered. This 
phenomenon follows depression of the vasomotor centre and 
heart muscle and does not occur after ordinary therapeutic 
administration of ergot by the mouth or even under the skin. 
Toxic doses paralyze both the vasomotor centres and heart 
muscle (ergotinic acid and cornutine). 

Nervous System. — The nervous system is not affected 
by medicinal doses of ergot, nor by large single doses of the 
drug. Certain changes occur in poisoning, but these are not 
understood. 

Uterus. — Ergot causes contraction of the pregnant 
womb. It does not invariably induce abortion, but does 
always act on the parturient organ. Small doses increase the 
duration and force of the uterine contractions, but large 
medicinal doses produce a tonic, continuous spasm of the 
Avomb without the usual intermissions. Ergot possesses little 
influence on the normal unimpregnated uterus. The action 
on the womb is probably to be ascribed to stimulation of the 
uterine unstriated muscle (sphaceltoxin), and the spinal 
lumbar centres controlling this organ (chrysotoxin). Ergot 
is the oxytocic in most common use. The secretion of urine, 
sweat, saliva and milk is lessened by ergot, owing to general 
vascular contraction. 

Administration. — The fluid extract is generally given 
by the mouth. Some proprietary preparations are made for 
subcutaneous use. Bonjean's ergotin, or the official extract, 
are employed hypodermatically. 

IJ Extr. Ergotse gr.xl. 

Alcohol. 

Glycerini. 

Aq. dest aa 3 i- 

M. 

Sig. Give one-half subcutaneously to a horse ; 10 to 15 M. to dogs. 



628 VEGETABLE DKUGS 

Injections sliould bps mntle deeply into the muscular 
tissue to avoid abscess. Ergot sliould be repeated frequently 
to arrest lisemorrliage. 

Toxicology. — Enormous single doses are required to 
poison animals or man. When as much as two drachms of 
ergot to the pound, live weight, are given to dogs, death is not 
constant. Three ounces, however, have proved fatal to small 
dogs. Acute poisoning is characterized by vomiting (in dogs), 
profuse salivation, dilation of the pupils, rapid breathing, 
and frequent pulse. The animal cries out, has convulsive 
twitchings, staggering gait, paraplegia, intense thirst, and 
coma, terminating in death. Horses, cattle, and sheep are 
unaffected by any ordinary quantity of the drug. 

Chronic poisoning or ergotism rarely occurs in animals 
owing to continuous ingestion of ergotized grains. It is 
characterized by gastro-intestinal indigestion, with nausea, 
vomiting, colic, diarrhoea or constipation, and abortion 
ensues in pregnant animals. In addition to gastro-intestinal 
irritation the symptoms naturally assume two forms : 1, 
the gangrenous form ; 2, the spasmodic form. In the 
first variety of ergotism there are coldness and anaesthesia 
of the extremities, including the feet, ears, and tail of quadru- 
peds ; the comb, tongue and beak of birds, — followed by the 
appearance of passive congestion, blebs, and dry gangrene 
in the vicinity of these parts. The hoofs and beaks often 
drop off. Death ensues from general exhaustion. In the 
spasmodic form are seen tonic contraction of the flexor 
tendons of the limbs and anaesthesia of the extremities ; 
muscular trembling and general tetanic spasm, with opistho- 
tonos, convulsions and delirium. Death also occurs from 
asthenia. 

Uses. — Two therapeutic indications for the use of ergot 
can be directly deduced from its physiological actions : 1, 
to cause ,uterine contraction ; 2, to produce general vascular 
contraction. 

1. Ergot is occasionally of service in simple uterine 
inertia when there is no malposition of the foetus, or mechan- 
ical obstruction (pelvic deformity, rigid os uteri) to its 



ERGOT 629 

passage. Yery small doses must be given for this purpose 
in order to intensify the force of the uterine contractions 
without inducing spasm of the uterus. The more common 
causes of dystocia are remedied most advantageously by 
manual interference. Ergot is of chiefest value in obstetric 
practice to prevent or arrest post-partum haemorrhage which 
sometimes occurs in cows and ewes. If administered before 
delivery of the placenta, ergot may give rise to tonic con- 
traction of the womb and retention of the afterbirth. 

Ergot is of benefit in some disorders of the unimpreg- 
nated and non-parturient uterus. Thus to aid the expulsion 
of cysts, and to contract the uterus and its blood vessels in 
hypertrophy, subinvolution, chronic metritis and fibroid 
tumors. 

In paralysis of the bladder, ergot is occasionally useful 
by creating contraction of the muscular coat of its walls. 
This condition is most satisfactorily treated by the injection 
of an ordinary dose of ergotin into the empty urinary bladder. 

2. Ergot is commonly recommended for combating 
internal haemorrhage, when surgical mpa'^nres are impossible. 
Under this head may be included bleeding from the nose, 
mouth, stomach, intestines, lungs, uterus and kidneys. The 
drug should usually be given under the skin (ergotin) in 
these emergencies. It is, however, extremely doubtful 
whether the increase of blood pressure caused by ergot does 
not more than offset its beneficial action in contracting 
vessels when used to stop internal haemorrhage, and the best 
clinicians to-day condemn its use and resort to ice and 
opium in this condition. Ergot may be beneficial in causing 
constriction of the blood vessels in the early stages of some 
hyperaemias and inflammations, — notably pulmonary, cere- 
bral and spinal congestion, parturient apoplexy, cerebritis, 
cerebro-spinal meningitis, spinal meningitis and myelitis, in 
polyuria of horses, and in vasomotor palsy following surgi- 
cal shock. In most of these states (except the latter, where 
adrenalin, intramuscularly, and morphine and atropine, sub- 
cutaneously, are superior) ergot must be exhibited in verr 
large dosas three times daily. 



630 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

For the same physiological reason that ergot is employed 
as a haemostatic, it has been prescribed with alleged ad- 
vantage in the treatment of chronic diarrhoea, dysentery, 
and bleeding piles. Ergotin is injected between the skin 
and vessel walls for the cure of aneurism and varicocele. 
This treatment is of doubtful utility. 

GossYPn Cortex. Cotton Eoot Bark. 
(U. S. P.) 

Synonym. — Ecorce de racine de cottonnier, Fr.; baum- 
wollen-wurzelrinde, G. 

The bark of the root of Gossypium herbaceum Linne, 
and of other species of Gossypium (nat. ord. Malvaceae). 

Habitat. — Sub-tropical Africa and Asia; also cultivated 
in the United States. 

Description. — In thin, flexible bands or quilled pieces ; 
outer surface brownish-yellow, with slight, longitudinal 
ridges or meshes, small, black, circular dots, or short, trans- 
verse lines, and dull brownish-yellow patches, from the 
abrasion of the thin cork ; inner surface whitish, of a silky 
lustre, finely striate ; bast-fibres long, tough and separable 
into papery layers ; inodorous ; taste very slightly acrid and 
faintly astringent. 

Constituents. — 1, a fixed oil ; 2, a resin ; 3, tannic acid. 

PREPARATION. 

Extractum Gossypii Radicis Fluiduin. Fluid Extract of Cotton 
Root Bark. (Non-oflicial.) 
Made by maceration and percolation with glycerin and alcohol, and 
evaporation, so that 1 Cc. = 1 Gm. of the crude drug. 

Dose.— H. & C, 3 ss.-i. (15.-30.); Sh. & Sw., 3 ss.-i. (2.-4.). 

Action and Uses. — Cotton root bark resembles ergot in 
its actions and uses, but the drug has not been scientifically 
studied in full detail. It is an oxytoxic, abortifacient, and 
emmenagogue. 

Cotton root bark is employed during parturition in 



COLCHICUM 631 

uterine inertia, to prevent post-partum liemorrhage, to 
induce abortion, and to arrest metrorrhagia. A decoction 
( 3 iv. to qt. boiled down to Oi.) is said to be more active 
than the fluid extract. Dose. — H. & C, Oi. (500.); D., 3 i.-ii, 
(30.-60.). 

Ergot is generally to be preferred as a more thoroughly 
understood and reliable drug. 



SECTION XVI.— COLCHICUM. 

CoLCHici CoRMUS. Colchicum Corm. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — Meadow saffron root, colchicum oorm, bul- 
bus seu tuber colchici, E.; bulbe de colchique, de safran 
batard, Fr.; zeitlosenknollen, G. 

The corm of colchicum autumnale Liune (nat. ord. 
Li4iace88). 

Hahitaf. — England and continental Europe. 

Description. — About 25 Mm. long, ovoiO, flattish and 
with a groove on one side ; externally brownish and 
wrinkled ; internally white and solid ; often in transverse 
slices, reniform in shape, and breaking with a short, mealy 
fracture ; inodorous ; taste sweetish, bitter and somewhat 
acrid. 

Co7istitnents. — 1, the alkaloid colchicine (Co^HosNOg), is the 
active principle ; it exists to the extent of 0.5 per cent.; is 
amorplious or crystalline, and soluble in water and alcohol ; 
2, colchiceine (CojIIojNOe), occurs naturally and is produced 
artificially by the action of acids on colchicine ; slightly 
soluble in water, soluble in alcohol ; 3, sugar ; 4, starch ; 
5, gum, 

Incompatibles. — Astringents, tincture of guaiacum and 
iodine. 

Dose.—B.. & C, 3 ss.-ii. (2.-8.) ; Sh., gr.x.-xx. (.6-1.3) ; 
Sw. & D., gr.ii.-viii. (.12-.5) in powder. 



632 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

Dose.—ColcMcma, Colchicine (U.S.P.)— H. & C, gr.|4 
(.01-.03); D., gr.-rfu-To (.0005-.0012), by mouth or sub- 
cutaueously. 

PREPARATIONS. 

VivMm Colchici Radicis. Wine of Colchicuni Root. (Non-official.) 
Made by percolation of colchicum root (400) with alcohol (150), and 
white wine to make 1000. 

Dn.sp. — Twice that of colchicum corm. 

Vinum Colchici. (B. P.) 
Dose. — Twice that of the root. 

Colchici Semen. Colchicum Seed. (U. S. P.) 

Synonym. — Colchici semina, B.P.; semences de col- 
chique, Fr.; zeitlosensamen, G.; semen colchici, P.G. 

The seed of Colchicum autumnale Linne (nat. ord. 
Liliacese). 

Descriijtion. — Subglobular, about 2 Mm. thick, very 
slightly pointed at the hilum ; reddish-brown, finely pitted, 
internally whitish ; very hard and tough ; inodorous ; tasi«- 
bitter and somewhat acrid. 

Constituents. — 1, colchicine, 3 per cent.; 2, colchiceine ; 
3, a fixed oil, 6-8 per cent.; 4, starch; 5, sugar ; 6, gum. 

Dose. — Same as corm, or a little larger. 

PREPARATIONS. 

F luidextractum Colchici Seminis. Fluidextract of Colchicum 
Seed. (U. S. P.) 

Made by maceration and percolation with alcohol and water, and 
evaporation, so that 1 cc. = 1 gni. of colchicum seeds. 

Dose.—E.. & C, 3ss.-ii. (2.-8.); Sh., itix.-xx. (.6-1.3); Sw. & D., 
Taii.-viii. (.12-.5). 

Vinum Colchici Seminis. Wine of Colchicuni Seed. (U. S. P.) 

Made by maceration of colchicuna seed, 100; alcoliol, MO ; and 
white wine to make 1000. 

Dose.— R.&C, 3iii.-3i. (12.-30.); D., tt^x.-xxx. (.6-2.). 



coLciiicuM 633 

Tinctura Colchici Seminis. Tincture of Colchicum Seed. 
(U. S. & B. P.) 

Made by maceration and percolation of colchicum seed, 100; with 
alcohol and water to make 1000. (U. S. P.) 

Dose.—U. & C, 3iii.-3i. (12.-30.); D., TTlx.-xxx. (.6-2.). 

Action External. — Colchicum is an irritant to the skin 
and mucous membranes. 

Action Internal. — Digestive Organs. — Colchicum and 
colchicine are identical in action without regard to their 
method of introduction into the system. Colchicum is es- 
sentially a gastro-intestinal irritant in large doses. This 
irritant action may explain all its effects on other organs. 
Full medicinal doses occasion anorexia, nausea, colicky pains, 
loud intestinal rumblings (borborygmi), and purging. Col- 
chiceine appears to closely resemble colchicine physiologi- 
cally. Neither the circulation, nervous system, respiration, 
nor temperature are affected by colchicum save in poisonous 
doses. 

Circulation. — Toxic doses reflexly influence the circula- 
tion, but colchicum does not appear to affect *it directly until 
late in poisoning, when the vagus endings become depressed 
and paralyzed and the pulse is weak and rapid. 

Nervous System. — Toxic quantities depress and paralyze 
the motor cells of the inferior cornua in the spinal cord, 
and also depress the sensory nerves. Death occurs from 
i:)aralysis of the respiratory centres. 

Kidneys and Elimination. — It is doubtful whether col- 
chicum exerts any decided or uniform action on the kidneys. 
Experiments relating to this matter are perplexingly con- 
flicting. Sometimes the urinary solids are increased — urea 
more than uric acid — and sometimes not. In poisoning, 
nephritis and hematuria occasionally result from the elimina- 
tion of colchicum. 

Toxicology. — Colchicum is a very poisonous drug. Acci- 
dental lethal poisoning occasionally occurs among herbivora 
from eating meadow saffron at pasture, or in hay. In such 



634 Vegetable drugs 

cases it is naturally impossible to estimate the quantity of 
the plant ingested. Two and one-half drachms of the wine 
of the root, and one-half grain of the alkaloid, have proved 
fatal to man. Two drachms of the corm have killed a dog, 
and one-tenth of a grain of colchicine has destroyed a cat. 
The symptoms of poisoning comprise : anorexia, nausea, 
dulness, salivation, violent vomiting (in carnivora), purging, 
at first watery, then mucous and often bloody, and accom- 
panied by great tenesmus, tympanites, and colic. There are 
often such nervous symptoms as tremors, stupor, coma, and 
paralysis. The animal becomes very weak, the respiration 
is slow and feeble, the pulse rapid and imperceptible, the 
skin is cold and covered with a clammy sweat, and death 
occurs in collapse following severe gastro-enteritis. After 
the injection of large doses of colchicine, increasing the 
amount does not aggravate the symptoms. 

Post-Mortem Appearances. — The mucous membrane of 
the stomach and intestines is swollen, congested, and eroded. 
Sometimes free blood is found within their lumen. There 
is also acute hypersemia of the kidneys. 

Treatment. — This consists in the use of the stomach 
pump, emetics, and cathartics, unless there has been free 
purging and vomiting. Tannic acid is the best chemical 
antidote, but is not wholly satisfactory. It should be used, 
however. Demulcents (oil and egg albumin) and opium 
relieve the local irritation, pain and purging. Stimulants, 
as atropine, strychnine, and alcohol, together with external 
heat, combat collapse. 

Administration. — The crude drug is not suitable for use. 
The wine of the root is the best preparation. 

Uses. — It is difficult to estimate the therapeutic value of 
colchicum. It is called an alterative by many authorities, 
for want of a better term to describe a drug whose physiolog- 
ical actions do not explain its medicinal virtues. Colchicum 
is the most successful single remedy for gout in human 
medicine, but does not possess so great a value in veterinary 
practice. It is sometimes used with considerable advantage 



STARCH 635 

in the treatmpiit of subacute and chronic rheumatism, and in 
that form complicating influenza in horses. 

Potassium iodide is generally prescribed with colchicum 
in these disorders, and also in pericarditis and pleurisy of 
rheumatic origin. Colchicum is commonly believed to be 
a serviceable diuretic in various diseases (although this 
hypothesis is not physiologically substantiated). It is there- 
fore recommended in haetnaglobinsemia and swelling of the 
legs in horses ; in cerebral congestion ; ascites ; pleural and 
pericardial effusions, and dropsies, as an eliminative. Col- 
chicine, subcutaneously, is especially lauded in rheumatism. 



SECTION XVIL— VEGETABLE DKUGS ACTING 
MECHANICALLY. 

Amylum. Starch. C^Hi^O^. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — Corn starch, E.; fecule (amidon) de froment, 
•de ble, Fr.; kraftmehl, weizenstiirke, G. 

The fecuia of the seed of Zea Mays Linne (uat. ord. 
Graminese). 

Habitat. — Tropical Asia and Africa, but cultivated in 
tropical, sub-tropical and temperate countries. 

Description. — In irregular, angular masses, which are 
easily reduced to a fine powder ; white, inodorous and taste- 
less ; insoluble in ether, alcohol or cold water. Under the 
microscope appearing as granules, nearly uniform in size, 
more or less angular in outline, with indistinct striae and 
with a distinct hilum near the centre. 

Constituents. — 1, starch-granulose ; 2, starch-cellulose. 

PREPARATION. 

Glyceritum Amyli. (U. S. P.) (See p. 581.) 
Olycerinnm Amyli. (B. P.) 

Action and Uses. — Starch is a mechanical protective 
externally, used as a dusting powder, alone or with zinc 
oxide (1-4), in chafing, erythema, and moist eczema. The 



636 VEGETABLE DRUGS 

glycerite of starch is a serviceable deraulceDt. Boiled starcli 
paste, mixed with glue, is used to stiffen bandages by paint- 
ing the mixture on in layers with a brush. Boiled starch 
gruel (2 tablespoons of starch to a pint of water) is a suitable 
diet for diarrhoea, and is frequently injected into the rectum 
as a demulcent in diarrhoea and dysentery, and as a vehicle 
for enemata. Starch is an antidote to iodine. It is utilized 
in pharmacy as a vehicle to suspend insoluble powders or 
oils, and in mucilage (1-40, B.P.), as a basis for ointments. 
Zinc oxide, one part ; starch and vaseline, each 3 parts, 
form a very satisfactory preparation for acute eczema in 
dogs, which does not rub off so readily as zinc ointment. 



Oleum Theobromatis. Oil of Theobroma. 
(U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — Butter of cacao, E.; beurre de cacao, Fr.; 
cacaobutter, G.; oleum (butyrum) cacao, P.G. 

A fixed oil expressed from the seed of Theobroma Cacao 
Linne (nat. ord. Sterculiacese). 

Properties. — A yellowish- white solid, having a faint, 
agreeable odor, and a bland, chocolate-like taste. Readily 
soluble in ether or chloroform. 

Constituents. — 1, olein ; 2, stearin ; 3, laurin ; 4, arachin • 
5, glycerides of formic, butyric, and acetic acids. 

Uses. — Cacao butter melts at the temperature of the 
body, and is chiefly used as an excipient for suppositories 
and electuaries. It also has a demulcent action and may be 
employed on raw surfaces or in inflammation of . the throat 
and digestive tract. 

GossYPiUM PuRiFiGATUM. Purified Cotton. (U. S. P.) 

Synonym. — Absorbent cotton, E.; bombyx, lana gossypii, 
— coton, Fr.; baumwolle, G. 

The hairs of the seed of Gossypium herbaceum Linne, 
and of other species of Gossypium (nat. ord. Malvaceae), 



PYROXYLIN 637 

freed from adhering impurities and deprived of fatty 
matter. 

Habitat. — Tropical Asia and Africa ; cultivated in sub- 
tropical and tropical countries, mostly in the Southern 
United States. 

Description. — White, soft, fine filaments, appearing under 
the microscope as hollow, flattened and twisted bands, 
spirally striate and slightly thickened at the edges ; inodor- 
ous and tasteless ; insoluble in ordinary solvents, but 
soluble in copper ammonium sulphate solution. 

Uses. — Absorbent cotton is used as a cheap, convenient 
and cleanly substitute for ordinary sponges ; to make poult- 
ices by soaking it in antiseptic solutions (as creolin 1-2 per 
cent.) and placing it between layers of gauze ; and for surgi- 
cal dressings. 

Oakum, consisting of the fibres of old rope, is often 
employed as a cheap absorbent material, saturated with tar 
in packing horses feet. 

Tow, — the coarser unbleached fibres of flax ; and lint, — 
the scrapings of soft, loosely woven linen, — are also utilized 
as absorbent substances for surgical purposes. 

Pyroxylinum. Pyroxylin. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym.— Gim cotton, soluble gun cotton, colloxylin. 

Derivation.— Made by maceration of purified cotton, 
100 ; in a mixture of nitric acid, 1400 ; and sulphuric acid, 
2200; at a temperature of 32° C. (90° F.), until a sample is 
soluble in a mixture of 1 volume of alcohol and 3 volumes of 
ether ; washing with cold and boiling water, draining, and 
drying in small pellets. 

PREPARATIONS. 

Collodium. Collodion. (U. S. & B. P.) 
Pyroxylin, 40; ether, 750; alcohol, 250. Made by solution, agita- 
tion, and decantation of clear portion. 

Collodium Cantharidatum. Cantharidal Collodion. (U. S. P.) 
Synon ym.—B] istering collodion. 
Made by percolation of cantharides, 60 ; with chloroform, distilla- 



638 YEGETABLE DKUGS 

tion of the chloi-oforni and evaporation of the residue until it weighs 
15 (Gm.), and solution in flexible collodion, 85. 

Collodium Flexile. Flexible Collodion. (U. S. & B. P.) 
Mix collodion, 930; Canada turpentine, 50; and castor oil, 30. 
(U. S. P.) 

Collodium Stypticum. Styptic Collodion. (U. S. P.) 
Mix tannic acid, 20; alcohol, 5; ether, 25; add collodion to make 
100. 

Action and Uses. — Collodion, when painted on dry skin, 
rapidly dries and leaves a thin, protective coating. It is a 
useful agent to seal and secure coaptation of small wounds 
and to keep them aseptic. Also to protect abraded surfaces, 
as fissures of teats. Flexible collodion is less apt to crack. 
Collodion contracts the superficial tissues and will often 
abort boils when applied directly over them. Collodion is 
employed as a vehicle for the application of many other 
agents, as corrosive sublimate, carbolic acid, iodoform, etc. 

EuPHORBTUM, Euphorbium. (Non-official.) 

The dried juice of a cactus-like plant, Euphorbium 
resinifera, growing in Morocco and regions contiguous to the 
Atlas Mountains. Obtained by incising the stems and 
branches. 

Description. — In dull yellowish tears, of the size of peas; 
odorless ; taste acrid ; powder of a grayish color ; insoluble 
in water, but soluble in alcohol, ether and oil of turpentine. 

Constituents.— 1, an acrid resin {C.J1.,.X)^, 38 per cent., 
the active principle ; 2, euphorbon. 

Action and Uses. — Euphorbium is an intense irritant, 
both externally and internally. It is sometimes employed 
in veterinary medicine as a constituent of vesicating prepara- 
tions to enhance their effect, but if applied alone it is liable 
to cause, extensive irritation, sloughing, and destruction of 
tissue. Euphorbium may, however, be safely applied in 
tincture (1-16), or in ointment with cantharides, as a vesicant 
for horses. The following combination is recommended as 
a powerful blister for the latter animals. Euphorbium and 
cantharides, each two parts; corrosive sublimate, one part; 



ADRENALIN 639 

vaseline, eight parts; cerate, twelve parts. T;liere is no 
danger of absorption and genito-urinary inflammation from 
the use of euphorbimn, as with cantharides. 



SECTION XVIIL— MEDICHS^AL AGENTS OF 
AXIMALORIGIK 

Glandul.i: Superenales SicciE. Dessicated Suprarenal 
Glands. (U. S. P.) 

The dried glands of the sheep or ox free from fat and 
powdered. 

Dose.—U., 5 i. (4.) ; D., gr.iv. (.25). 

Adrenalin. ( N^on-offieial. ) * 

This is an active principle of the suprarenal glands, and 
was discovered by Dr. Jokiehi Takaminc f and made public 
in 1901. It is a light, w^hite, microcrystalline substance, 
slightly soluble in cold water, more so in hot. It has a 
somewhat bitter taste and produces a benumbing of the 
tongue. Adrenalin is permanent in powder, but changes 
color and is oxidized in aqueous solution. It is said to be 
the active principle of the suprarenals, but non-toxic, which 
can not be said of the glands or their extracts (and not of 
adrenalin). Adrenalin is from 825 to 1,000 times more 
powerful than the glands in its physiological effect. Solu- 
tions may be boiled without impairing their therapeutic 
activity. 

Action. — The most important action is exerted upon the 
circulatory apparatus, which is comparable to that of digi- 
talis but much more rapid and transient, lasting not more 
than ten minutes Avhen given intravenously. The drug- 
acts very uncertainly when given by the mouth — except 
locally on the digestive tract — because of poor absorption. 
The force of the heart is increased * but the rate decreased (by 

*Epinephrin is but another form of adrenalin — identical with it 
physiologically but difl'ering slightly from it chemically. 

t Therapeutic Gazette. "April 1.5, 1001. 

X The secreting part of the adrenals is derived in enabryo from the 
sympathetic sj'stem. Its secretion (adrenalin) acts in the body to 
always and everywhere stimulate sympathetic nerve endings. By this 



6iO AGEIs^TS OF ANIJMAl. ORIGIN 

excitation of the heart muscle and vagus centre) and blood 
pressure is more markedly heightened than by any other 
known drug, owing in part to central vasomotor stimulation 
but chiefly to excitation of the muscular coat of the vessels. 
The blood vessels are, however, not constricted uniformly 
over the entire body but principally those of the abdominal 
organs — controlled by the splanchnics — are contracted, while 
the pulmonary and cerebral vessels are unaffected by the 
systemic action of the drug. Respiration is also strength- 
ened, and both voluntary and involuntary muscles are stimu- 
lated by adrenalin. But, as in the case of the vessels, so the 
action on involuntary muscles is not uniform. Thus the 
muscles of the stomach, bowels and bladder are inhibited in 
their action and in poisoning lose all movement. On the 
other hand, the uterus, vagina, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, 
and external genital organs are contracted. So are the radi- 
ating fibres of the pupil, which is dilated, and the eyeball 
protudes. Large doses of the adrenal gland cause poisoning 
with failure of the heart and respiration and paralysis of the 
vagi. 

In poisoning by large doses of the adrenal gland, there 
have been observed vomiting, restlessness, tremors, para- 
plegia, from action on the si3inal cord or muscles or both, 
dyspnea and death. Glycosuria has also been induced by 
the subcutaneous injection of the suprarenal extract, and 
stimulation of- the secretions of the salivary, esophageal, 
bronchial and lachrymal glands and of the bile. The pre- 
dominant and valuable effect of adrenalin and extracts of 
the adrenals consists in the complete blanching of mucous 
membranes and raw surfaces after the local application of 
these substances. Adrenalin is undoubtedly the most power- 
ful astringent and hemostatic known, owing to its stimula- 
tion of the involuntary muscles of the blood vessels. 

Subcutaneous injection of a 1 to 1000 solution causes 
blanching over an area about two inches in diameter within 
a minute, and lasts for six to twelve hours. Solutions con- 
taining adrenalin to the amount of 1 to 5000, 1 to 10,000, or 
even 1 to 20,000, will produce an ischemia after their hypo- 
action adrenalin contracts blootl vessels, dilates the pupil, stimulates 
tlie heart muscle, and relaxes the bowels. 



ADRENALIN C41 

dermic use within a few minutes and lasting; for three to six 
hours. jS^either eechjmoses nor sloughing occur after the 
proper injection of the drug. Secondary hemorrhage does 
not ordinarily appear after the use of adrenalin, but it will 
prevent the secondary relaxation, congestion and pain some- 
times seen following the use of cocaine. 

Uses. — External. — Adrenalin chloride is commonly sold 
in a 1 to 1000 aqueous solution in the shops. It has proven 
of most value when combined with cocaine for subcutaneous 
use in operative work. One part of the 1-1000 solution may 
be added to nine parts of normal salt solution (oue heaping 
teaspoonful of sodium chloride to the quart of sterile water) , 
to which is added 1 per cent, of cocaine, or more if desired. 
A stronger solution of adrenalin chloride than this (1 to 
10,000) is not usually desirable in operative work, because 
it is irritating, and in some instances when stronger solu- 
tions Avere used so much ischemia was produced that the 
blood vessels could not be found and ligated and secondary 
hemorrhage ensued. It is usually sulficient to add ll^x.-xx. 
adrenalin solution (1-1000) to §ss. of cocaine solution. 

The combination of cocaine with adrenalin is coming 
into general favor and marks a distinct progress in local 
anaesthesia. Four advantages are claimed for this com- 
bination; 1, that the operation is made comparatively blood- 
less; 2, that the cocaine is retained in the operative field a 
longer time, owing to the contracted state of the vessels, and 
does not escape into the general circulation ; this is a double 
advantage — in prolonging anaesthesia and in preventing sys- 
temic effect of cocaine; 3, that adrenalin is a circulatory 
stimulant and will offset the toxic action of cocaine; 4, that 
adrenalin counteracts the vascular relaxation seen sometimes 
after the use of cocaine.* 

Adrenalin has also proven of great service in arresting 
hemorrhages from wounds, mucous mendjranes and cavities 
of the body. A solution equivalent to a 1 to 5000 of ad- 
renalin in sterile salt solution may be applied for this purpose 
directly to the bleeding surface, or gauze saturated with it 
may be packed into wounds and cavities, as the nose, uterus 

* Some able surgeons fear secondary hemorrhage from the use of 
adrenalin. 



C42 AGENTS OF ANIMAL OEIGIN 

and vagina. Adrenalin cldoride is useful also in many in- 
flammatory diseases of the eye and nose in the same strength. 
Catarrhal conjunctivitis, keratitis, episcleritis and iritis 
yield to its influence, particularly when it is combined with 
other astringents on account of its transient action ; with 
atropine in iritis. Adrenalin chloride in a 1 to 5,000 solu- 
tion containing 2 percent, of boric acid forms a useful prep- 
aration for general application in inflammations of mucous 
membranes. 

Internal. — Adrenalin is employed internally to arrest 
bleeding from the stomach, intestines and uterus. Its local 
application in hemorrhage from the bladder, rectum, nose, 
vagina and uterus is, however, much more effective. The 
drug is said to have yielded good results in human practice 
in the treatment of diabetes insipidus and purpura hemor- 
rhagica. It is not of benefit for the arrest of internal 
hemorrhage other than in the digestive tract. This follows 
because it does not contract the vessels of the brain and 
lungs and because its effect in increasing general blood ten- 
sion is inimical to its local effects in constricting vessels. 
Reichert, as the result of his experiments on morphinized 
dogs, believes that adrenalin is a valuable and rapidly acting 
stimulant to the heart, vasomotor system and respiration in 
poisoning by opium and au'ccsthetics. 

The latest experimental and clinical studies show ad- 
renalin is of chief value for internal use in conditions of 
greatly reduced blood pressure, as iii poisoning by ether and 
chloroform inhalation, by chloral, and in surgical shock. 
Here it is now considered the most efhcient remedy. Bossi 
has artificially produced osteomalacia in sheep by removal of 
one adrenal gland. Treatment has likewise been successful 
in osteomalacia in the human, and in rickets in puppies by 
intermuscular injection of 1-1,000 adrenalin solution 
(m.v-xv t.i.d.). 

Adnvinistration. — Adrenalin is preferable to the so- 
called suprarenal extracts, the dried and powdered suprarenal 
capsules of sheep and oxen. When the drug is given by the 
mouth or rectum, its action on the system at large is slow 
and uncertain, owing to the tardiness of absorption, pre- 
sumably due to the vascular constriction it occasions and to 



CANTIIAKIDES 6-1-3 

its rapid decomposition. Intravenous injection is most ef- 
fective in solutions of 1 to 10,000, or more dilute, in normal 
salt solution. Subcutaneous injection is somewhat uncertain 
owing to slow absorption, through vascular constriction. But 
the 1-1,000 solution (H., oi. ; D., T[[x.) may be injected deep 
into the muscle with certain effect and without irritation. 
A stronger solution than 1 to 10,000 may cause an abscess 
if the drug be given hypodermically. The doses of adrenalin 
chloride in 1 to 1000 solution are: Dogs, ntlO.-GO. (0.6-4.0) ; 
horses, 3 1-4 (1.-15.)* Adrenalin should be repeated once in 
two hours when given internally as an hemostatic. 

Canthaeis. Cantharides. (U. S. & B. P.) . 

Synonym. — Spanish flies, blister beetles, muscse hispan- 
icae, E. ; cantharides, Fr. ; spanische fliegen, canthariden, G. ; 
cantharides, P.G. 

Cantharis is the beetle, Cantharis vesicatoria De Geer 
(class Insecta ; order Coleoptera). 

Habitat. — Southern Europe, Germany and Russia ; 
living chiefly on Oleacea^ and Caprifoliacese. 

Description. — About 25 Mm. long and 6 Mm. broad; 
flattish cylindrical, with filiform antennae, black in the upper 
part, and with long wing-cases, and ample, membranous, 
transparent, brownish wings, elsewhere of a shining, cop- 
pery-green color. The powder is grayish-brown, and con- 
tains green shining particles. Odor strong and disagreeable ; 
taste slight, afterwards acrid. 

Constituents. — 1, the active principle is cantharidin, 
CjoHigO^ (2 per cent), in colorless scales, insoluble in 
water, soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, oils, acetic acid 
and acetic ether ; it is found chiefly in the generative organs, 
eggs, and blood of the beetles ; 2, a volatile oil ; 3, a bland, 
green oil ; 4, acetic and uric acids, extractives and salts ; 
cantharides deteriorates with age and should be kept un- 
powdered in tightly stoppered bottles. 

Dose.—H. & C., gr.v.-xx. (.3-1.3) ; Sh. & Sw., gr.iv.- 
viii. (.25-.5) ; D., gr.i.-ii. (.06-.12). 



*The high cost of adrenalin forbids its use for horses, save in ex- 
ceptional cases. 



644 AGENTS OF ANIMAL ORIGIN 

PREPARATIONS. 

Tinctura Cantharidis. Tincture of cantharides. (U. S. & B. P.) 
Made by percolav;ion of cantharides, 100 ; with alcohol to make 
1000. (U. S. P.) 

nose.~n. & C, 3ii.-iv. (8.-15.); D., mii.-xv. (.12-1.). 

Ceratum Cantharidis. (U. S. P.) 
Cantharidis powdered, 320 ; petrolatum, wax, rosin and lard to 
make 1000. 

Unguentum Cantharidis, (B. P.) 

Action Eodernai — Cantharides, by virtue of cantharidin, 
is an intense irritant. When applied to the skin in ointment 
it produces no effect for several hours, but after that time 
causes dilatation of the cutaneous vessels, hyperseraia, and 
blisters, which appear in from 3 to 12 hours. The blisters 
soon break, discharge their serous contents, and then dry 
and crust the surface. If the action of cantharides is main- 
tained continuously; if the application is repeated, or 
covered with a bandage ; or if the skin was previously 
influmed, then inflammation of the deeper-seated parts 
ensues, followed by suppuration, sloughing, loss of tissue, 
destruction of hair follicles, and scars. The drug is thera- 
peutically a rubefacient and vesicant, and counter-irritant, 
in occasioning dilatation of the superficial vessels, and 
reflexly, contraction of those in the remote underlying parts. 
Cantharides acts more powerfully on the skin of horses and 
dogs, than on that of cattle and swine. If applied over an 
extensive surface, absorption and poisoning may occur. 

Action Internal. — Cantharides affects mainly the diges- 
tive and genito-urinary tracts. It is a violent gastro-intes- 
tinal irritant. Toxic doses cause vomiting, in animals 
capable of the act, at first bilious (and containing greenish 
specks of the wings and wing cases), then mucous, and finally 
bloody. There is purging in all, associated with great pain 
and straining, of a mucous, fibrinous, and often hsemorrhagic 
character. There are salivation, swelling and pain in the 
salivary glands. The gastro-enteritis is accompanied by 
general prostration, and feeble, rapid pulse. A few hours 
after the occurrence of the preceding S3'mptoms there is 



CANTHAEIDES 645 

enongli ubsorption of canthavidin to induce lumbar pain, 
followed by frequent, scanty and painful micturition (stran- 
gury). The urine is albutninous and ofien bloody. Can- 
tharides is eliminated chiefly by the kidneys, but also to 
some extent by the other excretory organs, including the 
skin. Sexual excitement may be present in poisoning. It 
is more common with small than large toxic doses. There 
are erections and great heat in the penis, and even inflam- 
mation and sloughing of the organ. Abortion is precipitated 
in the pregnant, and " heat " is hastened in the non- 
pregnant female. Stupor, coma, and collapse close the scene 
after lethal doses. Twenty grains of cantharides have killed 
a man ; forty, a dog ; and one drachm has destroyed a horse. 

The treatment includes the use of emetics or the stomach 
pump ; opium, to relieve pain and strangury ; albuminous, 
mucilaginous drinks ; and, in collapse, external heat, alco- 
holic stimulants, strychnine and atropine under the skin. 
Oils and fats dissolve cantharidin and must not be given in 
poisoning as demulcents. 

Po.sf-3Iortem Appearances. — Swelling, congestion, ecchy- 
moses, and erosion of the gastro-intestinal mucous membrane 
are observed after death by cantharides. There are, more- 
over, lesions of acute nephritis and cystitis, with inflam- 
mation of the whole genito-urinary mucous membrane. 
Hyperaemia of the brain and spinal cord have also been 
reported. 

Uses External. — Cantharides is employed more frequently 
than any other counter-irritant, to cause blistering, in veter- 
inary practice. The reader is referred to the section on 
counter-irritants (p. 696) for an account of their actions. 
The action of cantharides is too tardy and irritating, and 
there is too much danger of absorption and poisoning to 
recommend it for the production of counter-irritation over 
an extensive area (chest and abdomen) in acute pulmonary 
congestion, pneumonia, bronchitis, colic, enteritis and 
peritonitis. Mustard, turpentine, and external heat are 
generally preferable in these disorders. 



646 AGENTS OF ANIMAL OKIGIN 

A blister of cantliarides is serviceable in pericarditis 
and pleuritis with effasion, and, applied over the throat in 
severe, acute laryngitis, may obviate the necessity of tracheo- 
tomy. Again, blisters are useful on the poll in inflammation 
of the brain and its membranes ; and over the spine in 
myelitis and meningitis ; over the lumbar region in para- 
plegia. 

A cantharidal application is often efficacious in. muscular 
or joint rheumatism when placed over the affected area, or 
near by, in acute conditions. Furthermore, a cantliarides 
blister is of advantage in acute diseases of the ear, Vt'-hen 
rubbed in above and behind this organ ; and will relieve 
pain in the stomach, and vomiting when applied to the 
epigastrium. 

Cantharides is the remedy usually employed in the 
treatment of diseases of the bones, joints, bursse, ligaments, 
and tendons. In exostoses, as spavin and ringbone, the 
ointment is used most effectively after the actual cautery, to 
secure absorption and resolution, or anchylosis. Cantharidal 
ointment is often sufficient, together with complete rest, in 
the treatment of synovitis, and strains of tendons and liga- 
ments. A cantharides blister is, sometimes, beneficial in 
hastening the formation of abscess, (" strangles "); or to aid 
their resolution after paracentesis ; also to stimulate indolent 
ulcers or wounds ; and to assist absorption of traumatic 
indurations, when applied around these lesions. The actual 
cautery, followed by a cantharides blister, will cause swell- 
ing and close the opening in the abdominal parietes of small 
umbilical hernias of foals and calves. 

Likewise, blisters are valuable in closing and sealing 
punctured wounds into joints and synovial cavities.* Can- 
tharides is commonly employed in ointment (1 to 4-8) made 
by melting and mixing the excipients in a double boiler ; 
i.e., over a water bath, and stirring in thoroughly the 
powdered drug. The following is a good preparation : 

* The U. S. P. cerate may be used, as it is a powerful preparation. 
Its strength is 32 per cent, cantharides. 



CANTHAKIDES 647 

Pulv. Cantharidis. 

Cerge flav aa § ii. 

Adipis 3 xiv. 

M. 

S. External use. 

More powerful ointmeuts are made with powdered euphor- 
bium and cantharides, each 2 parts; corrosive sublimate, 1 
part ; vaseline. 8 parts ; cerate, 12 parts ; or, 

Tar and resin, each 4 parts ; yellow wax, 3 parts ; cotton- 
seed oil, 10 parts ; powdered euphorbium, 2 parts ; canthar- 
ides, 6 parts. 

The technique of blistering consists in cutting the hair 
and washing the part to be blistered, and rubbing the 
blister long and thoroughly into the skin. The animal should 
be controlled by tying up the head, or using a cradle, or 
side-bar attached to the halter and surcingle, to prevent 
horses from biting the blistered area. The tail should be 
tied up if the blister is applied within its reach. Dogs 
should be muzzled, but are apt to rub the sore spot. The 
serum discharged from the blister must be continually 
sponged off with soap suds and water, to prevent excoriation 
of the subadjacent skin, or the latter may be covered with a 
solution of resin in alcohol, by means of a brush. 

The blister is washed off in 36 or 48 hours after its 
application, and vaseline should thereafter be kept on the 
part. The use of cantharidal blisters is contraiudicated in 
weak or 3'oung animals ; ou the flexures of joints ; or deli- 
cate skin on the inner aspect of the upper part of the limbs ; 
on acutely inflamed areas ; and in renal disease. 

Uses Internal. — Cantharides is rarely administered 
internally. It is sometimes successful in stopping incon- 
tinence of urine, when due to relaxation of the neck of the 
bladder, and it may be used as a stimulant in chronic 
cystitis and pyelitis. Cantharides is recommended to 
increase sexual desire iu cows and mares, but it has usually 
to be given in toxic doses to produce an aphrodisiac action. 
The tincture should be employed when the drug is exhibited 
internally. 



618 AGENTS OF ANIMAL ORIGIN 

Adeps. Lard. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — Adeps prseparatus, B.P.; axungia, axungia 
porci s.porciua, prepared lard, hog's lard, E.; axonge, graisse 
de pore, Fr.; schweineschmalz, G.; adeps suillus, P.G. 

The prepared internal fat of the abdomen of Sus Scrofa 
Linne (class Mammalia ; order Pachydermata), purified by- 
washing with water, melting, and straining. 

Properties. — A soft, white, unctuous solid, having a faint 
odor free from rancidity, and a bland taste ; insoluble in 
water ; slightly soluble in alcohol ; readily soluble in ether, 
chloroform, carbon disulphide, or beuzin. Spec. gr. about 
0.932. 

PREPARATIONS. 

Ceratum. Cerate. (U. S. P.) 

Synonym. — Cerat simple, Fr. ; einfaches cerat, wachssalbe, G. 
White wax, 300; white petrolatum, 200 ; benzoinated lard, 500. 

Unguentum. Ointment. (U. S. P.) 

Synonym. — Unguentum simplc^x, B.P.; simple ointment, E.; 
pommade simple, Fr. ; wachssalbe, C«. Lard, yoO ; white wax, 200. 
(U. S. P.) 

Ceratum Resiuxr. (Seep. 506.) 
Adeps Benzohiaias, (See p. 512'j 

Sevum Preparatum. Prepared Suet. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — Sevum prseparatum, B.P.; mutton suet, E.; 
suif, Fr.; talg, hammeltalg, G.; sebum, P.G. 

The internal fat of the abdomen of Ovis aries Linne 
(class Mammalia ; order Ruminantia), purified by melting 
and straining. 

Properties. — A white, solid fat, nearly inodorous, and 
having a bland taste when fresh, but becoming rancid on 
prolonged exposure to the air. Insoluble in water or cold 
alcohol ; soluble in about 60 parts of ether, and slowly in 2 
parts of benzin. 

Constituents. — 1, olein ; 2, stearin ; 3, palmitin ; 4, hircin. 



HYDROUS WOOL FAT 649 

Adeps Lan.e Hydrosus. Hydrous Wool Fat (U. S. <fe B. P.) 

Synonym. — Lanolin, CBsypum. 

The purified fat of the wool of sheep (Ovis aries, Linne ; 
class Mammalia ; order Ruminantia), mixed with not more 
than 30 per cent, of water. 

Properties. — A yellowish-white, or nearly white ointment- 
like mass, having a faint, peculiar odor. Insoluble in water, 
but miscible with twice its weight of the latter, without 
losing its ointment-like character. 

Constituents. — 1, cholesterin, C26H„ (OH); 2, ethers of 
oleic, stearic, palmitic and other acids. 

Adeps Lanjs, (U. S. & B. P.) 
(Wool fat without water.) 

ACTION AND CJSE OF LARD, SUET, AND HYDROUS WOOL FAT. 

Lard is used mainly as a basis of oiutmeiits and cerates. 
Benzoin is commonly added to it to prevent or retard ran- 
cidity. Lard is inferior to petrolatum as a lubricant. It is 
rarely given internally as an antidote to caustic alkalies, and 
as a demulcent. 

Suet is contained in certain ointments and plasters. It 
is harder than lard and becomes rancid on prolonged 
exposure. Lanolin is not subject to rancidity, but possesses 
no particular medicinal action. It is indicated where 
absorption of some drug is desired (mercury, potassium 
iodide) by inunction, as it is believed to be more readily 
absorbed from the skin than any other fat. Lanolin is used 
as a basis of ointments. It may be mixed with twice its 
weight of water without losing its ointment consistency. 

Cera Flava. Yellow Wax. (U. S. & B. P) 

Synonym. — Cera citrina, beeswax, B.P.; cire jaune, Fr.; 
gelbes wachs, G. 

A peculiar, concrete substance prepared by Apis melli- 
fica Linne (class Insecta ; order Hymeuoptera). 



050 AGENTS OF ANIMAL ORIGIN 

Properties. — A yellowish to brownish-yellow sol id, 
having an agreeable, honey-like odor, and faint, balsamic 
taste. Spec. gr. 0.955-0.967. It is brittle when cold; by ih<^ 
heat of the hand it becomes plastic. Insoluble iu alcohol; 
sparingly soluble in cold alcohol, but completely soluble in 
ether, chloroform, fixed and volatile oils. 

Constituents. — 1, myricin or myrical palmitate (CjoHgi, 
CigHgiO,), a spermaceti-like substance ; 2, cerin or cerotic 
acid (02,115^02), an imperfectly saponifiable waxy body ; 3, 
hydrocarbons (Co-Hje and Ca^HeJ; 4, an alcohol (C25H52O) ; 5, 
ceryl alcohol (C2,H560). 



Cera Alba. White Wax. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — Cire blanche, Fr.; weisses wachs, G. 

Yellow wax, bleached by exposure to air, light and 
moisture. 

Properties. — A yellowish-white solid, somewhat trans- 
lucent in thin layers, having a slightly rancid odor, and an 
insipid taste. Spec. gr. 0.965-0.975. Solubility and com- 
position the same as those of yellow wax. 

Uses. — Yellow and white wax are used as bases for 
plasters, ointments and cerates, since they do not decompose 
nor melt at the temperature of the body. 

Cetaceum. Spermaceti. (U. S. &, B. P.) 

A peculiar, concrete, fatty substance, obtained from (the 
sperm v/hale) Physeter macrocephalus Linne (class Mam- 
malia ; order Cetacea). 

Habitat. — Indian and Pacific Oceans. 

Properties. — White, somewhat^ translucent, slightly 
unctuous masses of a scaly-ci'ystalline fracture and a pearly 
lustre ; odorless, and having a bland, mild taste. It becomes 
yellow and rancid by exposure to the air. Spec. gr. about 
0.945. Insoluble in water, nearly so in cold alcohol ; soluble 
in ether, chlornfo'-m, carbon disulphide. fixM and volatile 
oils. 



HONEY 651 

Constituents. — 1, chiefly a fat, cetin or cetyl palmitate 
(C16H33C16H31O2), composed of cetylic alcohol (C16H33OH) au J 
palmitic acid (HCigHjiO,); 2, sperm oil, a small quantity. 

PREPARATION. 

Unguentum Cetacei. (B, P.) 

Spermaceti, white wax, and olive oil. Made by melting and 
mixing. 

Action and Uses. — Spermaceti resembles wax. It is used 
as au emollient and as a basis for plasters, ointments, and 
cerates. It is rarely used alone. 

Mel. Honey. (U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — Miel, Fr.; honig, G. 

A saccharine secretion deposited in the honeycomb by 
Apis mellifica Linne (class Insecta ; order Hymenoptera). 

Proj)erties. — A syrupy liquid of a bright yellowish to a 
pale-yellowish-brown color ; translucent when fresh, but 
gradually becoming opaque and crystalline ; having a char- 
acteristic, aromatic odor, and a sweet, faintly acrid taste. 
Nearly soluble in water. 

Constittients. — 1, grape sugar (dextrose); 2, fruit sugar 
(glucose); 3, a volatile oil ; 4, wax ; 5, formic acid, a trace. 
Fresh honey contains sucrose or cane sugar, which is changed 
into grape and fruit sugars. 

PREPARATION. 

Mel Depuratum. Clarified Honey. (U, S. & B. P.) 

Synonipn. — Mel depuratum, P. G. ; miel despume, mellite simple, 
Fr.; gereinigter honig, G. 

Derivation. — Melt honey with two per cent, of its weight of paper- 
pulp in water bath ; skim, strain, and add five per cent, of its weight of 
glycerin. 

Dose. — Ad lib. 

Honey is employed as an excipient in electuaries and 
confections. It is a demulcent and mild laxative for young 



652 AGENTS OF ANIMAL ORIGIN 

animals, Oxyinel (clarifipd honey, 8 parts ; water and acetic 
acid, each 1 part) is a soothing pre[)aration for the throat, 

Saccharum Lactis. Sugar of Milk. (Bi^Hj^Ou + H^O.) 

(U. S. & B. P.) 

Synonym. — Lactose, lactiu, milk sugar, E.; sucre de lait, 
Fr.; milchzucker, G. 

A peculiar, crystalline sugar obtained from the whey of 
cows' milk, by evaporation, and purified by recrystallization. 

Properties. — White, hard, crystalline masses, yielding a 
white powder, feeling gritty on the tongue; odorless, and 
having a faintly sweet taste. Permanent in the air. Soluble 
in about 6 parts of water ; insoluble in alcohol, ether, or 
chloroform, 

. Dose. — Ad lib. 

Uses. — Sugar of milk is less soluble and therefore less 
sweet than cane sugar. It is harder, and thus assists in the 
subdivision of drugs, and serves as a vehicle in the making 
of powders and triturates. It also forms the basis of homceo- 
pathic preparations. 

Sugar of milk is -a considerable diuretic and may be 
given to dogs in 2 to 4 drachm doses daily, in solution in the 
drinking water, for dropsy of renal or cardiac origin. 

Pepsinum. Pepsin. (U. S. & B. P.) 

A proteolytic ferment or enzyme obtained from the 
glandular layer of fresh stomachs from healthy pigs, and 
capable of digesting not less than 3000 times its own weight 
of freshly coagulated and disintegrated egg albumin. 

Derivation. — The chopped mucous membrane of a pig's 
stomach is macerated for several days in a weak, aqueous 
solution of hydrochloric acid, with frequent stirring. The 
pepsin is precipitated from this solution by the addition of 
sodium chloride and rises to the surface. The floating mix- 
ture is skimmed off, drained, pressed and dried. Sometimes 
the surface of the clean mucous membranes of the stomach 
of pigs, calves, or sheep is simply scraped off and dried. 



PEPSIN 653 

Properties. — A fine, white, or yellowish- white, amorphous 
powder, or thin, pale yellow or yellowish, transparent or 
translucent grains or scales, free from any offensive odor, 
and having a mildly acidulous or slightly saline taste, 
usually followed by a suggestion of bitterness. It slowly 
attracts moisture when exposed to the air. Soluble, or for 
the most part soluble, in about 100 parts of water, with more 
or less opalescence ; more soluble in water acidulated with 
hydrochloric acid ; insoluble in alcohol, ether or chloroform. 

Dose. — D., Calves and Foals, gr.x.- 3 i. (.6-4.). 

PREPARATIONS. 
Glycerinum, Pepsini. (B. P.) 
(Contains hydrochloric acid, 3 i. = gr.v. pepsin.) 
Dose. — D. , 3 i -ii. 

Pepsiniim Sarxharatum. 
Pepsin, 1 ; sugar of milk, 9. A weak preparation of little value. 

Action and Uses. — Pepsin is of some value in the treat- 
ment of dogs and young animals. It assists the digestion of 
proteids in the stomach, but has no action on fat or carbo- 
hydrates of the food. The drug should usually be given 
along with hydrochloric acid, which converts any pepsinogen, 
in the gastric tubules, into pepsin. Pepsin contains the 
unorganized digestive ferment of the gastric juice, but is not 
by any means the pure ferment, which has never been 
isolated. 

Much of the commercial pepsin is inert, or is composed 
largely of mucus, albumin and peptone, which later gives the 
preparation a musty odor and causes it to absorb moisture 
when exposed to the air, and to become sticky. 

Pepsin is serviceable in gastric indigestion of young 
animals, which is sometimes accompanied by diarrhoea, and 
in dyspepsia and feeble digestion caused by acute illness. 
Its use must not be long persisted in, as the normal 
functions of the stomach will fail . from lack of use. 
Pepsin is administered in pill, or solution with hydrochloric 
acid. 



654 AGENTS OF ANIMAL OKIGIN 

Pancreatinum. Pancreatin. (U. S. P.) 

Synonym. — ^Zyraine, B.P. 

A mixture of the enzymes naturally existing in the pan- 
creas of warm-blooded animals, usually obtained from the 
fresh pancreas of the hog (Sns Scrofa Linue ; class Mam- 
malia ; order Pachyderm ata). 

Derivation. — Chopped hog's pancreas is macerated in a 
dilute aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid for 48 hours, 
and pancreatin, which is separated by adding a saturated 
solution of sodium chloride, rises to the surface and is 
skimmed off, drained, washed, and when nearly dry, is 
diluted with sugar of milk until 10 grains will exactly 
emulsify 2 drachms of cod-liver oil. 

Properties. — A yellowish, yellowish-white or grayish, 
amorphous powder ; odorless, or having a faint, peculiar, 
not unpleasant odor, and a somewhat meat-like taste. Slowly 
and almost completely soluble in water ; insoluble in alcohol. 

Dose. — D., gr.v.-xv. (.3-1.). 

Action and Uses. — Pancreatin fulfils a fourfold function 
by virtue of the four ferments contained in it. It digests 
proteids by means of the ferment, trypsin; it decomposes 
and emulsifies fat owing to the ferment, steapsin; it converts 
starch into sugar by reason of the ferment, amylopsin : it 
coagulates milk through the action of a milk-curdling fer- 
tnent. Pancreatin is thus more useful than pepsin on account 
of its more extended actions. 

It does not digest food in an acid medium, but may aid 
digestion in the stomach, before much gastric juice has been 
secreted, during the first half hour after the ingestion of 
food. Pancreatin acts more efficiently in intestinal indiges- 
tion because of the presence of an alkaline secretion. For 
this reason pancreatin is commonly prescribed with sodium 
bicarbonate, and, if given for intestinal indigestion, it is 
administered in pill or tablet to dogs one or two hours after 
feeding. It is indicated in diarrhoea, when the faecal move- 



OXGALL G55 

meuts contain particles of undigested food, and in other 
foiiijs of deficient digestion due to general disease. Pan- 
creatin is more especially valuable to digest food previous to 
its administration by tlie mouth or rectum (see Artificial 
Peeding, p. 694.) For this purpose a good preparation can be 
niade extemporaneously by washing and cutting up a fresh 
pig's pancreas, soaking it in absolute alcohol for 24 hours, 
pressing out the alcohol, macerating it in ten times its weight 
of glycerin for 48 hours, and filtering. The filtered glycerin 
extract is added in the proportion of ~ i. to the pint of warm 
milk, with a little sodium bicarbonate, to artificially digest it. 

Fel Bovis. Oxgall. (IT. S. P.) 

Synonym. — Pel tauri, inspissa,ted oxgall, E. 

The fresh bile of Bos Taurus Linne (class Mammalia ; 
order Ruminantia). 

Properties. — A brownish-^reen or dark green, somewhat 
viscid liquid, liaviug a peculiar, unpleasant odor, and a dis- 
agreeable, bitter taste. Spec. gr. 1.018 to 1.028. It is 
neutral, or has a slightly alkaline reaction. 

Dose. — D., gr.v.-xv. (.3-1.). 

PREPAEATION. 

Fel Bovis Purificatum. Purified Oxgall. (U. S. P.) 

Synonym. — Fel bovinum purificatum, B.P. ; fiel de boeuf purifie, 
Fr. ; gereinigte ochsengalle (rindsgalle), G. 

Evaporate oxgall, 300, to 100; add alcohol, 100. The alcohol is dis- 
tilled olf from the decanted and filtered solution, and the remainder 
evaporated to pilular consistence. 

Properties. — A yellowish-green, soft solid, having a peculiar odor 
and a partly sweet and partly bitter taste. Very soluble in water and 
alcohol. 

Dose. — Same as for oxgall. 

Action and Uses.- — Purified oxgall contains all the active 
elements of bile, — biliary acids, coloring matter and choles- 
terin. One part of oxgall represents about fifteen parts 
of bile. Most of the bile ingested is absorbed from 



656 AGENTS OF a:nimal okigin 

the stomach (where it may act as a simple bitter), and 
small intestines, and is carried to the liver. From the liver 
it is not only excreted again into the bowel but it also stimu- 
lates the secreting cells of the liver (by means of bile acids) 
and increases the secretion of bile. Bile is in fact the only 
certain cholagogue known. 

Bile has but a feeble antiseptic action, yet it excites the 
secretion of the pancreatic fat-splitting ferment and aids the 
absorption of fat in the food. In thus aiding digestion it 
prevents the fetid feces seen in biliary obstruction. Bile, 
moreover, assists the solubility and action of certain cathar- 
tics, viz., podophyllum, rhubarb, scammony, aloes and jalap 
— and has a laxative action itself, probably through the irrita- 
tion of bile acids on the large intestines. Bile is indicated 
medicinally in obstruction to the normal flow of bile — to 
aid intestinal digestion — and also to facilitate the action of 
the cathartics noted above. It may be used also to advantage 
in enema for dogs with chronic constipation and impacted 
feces (2 drams to 2 ounces of jvater). Internally it is given 
to dogs in pills 2 hours after meals. 

Papain. (N^on-official.) 
Si/iwnyni.—J^ii-payotine, papaya, papayine, papoid. 
A digestive ferment obtained from the juice of the 
unripe fruit of Carica papaya (Papaw), an herbaceous tree 
growing in the East and West Indies. Papain or papayotine 
are often used to describe the dried juice itself, wdiich exists 
in the form of a powder similar to that of gum arable. Pa- 
pain occurs in the form of- a white, or greyish-white, nearly 
tasteless powder, soluble in glycerin and water. Papain is 
said to digest both proteids and carbohydrates, in either an 
acid or alkaline medium, and is recommended in gastric or 
intestinal indigestion in pill or powder. It has also been 
used to destroy pyogenic membrane of fistulse and abscess, 
in 5 per cent, solution ; or tumors and malignant growths, 
injected into the tissues in 10 per cent, solution. This latter 
use is accompanied by pain and febrile temperature, although 
the substance is said to merely dissolve diseased tissues with- 
out caustic effect. Papain may be given to dogs, foals, or 
calves in doses of gr.ii.-x. (.12-.6). Its therapeutic value 
is doubtful. 



COD I.IVER OIL G")" 

Oleum Morrhu^. Cod liver oil. (U. S. & B. P.) 

tiynonyin. — Oleum jecoris ascelli, P.G. ; oleum hapatis 
morrhua?, cod oil, E. ; huile de morue, huile de foie de morue, 
Fr. ; leberthrau, stockfisclileberthran, G. 

A fixed oil obtained from fresh livers of Gadus Morr- 
hua Linne and other species of Gadus (class Pisces; order 
Teleostei ; family Gadidse). 

Habitat. — North Atlantic Ocean. 

Properties. — A pale-jellow, thin, oilv liquid, having a 
peculiar, slightly fishy, but not rancid odor, and a bland, 
slightly fishy taste. Spec.gr. 0.920-0.925. Scarcely soluble 
in alcohol, but readily soluble in ether, chloroform or carbon 
disulphide; also in 2.5 parts of acetic ether. Brown oils are 
not desirable therapeutically. 

Constituents. — 1, glycerin oleate, TO per cent. ; 2, pab 
mitin and stearin, 25 per cent. ; 3, oleic, margaris, palmitic, 
stearic, butyric and acetic acids, in small quantities ; 4, bili- 
ary matter, as cholic, fellinic and bilifellinic acids ; 5, gaduin 
(Cp^^H^qOq) ; 6, morrhuol, a crystalline substance containing 
iodine, phosphorus and bromine ; 7, traces of iron, lime, and 
magnesia ; 8, decomposition products or cadaveric alkaloids, 
in brown oils. 

Dose. H. & C, 5 ii.'-iv. (60.-120.) ; Sh. & Sw., 5 cc.-i. 
(15.-30.) ; D. & C, o i.-iii. (4.-12.). 

Action Internal. — Cod liver oil resembles other oils in 
aiding nutrition, the accumulation of fat, and the mainten- 
ance of bodily heat, but surpasses them in three particulars: 
1, cod liver oil is more easily absorbed ; this has been 
proven comparatively by injecting various oils into separate 
ligated portions of the living animal bowel ; 2, cod liver oil 
is more readily oxidized after absorption ; this is shown by 
the fact that it reduces and therefore changes the color of 
potassium permanganate solutions more quickly than other 
oils ; 3, cod liver oil increases the number of red blood 
corpuscles in anaemia ; this has been demonstrated by blood- 
counts, but not by comparison with the effect of other oils. 
The ease of absorjition is thought by some to be due to 
biliary principles which aid the diffusion of substances 
through a mucous membrane (osmosis) when the latter is 
moistened by bile ; by others it is attributed to the presence 
of free acids in the oil wdiich w^ould tend to saponify and 



, 658 AGENTS OP ANIMAL ORIGIN 

emulsify the drug. The mediciual superiority of cod liver 
oil has led many writers to classify it as an alterative, and 
special properties have been referred to the minute traces of 
iodine, phosphorus, and bromine in the oil. These agents 
exist in too infinitesimal an amount to exert much therapeu- 
tic action. 

It is probable that no one constituent, or group of con- 
stituents, yet separated from the oil truly represent its 
medicinal effect. Cod liver oil is inferior to other oils in one 
respect, however, and this consists in its liability to cause 
nausea, indigestion, diarrhoea and vomiting, in large doses 
and in some patients. 

Administration. — Cod liver oil maybe given pure, or if 
this does not agree, it may be exhibited in various ways : 1, 
with an equal quantity of lime water and a little syrup ; 2, 
with ether (ITLx.), small animals; 3 i- to large animals; or 
with whiskey ; 3, shaken with white of an egg, or mucilage 
of tragacanth, and a few drops of oil of peppermint; 4. to 
dogs, in one of the proprietary emulsions, or with malt 
extract. The oil should be given after feeding and adminis- 
tration begun with the smaller doses as recommended above. 

Uses. — Cod liver oil is indicated generally in conditions 
of malnutrition occurring jjrimaril}^; in the course of chronic 
diseases; or following acute diseases. It is especially indi- 
cated in diseases of the respiratory tract, when it improves 
the nutrition of the mucous membranes, as well as the 
general nutrition. Thus cod liver oil is one of the best 
remedies in tardy convalescence from canine asthma and 
distemper ; from injfluenza, bronchitis, pneumonia and 
strangles in horses ; also in " heaves," emphysema, or broken 
wind in horses. Carron oil is cheaper and very efficient in 
the latter disorder, given on the food. 

Cod liver oil is valuable in the treatment of chronic bron- 
chitis, chronic eczema, and chorea of dogs ; and in rickets, 
anaemia, weakness, and emaciation in all young animals. It 
often proves curative in various forms of muscular and 
chronic articular rheumatism, and facilitates the absorption 



ICTHYOL 659 

of chronically enlarged glands. The use of cod liver oil is 
contra-indicated in hot weather, and in animals sujBfering 
from indigestion or acute diarrhoea. It is often beneficial, 
however, in chronic diarrhoea. 

Linseed oil, oil cake, and cottonseed meal may often be 
conveniently and properly substituted for cod liver oil, in 
the case of the larger patients ; while morrhuol (gr.iii. = 1 
teaspoonful cod liver oil?) given iu pills, or lipanin (oleic 
acid, 6 ; olive oil, 100) may be exhibited in drachm doses to 
dogs when cod liver oil does not agree. 

IcTHYOLUM. Icthyol. (Non-official.) 

Synonym. — Ammonium icthyol sulphonate. 

Derivation. — A bituminous quartz occurring in the Tyrol 
Mountains, containing the fossil remains of fish, is distilled 
with strong sulphuric acid, and sulphurous acids are removed 
from the distillate by sodium chloride, while sulphonic acid 
separates out. The latter is usually saturated with ammonia, 
forming icthyol ; but similar preparations are made by the 
combination of sulphonic acid with sodium, lithium and 
zinc. 

Properties. — A thick, dark, reddish-brown liquid, of a 
tarry consistency, and possessing a peculiar, disagreeable 
odor, and hot, bituminous taste. It is soluble in water, 
glycerin, alcohol, benzol, fats and fixed oils. 

Constituents. — Icthyol contains about 10 per cent, of 
sulphur ; also an inseparable volatile oil, to which its dis- 
agreeable odor is due. 

Action and Uses. — Icthyol is one of the most widely use- 
ful drugs recently introduced into inediciue. It is particu- 
larly valuable in the treatment of acute and chronic diseases 
of the skin and subadjacent tissues, accompanied with 
inflammation, pain, swelling, and induration ; also in epider- 
mal proliferation. Icthyol is supposed to readily permeate 
the skin, and there act to relieve inflammation and pain, and 
aid resolution. It is one of the most successful remedies in 



660 AGENTS OF ANIMAL ORIGIN 

chronic eczema and urticaria; in erysipelas, muscular and 
articular rheumatic disorders ; and in bruised and strained 
muscles, tendons and ligaments. The drug has proved of 
great worth in the treatment of frost bites, burns, and in 
causing absorption of lymphatic enlargements. Icthyol is 
recommended as a cure for sarcoptic mange and scab. 
It is doubtful whether the drug is an antiseptic, but is 
stimulant to the skin, anodyne, and resolvent, locally. 
Icthyol is most satisfactorily applied to the unbroken skin 
in ointment, with lanolin or lard, 25 to 50 per cent. Solu- 
tions in water, glycerin, oils or alcohol, are sometimes 
employed of various strengths. Icthyol is rarely given 
internally for chronic ilieumatism. 

Thiol is a substitute for icthyol, lacking the unpleasant 
odor of the latter medicament. Thiol is derived from brown- 
colored paraffin or gas-oils, by a complicated process, and 
consists of a mixture of sulphuretted hydrocarbons. The 
drug exists iti two forms : 1, thiolum liquidum, a thin, 
brownish-black liquid, soluble in water and glycerin ; 2, 
thiolum siccum, occurring in lustrous scales. Thiol is 
cheaper than icthyol and is said to be as efficacious as the 
latter. This remains to be proved. Liquid thiol is employed 
in 10 per cent, aqueous solution or in ointment ; and thiolum 
siccum in powder, dusted on inflamed parts, as in acute 
moist eczema. 



DOSES OF DRUGS. 



In the following table three doses are usually given for 
each drug. The first dose is for horses and cattle, in both the 
apothecaries' and metric systems of weights and measures. 
The second dose is for sheep and swine, in both the apothe- 
caries' and metric systems of weights and measures. The 
third dose is for dogs (and also cats) in both the apothecaries' 
and metric systems of weights and measures. 

Letters are used to siguify the name of the animal for 
which the dose is intended. Thus : H., Horses; C, Cattle ; 
Sh., Sheep ; Sw., Swine ; D., Dogs (which also includes cats 
in most cases). 

The following abbreviations are also employed : lb. 
pound; pt., pint; oz., ounce ; dr., drachm ; m., minim ; gr., 
grain ; gm., gram ; cc, cubic centimeter. These doses are 
suitable for animals of average weight. 

Dose Table. 

ACETANILID.— H, & C, dr. 1-2 (gm. 4.-8.). Sh. & Sw., dr. H (gm. 2.-4.). 
D., gr. 3-7 (gm. .2-. 5). 

ACETUM Opii.— H., oz. 1-2 (cc. 30.-60.). C, oz. 2-3 (cc. 60.-90.) Sh. & 
Sw., dr. 2-6 (cc. 8.-24.). D., m. 3-20 (cc. .2-1.3). 

Acid, Arsenous. — H. & C, gr. 2-3 (gm. .12-.2); single dose, gr. 5-10 
(gm..3-.6). Sh. & Sw., gr. 1-2 (gm. .06.12). D., gr. Jg-J^ (gm, 
.002-.006). 

Acid, Benzoic— H., dr. 2-4 (gm. 8.-15.). D., gr. 5.-15 (gm. .3-1.). 

Acid, Boric— H., dr. 2-4. (gm. 8.15.). D., gr. 5-15 (gm. .3-1.). 

Acid, Ca.rbolic— H. & C, gr. 15-30 (gm. 1.-2.). Sh. & Sw., gr. 5-10 
(gm. .3-.6). D., gr. i-1 (gm. .03-. 06). 

Acid, Citric— H., dr. 2-4 (gm. 8. 15.). D., gr. 10-20 (gm. .6-1.3). 

Acid, Gallic — H. & C, dr. 2-4. (gm. 8.-15.). Sh. & Sw., dr. ^-1 (gm. 

2.-4.). D.. gr. 5-20 (gm. .3-1.3). 
Acid, Hydriodic (syrup o+).— D., dr. 1 (cc. 4.). 



662 



DOSE TABLE 



Acid, Hydrochloric (dilute).— H., dr. 1-2 (cc. 4.-8.). C, dr. 2-4 (cc.8.- 
15.). Sh. & Sw., m. 15-30 (cc. 1-1.3). Sw. & D., m. 5-20 (cc. .3-1.3). 

Acid, Hydrocyanic (dilute).— H. & C, m. 20-40 (cc. 1.3 2.6). Sh., 
in. 10-15 (cc. .6-1.). Sw., m. 2-5 (cc. .12-.3). D.,m. 1-3 (cc. .06-.2). 

Acid, Lactic— H. & C, dr. 2-4 (cc. 8.-15.). D., dr. i-1 (cc. 2.-4.). 

Acid, Nitric (dilute).— H., dr. 1-2 (cc.4.-8.). C, dr. 2-4(8.-15.). Sh., dr 
i-1 (cc. 2.-4 ) Sw. & D., m. 5-30 (cc. .3-2.), 

Acid, Nitrohydrochloric. — H., m. 20-40 (cc. 1.3-2.6). D., m. 3-f 
(cc. .2-.3). 

Acid, Nitrohydrochloric (dilute).— H., dr. 1-2 (cc. 4.-8.). C, dr. 2-4 
(cc 8.-15.). Sh., dr. +-1 (cc. 2.-4.). Sw. & D., m. 5-30 (.3-2.). 

Acid, Phosphoric (dilute).— H., dr. 1-2 (cc. 4.-8.). C, dr. 2-4 (cc. 8.- 
15.). Sh. & Sw., dr. ^-1 (cc. 2.-4.). D., m. 5-30 (.3-2.). 

Acid, Salicylic— H. & C, dr. 2-8 (gm. 8 30). Sh., dr. 1-4 (gm. 4.-15.). 
Sw., dr. i-1 (gm. 2.-4.). D., gr. 5-30 (gm. .3-2.). 

Acid, Sulphuric (dilute).— H., dr. 1-2 (cc. 4.-8.). C, dr. 2-4 (cc. 8.- 
15.). Sh., dr. i-1 (cc. 2.-4.). Sw. & D., m. lo-30 (cc. .6-2.). 

Acid, Sulphuric, Aromatic — H,, dr. i-1 (cc. 2.-4.). C, dr. 2. -4. 
(cc. 8.-15.). Sh., m. 15-30 (cc. 1.-2.). Sw. & D., m. 5-15 (cc. .3-1.). 

Acid, Sulphurous,— H. & C, oz. 1-2 (cc. 30.-60.). Sh. & Sw., dr. 1-2 
(cc. 4.-8.). D., dr. i-2 (cc. 2.-8.). 

Acid, Tannic— H. & C, dr. ■J-4 (gm. 2.-15.). Sh. & Sw., dr. |-1 (gm. 2.- 
4.). D.,gr. 1-15 (gm. .06-1.). 

Acid, Tartaric— H. & C, dr. 2-4 (gm. 8.-15.) D., gr. 10-30 (gm. .6-2.). 

Aconite.— H., gr. 3-20 (gm. .2-1.3). D., gr. jy-2 (gm. .006-.12). 

Aconite, Extract of Leaves.— H., gr. 3-6 (grw- .2-.4). D., gr. |-1 (gm. 

.03-.06). 
Aconite, Extract of.— H., gr. 1-3 (gm. .06-.2)- D., gr. f^-i (gm. .006- 

.015). 
Aconite, Fluidextract of.— H., m. 3-30 (cc. .3-1.3). D., m. ^-2 (cc. 

.006-.12). 
Aconite, Tincture of. — H.. m. xx.- 3 i. (1.3-4.), C, 3 ss.-iss (2.-6.): 

Sh. & Sw., m. x.-xx. (.6-1.3). D., m. ii.-x. (.12-.6). 

Aconitine Nitrate (Squibb). — H., gr. ^^ (gm. .002). D,, gr. ^g-fo* 

(i;m. .0003-0006), 
Adrenalin Solution.— (By mouth), H., dr, 2-4 (cc. 8.-15.). D , 

iiLlO-60 (cc. 0,6-4.). 
Aloes.— H., oz. i-1 (gm. 15,-30.), C, oz, 1-2 (gm, 30,-60.). Sh., oz. i-1 

(gm. 15.-30.). Sw., dr, 2-4 (gm, 8.-15- ). D., gr. 20-60 (gm. 1.3-4.). 



DOSE TABLE 063 

Aloin.-IT. & C, dr. 3-3 (gm. 8.-12.). D., gr. 2-20 (gm. .12-1.3). 

Alum.-H. & C, dr. 2-4 (gm. 8.-15.). Sh. & S\v., gr. 20.-60. (gm. 1.3-4.). 
D., gr. 5-10 (gm. .3-.6). Emetic, dr. 1 (gm. 4). 

Ammonia, Aromatic Spirit of.— H. & C, oz. 1-2 (cc. 30.-60.). Sh. & Sw., 
dr. 2-4 (cc. 8.-15.). D., dr. +-1 (cc. 2.-4.) 

Ammonia, Spirit of.— H. & C, oz. ^-1 (cc. 15.30.). Sh. &S\v., dr. 1-2 
(cc. 4.-8.). D., m. 10-20 (cc. .6-1.3). 

Ammonia, Water of.— H. & C, oz. +-1 (cc. 15.-30.). Sh. & Sw., dr. 1-2 
(cc. 4.-8.). D., m. 10-20 (cc. .6-1.3). 

Ammonia, Stronger Water of.— H. & C, dr. .2-6. (cc. 8.-24.). Sh. & 
Sw., dr. 1 (cc. 4.). D., m. 5-10 (cc. .3-.6). 

Ammoniacum.— H. & C, oz. 1-2 (gm. 30.-60.). Sh. & Sw., dr. 2-4 (gm. 
8.-15.). D., gr. 5-30 (gm. .3-2.) 

Ammoniacum, Mixture of.— D., oz. 4-1 (cc. L! -30.). 

Ammonium, Solution of Acetate.— H. & C, oz. 2-4 (cc. 60.-I20.). D., 

dr. 2-8 (cc. 8.-30.). 
Ammonium Benzoate. — H., dr. 2-4 (gm. 8.-15.). D., gr. 5 15 (gm. .3-1.). 

Ammonium Carbonate.— H., dr. 2 (gm. 8.). C, dr.. 3-6 (gm. 12.-24). 
Sh. & Sw., gr. 15.-40. (gm. 1.-2.6). D., gr. 3-10 (gm. .2-.6). 
Emetic, D., gr. 15 (gm. 1). 

Ammonium Chloride.— H., dr. 2 (gm. 8.). C. , dr. 3-6 (gm. 12.-24.) 
Sh. & Sw., gr. 15-40 (gm. 1.-2.6). D., gr. 3-10 (gm. .2-.6). 

Ammonium Valerianate.— D., gr. 2-5 (gm. .12. 3). 

Amyl Nitrite.— H., dr. i-1 (cc. 2.-4.). D., m. 2-5 (cc. .12-.3), by- 
inhalation. 

Anise.— H. & C, oz. 1-2 (gm. 30.-60.). Sh. & Sw., dr. 2 3 (gm. 8.-12.;. 
D., gr. 10-30 (gm. .6-2.). 

Anise, Oil of.— H., m. 20-30 (cc. 1-3-2.). D., m. 1-5 (cc. .06-.3). 

Anise, Spirit of.— D., dr. 1-2 (cc. 4.-8.). 

Antimony and Potassium Tartrate. — H., dr. 2-4 (gm. 8.-15.). Sw., 

emetic, gr. 4-10 (gm. .24-.6). D., gr. ^-i (gm. .006-.03). Emetic, 

D., gr. 1-2 (gm. .06..12). 
Antimony, Wine of. — D., m. 5-60 (cc. .3-4.) 
Antipyrin.— H. & C, dr. 3-4 (gm. 12.-15.). Sh. & Sw., dr. 1 (gm. 4). 

D., gr. 5-20 (gm. .3-1.3). 
j\^tistreptococcus Serum. — H., 20-50 cc. 
Antitoxins, Tetanus. — H., 20 cc. (See p. 742.) 
Apomorphine Hydrochlorate.— D., emetic subcutaneously, gr. ^^-^ 

(gm. .002-.006); by mouth, gr. i-i (gm. .008-.012). D., expectorant, 

gr. io-h (gm. .0015.0024). 



GG4 DOSE TABLE 

Areca Nut,~H., oz, ^-1 (gm. 15.-30.). Lamb, dr. 1 (gm. 4.). D., gr. 

n-60 (gm. 1.-4.) Fowl, gr. 10-40. 

Areca, Fluid Extract of. — Dose saire as nut. 

Arecoline Hydrobromate. — H. & C, gr. f-l| (gm. .04-.1), subcutane- 

ously. 
Arnica Flowers.— H. &C., oz. |-1 (gm. 15.-30.). D., gr. 10-20 (gm. .6- 

1.3). 

.\RNiCA, Tincture of . — H. & C, oz. 1 (cc. 30.). D., m. 15-40 
(cc. 1-2.6). 

Arnica Root.— H. & C, oz. |-1 (gm. 15.-30.). D., gr. 10-20 (gm. .6-1.3). 

Arntc\ T?oot, Fluidextract of.— H. & C, (oz. ^-1 (cc. 15.-30.) D., m. 
10-30 (cc. .6-1.3). 

Arnica Root, Tincture of.— H. & C, dr. 4 (cc. 15.). D., m. 7-20 (cc. .5- 

1.3). 
Arnica Root. Tincture of (B. P.)— H. & C, oz. 1-2 (cc. 30.-60.). D., 

dr. i-1 (cc. 2.-4.). 

Arsenic. — See Acid, Arsenous. 

Arsenic, Fowler's Solution of.— H. & C, dr. 2-8 (cc. 8.-30.). Sh, & Sw., 
dr. 1-2 (cc. 4.-8.). D., m. 2-10 (cc. .12-.6). 

Asafetida.— H. & C, oz. i-1 (gm. 15.-30.). Sh. & Sw., dr. 1-2 (gm. 4.- 
8.). D., gr. 3-10 (gm. .2-.6). 

Asafetida, Emulsion of.— D., oz. ^1 (cc. 15.-30.) 

Asafetida, Pill. — D., (1.-4.). 

Asafetida, Tincture of.— H. & C, oz. 2-4 (cc. 60.-120.). D., dr. i-l 

(cc. 2.-4.). 
Aspidium, Fluidextract of (B. P.).— H. & C, dr. 3-6 (cc. 12.-24.). Sh. 

& Sw., dr. 1-2 (cc. 4.-8.). J)., m. 15-60 (cc. 1.-4.). 

Aspidium, Oleoresin of.— H. & C, dr. 3-6 (cc. 12.-24.). Sh. & Sw., dr. 
1-2 (cc. 4.-8.). D., m. 15-60 (qc. 1.-4.). 

AtropineSulphate.— H.,gr. l-H (gm. .06-.09). C, gr. 1-2 (gm. .06-.12). 
Sh. & Sw., gr. -L-i^ (gm. .004-.005). D., gr. Jg-gV (gm. .0005-.002). 
Average dose, D., gr. j^^jj (gm. .0006). 

Balsam of Peru.— H. & C, oz. 1-2 (cc. 30.-60.). Sh. & Sw., dr. 1-2 
(cc. 4.-8.). D., m. 10-30 (cc. .6-2.) 

Barium Chloride. — H., dr. 3-4 (gm. 8.-15.). Intravenously, gr. 15- 
30 (1.-2.). 

Belladonna, Alcoholic Extract of Leaves. — H. & C, gr. 10-20 (gm. .6- 
1.3). Sh. & Sw., gr. 2-4 (gm. .13-.24). D., gr. H (gm. .008-.03). 



DOSE TABLE 665 

Belladonna, Tincture of Leaves.— D., m. 15-30 (cc. 1.-2.). 

Belladonna Root, Fluid Extract of. — H., dr. 1.2 (cc. 4.-8.). C, dr. 

2-3 (cc. 8.-12.). Sh. & Sw., m. 10-15 (cc. .6-1.). D., m. 1-3 (cc. 

.06-.2), 
Benzoin, Tincture of.— H., oz. 1 (cc. 30.). D., dr. i-1 (cc. 2.-4.) 
Betula, Oil of.— See Gaultheria. 
Bismuth Salicylate.— D., gr. 5-10 (gm. .3-. 6). 

Bismuth Subcarbonate. — H., dr. 2-4 (gm. 8.-15.). D., gr. 10-30 (gm. 

.6-2). 
Bismuth Subnitrate. — Dose same as subcarbonate. 

Brandy —H. & C, oz. 2-4 (cc. 60.-120.). Sh. &Sw., oz. 1-2 (cc. 30.-60.). 
D.,dr. 1-4 (cc. 4.-15.). 

BucHU, Fluidextract of. -H., oz. 1-2 (cc. 30.-60.). D.,m.5-30 (cc. .3-2.). 

Buckthorn (Rhamnus Catharticus) , Syrup of. — D.,oz. 1-2 (cc. 30.-60.). 
Cats, oz. i-1 (cc. 15.-30.). 

Caffeine.— H., 3i.-ii. (gm. 4.-8.). D., gr. i-3 (gm. .03-.2). 

Caffeine, Citrate of.— H., 3ii.-iv.(gm. 8.-15.). D., gr. 1-6 (gm. .06-.36). 

Calamus.— H. & C, oz. 1-2 (gm. 30.-60.). Sh. & Sw., dr. 2.3 (gm. 8.- 
12.). D., gr. 15-60 (gm. 1.-4.). 

Calamus, Fluidextract of. — Dose same as Calamus. 

Calcium, Precipitated Carbonate of.— H., oz. 1-2 (gm. 30.-60.). C, oz. 
2-4 (gm. 60.-120). Sh. & Sw., dr. 2-4 (gm. 8.-15.). D,, gr. 10-60 

(gm. 6-4). , 
Calcium Chloride.— H. & C, oz. i-1 (gm. 1&-S0). D., gr. 5-20 (gm. 
.3-1.3). 

Calcium, Lactophosphate, Syrup of. — Foals and Calves, oz. ^-1 
(cc. 15.-30.). D., dr. 1-4 (cc. 4.-15.) 

Calcium, Precipitated Phosphate of.— H., dr. 2-4 (gm. 8.-15.). C, oz. 

i-1 (gm. 15.-30.). Sh. & Sw., dr. 1-2 (gm. 4.-8.). D., gr. 5-20 (gm. 

.3-1.3). 
Calomel. — See Mercury. 

Calumba.— H. & C, oz. i-1 (gm. 15.-30.). Sh. & Sw., dr. 1-2 (gm. 4.-8.). 
D.,gr. 5-30 (gm. .3-2.). 

Calumba, Fluidextract of. — Dose same as Calumba. 

Calumba, Tincture of.— H. & C, oz. 2-4 (cc. 60.-120.). D., dr. 1-4 
(cc. 4.-15.). 

Camphor.- H., dr. 1-3 (gm. 4.-12.). C, dr. 2-4 (gm. 8.-15.). Sh. &Sw., 
gr. 15-60 (gm. 1-4.). D.,gr. 3-20 (gm. .2-1.3). 

Camphor, Monobromated. D., gr. 2-10 (gm. .12-.6). 

Camphor, Spirit of.— H., oz. 1-2 (cc. 30.-60.). D., dr. i-1 (cc. 2.40- 



66C DOSE TABLE 

Cannabis Inijica, Extract of. — H., dr. 1-3 (gm. 4.-8.). D,, gr. i-1 (gm. 
.015-.06). 

Cannabis Indica, Fluidextract of. — H., dr. 4-6 (cc. 15.-24.). D., m. 
3-10 (cc. .2-.6). 

Cannabis Indica, Tincture of.— D., m. 15-30 (cc. 1.-2.). 

C A NTH ABIDES.— H. & C, gr. 5-20 (gm. .3-1. 3\ Sh. & Sw., gr. 4-8 (gm. 
.24-.5). D., gr. 1-2 (gm. .06-.12). 

Cantharides, Tincture of.— H., dr. 2-4 (cc. 8.-15.). D., m. 2-15 (cc. 
.12-1.). 

Capsicum.— H., gr. 20-60 (gm. 1.3-4.). C, dr. 1-2 (gm. 4.-8.). D., gr. 
1-8 (gm. .06-.48). 

Capsicum, Fluidextract of. — Dose same as Capsicum. 

Capsicum, Oleoresin of.— H., m. 10-30 (cc. .6-3.). C, dr. i-1 (cc. 3.-4.). 
D., m. i-1 (cc. .015-.06). 

Capsicum, Tincture of .— H., dr. 2-4 (cc. 8.-15.). C, oz. i-1 (cc. 15.-30.). 
D., m. 5-60 (cc. .3-4.). 

Carbon Bisulphide. — H., dr. 2-4 (cc. 8.-15.). 

Cardamon.— H. & C, oz. 1-2 (gm. 30.-60.). Sh. & Sw., dr. 2-3 (gm. 8.- 
12.). D., gr. 10-30 (gm. .6-2.). 

Cardamon, Fluidextract of. — Dose same. (Non-ofBcial.) 

Cardamon, Compound Tincture of.— D., dr. 1-2 (cc. 4.-8.). 

Cardamon, Tincture of. — D., dr. 1-2 (cc. 4.-8.). 

Cascara Sagrada. — D., gr. 5-30 (gm. .3-2.). 

Cascara Sagrada, Fluidextract of. — D., m. 5-30 (cc. .3-2.). 

Cascara Sagrada (Solid) Extract of.— D., gr. 2-8 (gm. .12-.5). 

Cascarilla.— H. & C, oz. i-1 (gm. 15.-30.). Sh. & Sw., dr. 1-2 (gm. 4.- 
8.). D., gr. 10-30 (gm. .6-2.). 

Castor Oil.— H. & C , pt. 1 (cc. 500.). Sh, & Sw., oz. 2-4 (cc. 60.-120). 
D., dr. 1-2 (cc. 4.-8.). Fowl, dr. 1 (cc. 4.). 

Catechu.— H., oz'. i-1 (gm. 15.-30.). C, oz. 1-3 (gm. 30.-60.). Sh. & 
Sw., dr. 1-3 (gm. 4.-8.). D., gr. 5-30 (gm. .3-2.). 

Catechu, Fluidextract of (non-official). — Dose same as Catechu. 

Catechu, Tincture of.— H. & C, oz. 1-2 (cc. 30.-60.). Foals, Calves 
and Sheep, oz. i-1 (cc. 15.-30.). D., dr. i-3 (cc. 2.-8.). 

Cerium Oxalate.— D., gr. 3-5 (gm. .2-.3). 

Chalk, Compound Powder of. — D., gr. 10-60 (gm. .6-4.). 



DOSE TABLE gg'j- 

Chalk Mixture.— D., oz. 1-3 (cc. 30.-60.). 

Chalk, Prepared.— H., oz. 1-2 (gm. 30.-60.). C, oz. 2-4 (gm. 60. 120.). 
Sh. & Sw., dr. 2-4 (gm. 8.-15.). D., gr. 10-60 (gm. .6-4.). 

Charcoal (Wood, and animal, pvirified). — H, & C, oz. 1-2 (gm. 80.- 
60.). Sh. & Sw., dr. 2-4 (gm. 8.-15.). D., gr. 20-60 (gm. 1.3 4.). 

Chloral. -H. & C, oz. 1-2 (gm. 30.-60.). Sh. & Sw., dr. 1-2 (gm. 4.-8.). 
D.. gr. 5-20 (gm. .3-1.3). 

Chloroform.— H. &C., dr. 1-2 (cc. 4.-8,). Sh. & Sw., m. 20-30 (co. 
1.3-2.). D., m. 2-20 (cc. .12-1.3). 

Chloroform, Spirit of.— H. & C, oz. 1-2 (30.-60.). Sh. & Sw., dr. 2-4 
(cc. 8.-15.). D., dr. i-X (cc. 2.-4.) 

Cinchona Bark.— H., dr. 2-4 (gm. 8.-15.), C, oz. 1-2 (gm. 30.-60.). 
Sh. & Sw., dr. 1-4 (gm. 4.-15.). D., gr. 10-60 (gm. .6-4.). 

Cinchona, Compound Tincture of. — H., oz. 2-4 (cc. 60.-120.). D., dr. 

i-4 (cc. 2.-15.). 
Cinchona, Extract of.— H., dr. 1-2 (gm. 4.-8.). D., gr. 5-30 (gm. .3-2.). 

Cinchona, Fluidextract of.— H., dr. 2-4 (cc. 8.-15.). C, oz. 1-2 (cc. 
30.-60.), Sh. & Sw., dr. 1-4 (cc. 4.-15.). D., gr. 10-60 (cc. .6-4.). 

Cenchonine Sulphate, Tonic Dose. — H., gr. 20-60 (gm. 1.3-4.). C, 
dr. f-1^ (gm. 3.-6.). Sh. & Sw., gr. 6-15 (gm. .36-1.), D.,gr. 1^2^ 
(.1-.15). 

CiNCHONiNE Sulphate, Antipyretic Dose. — H., dr. 2^-5 (gm. 10.-20.). 
Sh. & Sw., gr. 40-50 (gm. 2.6-3.3). D., gr. 7-15 (gm. .5-1,). 

CiNCHONiDiNE SULPHATE. — Dose same as Cinchonine Sulphate. 

Cocaine Hydrochlorate.— H., gr. 5-10 (gm. .3-.6). D., gr i-f (gm. 
.008-.045). 

Cod Liver Oil.— H., oz. 2-4 (cc. 60.-1-^0.). Sh, & Sw,, oz. ^1 (cc. 15.-30.). 
D., dr. 1-3 (cc. 4.-12.). 

Codeine.— D., gr. i-2 (gm. .015-. 12). 

Colchicine.— H. & C, gr, H (gm- .01-.03). D., gr, ^l^-J^ (gm. .0005- 

.0012). 
COLCHICUM CORM.— H. & C, dr. i.2 (gm. 2.-8.). Sh., gr. 10-20 (gm. .6- 

1.3). Sw. & D., gr. 2-8 (gm. .I2-.5). 
COLCHICUM CoRM, Fluidextract of. — Dose same as Colchicum. 
COLCHICUM CoRM, Tincture of.— H. & C, dr. 3-8 (cc. 12.-30.) D., m. 

10-30 (cc. .6-2.), 
COLCHICUM CORM, Wine of.— H. & C, dr. 3-8 (cc, 12.-30,). D., m, 10-30 

(cc. .6-2.). 
Collargol (Colloidal Silver).— See p. 180. 



668 



DOSE TABLE 



COLOCYNTH — ^D., gr. 3-8 (gni. .2-. 5). 

COLOCYNTHIN.— H., dr. ^-1 (gm. 2.-4.). D., gr. i-1 (gm. .015-.06). 

CONHNE Hydrobromate. — H «& C, gr. |-li (gm. .045-.1). Sh. & 8w,, 
gr. i-l (gm. .012-.024). D., gr. ^^ (gm. .001-.002). 

CONIUM.— H. & C, dr. 1-2 (gm.-4.-8.). Sh. & Sw., gr. 10-20 (gm. .6-1.3). 
D., gr. 2-5 (gm. .12-.3). 

CoNlUM, Pluidextract of. — Dose same as Conium. 

CONIUM, Extract of.— H. & C, gr. 12-24 (gm. .72-1.5). Sh. & Sw., gr. 
2-4 (gm. .12-.24). D., gr. i-1 (gm. .015-.06). 

CONVALLARIA, Fluidextract of. — H. & C, dr. 1-2 (cc. 4.-8.). D., m. 
5-10 (cc. .3-.6). 

Copper Sulphate.— H. & C, dr. 2-4 (gm. 8.-15.). Sh. & Sw., gr. 20-40 
(gm. 1.3-3.6). D., gr. 1-2 (gm. .06-.12). Emetic— D., gr. 6-20 (gm. 
.36-1.3). 

Corrosive Sublimate. — (See Mercury.) 

Cotton Root Bark. — (See Gossypium.) 

Creasote.— H., m. 15-30 (cc. 1.-2.). C, dr. H (cc. 3.-4.). Sh. & Sw., 
m. 5.-15 (cc. .3-1.). D., m. i-2 (cc. .03-.12). 

Creolin.— H. &C., dr. 1-2 (cc. 4.-8.). D., m. 1-5 (cc. .06-,3). Single 
dose as anthelmintic. H., oz. ^-1 (cc. 15.-30.). 

Croton Oil.— H., m. 15-30 (cc. 1.-2.). C, dr. i-1 (cc. 2.-4.). Sh & Sw., 
m. 5-10 (cc. .3-.6). D., m. i-3 (cc. .03-.2). 

Digitalein.— H., gr. H (S^- -OOS-.OIS). D., gr. ^y (gm. .0006). 

Digitalin.— H., gr. i-i (gm. .015-.03). D., gr. Jg-g^ (gm. .001-.002). 

Digitalis.— H., gr. 10-60 (gm. .6-4.). C, dr. ^-li (gm. 2.-6.). Sh. & 
Sw., gr. 5-15 (gm. .3-1.). D., gr, i-3 (gm. .03-.2). 

Digitalis, Fluidextract of . —Dose same as Digitalis. 

Digitalis, Extract of.— H., gr. 5-10 (gm. .3-.6). D., gr. i-^ (gm. .008- 

.Oo). 
Digitalis, Infusion of.— H. & C, oz. 2-6 (cc. 60.-180.). Sh. & Sw., oz. 

i-1 (cc. 15.-30.). D., dr. 1-4 (cc. 4.-15.). 

Digitalis, Tincture of.— H. & C, dr. 2-4 (cc. 8.-15.). Sh. & Sw., dr. i- 
U (cc. 2.-6.). D., m. 5-30 (cc. .3-2.). 

Dover's Powder.— H., oz. +-1 (gm. 15.-30.). D., gr. 5-10 (gm. .3-.6). 

Dover's Powder, Liquid.— H., oz. i-1 (cc. 15.-30.). D., m. 5-10 (cc. 

.3-.6). 
Elaterin.— D., gr. jVi^ iS^' .003-.005). 



DOSE TABLE 669 

Ergot. - H. & C, oz. M (gm. 15.-30.). Sh. & Sw., dr. 1-2 (gm. 4.-8.). 
D., dr. i-1 (gm. 2.-4.). 

Ergot, Fluidextract of. — Dose same as Ergot. 

Ergot, Extract of (Ergotin).— H. & C, gr. 20-60 (gm. 1.3-4.). D., gr. 
2-10 (gm. .12-.6). 

Ergot, Tincture of.— H. & C, oz. 1-2 (cc. 15.-60.). Sh. & Sw., dr. 1-4 
(cc. 4.-15.). D., dr. i-2 (cc. 2.-8.). 

Eserine. — (See Phj'sostigmine.) 

Ether.— H. & C, oz. 1-2 (cc. 30.-60.). Sh. & Sw., dr. 2-4 (cc. 8.-15.). 
D., m. 10-60 (cc. .6-4.). 

Ether, Spirit of, and Compound Spirit of . — H. &C., oz. 1-2 (cc. 30.-60.). 
Sh. & Sw., dr. 2-4 (cc. 8.-15.). D., m. 10-60 (cc. .6-4.). 

Ether, Nitrous, Spirit of (Sweet Spirit of Nitre). — H. & C, oz. 1-4 
(cc. 30.-120.). Sh. & Sw., dr. 2-4 (cc. 8.-15.). D., m. 10-60 (cc. 
.6-4.) 

Eucalyptus, Fluidextract of.— H., oz. 2-3 (cc. 60.-00.). D., dr. 1-2 
(cc. 2.-8.). 

Eucalyptus, Oil of.— H., dr. 2-4 (cc. 8.-15.). D., m. 5-20 (cc. .3-1.3). 

EUCALYPTOL.— Dose same as Oil of Eucalyptus. 

Fennel.— H. & C, oz. 1-2 (gm. 30.-60.). Sh. &Swr., dr. 2-3 (gm. 8.-12.). 
D.. gr. 10-20 (gm. .6-1.3). 

Fel Bovis. — (See Oxgall.) 

Fenugreek.— H. & C, oz. 1-2 (gm. 30.-60.). Sh. & Sw., dr. 2-3 (gm. 8.- 
12.). D., gr. 10-30 (gm. .6-2.). 

Frangula, Fluidextract of.— D., dr. |-1 (cc. 2.-4.). 

Gamboge.— H., oz. i-1 (gm. 15.-30.). C, oz. 1-li (gm. 30.-45.). Sh. & 
Sw., gr. 20-60 (gm. 1.3-4.). D., gr. 5-10 (gm. .3-.6). 

Gaultheria, Oil of.— H. & C, dr. 2 oz.l (cc. 8.-30.). Sh. & Sw., dr. i- 
2 (cc. 2.-8.). D., m. 5-15 (cc. .3-1.). 

Gelsemlne.— H., gr. i-i (gm. .015-.03). D., gr. gL.jg (gm. .001-.003). 

Gelsemium.— H., dr. 1-2 (gm. 4.-8.). D., gr. 5-10 (gm. .3-.6). 

Gelsemium, Fluidextract of. — Dose same as Gelsemium. 

Gelsemium, Tincture of. — H., oz. i-2 (cc. 15.-60.). D., m. 15-60 
(cc. 1.-4.). 

Gentian.— H., oz. i-1 (gm. 15.-30.). C, oz. 1-2 (gm. 80.-60,). Sh. & 
Sw., dr. 1-2 (gm. 4.-8.). D., gr. 5-30 (gm. .3-2.). 

Gentian, Fluidextract of.— Dose same as Gentian. 



670 DOSE TABLE 

Gentian, Compound Tincture of.— H. & C, oz. 1-4 (cc. 30.-120.). D., 

dr. 1-4 (cc. 4.-15.). 
Ginger.— H., dr. 2-oz. 1 (gm. 8.-30.). C, oz. 1-4 (gm. 30.-120,). Sh. & 

Sw., dr. 1-3 (gm. 4-8). D., gr. 5-15 (gm. .8-1.). 
Ginger, Fluidextract of. — Dose same as Ginger. 
Ginger, Oleoresin of. — One-fifth dose of Ginger. 
Glycerin.— H. & C, oz. 1 (cc. 30.). D., dr. ^-1 (cc. 2.-4.). 
Glycyrrhiza. — See Liquorice. 

GossYPiUM Root, Fluidextract of Bark of. — H. & C, oz. |-1 (cc. 15.- 

30.). Sh. & Sw., dr. 1-2 (cc. 4.-8.). D,, dr. ^-1 (cc. 2.-4.). 
Granatum (Pomegranate). — D., dr. |-1^ (gm. 2.-6.). 
Granatum, Fluidextract of. — Dose same as granatum. 
Granati Radicis Cortex, Fluid Extract of. — D., dr. |-2 (cc. 2.-8.). 

H^MATOXYLON, Extract of. — H. & C, dr. |-4 (gm. 2.-15.). Sh. & Sw., 
dr. i-1 (gm. 2.-4.). D., gr. 5-15 (gm. .3-1.). 

H.'EMATOXYLON, Fluidextract of. — H. & C, oz. |-1| (cc. 15.-45.) Sh. & 
Sw., dr. li-3 (cc. 6.-12.). D., m. 15-45 (cc. 1.-3.). 

Hamamelis, Fluidextract of.— H. & C, oz. 1-2 (cc. 30.-60.). D., dr. 4-2 

(cc. 2.-8.). 
Hamamelis, Water of. — Same doses as fluidextract. 
Hydrastin.— H., gr. 15-30 (gm. 1.-2.). D., gr. 3-5 (gm. .2-.3). 

Hydrastine Hydrochlorate.— H., gr. 1-2 (gm. .06-.12). D., gr. jVi 

gm. .005-.01). 
Hydrastis, Fluidextract of.— H. & C, dr. 2-oz. 1 (cc. 8.-30.). Sh. & 

Sw., dr. 1-2 (cc. 4.-8.). D., m. 5-60 (cc. .3-4.). 

Hydrastis, Glycerite of. — Dose same as Fluid Extract. 

Hydrastis, Tincture of.— H., oz. 1-2 (cc. 30.-60.). D., dr. ^2 (cc. 2.-8.). 

Hyoscine Hydrobromate. — H., gr. i-i (gm. .01-.015). D., gr. tJo-ioo 

(gm. .0004-.0006). 
Hyoscyamine Hydrobromate and Sulphate. — H., gr. 1-2 (gm. .06-.12). 

D-,gi-- eVrfoCgro. .001-.002). 
Hyoscyamus.— H. & C, oz. H (gm. 15.-30.). D., gr. 5-15 (gm. .3-1.). 
Hyoscyamus, Fluidextract of. — Dose same as Hyoscyamus. 

Hyoscyamus, Extract of.— H. & C, gr. 20-60 (gm. 1.3-4.). D., gr. i-2 

(gm. .03-. 12). 
Hyoscyamus, Tincture of. — D., dr. 1-2 (cc. 4.-8.). 
Hyoscyamus, Succus of. — D., dr. 1-2 (cc. 4.-8.). 
Hypophosphites, Compound Syrup of. — D., dr. 1 (cc. 4.). 

Iodine.— H. & C, dr. H (gm. 2.-4.). Sh. & Sw., gr. 10-20 (gm. .6-1.3). 
D., gr. 2-5 (gm. .12-.3). 



DOSE TABLE 671 

Iodine, Compound Solution of.— H., dr. 2-4 (cc. 8.-15.). D., m. 2-10 (cc. 

.12-.6). 
Iodine, Tincture of.— H., dr. 2-4 (cc. 8.-15.). D., m. 2-10 (cc. .12-.6). 

Ipecac. -H., dr. 1-2 (gm. 4.-8.). C, dr. 2-4 (gni. .8-15.). Sh., dr. M 
(gm. 2.-4.). D., gr. |-2 (gm. .03-.12). Emetic— D. & Sw., gr. 15-30 
(gm. 1.-2.). Cats, gr. 5-12 (gm. .13-.72). 

Ipecac, Fluidextract of. — -Dose same as Ipecac. 

Ipecac, Syrup of.— D., Expectorant, m. 15-60 (cc. 1.-4.). 

Ipecac, Wine of.— D., Expectorant, m. 15-60 (cc. 1.-4.). 

Iron and Ammonium Citrate.— D., gr. 5-10 (gm. .3-.6). 

Iron, Carbonate. Saccharated.— H., dr. 1-2 (gm. 4.-*.). C, dr. 2-4 (gm. 

8.-15.). Sh. & Sw., (gr. 20-30 (gm. 1.3-2.). D., gr. 1-5 (gm. .06-.3). 
Iron, Chloride, Solution of.— H. & C, dr. 2-4 (cc. 8.-15.). Sh. & Sw., 

m. 10-20 (cc. .6-1.3). D., m. 2-10 (.12-.6). 

Iron, Chloride, Tincture of.— H. & C, oz. 1-2 (cc. 30.-60.). Sh. &Sw., 
m. 20-30 (cc. 1.8-2.). D., m. 5-60 (cc. .3-4.). 

Iron, Iodide, Syrup of.— D., m. 5-10 (cc. .3-6.). 

Iron, (and) Quinine Citrate. — D., gr. 5-10 (gm. .3-.6). 

Iron, Reduced.— H., dr. 1-2 (gm. 4.-8.). C, dr. 2-4 (gm. 8-15). Sh. & 
Sw., gr. 20-30 (gm. 1.3-2.). D., gr. 1-5 (gm. .06-.3). 

Iron, (and) Strychnine Citrate. — D., gr. 1-2 (gm. .06-. 12). 

Iron, Sulphate and Dried Sulphate.— H. & C, dr. 1-2 (gm. 4.-8.). Sh. 
& Sw., gr. 20-30 (gm. 1.3-2.). D., gr. 1-5 (gm. .06-.3). 

Jaborandi.— H. & C, dr. 2-4 (gm. 8.-15.). Sh. & Sw., dr. ^-1 (gm. 2.-4.). 
D., gr. 5-60 (gm. .3-4.). 

Jaborandi, Fluidextract of. — Dose same as Jaborandi. 

Jalap.— Sw., dr. ^1 (gm. 8.-15.). D., dr. 1-2 (gm. 4.-8.). Cats, dr. f-l 

(gm. 2.-4.). 
Jalap, Fluidextract of.— Dose same as Jalap. 

Jalap, Resin of.— Sw., dr. i-l (gm. 2.-4.). D., gr. 15-30 (gm. 1.-2.). 

Cats, gr. 7-15 (gm. .5-1.). 
Juniper, Compound Spirit of.— H. & C, oz. 2-4 (cc. 60.-120.). D., dr. 

1-4 (cc. 4.-15.). 
Juniper, Oil of.— H. & C, dr. 1-2 (cc. 4.-8.). D., m. 2-10 (cc. .12-.6). 
Kamala.— H., oz. 1 (gm. 30.). D., dr. ^-2 (gm. 2.-8.). 

Kino.— H., oz. ^-1 (gm. 15.-30.). C, oz. 1-2 (gm. 30.-60.). Sh. & Sw., 
dr. 1-2 (gm. 4.-8.). D., gr. 5;30 (gm. .3-2.). 



672 



DOSE TABLE 



Kino, Fluidextract of. — Dose same as Kino. 

Kino, Tincture of.— H. & C, oz. 1-3 (cc. 30.-60.). Foals, Calves and 
Sheep, oz. H (cc. 15.-30.). D., dr. i-2 (cc. 2.-8.). 

KOUSSIN.— D., gr. 5-40 (gm. .3-2.6). 

Kousso.— Small dogs, dr. ^-1 (gm. 2.-4). Large dogs, dr. 2-4 (gm. 8.-15.) 

Kousso, Fluidextract of. — Dose same as Kousso. 

Krameria.— H.. oz. H (gm. 15.-30.). C, oz. 1-2 (gm. 30,-60.). Sh. & 
Sw., dr. 1-2 (gm. 4.-8.). D., gr. 5-30 (gm. .3-2.). 

FIrameria, Fluidextract of. — Dose same as Krameria. 

Krameria, Extract of.— H. & C, dr. 2-3 (gm. 8.-12.). Sh. & Sw., gr. 
20-40 (urn. 1.3-2.6). D., gr. 5-10 (gm. .3-.6). 

Krameria, Tincture of.— H. & C, oz. 1-2 (cc. 30.-60.). Foals, Calves 
and Sheep, oz. ^-1 (cc. 15.-30.). D.. dr. +-3 (cc. 2.-8.). 

Lead Acetate.— H. & C, dr. 1 (gm. 4.). Sh. & Sw., gr. 15-20 (gm. 1.- 
1.3). D., gr. 1-2 (gm. .06-.12). 

Lime, Solution of (Lime Water).— H. & C, oz. 4-6 (cc. 120.-180.). 
Calves and Foals, oz. 2 (cc. 60.). D., dr. 1-8 (cc. 4.-30.). 

Linseed Oil.— H., pt. i-1 (cc. 250.-500). C, pt. 1-2 (cc. 500.-1000.). Sh. 
& Sw., oz. 6-12 (cc. 180.-360.). Dogs and Cats, oz. |-2 (cc. 15.-60.). 

Liquorice. — Ad lib. 

Liquorice, Fluidextract of.— Ad lib. 

Liquorice, Extract of. — Ad lib. 

Liquorice, Compound Powder of.— D., dr. 1-2 (gm. 4.-8.). 

Lithium Carbonate. — D., gr. 3-10 (gm. .2-.6). 

Lithium Citrate.— D., gr. 5-20 (gm. .3-1.3). 

Magnesia. — Foals and Calves, dr. 1-2 (gm. 4.-8.). D., gr. 5-60 (gm. .3-4.). 

Magnesium Carbonate. — Dose same as Magnesia. 

Magnesium Sulphate.— H. (laxative), oz. 2-4 (gm. 60.-120:). C. (pur- 
gative), lb. 1-2 (gm. 500.-1000.); (laxative), oz. 3-4 (gm. 90.-120.). 
Calves, dr. 2-3 (gm. 8.-12.). Sh., oz. 4-6 (gm. 120.-180.). D., dr. 1-4 
(gm. 4.-15.). 

Male Fern, Oleoresin and Fluid Extract of. — H. & C, dr. 3-6 (cc. 12.- 
24.). Sh. & Sw., dr. 1-2 (cc. 4.-8.). D., m. 15-60 (cc. 1.-4.). 

Menthol. ~D., gr. 2 (gm. .12). 

Mercury with Chalk.— Foals and Calves, gr. 10-15 (gm. .6-1.). D., gr. 
1-10 (gm. .06-.6). 



DOSE TABLE (573 

Mercury, Corrosive Chloride of.— H. & C, gr. 5-8 (gm. .3-.5). Sh. & 
Sw., gr. 9 (gm. .12). D., gr. ^J-^ (gm. .002-.008). 

Mercury, Iodide of (red). — Dose same as Corrosive Chloride. 

Mercury, Mass of (Blue Pill).— D., gr. 1-10 (gm. .06-.6). 

Mercury, Mild Chloride of.- H., dr. M (gm. 2.-4.). C, dr. 5-6 (gm. 
20.-24.). D.,gr. ^-l (gm. .006-.03), in divided doses; gr. 3-5 (gm. 
.2-.3), in single doses. 

Methyl Salicylate.— H., dr. 3-8 (cc. 8.-30). D., m. 5-15 (cc. .3-1.). 

Morphine and its Salts.— H. & C, gr. 3-10 (gm. .2-.6). Sh., gr. i-2 
(gm. .03-.12). Sw., gr. Jg-* iS^- -OOG-.OS). D., gr. i-i (gm. .008- 
.03). Subcutaneously— H., gr. 3-4 (gm. .2-.24). D., gr. i-i (gm. 
.008-.02). 

MORRHUOL.— D., gr. 1-5 (gm. .06-.3). 

Mustard.— H. & C, oz. *-l (gm. 15.-30.). Sh. &Sw., dr. i-2 (gm. 2.-8.). 
D., gr. 10-15 (gm. .6-1.). Emetic— D., oz. i (gm. 15.). 

Myrrh, Tincture of.— H. & C, § i.-ii. (30.-60.). Sh. & Sw., 3 iii.-vi. 
(12.-24.). D., J ss.-i. (2.-4.). 

Naphthalin.— H., dr. 2-4 (gm. 8.-15.). D., gr, 1-20 (gm. .06-1.3). 

NAPHTOL.-H., dr. 2-3 (gm. 8.-12.). D., gr. 1-10 (gm. .06-.6). 

Nicotine.— H. & C, gr. e^-g^ (gm- .001-.003). 

Nitroglycerin (1 per cent, solution). — H. & C, dr. |-1 (cc. 2.-4.). D., 
m. 1-2 (cc. .06-.12). 

Nux Vomica.— H. & C, dr. 1-3 (gm. 4.-S.). Sh., gr. 20-40 (gm. 1.3-2.6). 
Sw., gr. 10-20 (gm. .6-1.3). D., gr. 1-2 (gm. .06-.12). 

Nux Vomica, Extract of.— H. & C, gr. 2-15 (gm. .12-1.) Sh., gr. 3i-5 
(gm. .15-.3). Sw., gr. 1-3 (gm. .06-.13). D., gr. i-i (gm. .008-.015). 

Nux Vomica, Fluidextract of. — Dose same as Nux Vomica. 

Nux Vomica, Tincture of.— D., m. 5-10 (cc- .3-.6). 

Olive Oil.— H. & C, pt. 1-2 (cc. 500.-1000.). D., oz. 2-4 (cc. 60.-120.). 

Opium, Camphorated Tincture of (Paregoric).— D., dr. 1-4 (cc. 4.-15.). 

Opium, Extract of.— H., dr. ^-1 (gm. 2.-4.). C, dr. 1-2 (gm. 4.-8.). Sh., 
gr. 5-10 (gm. .3-.6). Sw., gr. 2-10 (gm. .12-.6). D., gr. ^-| (gm. 
.01-. 03). 

Opium, Powder.— H., dr. 1-3 (gm. 4.-8.). C, dr. 2-4 (gm. 8.-15.). Sh., 
gr. 10-20 (gm. .6-1.8). Sw., gr. 5-30 (gm. .3-1.3). D., gr. i-S 
(gm. .03-.3). 

Opium, Tincture of.— IT., oz. 1-2 (cc. 30.-60.). C, oz. 2-3 (cc. 60.-90.). 
Sh. & Sw., dr. 3-6 (cc. 8.-24.). D., m. 3 30 (cc. .2-2.). 

Opium, Wine of. — Dose same as Tincture. 



674 DOSE TABLE 

Oxgall.— D., gr. 5-15 (gm. .3-1.). 

Pancreatin. — D., gr. 5-15 (gm. .3-1.), 

Papain. —Foals, Calves and Dogs, gr. 2-10 (gm. .12-.6). 

Pelletieeine Tannate.— D., gr. 2-5 (gm. .12-.3). 

Peppermint, Oil of.— H. & C, m. 15-30 (cc. 1.-2.). D., m. 1-5 (cc. 
.06-.3). 

Peppermint, Spirit of.— H. & C, dr. 2-4 (cc. 8.-15.). D., m. 15-80 
(cc. 1.-2.). 

Pepsin.— Dogs, Foals and Cafves, gr. 10-60 (gm. .6-4.). 

Phenacetin.— H., dr. 2-3 (gm. 8.-12.). D., gr. 5-10 (gm. .3-.6). 

Phosphorated Oil.— H., dr. 2-3 (cc. 8,-12.). D., m. 1-5 (cc. .06-.3). 

Phosphorus.— H., gr. 1-2 (gm. .06-.12). C, gr. 2-3 (gm. .12-.2). Sh., 
Sw. & D., gr. jho-i'o (gm. .0006-.003). 

Phosphorus, Spirit of.— D., m. 7-20 (cc. .5-1.3V 

Physostigma.— H., gr. 15-30 (gm. 1.-2.). D., gr. i-l (gm. .015-.06). 

Physostigma, Fluidextract of.— Dose same as Physostigma. 

Physostigmine Sulphate and Salicylate. — H. & C, gr. l|-3 (.09-.18). 
D., gr. i^g-g'o (gm. .0006-. 002), subciitaneously and intravenously. 

Pilocarpine and its Salts. — H. (purgative), gr. 2-5 (gm. .12-.3). C. 
(purgative), gr. 5-10 (gm. .3-.6). H. (diarphoretic; dangerous), 
gr. 6-12 (gm. .36-.72). Sh., gr. 1 (gm, ,06). D., gr. Jg-i (gm. .006- 

.02). 

Pilocarpus.— H. & C, dr. 2-4 (gm. 8.-15.). Sh. & Sw.,dr. i-1 (gm. 
2.-4.). D , gr. 5-60 (gm. .3-4.). 

Pilocarpus, Fluidextract of. — Dose same as Pilocarpus. 

Podophyllin.-H. & C, dr. 1-2 (gm. 4.-8.). D., gr. 1-2 (gm, ,06-,12). 

Pomegranate. — See Granatum. 

Potassium Acetate.— H. & C, oz. i-1 (gm. 15.-30.). Sh. & Sw., dr. i- 
1 (gm. 2.-4.) D., gr. 5-20 (gm. .3-1.3). 

Potassium Bicarbonate. — Dose same as Acetate. 

Potassium Bitartrate.— H. & C, oz. A-1 (gm. 15.-30.). Sh. & Sw., 
oz. i (gm. 15.). D., dr. i-1 (gm. 2.-4.). 

Potassium Bromide.— H. & C, oz. 1-2 (gm. 30.-60.), Sh. & Sw., dr. 2- 
4 (gm. 8.-15. D., gr. 5-60 (gm. .3-4.). 

Potassium Carbonate. — H. & C, oz. ^-1 (gm. 15.-30 ). Sh. & Sw., 
dr. H (gm. 2.-4.). D., gr. 5-20 (gm. .3-1.3). 



DOSE TABLE 675 

Potassium Chlorate. — Dose same as Carbonate. 
Potassium Citrate. — Dose same as Carbonate. 

Potassium Hydroxide, Solution of.— H. & C, oz. ^-1 (cc. 15.-30.). Sh. 

& Sw., dr. i-1 (cc. 2.-4.). D., m. 5-20 (cc. .3-1.3). 
Potassium Iodide.— H., 3 ii.-iv. (8.-15). C, 3 vi. (24). Sh. & Sw., 

gr. XV. -XXX. (1.-2.). D., gr. ii. x. (.12-.6. ). 

Potassium Nitrate. — Dose same as Carbonate. 

Quassia, Extract of.— H., dr. 1-2 (gm. 4.-8.). D., gr. ^3 (gm. .03-.2) 

Quassia, Fluidextract of.— H. & C, oz. 1-2 (cc. 30.-60.). Sh. & Sw., 
dr. 2-4 (cc. 8.-15.). D., m. 15-60 (cc. 1.-4.). 

Quassia, Tincture of.— oz. 2-4 (cc. 60.-120.). D., dr. ^-2 (cc. 2.-8.). 

QUASSIIN.— D., gr. i-i (gm. .008-.02). 

QuERCUS Alba.— H., oz. -J-l (gm. 15.-30.). C, oz. 1-2 (gm. 30.-60.). 
Sh. and Sw., dr. 1-2 (gm. 4.-8.). D., gr. 10-30 (gm. .6-2.). 

QuERCUS Alba, Fluidextract of. — Dose same as Quercus Alba. 

QuiNiDiNE.— Tonic dose— H. (gr. 20-60 (gm. 1.3-4.). C, dr. f-1* (gm. 
3.-6.). Sh. & Sw., gr. 6-15 (gm. .36-1.). D , gr. 14-2^ (gm. .1-.15). 
Antipyretic dose— H., dr. 2^-5 (gm. 10.-20.). Sh. & Sw., gr. 20-40 
. (gm. 1.3-2.6). D., gr. 7-15 (gm. .5-1.). 

Quinine and its Salts.— Tonic dose— H., gr. 15-60 (gm. 1.-4.) C, d^*. 
i-li (gm. 2.-6.). Sh. & Sw., gr. 5-10 (gm. .3-. 6). Dogs and Cats, 
gr. 1-2 (gm. .06-.12). Antipyretic dose— H. & C, dr. 2-4 (gm. 8.- 
15.) Sh. & Sw., gr. 20-40 (gm. 1.3-2.6). Dogs and Cats, gr. 5-10 
(gm. .3-.6). 

QuiNOlDiN. — Dose three or four times that of Quinine. 

Resorcin. — H., dr. 1-2 (gm. 4.-8.). Foals and Calves, dr. |-1 (gm. 2.-4.). 
D.,gr. 2-5 (gm. .12-.3). 

Rhamnus Catharticus, Syrup of. — D., oz. 1-2 (cc. 30.-60.). Cats, oz. 
i-l (cc. 15.-30.). 

Rhamnus Catharticus, Fluidextract of.— D., dr. ^-1 (cc. 2.-4 ) 

Rhubarb.— Stomachic -H. & C, oz. 1-2 (gm. 30.-60.). Sh. Sc Sw., dr. 1 
(gm. 4). D., gr. 5-10 (gm. .3-.6). Purgative— Foals, Calves and 
Dogs, dr. 1-2 (gm. 4.-8.). Fowl, gr. v.-vii. in pill. 

Rhubarb, Fluidextract of.— Dose same as Rhubarb. 

Rhubarb, Compound Powder of.— Foals and Calves, oz. |-1 (gm. 
15.-30.). 

Sabina, Fluidextract of,— H., oz. 1-2 (cc. 30.-60.). D., m. 5-15 (cc. 
.3-1.). 

Sabina, Oil of.— H. & C, dr. 2-4 (cc. 8.-15.). D., m. 1-5 (cc. .06-.3). 



676 DOSE TABLE 

Salicin.— H. & C, dr. 2-8 (gm, 8.-30.). Sh., dr. 1-4 (gm. 4.-15.). Sw 
dr. i-1 (gm. 2.-4.). D., gr. 5-30 (gm. .3-2.). 

Salol.— H., dr. i-4 (gm. 1.-15.). D., gr. 1-3 (gm. .06-.2). Puppies, 
gr. i-i (gm. .015-.03). '^ ^ ff . 

Santonin.— H., dr. i-4 (1.-15.). D., gr, 1-3 (.06-.18). Puppies, gr. i-i 
(.015-. 03). Fi .6 T ? 

Savin. — See Sabina. 

•SCAMMONY.— D., dr. 1-2 (gm. 4.-8.). Cats, dr. H (gm- 2.-4 ). 

SCAMMONY, Resin of.— D., dr. |-1 (gm. 2.-4.). Cats, gr. 15-30 (gm. 1.-2.). 

Senna.— H. & C, oz. 4-5 (gm. 120.-150.). Sh. & Sw., oz. 1-2 (gm. 30.- 
60.). D., dr. 1-4 (gm. 4.-15.). Fowl, gr. xv.-xx. in pill. 

Senna, Fluid extract of. — Dose same as Senna. 

Senna, Syrup of.— D., dr. 1-4 (4.-15.). 

Serum, Antistreptococcus. — See p. 663. 

Silver Nitrate.— H. & C, gr. 5-10 (gm. .8-.6). Sh. & Sw., gr. 1-2 
(gm. .06-.12). D., gr. i-\ (gm. .008-.03). 

Sodium Bicarbonate. — H. & C, oz. ^-2 (gm. 15.-60.). Sh. & Sw., dr. 
1-1 (gm. 2.-4.). D., gr. 5-30 (gm. .3-2.). 

Sodium Carbonate.— H. & C, dr. 2-6 (gm. 8.-24.). Sh. & Sw., gr. 20- 
40 (gm. 1.3-2.6). D., gr. 5-20 (gm. .3-1.3). 

Sodium Chloride. — Purgative — Cattle, lb. |-1 (gm. 250.-500.). Sh., 
oz. 1-2 (gm. 30.-60.). 

Sodium Bromide.— H. & C, oz. 1-2 (gm. 30.-60.). Sh. & Sw., dr. 2-4 

(gm. 8.-15.). D., gr. 5-20 (gm. .3-4.). 
Sodium Hydroxide, Solution of. — H. & C, oz. |-1 (cc. 15.-30.). Sh. & 

Sw., dr. fl (cc. 2.-4.). D., m. 5-20 (cc. .3-1-3). 

Sodium Phosphate.— C, lb. 1-li (gm. 500.-750.). H. & Sh., oz. 2-4 
(gm. 60.-120.). D., dr. 1--2 (gm. 4.-8.). 

Sodium Salicylate.— H. & C, dr. 2-8 (gm. 8.-30.). Sh., dr. 1-4 (4.-15.). 
Sw., dr. i-1 (gm. 2.-4.). D., gr. 5-30 (gm. .3-2.). 

Sodium Sulphate.— C, lb. 1-U (gm. 500.-750.). H., oz. 2-4 (gm. 60.- 
120.). Sh.. oz. 2-4 (g. 60.-120.). D., dr. 1-4 (gm. 4.-i5.). 

Sodium Sulphite, Bisulphite and Thiosulphate. — H. & C, oz. 1 
(gm. 30.). ' Sh. & Sw., dr. i-1 (gm. 2.-4.). D., gr. 5-30 (gm. .3-2.). 

Squill.— H., dr. 1-2 (gm. 4.-8.). C, dr. 2-4 (gm. 8.-15.). Sh., gr. 15- 
30 (gm. 1.-2.). D., gr. 1-5 (gm. .06-. 3). 

Squill, Fluidextract of. — Dose same as Squill. 

Squill, Tincture of.— H., dr. 6-12 (cc. 24.-48.). C.,oz. US (cc. 45.-90.). 
Sh., dr. li-3 (cc. 6.-12.). D., m. 5-30 (cc. .3-3.). 



; DOSE TABLE 677 

Squill, Syrup of.— H., oz. i (cc 15.). B., dr. i-1 (cc. 2.-4.). 
Squill, Compound Syrup of. — D., ni. 5-30 (cc. .3-2.). 

Stkophanthus, Tincture of.— H. & C, dr. 1-4 (cc. 4.-15.). D., m. 2-10 

(cc. .12-.6). 
Strophanthin.— H., gr. i-| (gm. .012-.03). D., gr. iig-^o (gm. .0006- 

.001). 

Strychnine and its Salts.— H., gr. i-2 (gm. .03-. 12). C, gr. 2-3 (gm. 
.12-.2). Sh., gr. i-1 (gm. .015-.06). D., gr. ^^^-^^^ (gm. .0005-.001). 

Sulphur.— H. & C, oz. 2-4 (gm. 60.-120.). Sh. & Sw., oz. 1-2 (gm. 30.- 
60.). Do, dr. 1-4 (gm. 2.-15.). 

Tallianine (intravenously).— H. & C. dr. 21-5 (cc. 10.-20.). Sh. & Sw., 
m. 25-dr. 2-| (cc. 5.-10.). D., m. 30-75 (cc. 2.-5.). Cats, m. 15-30 
(cc. 1.-2.). 

Taraxacum.— H. & C, oz. 1-2 (gm. 30.-60.). Sh. & Sw., dr. 2-4 (gm. 
8.-15.). D., dr. 1-2 (gm. 4.-8.). 

Taraxacum, Fluidextract of. — Dose same as Taraxacum. 

Taraxacum, Extract of.— H. & C, dr. 1-4 (gm. 4.-15.). D., gr. 5-80 

(gm. .3-2.). 
Terebene.— H. & C, dr. 2-6 (cc. 8.-24.). D., m. 5-15 (cc. .3^1.). 
Terpin Hydrate.— H., dr. ^-2 (gm. 2.-8.). D., gr. 5-20 (gm. .3-1.3). 
Tetanus Antitoxin. — See p. 663. 

Thymol. — H., dr. i-2 (gm. 2.-S.), Sh. (single dose), 3 ss.-ii.ss. D., gr. 
1-15 (gm. .06-1."). 

Turpentine, Oil of .—Carminative— H. & C, oz. 1-2 (cc. 30.-60.). Sh. 
and Sw., dr. 1-4 (cc. 4.-15.). D., m. 10-30 (cc. .6-2.). Anthelmintic 
— H. & C, oz. 2-4 (cc. 60.-120.). D., dr. ^-4 (cc. 2.-15.). Diuretic— 
H. & C, dr. 2-6 (cc. 8.-24.). 

Valerian.-H. & C, oz. 1-2 (gm. 30.-60.). D., gr. 10-60 (gm. .6-4.). 

Valerian, Fluidextract of. — Dose same as Valerian. 

Valerian, Tincture of.— D., dr. i-2 (cc. 2.-8.). 

Valerian, Ammoniated Tincture of. — D., dr. ^-2 (cc. 2.-8.). 

Valerian, Oil of.— H., dr. 4-1 (cc. 2.-4.). D., m. 2-5 (cc. .12-.3). 

Valerianate of Ammonium.— D., gr. 2-5 (gm. .12-.3). 

Valerianate of Iron.— D., gr. 1-3 (gm. .06-.2). 

Valerianate of Zinc— D., gr. 1-3 (gm. .06-. 2). 

VERATRINE.-H., gr. 4-2 (gm. .03-. 12). C, gr. 2-5 (gm. .12-.3). D., 
gr. gVi'o(g«i--0012-.006). 



678 DOSE TABLE 

Veratrum.— H. & C, dr. fl (e:ra. 2.-4.). Sh. & Sw., gr. 20-30 (gia» 
1.3-2.). D., gr. rV-1 (gm. .0U6-.06). 

Veratkum, Fluidextract of. — Dose same as Veratrum. 

Veratrum, Tincture of.— H. & C, oz. |-1 (cc. 15.-80.). Sh. & Sw., 
dr. 2-4 (cc. 8.-15.). D., m. 5-10 (cc. .3-1.) 

Whiskey.— H. & C, oz. 2-4 (cc. 60.-120.). Sh. & Sw., oz. 1-2 (cc. 30.- 
60.). D., dr. 1-4 (cc. 4.-15.). 

Wild Cherry, Syrup of.— D., dr. 1-4 (cc. 4.-15.). 

WiNTERGREEN, Oil of.— See Gaultheria. 

Zinc Acetate.— H. & C, dr. 1-2 (gm. 4.-8.). Sh. & Sw., gr. 10-20 
(gm. .6-1.3). D., gr. 2-3 (gm. .12-.2). 

Zinc Oxide.— H. & C, dr. 1-2 (gm. 4.-8.). D., gr. 5-10 (gm. .3-.6). 

Zinc Phosphide.— D., gr. ^ (gm. .006). 

Zinc Sulphate.-H. & C, dr. 1-2 (gm. 4.-8.). Sh. & Sw., gr. 10-20 
(gm. -6-1,3). D., gr. 2-3 (gm. .13-.2). Emetic— D., gr. 10-15 (gnu 
.6-l.V 



GENERAL THERAPEUTIC MEASURES. 



Food and Feeding. 

In order to comprehend the rationale of feeding in dis- 
ease it is essential to kuow something of the principles of 
feeding in health. A food has been defined as " that which, 
being innocuous in relation to the tissues, is a digestible, 
absorbable substance that can be oxidized in the body and 
decomposed in such a way as to give up to the body the 
forces it contains." 

A complete food is composed of organic and inor- 
ganic constituents. The inorganic matters, with the ex- 
ception of common salt, and rarely phosphate of lime 
and sodium, are usually present in sufficient quantity in 
oidinary food. The organic components of vegetable food 
stuffs are divided into nitrogenous and non-nitrogenous 
classes. These are analogous to the constituent parts of the 
animal body into which they are transformed. The greater 
portion of animal tissue is made up of nitrogenous elements, 
while the larger part of plants is composed of non-nitrogen- 
ous material. Among the nitrogenous elements the most 
important are theproteids. Gluten of flour is an example of 
a vegetable proteid ; while white of egg, casein of milk, and 
fibrin of blood represent animal proteids. Fat exists as 
such in both plants and animals, A single, chemical com- 
pound, as protein, is known as a nutrient in relation to feed- 
ing. The nutrients of importance are proteids, fat, and 
carbohydrates. The first two are common to animal and 
plant structure; the latter to plants alone. A complete 
food contains the three nutrients just mentioned and inor- 
ganic substances. Carbohydrates include such bodies as 
sugar, starch, and cellulose, or woody matter of plants. 

6-9 



Per cent. 


Lbs. 


digested. 


digested, 


.56 


5.4 


.60 


40.4 


.48 


1.2 



680 GENERAL THERAPEUTIC MEASURES 

ProteiJs consist of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and 
sulpliur, united in different proportions. Carbohydrates are 
coini)Osed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Fat is similar 
in composition to carbohydrates, but in its combustion out- 
side the body yields approximately* two and a half times as 
much heat as that produced by an equal weight of carbo- 
hydrate. Fat as a nutrient, is therefore empirically regarded 
as equivalent to two and' a half times the same weight of 
carbohydrate material. The percentage of digestibility of 
the common food stuffs has been determined experimentally 
and is pretty uniform in all healthy animals. In 100 lbs. of 
hay there are approximately : 



Lbs. 

Protein 9.7 

Carbohydrates 67.3 

Fat 3.5 

If we multiply the 1.2 lbs. of digestible fat by 2.5 to 
reduce it to the same terms as carbohydrates according to 
the empirical premises stated above, Ave have 3 lbs. of carbo- 
hj^drates. The total amounts of carbohydrates digestible in 
100 lbs. of hay is therefore 40.4 lbs. +3 lbs. = 43.4 lbs. of 
non-nitrogenous matter. The nitrogenous nutrient consists of 
5.4 lbs. of digestible protein, and the proportion of the latter 
to the digestible non-nitrogenous material is as 1 to 8. This 
proportion in any given fodder is called the nutritive ratio, or 
the relation of the nitrogenous to the non-nitrogenous nutri- 
ents. The nutritive ratio is of the greatest importance, as it 
enables us to compose a proper ration with almost any kinds 
of fodder at hand, by so adjusting them that we secure the 
right proportion of nutrients. The proper nutritive ra.tio is 
indeed that proportion of nutrients which has been found to 
be most economically and physiologically valuable in any 
given class of animals and for any given purpose. The 
nutritive ratio varies accordingly for different animals and 
for the SMiiie animals under different conditions. Saeh ratios 

* More nearly, 2.35, 



FOOD AND FEEDING 681 

have been formulated by means of physiological experiments 

on healthy animals as employed for economic purposes. 

It is self-evident that nutritive ratios cannot be laid 

dowTi for diseased animals, and we must' content ourselves 

with observing how disease alters, in a general way, the 

requirements of the normal animal. The following table of 

nutritive ratios suitable for the animals and purposes named, 

is taken from Armsby's " Cattle Feeding." The nutritive 

ratio is estimated for 1000 lbs. live weight per diem. 

Nutritive Total lbs. of 

Katio. Nutrients. 

Horses at work 1 : 7 13.00 

Horses heavily worked 1 : 5.5 17.00 

Milch cows 1 : 5.4 15.40 

Oxen at rest 1 : 12 8.85 

Sheep for wool 1:9 11.70 

For example, the nutritive ratio, or the proportion of 
lbs. of proteids to lbs. of carbohydrates and fat for horses at 
w^ork, should be as one to seven ; and the total number of 
lbs. of pure fat (transformed into terms of carbohydrates), 
carbohydrates, and protein required to support 1000 lbs. of 
live weight of horses at work, per diem, is thirteen. 

Horses doing hard work, and all animals supplying 
nitrogenous products, as wool and milk,* demand more nitro- 
gen in their food. The proteids, as we have seen, constitute 
a large proportion of the solids and fluids of the body. The 
protein absorbed into the blood is utilized in two ways. One 
part is Energy-forming, the circulatory protein of Voit. 
The other part is Tissue-building or the Organic Protein of 
Voit. 

That part which is devoted to energy-producing is not 
transformed into tissue but is split up (katabolized) by the 
cells, or enzymes within the cells (chiefly of muscles), and 
thus produces heat or energy. 

The other part is directly built into living protoplasm. 
If the amount of circulatory protein is deficient, then the 
organized protein is called upon, the tissues are robbed of 
their substance, and the body emaciates. When a larger 

*Apart from requirements for mere maintenance, the several nut- 
rients should be increased in proportion to tlie quantity and richness 
of the milk yield. See Winslow on Clean Milk, published by W. R. 
Jenkins & Co. 



G82 GENERAL THERAPEUTIC MEASURES 

ainonnt of protein is contained in the blood, we have a 
pro])ortionately larger elimination of nitrogenous matter in 
tlie urine, as equilibrium is soon established in the adult 
animal of constant weight, so that the amount of nitrogen 
eliminated equals that ingested. In young and growing ani- 
mals a portion of the nitrogen does not reappear in the urine, 
but is utilized in tissue formation. This also applies to 
previously starving animals on being well fed. An excess 
of circulating protein, besides being wasteful economically, 
is harmful in causing various disordered conditions, result- 
ing . in the formation of products of imperfect oxidation. 

The vegetable proteids are transformed into bodies of 
simpler chemical composition in the stomach and are there 
converted in part by the gastric juice, but chiefly by pan- 
creatic (trypsin), biliary and intestinal ferments in the intes- 
tines, into peptone, proteoses, and possibly acid and alkali 
and native albumin. 

The epithelial cells of the intestines possess the power 
not only to absorb the peptone, but to transmute it into more 
complex isomeric compounds, as serum albumin, serum 
globulin and fibrinogen ; special cells being employed in the 
formation of particular compounds. 

Any peptone not so converted by the intestinal epithe- 
lium becomes a poison. when absorbed into the entero-hepatic 
circulation, but its toxicity is destroyed by the liver cells. 
In regard to the metabolism and fate of proteids, energy 
is not only directly liberated by the decomposition of the 
energy-producing protein in the muscle cell but is also formed 
by the functional activity of cell protoplasm in which kata- 
bolic changes occur. So that the tissue-building protein is 
eventually an energy-producer as well. Elimination of ni- 
trogenous matter is not increased by muscular activity, nor 
proteid metabolism, as carbohydrates furnish the fuel for the 
mechanical work — with increase of COg and HoO elimina- 
tion. The katabolism of protein in muscles then goes on 
independently of, and is not augmented by, muscular con- 
tractions. 

In the course of the metabolic processes in the muscles 
there are intermediate products set free — as kreatin, leucin, 
glycocoll, sarcolactic acid, etc. These products are finally 
split up (katabolized) or synthetized (anabolized) in the 



FOOD AND FEEDING 683 

liver with the formation of urea, uric acid, phosphates, sul- 
phates, etc., as end-products, with the liberation of heat. 
jB rom its absorption to the final urea stage each gram of pro- 
tein liberates energy or heat equal to 4100 calories.* 

This heat formation is of extreme importance in stimu- 
lating and sustaining nervous action. 

The following role is played by protein as a nutritive: — 

1. It is the building material for cell protoplasm of 
tissues of all kinds. 

2. It forms energy directly by undergoing destruction 
without tissue-building. 

3. It may be so transformed (through its H and C), 
that it is deposited as fat. 

A dog can live on lean meat (pure protein) for months 
and gain in weight. 

Carbohydrates in the food, as sugar and starch, arc 
digested in part by the salivary ferment (ptyalin), but 
chiefly by the pancreatic ferment (trypsin) in the intestines, 
and are converted by them into glucose. The glucose is then 
absorbed by the small intestines, passes thence as glucose 
into the enterohepatic circulation and is oxidized in all the 
cells of the body but chiefly in the liver, muscles and pan- 
creas — in the form of glucose and glycogen and with 
the production of heat equal to 4180 calories for each gram 
of carbohydrates. Carbon dioxide and water are formed 
as end-products. Sugar metabolism is under the control of 
a medullary centre. The heat production, as in the case of 
the combustion of proteids, is of great importance in sustain- 
ing nerve action. 

Fat in the food is emulsified by the bile and by the pan- 
creatic and intestinal secretions and is absorbed as fatty 
acids, glycerol and soaps by special cells of the intest- 
inal mucous membrane and passes into the lymphatics as 
emulsions of fat ; thence into the thoracic duct, and is finally 
oxidized into carbonic dioxide and water with production of 
heat and energy. In what part of tlie body oxidation of fat 
occurs is unknown. In the combustion of 1 gram of fat heat 
equal to 9400 calories is liberated. 

*The calorie is that amount of heat reqvured to raise 1 gram of 
water 1 degree cent. 



684 GENERAL THERAPEUTIC MEASURES 

Carbodydrates do not directly furnish tissue elements, 
but do so indirectly in preventing decomposition (to some 
extent) of protein in the body, and in lessening its consump- 
tion. In this way the comparatively inexpensive carbohy- 
drates will compensate for an insufficient ration of costly 
proteids. 

It is asserted that this action of carbohj^drates- is 
explained by the fact that these nutrients have a greater 
affinity for oxygen than proteids and so are the first to undergo 
combustion. 

The term albuminoid was formerly used as synonymous 
with proteid, but is now employed to include nitrogenous 
bodies (gelatin) derived from protein in the body but not 
convertible into proteids. These bodies do not take the 
place of proteids, but appear to fulfil the functions of circu- 
lating protein, and, like carbohydrates, conserve protein 
consumption, but are not tissue builders. 

Carbohydrates aid directly in the production of fat. 
Fat in the food may be directly assimilated as such if there 
is a sufiicient carbohydrate and proteid ration to protect it 
from decomposition. The role carbohydrates play includes : 

1. The formation of tissue indirectly by protecting the 
proteid elements from combustion with an insufficient 
nitrogenous diet. 

2. The generation of heat, energy, or mechanical work. 

3. The production of fat 

Carbohydrates cannot be relied upon as sole articles of 
food. The fat of the body is derived from the decomposition 
of proteids and carbohydrates, and directly from fat con- 
tained in the food. Fat lubricates the tissues, and a reason- 
able accumulation serves as a store of potential energy to be 
called upon in time of need, when its action is similar to that 
of carbohydrates. The main source of muscular energy, 
movement, or mechanical work, is thought to ?:eside in the 
carbohydrates, because with excessive muscular work there 
is increased evolution of heat, carbonic dioxide and water, 
biit no material increase in excretion of nitrogen in the urine. 
Ill so far as muscular energy and power depend upon a good 



FOOD AND FEEDING 



685 



macliine, in so far do the proteids aid tlie work of the 
machine by keeping it in good repair and working order. 
From this point of view the proteids represent the mechan- 
ism by which the work is done ; the carbohydrates the fuel 
necessary for its performance. It must be kept in mind 
that this is but a general statement, since muscular work is 
also done by protein, and may be wholly done by it, as 
shown by dogs living on lean meat. The exact relative 
value of carbohydrates and proteids in the production of the 
vital forces is still suhjudice. 

The classes of food stuffs for the larger animals em- 
brace both green and dry fodder, consisting of the whole 
plant minus the roots ; parts from which the more valuable 
portions have been removed, as straw ; tubers and roots 
containing a large percentage of water ; the seeds or grains, 
constituting the most concentrated food ; and the seed 
coverings or chaff. 

Refuse and bye-products of manufacture are extensively 
used, as bran, cottonseed meal, linseed meal, and brewers' 
grains. In addition, animal matter, as flesh meal, bone 
meal, and dried blood, are sometimes of value. Pasture 
grass may be taken as a standard of comparison for green 
fodders. In 100 lbs. of grass there are approximately 
digestible : 

Protein 2.5 lbs. 

Fat 0.5 " 

Carbohydrates 15.0 " 

Green clover contains 'considerably more, green rye 
slightly more, and green oats somewhat less protein ; while 
in green corn fodder there is only about half as much pro- 
tein. Roots, as compared with green pasture grass, possess 
only one-third the quantity of protein and solids. Potatoes, 
however, have double the nutritive value of roots. Com- 
parison is made in reference to protein, as that is by far the 
most valuable nutrient, and the amount of carbohydrates 
and fat do not vary much in similar kinds of fodder. 

Meadow hay, including such common varieties as timo- 
thy and red top, may be taken as a standard of comparison 



686 GENERAL THERAPEUTIC MEASURES 

for dry fodder. In 100 lbs. of hay there are approximately 
digestible : 

Protein 5.4 lbs. 

Fat 1.2 " 

Carbohydrates . 40 . 4 " 

Clover hay has double the amount, and rowen or after- 
math about one-third more protein than is contained in 
ordinary meadow hay. Oats may be selected as a standard 
of comparison for grains. 100 lbs. of oats contain of diges- 
tible nutrients as follows : 

Protein .•. 10.0 lbs. 

Fat 4.5 ' 

Carbohydrates 45.0 " 

Corn yields slightly less protein and considerably more 
carbohydrates and fat, while cottonseed meal contains nearly 
three times as much protein, and four times as much fat as 
are found in oats. Bran (or shorts) has approximately the 
same chemical composition as oats. The straw of wheat, 
barley, rye, oats, and corn have a somewhat similar value. 
In 100 lbs. of wheat straw there are digestible : 

Protein 0.8 lbs. 

Fat 0.3 " 

Carbohydrates 36.00 " 

In order to compare the composition of food with that 
of the tissues into which it is converted, we submit the 
following : 

PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION OF LIVE ANIMAL. 

IN 100 LBS. OF LIVE OX THERE ARE : 

Protein 8.7 lbs. 

Fat 19.2 " 

Ash 5.9 " 

Water 66 2 " 

Certain of the fodders are especially adapted or other- 
wise for the various domestic animals. Green clover is 
prone to fermentation and the formation of flatulency if 
given in large quantities to any animal. A sudden change 



FOOD AND FEEDING 687 

from dry to luxuriant green food is always undesirable for a 
similar reason. Green grass cut short by a lawn mower 
should not be given horses, as it is swallowed in an unmasti- 
cated condition and leads to indigestion and colic. Potatoes 
and roots are more suitable for ruminants than for horses; 
yet upon the latter they act as natural and agreeable laxa- 
tives, and form a palatable addition to dry fodder, particu- 
larly carrots. The best variety of hay for horses consists 
of good bright timothy or herds grass with a slight admix- 
ture of red top and clover. Carrots should be sliced longi- 
tudinally to prevent choking when given to horses. Clover 
hay is dusty and apt -to provoke "heaves" in horses, and 
that, together with rowen, is more approj^riate for ruminants. 
Bran is but poorly digested by horses, yet acts favorably 
as a laxative when given once or twice a week mixed with 
boiling water and plenty of salt, constituting a " bran mash." 
Bran takes the place of oats as a nitrogenous food for rumi- 
nants, and is less expensive. Cottonseed meal, being 
extremely rich in nitrogen, and usually in oil or fat, is not 
easily digested by any animal, but may be given in quanti- 
ties of a quart or two to ruminants, and from half a pint to 
a pint to horses, daily. Cottonseed meal is supplied cattle 
to compensate for a deficiency of nitrogen in the food, while 
in horses it acts as a slight laxative and may improve the 
general condition. Straw and corn fodder are not readily 
digested by horses unless cut and steamed, but are suitable 
for ruminants and are often preferable to a poor quality of 
hay. The demands of the system for food vary in relation 
to tissue change, which is diminished by rest, increased by 
work, and either accelerated or decreased by disease. The 
requirements for nutriment are greater during the growing 
period and for the formation of the various natural products, 
as milk or wool. The state of the digestive organs and 
assimilative powers guide us in selecting the kind and quan- 
tity of food desirable. In acute disease it is advisable to 
feed little and often, the food being prepared in the most 
digestible and palatable form, and in as great a variety as 



GS8 GENERAL THEKAPEUTIC MEASURES 

attainable. We may restrict the diet as a whole or in part. 
Starving diminishes circulatory protein, increases tissue 
waste, weakens an animal, and lessens the natural resistance 
against disease. Restricting the diet is useful in controlling 
unmanageable animals, in diminishing sexual excitement, 
and in the treatment of plethora when combined with proper 
exercise. In most acute inflammatory diseases, as in acute 
laminitis, a restricted laxative diet is desirable, as steamed 
oats with bran and salt, roots and green fodder. In acute 
indigestion, or in acute inflammation of the alimentary tract, 
and in acute nephritis, all food should be withheld for at 
least 24 hours. In acute peritonitis all food is contraindi- 
cated, by the mouth. In the milder forms of acute gastro- 
enteritis we must restrict the diet to small quantities of easily 
digested food, as cracked or steamed oats, chopped hay and 
gruels, with the addition of a little green fodder or roots for 
horses; while carnivora are given milk and lime water. In 
chronic digestive disorders the food must be readily digest- 
ible and assimilable, and of a nitrogenous character, since 
anaemia and malnutrition follow the defective digestion and 
absorption. In chronic indigestion or gastro-enteritis of 
liorses, Zuill recommends oats (boiled, scalded or steamed, 
and allowed to stand 12 hours), 2 parts; bran, 1 part; and 
malted barley, 1 part. The addition of salt and a little 
green fodder to this ration is palatable and desirable. The 
dietary for constipation in horses should consist of bran 
mashes twice a week with plenty of salt ; roots and green 
fodder at frequent intervals, combined with suitable exercise 
and appropriate drug treatment. Dogs suffering from con- 
stipation may be given raw liver twice a week, or may be 
put on an occasional or exclusive diet of one of the com- 
mercial dog breads or biscuits. These are laxative and are 
invaluable in eczema of dogs. Avoid oatmeal, and feed 
bread, soup and milk in acute eczema. If constipation is 
very obstinate, total abstinence from all food, water ex- 
cepted, for a time, followed by the use of lean meat with salt 
and beef tea, are indicated till the bowels are emptied man- 
ually or by enemata. The ration for diarrhoea (nid)races the 
]iartial restriction of water, which increases the bulk and 
fluidity of the intestinal contents and so stimulates the move- 



rOOD \-^D FEEDING 689 

ments of the bowels. If the diarrhoea is so severe as to en- 
danger life, an abundance of pnre or boiled water should 
be allowed in order to compensate for the loss of fluid from 
the blood. 

. Theoretically, an albuminous diet is indicated in diar- 
rhcea because of the loss from the blood and tissues, and 
because intestinal digestion is disordered and starchy food 
would be undigested and cause fermentation, etc. Practi- 
cally, a certain amount of starchy food seems to be seryice- 
able in the treatment of diarrhoea. Horses and cattle should 
be given cooked flour or barley gruel and roasted oatmeal and 
cracked oats. Coarse foods, as bran and straw and green 
fodder, are not allowable. Swine should be supplied with 
gruels of boiled milk and barley, flour or oatmeal (strained). 
Fowl with diarrhoea may be fed on boiled rice and given 
a few drops of laudanum two or three times daily. Dogs and 
cats should have boiled milk, boiled rice or strained rice 
gruel, cooked lean meat and crackers. Beef juice and white 
of egg in water are of value. Young calves, with diarrhoea, 
should receive whey, broths and rice flour gruel. These di- 
etaries should be employed in conjunction with other meas- 
ures, as the preliminary use of a laxative, rest, quiet, and 
external heat and drug treatment. Young suckling animals, 
as foals and calves, may be fed on cooked and strained oat- 
meal or barley gruel made with milk, if the mother's milk 
does not agree. In severe attacks of gastro-enteritis, or in 
gastric or intestinal ulceration with htemorrhage from the 
stomach or bowels (after preliminary starving), tlie food 
should be bland, and fluid, as soaked bread, oatmeal, barley 
or flour gruels, linseed tea (made bj boiling linseed in a 
muslin bag immersed in M^ater), and small quantities of green 
fodder for the larger animals ; while milk and lime water, 
white of egg and water, broths and beef juice are indicated 
for carnivora. In the latter animals we may have to resort 
to predigested food given by the mouth, or, if vomiting is 
persistent, by the rectum. 

The diet in cases of catarrhal jaundice should Ix' easily 
digestible, bland, and such as will not require much bile for 
its digestion. The larger patients should be given gruels, 



090 GENEEAL THERAPEUTIC MEASURES 

steamed cracked oats, young and tender green food, cooked 
potatoes, together with alkalies and other appropriate 
remedies. Dogs are allowed milk and lime water, crackers, 
bread and cooked lean meat. Feeding in haemoglobingemia 
or " black water " of horses must be restricted to the use of 
gruels, green fodder and a little hay in the early stages of 
the disorder. Food is usually withheld 12 hours before 
surgical operations, and this, in addition to the administra- 
tion of a cathartic, will prevent injury in casting the larger 
animals, which might follow were the digestive tract over- 
full. It will also lessen the danger of intestinal fermentation 
and absorption of toxins from the bowels, which may occur 
after operation owing to an enfeebled digestive action. If 
dogs are starved before surgical operation, vomiting is pre- 
vented during or after etherization. Water alone may be 
restricted to advantage in obesity, cardiac disease with 
oedema, or in the treatment of chronic exudations, as in 
hydrothorax. Water may be allowed in these conditions 
only once daily, or even every other day ; and this treatment 
may be combined with the use of saline cathartics in strong 
jinimals. The specific gravity and density of the blood and 
the tendency to absorption from the tissues and cavities is 
increased. By the same process the quantity of blood is 
diminished and the load put upon the heart is lessened, 
both of which may prove beneficial in cardiac diseases. 

A full, or restorative diet should be especially rich in 
protein. Generous feeding is distinctly in order in the treat- 
ment of general debility, malnutrition, anaemia, weakness of 
the digestive organs, convalescence from acute diseases and 
in animals particularly sensitive to cold, or in those which 
sweat easily. A full diet is also useful in overworked 
animals and in those subject to losses from increased secre- 
tion, excretion, or exudation, as in chronic suppuration, 
diarrhoea, albuminuria, ascites and oedema. A restorative 
diet for herbivora includes grain, as corn, bran, oats and 
cottonseed meal ; hay and grass, with occasionally beef 
iopal, milk and eggs. For omnivora, corn, potatoes, 



FOOD AND FEEDING 691 

blood, beef meal, milk and soups. For carnivora, meat 
extracts, cream, milk, eggs, broths and meat juice. 
In most wasting diseases, fat, protein and water are 
the food elements especially needful. An abundance of 
water stimulates the appetite, secretions, excretions^ tissue 
changes and vital processes generally. Salt should be given 
freely as an aid to digestion in increasing the formation of 
hydrochloric acid, and indirectly that of pepsin. Alcohol, 
being a nutritive and capable of easy absorption, assimila- 
tion and decomposition in the body, forms a most valuable 
adjunct to a restorative diet. A deficiency of lime in the 
food is occasionally the cause of rickets in the young, 
and fragilitas ossium in the old, but more frequently these 
diseases are due to defective digestion, assimilation, or 
excessive lactation. Bone meal may be fed to advantage in 
such affections. It contains both lime and phosphoric acid 
and should be given in small quantities (1 tablespoonful to 
large animals ; 1 teaspoonful to small patients) on the food 
in connection with the administration of hydrochloric acid 
and bitters. 

In fever a restricted diet is often i^ecessary in the more 
acute stages, with loss of appetite, diminished secretions 
and movements of the stomach, but as soon as convalescence 
sets in the increased tissue waste produces an excessive 
demand for food and the digestive organs may become over- 
taxed. The initial dietetic treatment of fevers consists in the 
use of oats, bran mashes, and gruels, with the addition of a 
small quantity of grass or roots for horses. The change 
from this diet should be very gradual to a dry, coarse fodder, 
in order to avoid digestive disorders. The bitters, alcohol, 
hydrochloric acid, and salt, together with a copious supply 
of water, will furthermore aid convalescence. Carnivora, 
with fever, should be fed milk, beef juice, broth, bread, oat- 
meal and a small quantity of cooked lean meat. 

Obesity is treated most advantageously by proper feed- 
ing. A certain amount of fat is essential in the body in 
lubricating the tissues, in acting as a protection against cold, 
in serving as an enveloi^ing and shielding cushion to the un- 



692 GENERAL THERAPEUTIC MEASURES 

derlyiug tissues, and finally in supplying a store of nutrition. 
Animals living in cold climates are covered symetrically by 
fat, but those indigenous in hot countries have accumulations 
of fat in masses to avoid over-heating the body. This is seen 
in the hump of the camel, zebu and Brahmin bull. When the 
camel is severely taxed, the fat is consumed and the hump be- 
comes loose and flabby. House dogs overfed and insuffici- 
ently exercised, horses, and other animals kept for breeding 
purposes, are those most commonly afflicted with obesity. 
Fat in the body may be formed from fat, albuminoids, and 
carboh3^drates of the food. Carbohydrates, if in excess of 
the needs of the econom}-, protect the fat in the food from 
decomposition and so enable it to be stored in the body. 
Protein may also protect the consumption of fat of the food, 
for it is broken up into nitrogenous and non-nitrogenous 
elements, and the latter may be transformed into body fat. 
The accumulation of fat proceeds most readily when there is 
an abundance of fat in the food, in addition to the other 
nutrients ; less so when the ration consists of fat and albu- 
minoids, or of carbohydrates and albuminoids ; and least of 
all with a diet consisting of pure protein. The latter, then, 
is the food to be approached as near its purity as advisable. 
If protein ration is followed too closely, digestive disorders, 
loss of strength and nervous disturbances are likely to occur. 
The fat resulting from the decomposition of a pure protein 
fodder is usually not sufficient to supply the neeJs of the 
body, and the organized fat i§ gradually called iipon to supply 
the deficiency in the food. 

Exercise, cathartics, diuretics and diarphoretics, to- 
gether with venesection, are synergistic measures. As 
emaciation proceeds, we must add more and more non- 
nitrogenous material to our ration. Fat is said to accumu- 
late most readily in the vicinity of vascular areas where the 
flow of blood is retarded, and therefore oxidation, combustion, 
aud molecular activity diminished. Exercise, on the other 
hand, stimulates the circulation, while deprivation of water 
makes the blood-current more rapid by decreasing the 



FOOD AND FEEDING 693 

amount of blood. Both therefore favor the destruction of 
fat. Vogel has reported good results in reducing obesity by 
the use of the following rations. From 19 to 26 weeks are 
required for a cure. 

DAILY RATION FOR THE HORSE. 

Oatmeal 7 lbs. 

Straw 3.5 *' 

Hay 7 " 

Linseed meal 1 " 

Salt opercent. of above. 

DAILY RATION FOR DOG WEIGHING 115 LBS. 

Cooked oatmeal 3 lbs. . 

Fat }i " 

SAME LATER. 

Oatmeal 1 lb. 

Flesh meal % " 

Fat % " 

Salt 1 teaspoonf ul. 

DAILY RATION FOR FAT SETTER OR POINTER. 

Lean meat IJ^ lbs. 

Bread 13^ " 

Fat 3 oz. 

Animals suffering from fatty degenerative changes do 
not stand such a rigid diet as the foregoing. These ani- 
mals are affected with a weak heart, due to fatty degenera- 
tion of the myocardium, with atrophy of iis muscular fibres. 
They have dyspnoea on exertion. The cardiac insufficiency 
leads, in its turn, to secondary troubles, as catarrh of the 
digestive and respiratory organs, and disorder of the liver 
and kidneys, following general passive congestion. The 
treatment should be directed in such cases to lessening the 
amount of blood and the work put upon the heart, by limit- 
ing the ingestion of water, and by strengthening the heart 
with appropriate stimulants. The activity of the skin 
should be excited by frequent grooming and the use of diar- 
phoretics, while the activitj' of the kidneys should be en- 
hanced by the employment of diuretics. We are prevented 



694 GENERAL THERAPEUTIC MEASURES 

from feeding an exclusively nitrogenous diet in these cases, 
as the oxidizing power of the blood is not sufficient to de- 
compose it, neither is it safe or advisable to quickly remove 
the fat, as cardiac failure might ensue. Small quantities of 
water are allowed, given two hours after feeding. The gen- 
eral ration should be rich in proteids and also contain a 
moderate amount of fat and carbohydrates. 

ARTIFICIAL FEEDING. 

Artificial feeding consists in the introduction of food 
into the body other than in the ordinary way by the mouth. 
Rectal feeding is the only procedure of much value. The 
agents employed must be bland, and capable of easy absorp- 
tion and assimilation. If the food is at all irritating, tenes- 
mus and ejection quickly occur. From two to four ounces 
of liquid nourishment may be given to small or medium- 
sized dogs ; from four to eight ounces to large dogs. One 
quart may be employed for horses. The nutrient enema 
should be introduced into the bowel through a flexible 
rubber tube carried up into the colon. An hour before the 
enema is given the bowel is to be washed out thoroughly 
with cold water. The nutrient injection should not be given 
oftener than once in six hours, and if the bowel is irritable, 
not oftener than once in twelve hours. The absorptive 
power of the rectum is slight, but that of the colon is con- 
siderably greater. Predigested food is most valuable. 
Leube's Beef Peptone may be used. A bullock's pancreas 
is finely chopped and rubbed up with eight ounces of gly- 
cerin. This extract will keep fresh several weeks in a cold 
place. To one-third of the extract are added five ounces of 
finely chopped beef, and the mixture is ready for immediate 
use. The peptonizing powders of Fairchild Brothers & 
Foster are most convenient in preparing digested food. 
Each powder consists of five grains of pancreatic extract and 
fifteen grains of sodium bicarbonate. 

A useful nutrient enema for a large dog may be made 
of two eggs and six ounces of milk. Four to six eggs may be 



FOOD AND FEEDING 605 

added to a quart of milk for use as an enema for a horse. 
The mixture is then to be peptonizied and introduced into the 
rectum at the temperature of the body. In using the pep- 
tonizing powders, one is placed in a quart glass jar together 
with a teacupful of cold water. Then a pint of the mixture 
to be peptonized is poured into the jar, and the latter placed 
in a vessel containing water as hot as the hand will easily 
bear. The jar is kept in the hot water for twenty minutes 
and put on ice. When the mixture is used it should be 
heated to 100° F. If predigested food is to be given by the 
mouth, it is well not to keep the glass jar immersed in hot 
water more than five minutes, as otherwise the taste will be 
bitter aud disagreeable. A small dose of laudanum is always 
useful to prevent the expulsion of enemata. Brandy may 
be added in the proportion of one ounce to the pint of milk 
after peptonizing. The addition of salt to egg-albumin 
greatly facilitates absorption. Gruels of all kinds, and 
broths, may be peptonized, as well as milk. It is not essen- 
tial, however, to peptonize milk and other fluids, although 
absorption is rendered somewhat more complete. The di- 
gestive powers of the large intestines are but slight. Sugar 
is absorbed unaltered ; undigested proteids (with certain 
exceptions) and fat are not absorbed. Peptones, soluble 
proteids, as milk, meat juice, egg albumin, and emulsified 
fat are absorbed. Nevertheless, absorption from the lower 
bowel is trivial compared with that from the stomach and in- 
testines generally, and as the extent of surface with which 
rectal injections come in contact is small, and their sojourn 
short, it follows that rectal feeding cannot take the place of 
normal alimentation. 

In tetanus, paralysis of muscles of deglutition, fracture 
of the jaw in horses, persistent vomiting and convulsions in 
dogs, and in all animals refusing food, rectal feeding is in- 
dicated. It is, possible to feed animals through a stomach 
tube (or catheter), and, in hospital cases, this method may 
be preferable. 



696 GENERAL THERAPEUTIC MEASURES 



Counter-irritants. 

A counter-irritant is an irritant which acts counter, or 
against an existing irritation, result of irritation, or pain. 
In applying a "twitch" to a horse, we are inflicting an irri- 
tation to relieve some other source of irritation elsewhere. 
It is taken for granted that the damage and pain caused by 
the artificial irritant are not so severe as those already ex- 
isting. The amount of injury produced by an irritant 
depends upon the nature of the material, its strength, the 
duration of its action, the mode of application, and the part 
to which it is applied. We may consider the effects oc- 
casioned by a mild and increasing action following the 
continued use of a single agent, or representing the 
action of materials of different degrees of potency. There 
first appears redness of the skin, accompanied by some 
burning or pain (rubefacient action), and if the irritation 
progresses there is a serous exudate poured out into the 
mucous layer of the skin. This leads to swelling and 
oedema. Greater irritation causes more exudation of serum 
and an elevation of the epidermis in a circumscribed area or 
areas, and the formation of blebs or blisters (vesication). 
If the irritation ceases at this point, the blisters break open 
and their contents dry on the surface, covering the parts 
with a thick scab. Synchronous with vesication we observe 
a similar process attacking the hair follicles. The hairs are 
loosened and fall, but as the papillae are usually unaffected, 
the growth of hair is soon renewed. The recovery of hair 
is facilitated by the application of grease to parts. Certain 
agents cause circumscribed inflammation of the gland orifices 
of the skin, with the formation of pustules (pustulants), as 
croton oil, and these create necrosis of the hair papillae, and, 
therefore, permanent loss of hair. If the irritant is severe, 
suppuration follows vessication ; or, if an ordinary irritant is 
applied vith violent friction, is covered with a bandage, or 
placed over an already inflamed part, the same result 



COUNTER-IRRITANTS 697 

happens. The terms referring to the degree of action in- 
herent in ngeuts are as follows : 

1. A rubefacient, causing liypersemia. 

2. A vesicant, or epispastic, inducing blistering. 

3. A pustulant, creating pustules. 

4. An escharotic, or caustic, occasioning death of the 
tissues. 

The same agent, as has already been pointed out, may 
produce one or more of these actions according to circum- 
stances. The inner aspect of limbs and the flexures of joints 
are peculiarly sensitive, owing to the thinness of the skin 
over these areas. If a counter-irritant is rubbed properly 
into the skin it may penetrate into the mucous layer. 

Reference has been made to the local influence of irri- 
tants. We will now direct attention to their remote effect. 
It is certainly known that irritation of the surface decidedly 
affects distant organs. Brown-Sequard noted contraction of 
vessels in one arm when the other was immersed in cold 
water. Severe burns of the surface are followed by duo- 
denal ulcers. The preceding and succeeding remarks enable 
us to partially account for the remote influence of counter- 
irritants, but although we know their practical value, it is 
not within our present knowledge to offer theories wholly 
explaining their effect. 

The influence of counter-irritants may be summed up 
in reflex action; {. e., the production and conduction of an 
impulse from the periphery to nerve centres, thereby modi- 
fying the nerve functions and blood supply in distant 
parts. 

The skin is commonly the point of application. It nor- 
mally is an organ of protection, respiration, secretion and 
special sense, and, through its medium, a regulator of tem- 
perature, responding to such natural stimuli as heat, cold, 
moisture and dryness. Such an unnatural and considerable 
stimulation as is produced by counter-irritants consequently 
creates very sensible alterations in the bodily functions. 



698 GENERAL TIIEKAPEUTIC MEASUEES 

Extensive counter-irritation causes the breathing to become 
slower and deeper by reflex stimulation of the respiratory 
centre, and also bj making the respiratory movements more 
painful, if the application be made to the chest wall. The 
circulation is likewise affected by stimulation of the vagus 
and vasomotor centres, and both the force of the heart and 
blood pressure are increased, unless the irritation is very 
widespread and severe, when the reverse happens. The ab- 
dominal vessels are those constricted ; the vessels of the skin 
and limbs are unaffected. In accordance with the foregoing 
remarks, the use of considerable heat, together Avith mustard 
or turpentine, is of great value in conditions of vital depres- 
sion, surgical shock, collapse and coma. Moreover, the effect 
on local blood supply is still greater and full of importance, 
since it may explain the beneficial action obtained in the 
ordinary use of counter-irritants. In experiments conducted 
upon animals, it has been observed that when sinapisms are 
2)laccd over the head, the blood vessels in the pia mater are 
first dilated, but soon contract and remain in that condition 
for some time. Likewise there was seen, following energetic 
counter-irritation of the chest, ana?mia of the underlying 
parts, including the muscles, pleura, and even the pulmonary 
tissue. It is essential to bear in mind, then, that while 
counter-irritants induce local congestion in their immediate 
vicinity, they also cause reflexly vascular contraction in more 
remote areas. In accordance with this demonstration, the 
importance of these agents in remote inflammation lies xiot 
so much in their bringing blood to the surface, as in forcing- 
it out of distant parts. This fact is not generally appreciated. 
The use of the word " drawing " signifies the common idea 
of a counter-irritant, and implies the first proposition. 

Temperature is not materially affected by the therapeu- 
tic use of counter-irritants, and they are not necessarily 
contraindicated in fevers. Experiments, however, appear 
to show that mild counter-irritation may lead to. a slight 
elevation of body-heat, owing to stimulation of the calorifa- 
cient centres, while extensive and prolonged action lowers 
temperature by depression of the heart and heat centres, and 
because more blood flows through the peripheral vessels 
owing to constriction of the vessels in the abdominal organs. 

Counter-irritants notably relieve pain. This result is 
not only due to overcoming congestion, but occurs when pain 



COUNTER-IRRITANTS ■ 699 

is purely neuralgic. The phenomenon is not altogether ex- 
plicable. The subduing influence of a twitch in the case of 
pain inflicted upon a horse is an analogous example. Wechs- 
berg, in some late experiments, notes, as a most striking 
effect of counter-irritants, oedematous infiltration of the skin, 
subcutaneous tissue and muscle in sub-adjacent parts, with 
compression of blood vessels in the deeper-lying structures. 
He attributes the relief of pain afforded by counter-irritants 
to anaemia and rapid compression brought to bear on the 
nerves in these underlying parts. 

Still this explanation does not interpret the relief of 
pain sometimes seen in parts remote from the point of appli- 
cation of counter-irritants. 

In disease of internal organs Head has constantly found 
certain corresponding areas of skin tenderness. This be- 
cause both the internal organ and the skin area are innervated 
from the same segment of the brain or cord. Theoretically 
and practically counter-irritation of a skin area affects the 
internal organ corresponding (by nervous connection) to it 
more than other parts. These areas of skin tenderness for 
diseased internal organs, and for application of skin irritants 
to relieve these conditions, have been mapped out in man. 
In the case of the chest and belly they are situated pretty 
nearly over the site of the internal organ. In the head the 
sensitive skin-sites are not over the diseased part. 

Pain is usually referable to the peripheral ends of an 
affected nerve. It is good practice to apply counter-irrita- 
tion directly over a deep-seated inflammation or seat of pain 
(see above), but in assuaging superficial pain it is found, 
that where the treatment can be made over the root of the 
painful nerve, better results are obtained. In pain in the 
chest wall a blister should be placed next the spine over the 
root of the spinal nerve involved ; in pain in the head in man, 
counter-irritation is. applied over the back of the neck. 
Counter-irritation should be done over the temple, in pain in 
the eye (iritis) ; behind the ear, for pain in that organ. 

In the treatment of enlarged glands and in acute inflam- 
m-ations, as abscess, boils and carbuncles, by counter-irri- 
tants, the application should be about the lesions rather than 
idirectly upon them. 

Among other actions accomplished by counter-irritants 
are: possible stimulation of trophic nerves and nutrition of 



700 GENERAL THERAPEUTIC MEASURES 

a part; augiiientation of tissue change, locally and gener- 
ally, and dilatation of vessels (when applied after the sub- 
sidence of acute inflammation or in chronically inflamed 
l^arts), with renewed activity of the circulation and conse- 
quent absorption of inflammatory exudations. The local 
action of skin irritants increases the leucocytes and opsinins 
in the inflammatory area (acted upon) and leads to bacterial 
destruction. The toxins are also more rapidly removed by 
their influence. Furthermore, counter-irritants reflexly over- 
come spasm and pain occurring in colic, by stimulating and 
replacing normal peristaltic action in place of abnormal local- 
ized contractions. In like manner they excite uterine con- 
tractions by stimulation of the involuntary muscular fibres 
of the womb. 

INDICATIONS FOR COUNTER-IRRITANTS. 

1. To overcome congestion and inflammation in remote 
parts. 

2. To promote absorption of inflammatory products 
locally. 

3. To relieve pain. 

4. To stimulate the heart, respiration and nervous 
functions. 

Rubefacients. — In this class are included the volatile 
oils — turpentine, oil of wintergrcen, etc. — alcohol, chloro- 
form, balsams, resins, iodine, tincture of camphor, tincture 
of cantharides, mustard, and heat. These agents are used 
when it is desirable to stimulate the nervous system rapidly, 
and to relieve pain and congestion. To attain this end, w^e 
employ comparatively mild agents in order that we may 
apply them over an extensive surface without causing seri- 
ous or permanent results. Mustard is rubbed with warm 
water into a thin paste (a sinapism), and rubbed over the 
chest of horses in congestion of the lungs, in acute bron- 
chitis, or in the first stage of pleuritis, to obtund pain and 
lessen congestion. Sinapisms also relieve obstinate cough, 
revive failing respiration, and stimulate reflexly the vital 
functions in collapse, shock and narcotic coma. Applied 
over the cardiac region, they avert syncope. To assist the 
action of mustard, we often cover the application with hot 
blankets, and then with dry ones. Stimulating liniments 
are sometimes preferred. One volume of oil of mustard 



COUNTER-IRKITANTS 



701 



may be combined with fifteen volumes of oil of turpentine ; 
or ammonia water, thirty parts, and oil of turpentine, fifteen 
parts, are added to spirit of camphor and soap liniment, each 
fifty parts. 

Turpentine is more valuable in abdominal disorders in 
horses. It is sprinkled on hot blankets, and applied as a 
stupe to stop pain, spasm, and stimulate normal peristalsis 
in colic ; and to relieve pain and congestion in enteritis, 
peritonitis, diarrhoea and other difficulties. The beneficial 
result accruing from the use of external counter-irritants 
in bowel troubles is often facilitated by the injection of hot 
(115° F.) rectal enemata. 

Stimulating liniments are serviceable in aiding resolu- 
tion of swelling following the acute stage of cellulitis, lym- 
phangitis, neuritis, mammitis, rheumatism, strains and 
bruises. They are often employed in laryngitis. In chronic 
skin diseases, as eczema, mild counter-irritants (tar, oil of 
cade, Peruvian balsam, etc.) substitute an active reparative 
process, tend to aid absorption of exudation and induration, 
and relieve pain and itching. The tincture of iodine may 
abort incipient inflammatory lesions, as boils and abscess, 
by means of its counter-irritant and antiseptic properties. 

VESICANTS AND THE ACTUAL CAUTERY 

Cantliarides, red iodide of mercury, and croton oil, are 
more commonly ^^sed in veterinary medicine to cause blis- 
tering. Reference will be had, hereafter, to cantharidal 
blisters. Blisters and the cautery are especially indicated 
to canse resolution of inflammatory products and modifica- 
tion of inflammatory processes; to secure fixation and rest 
of parts, and to relieve pain. It is impossible to enumerate 
all the conditions in which they are useful. In the treat- 
ment of severe sprains, as curb and " breakdown ;" ancJ in 
exostoses, as ringbone and spavin, the actual cautery (firing) 
is used before and in conjunction with blistering to exagger- 
ate the counter-irritant effect. Absorption is attained in the 
foregoing conditions by the production of an acute inflam- 



702 GENERAL THERAPEUTIC MEASURES 

matioii, with increase of vascularity, tissue change and fatty 
degeneration. In " breakdown," the formation of scar tissue 
is thought (without reason) to assist in supporting the limb. 
Sometimes, on the other hand, osseous deposit is unabsorbed, 
but anchylosis and freedom from pain in a diseased joint is 
secured by the enforced maintenance of rest and fixation of 
the joint, together with the production of new bone. 

In exudative diseases of serous membranes, as pleuritis, 
pericarditis, peritonitis, meningitis, arthritis, and synovitis, 
blisters facilitate absorption and recovery after the acute 
stage is over. This favorable result is not due to loss of 
serum, but to modification of the inflammatory process. In 
the first three diseases named above, blisters — flying blist- 
ers — may be applied in spots every few days in different 
places over the affected area. 

Blisters reflexly stimulate the nerve centres in menin- 
gitis, in addition to their action on the inflammatory lesion. 
They should be applied over the poll or spine according 
to the location of the trouble. Absorption in chronically 
enlarged glands is assisted by blisters. They also hasten 
"ripening" of suppurating glands or abscess when this 
process is slow, and hasten their resolution after evacua- 
tion of pus. The blister should be rubbed on about the 
inflamed area in these lesions. 

Vesicants are also valuable in pharyngitis and laryngitis 
for severe cases, when stimulating liniments are ineffectual; 
and, in lessening pain, exudation and swelling of the throat, 
may avert the necessity of tracheotomy. A blister applied 
about the coronet in diseases of the feet is serviceable in 
stimulating the growth of the hoof and promotes repair in 
navicular disease, laminitis, and cartilaginous quittor, after 
the acute stage is passed. In arthritis and synovitis, the 
whole diseased area, with the exception of the flexure of the 
joint, is covered with a blister. Since it is often impossible 
to immobilize a part, in veterinary practice, by splints, 
blisters are sometimes employed for this end after reduction 
of dislocations. 



COUNTER-IRRITANTS V03 

The hair should be clipped from an area to be blis- 
tered, the skin washed with soap and water, and the animal 
tied up or restrained in some way from biting the part. It 
is the custom to cover immediately the surrounding parts 
with grease, but protection from the acrid discharge can be 
secured more effectively by frequent sponging with soap 
suds and water ; or painting the skin, under the blistered 
surface, with a solution of resin in alcohol. Grease is not 
so good a protective, since it is a solvent for cantharides. 
Vaseline should be applied following the active stage. 

Caustics or Escharotics are agents which destroy tissue. 
They comprise such substances as the caustic alkalies, min- 
eral acids, silver nitrate ; iron, zinc and copper sulphates ; 
ferric, zinc and mercuric chlorides ; carbolic acid, arsenic, 
together with the actual cautery. They are indicated in the 
treatment of exuberant granulations, morbid growths, septic, 
sloughing and necrotic parts, pyogenic membranes, fistulous 
tracts, and for the destruction of poisons, as in rabid dog and 
snake bite. Escharotics stimulate and modify nutrition in 
unhealthy wounds and ulcers. Many form chemical com- 
pounds with the tissue elements. Heat oxidizes animal 
tissues, and also coagulates albumin and abstracts water 
from them. 

The alkalies produce greasy compounds with the pro- 
teids, sapouify the fats and withdraw water from the tissues. 
They are the most widely destructive agents. Silver nitrate 
forms an insoluble albuminate with the tissues to which it is 
applied, and protects the underlying structures from further 
action. It is most superficial in its action, but possesses 
specific properties in altering the condition of unhealthy 
wounds for the better. Extreme heat, exemplified by the 
white-hot iron, acts as a counter-irritant in stimulating 
reflexly the nervous system ; in increasing the vascularity cf 
surrounding parts, and in favoring revulsion of blood ; in 
aiding absorption and resolution, and in relieving pain apart 
from its direct destructive effect. Caustics may be applied 
in either the solid or liquid state, and in various forms, as 



704 GENEKAL TIIEKAPEUTIC MEASURES 

the stick, powder, paste and ointment. Caustics are some- 
times employed to stop haemorrhage. (See Styptics, p. 63.) 
The reader is referred to the articles on sjjecial agents for 
further details). 

Suppurants. — Any of the more active counter-irritants, 
as croton oil, may induce suppuration. Under this head 
may be mentioned setons and issues of rowel. A seton is a 
piece of tape or other material, introduced through an in- 
cision in the skin, and thence under the skin in the connect- 
ive tissue, and finally out through the skin at a short distance 
from the point of entrance. The loose ends are then knotted 
together, and the whole loop is drawn through the wound 
once daily to keep up constant irritation and suppuration. 
An issue of rowel is a piece of gauze or tow, which is passed 
into an incision, where the substance remains, and causes 
continual irritation and suppuration. To intensify their 
irritant action, both setons and issues of rowel may be first 
saturated with cantharides ointment or oil of turpentine. 
They have been employed in acute disease of the eye, men- 
ingitis, " strangles," and in joint and shoulder lameness, 
near the seat of trouble. Setons and issues of rowel are bar- 
barous and dirty, and fortunately are becoming obsolete. 
Cold and Heat. 

Cold. — Cold and heat are only relative terms. As used 
here, they refer, respectively, to a thermal intensity below 
or above that of the body. Cold is usually applied by 
means of water in some form. In veterinary practice we 
are limited in the employment of cold air, as a medium, to 
the use of free ventilation and protection of animals from the 
solar heat.* Cool air is especially desirable in the treatment 
of most febrile affections by lowering temperature and serv- 
ing as a stimulus to the respiratory, circulatory and- nervous 
functions generally. Locally, cold causes contraction of the 
peripheral vessels and muscles of the skin, forcing out fluids 
from the part and reducing local temperature. This is more 

*The cold air treatment — of pneumonia, especially — is now ex- 
ceedingly popular in human medicine. The patients are kept outdoors 
even in the coldest weather under shelter and well-covered. Reduction 
of fever and stimulation of the vital centres are among the chief ad- 
vantages accruing. The same treatment applies to animals. In pneu- 
monia of horses an abundance of fresh, cold air should be secured with 
the animal well blanketed and the limbs bandaged. 



COLD AND HEAT 705 

distinctly noticeable in congested areas. If the application 
is very severe or long continued, the vessels lose their tone, 
become paralyzed, and we have passive congestion, inflam- 
mation, and finally death. 

Ordinarily, reaction sets in after the use of cold, more 
particularly if followed by heat, when an active hypersemia 
is substituted for the ischaemia. This is brought about both 
by reflex stimulation of the heart by the cold, and local dila- 
tion of the vessels. Therefore, when we wish to constringe 
parts, we use moderate cold continuously ; but, by alternat- 
ing cokl and heat we may accelerate the blood supply, and 
by first forcing out, and then bringing back the fluids of the 
tissues, we can maintain such an activity of the circulation 
that even solid exudations are absorbed. Cold, locally, 
lessens nervous irritability and pain directly, and, also, by 
contracting the afferent vessels, it diminishes the impact of 
the blood on sensitive parts. Moderate heat is said, never- 
theless, to produce much the same result by relaxing the 
capillaries of the collateral circulation, thus draining off the 
blood and relieving tension in the inflamed part. Tissue 
change is diminished, locally, by the action of cold. Sup- 
puration and sloughing proceed but slowly under its retard- 
ijig influence. Acute abscess is converted into what might 
be logically termed a " cold abscess " in the most literal 
sense of the word. Remotely, moderate cold applied to the 
body for a short period actually increases general tempera- 
ture by stimulating reflexly the heat centres, increasing 
oxidation and lessening radiation from the contracted super- 
ficial vessels. If cold is in contact with the whole body for 
a longer time, the temperature gradually sinks and the 
reduction continues for some hours, when, in healthy ani- 
mals, the temperature rises above normal. Such effects are 
much more pronounced in pyrexia. The action upon the 
nervous system is exceedingly important therapeutically. 
The most powerful stimulating action is exerted upon the 
centres of innervation controlling the circulatory, respira- 
tory, digestive and excretory organs. In fever, this treatment 



roc GENERAL THERAPEUTIC MEASURES 

invigorates the failing digestive functions, relieves the nerv- 
ous irritability by cooling the blood going to the great nerve 
centres in the medulla, and strengthens and stimulates the 
entire nervous organization. Cold applications and drinks 
stimulate the circulation reflexly, increase blood tension, and, 
therefore, the secretion of urine in fever, which is very im- 
portant for the elimination of toxins. Locally, heat and 
cold are often used interchangeably in medicine. In human 
practice it is a rule to be guided in the choice of one or the 
other by the desire of and effect upon the patient, and this 
should apply, as far as possible, in veterinary practice. 
Cold is employed, locally, in congestions of superficial parts, 
and tends to abort inflammation and relieve pain. 

In meningitis, rubber ice bags or continual irrigation of 
the head and spine are used. Laryngitis may be success- 
fully treated by ice poultices (cracked ice and sawdust in. 
linen bags) or by thin rubber ice bags surrounding the 
throat. In the same way are treated sprained tendons, 
capped hocks, broken knees, recent curbs, and lymphangitis. 
In fact, most superficial inflammatory surgical affections are 
benefited by cold applications. Ice and ice water are useful 
in checking venous or capillary haemorrhage, although hot 
Avater is often more serviceable. Cold water enemata are 
valuable in atonic constipation, diarrhoea, and to reduce 
temperature in fever. In the uterus, ice in small lumps 
will arrest metrorrhagia, and, in the rectum, aid in reducing 
prolapse. Ice bags, placed along the sjiine over the sym- 
pathetic ganglia, will cause dilatation of arterioles in regions 
corresponding to the point of application. 

MODES OF EMPLOYING COLD WATER.* 

Ablution is the simplest method of applying water to the 
surface of the body. It is merely bathing. Water at the 
temperature of 50° to 60° F. is applied by a rough, coarse 



*The writer is much indebted to the writings of Simon Baruch in 
connection with uses of water. 



COLD AND HEAT 



707 



cloth. The water is thrown on in considerable quantities, 
beginning with the head and going rapidly over the neck, 
trunk and limbs successively, rubbing the skin briskly all 
the while with the cloth. Two attendants are required for 
tLe application of an . ablution to the larger animals. The 
patient is finally dried and warmly blanketed. The process 
may be repeated each half hour in fever, or twice daily as a 
tonic measure in chronic diseases. The rationale consists in 
the stimulus afforded by the cold to the nervous system, 
accompanied by contraction and subsequent dilatation of 
the peripheral blood vessels, with consequent cooling of the 
blood and increased radiation of heat from the surface. lu 
most hydriatic methods for reducing temperature in fever, 
friction of the skin should be the sine qua non, as otherwise 
the physical cooling of the body is confined entirely to the 
periphery, the contraction of the surface vessels driving the 
blood inward to the vital organs. The superficial muscles 
then act as non-conductors, and heat production being stimu- 
lated reflexly by the cold, an actual increase of internal 
temperature may obtain. 

It is only by securing dilatation of the superficial ves- 
sels by friction that the result first described can be 
prevented, for after the first shock the peripheral vessels 
dilate, an increased supply of blood is brought to the sur- 
face, is rapidly cooled and courses inward, only to be replaced 
by more over-heated blood. The internal temperature is 
thus lowered, and instead of an internal congestion being 
brought about, as may happen when the skin is simply 
exposed to cold, we have a constant withdrawal of heated 
blood from the interior. In this perpetual interchange not 
only does cooling of the blood and body occur, but the cir- 
culation is equalized and congestions are overcome. 

The Sheet Bath. — ^^Whole baths are impracticable for our 
larger patients, and the sheet bath may be substituted to 
advantage for antipyretic and other purposes to which the 
cold bath is adapted. A cloth soaked in cold water, or ice 
poultice, is placed on the poll to prevent determination of 



708 GENERAL THERAPEUTIC MEASURES 

blood to tlie head, and a linen sheet, wet in water, of from 
50° to 80° r., is placed over the animal, the surface "being 
rubbed, while dashing on the sheet water at the tempera ivire 
of 50° to 60° r. This process is continued for fifteen oi' 
twenty minutes, unless rigor is induced. The method is 
valuable in the treatment of fever and insolation. The gen- 
eral rationale is the same as in the case of ablutions, but the 
antipyretic effect is more marked and permanent. The sheet 
may be covered, while wet, by blankets, and converted into 
a wet pack. 

The Wet PacJc is applicable for general or local use, and 
for various purposes. A linen sheet is dipped in water at a 
temperature of 50° to 70° F., and wrung out very thoroughly. 
A cold application is put on the head and the sheet applied 
and covered with dry woolen blankets. The duration of 
application is from one quarter to three hours, according to 
the object in view. If it is used as a strictly antipyretic 
measure, it should be changed frequently. The wet pack 
differs materially from other hydriatic procedures in that 
reaction occurs slowly, for there is no artificial stimulus in 
the shape of friction to accelerate it. The primary contrac- 
tion of the vessels is succeeded by partial dilatation of them, 
when the blood from the interior of the over-heated body is 
cooled on the suiface by contact with the sheet and by 
vaporization of the water. Vascular contraction again occurs 
owing to the cooling, forciug the chilled blood inward. So 
there is continual interchange of cooled aud heated blood, 
iintil the wet sheet has become thoroughly warmed. After 
the wet pack is removed, the skin should be dried and the 
patient well blanketed. 

The interchange of blood is useful in relieving conges- 
tion of the internal organs, in aiding nutrition by bringing 
to the periphery nutriment absorbed from the gastro-intes- 
tinal tract, and for its tonic effect on the nervous system. In 
fever, it abates cerebral hypersemia, delirium and excite- 
ment, and promotes rest and qui^t. 

The PriesKnitz Poultice/^ is similar to the wet pack, but a 

* The Priessnitz'scher ximschlaG; fpmiUifel of the Germans is offen deflned 
as a cold water compress, witiioiir, waterproof coveriiiK- It must be renewed fre- 
(luently, as it soon dries. Its effect is cooling and nor as a poultice in supplying 
moist heat, and it does not aid phagocytosis tsee page 712;. 



COLD AND HEAT 709 

waterproof protective is interposed between the wet blanket, 
sheet, sponges or cloths on the inside and outside woolen cov- 
erings. Evaporation is thus prevented, but not vaporization. 
Such an application may be used with safety in febrile dis- 
eases, as pleuritis and pneumonia. If it is not renewed 
frequently, hyperssniia of the surface occurs, and this may 
be beneficial in aborting or relieving internal congestion. It 
then acts as an ordinary poultice, and is of value in various 
local inflammations resulting from strains, blows and bruises; 
also, in laryngitis. Besides relieving internal congestion, 
the Priessnitz poultice stimulates absorption, removes in- 
duration and hastens suppuration, locally. The wet pack 
and Priessnitz poultice are more appropriate for practical 
use than the other methods in veterinary practice, since the 
evaporation from the hair of animals contraindicates methods 
sni table in human medicine. 

Cold Baths are only practicable for the smaller animals. 
Dogs may be immersed in water at 90° F., which is rapidly 
cooled down to 60°. The bath should last about fifteen 
minutes, the surface of the body being rubbed constantly. 
Ice water should be frequently poured over the head. After 
removal from the water, the patient must be thoroughly 
dried, wrapped in warm blankets, and a stimulant given if 
necessary. Such treatment may be used as an antipyretic 
measure if the temperature is over 103° F. in the rectum. 

Douches. — A douche is a forcible impact of water against 
the surface of the body. It is not used for its antipyretic 
effect, but acts as a stimulant to the nervous system at large, 
whereby the respiratory action is deepened and strength- 
ened, and the circulation invigorated. The douche is given 
advantageously in the treatment of coma, of alcohol, chloro- 
form, ether or opium, applied to the head. The water may 
be dashed from a pail or applied by means of a garden hose 
or from a tap. Rheumatic lameness and peripheral para- 
lysis are suitable cases for the douche treatment, followed 
by vigorous rubbing and dry bandaging. Syncope may often 
be quickly relieved by douching of the head and chest. 



710 GENEEAL THERAPEUTIC MEASURES 

Local Baths are good, especially in inflammatory condi- 
tions of the feet in horses. Tubs may be employed for the 
animals to stand in, the water being changed frequently or 
being kept cool by ice. It is not advisable to allow animals 
to stand in large bodies of water on account of the danger 
they incur of " catching cold " from surface evaporation. 
The value of the local use of water in acute laminitis is 
worth mentioning here. After the shoes have been re- 
moved the extreme pain may be alleviated by standing the 
horse in quite hot water, sufficient to reach up to or above 
the foot-locks. Good results are obtained by changing to 
ice water after the first day and continuing this for several 
days, in this way causing a contraction of the arteries, 
lessening the amount of blood supplied to the part and the 
danger of chronic laminitis and dropped sole. If con- 
venient to a running stream, about the same results may be 
obtained by standing the animal in it. 

Irrigation with cold water is done in inflammatory dis- 
eases of the joints, tendons and feet. Running water may 
be permitted to flow continuously through perforated rubber 
tubes, connected with a tap, or used as siphons and closed 
at their distal extremities. The holes may be made in the 
tube with red-hot needles. The rubber tubes should be 
wound about the limb or part and held in position by band- 
ages. Leiter's expensive block tin tubes are easily bent 
and rendered useless by the movements of our patients. 
The treatment of lacerated wounds by means of a stream 
of water from a convenient hydrant, causes the part 
to granulate quickly and greatly facilitates the healing 
process, but care should be taken not to allow the water to 
run over the wound more than three or four hours at a 
time each day, otherwise the part will become " water- 
logged " and tend to break down and slough rather than to 
fill in with healthy granulation tissue. 

Cold Drinks are both refreshing and antipyretic in action. 
Cool water should be placed where the patient can take it 
as he desires. In stomatitis, tetanus and angina, cool water 



COLD AND HEAT 7H 

is distinctly gratefiil and comforting. In the latter two dis- 
eases, it should be arranged so that the animal can reach it 
Avithout bending the neck. The mouth can be rinsed out 
continually, removing decomposing food and mucus, the 
thirst be slaked and heat and inflammation relieved. 

Cold Enemata are valuable antipyretic agencies. From 
five to fifteen quarts of cold water may be thrown up through 
a flexible rubber tube, six feet long, far into the bowel of 
the horse. 

Evaporating Solutions. — Ethyl chloride or ether 
spray may be applied for a short time by means of an 
atomizer, to induce local anaesthesia of a part, through the 
powerful refrigeration produced in their evaporation, and is 
most satisfactorily employed in conjunction with cocaine 
injections. One turn of a cotton or linen bandage, or a 
single thickness of similar stuff, put about a part and wet 
continuously with cold water, forms a good evaporating 
medium in allaying superficial inflammation and pain. A 
jr)ixture of clay, aind equal parts of water, vinegar and diluted 
solution of lead acetate, make a cheap and efficient cooling 
application for external use in the treatment of bruises and 
sprains. The paste should be removed as quickly as it 
dries. 

Refrigerants. — Certain medicines either produce a sub- 
jective feeling of coolness or actually cause it, applied exter- 
nally or given internally. The subjective sensation is due 
to some inexplicable action on the local nerve supply. Some 
are stimulants and astringents, and diminish the circulation 
in the part. Externally, acetate of lead, chloride of am- 
monium, nitrate of potash, and vinegar, are used most 
frequently as refrigerants. 

The mineral acids and salts of potassium and sodium, 
especially potassium nitrate, are administered more com- 
monly, internally, both for their cooling effect and to allay 
thirst. 



712 GENERAL THERAPEUTIC MEASURES 

HEAT 

Water at a moderate degree of heat — what is termed 
lukewarm — i. e., 86° to 95° F., applied to the body, stimu- 
lates the action of the skin, relaxes peripheral vessels and 
diminishes nervous excitability, pain and spasm in neigh- 
boring parts. Water at a temperature of 112° to 120° F. 
contracts blood vessels of underlying parts, relieving con- 
gestion and pain. Such a degree of heat resembles cold in 
its effect, and they may often be used interchangeably. Still 
stronger heat has much the same effect as excessive cold, 
only acting more quickly, causing dilatation of the vessels, 
pain, inflammation and destruction of tissue. The action of 
powerful heat on the whole body, or upon single organs, is 
similar to that of counter-irritants. Mild, moist heat is 
beneficial in the treatment of wounds in poorly vascular 
parts where there is a tendency to indolent granulation, as 
about the feet in horses. Again, in low grades of inflamma- 
tion with induration, as in strains of tendons, where mod- 
erate heat tends to stimulate the circulation and hasten 
absorption. In the treatment of abscess and burns, with 
destruction of tissue and suppuration, moist heat applied 
locally macerates the dead tissue, hastens sloughing and 
relieves pain, and in softening parts prevents the burrow- 
ing of pus and the formation of deep-seated pockets and 
sinus's. 

A modern view of poulticing is that it aids the migra- 
tion of leucocytes, and therefore is productive of good in 
assisting their phagocytic action.* The abscess can thus be 
more speedily formed and more quickly defined. Herein 
heat differs from cold. In irritable and spasmodic troubles 
of muscular origin in various organs, heat is distinctly reme- 
dial, as in pelvic and abdominal pain and colic, when 
employed in the form of rectal injections. Heat may, in 
many conditions, be used interchangeably with, or in the 
place of, cold, according to the preference of the practitione; , 

* Hot applications increase exudation, congestion, collection of leucocytes 
and opsinins, locally. All these results are inimical to bacterial growth. 



COLD AND HEAT 713 

or the effect upon the patient. As, for instance, in the case 
of pneumouia, pleuritis, angina, and in checking haemorr- 
hage. Heat may be utilized in simply preventing the natural 
radiation of it from the body. Thus, simple, warm, dry 
blankets, applied all over the surface of the body, may abort 
catarrhal or rheumatic conditions by merely causing reten- 
tion of the body heat, dilatation of the peripheral vessels 
and equalization of the circulation. Covering a portion of 
the skin with such dense preparations as tar, pitch or collo- 
dion, in mild superficial inflammatory lesions, is said to 
produce favorable results by restraining radiation and in- 
creasing heat and blood supply in the part. Even thickened 
tendons and indurated glands may be benefited thereby. 
The Priessnitz poultice continuously applied has a similar 
action. In vasomotor paralysis, seen in collapse, following 
loss of blood or poisoning, and in shock due to traumatism 
or surgical operatio'j, heat is eminently a life-saving means. 
In such conditions the loss of vascular tone and dilatation of 
the vessels leads to dangerous, and even fatal, cooling of the 
body. Heated dry blankets, or those wrung out in hot 
water, should be applied to the larger animals, together with 
hot rectal injections ; while the smaller animals may be 
placed in baths at the temperature of 105° F., till the tem- 
perature becomes normal. Such treatment should be com- 
bined with the use of vascular and cardiac stimulants, 
atropine, digitalis and strychnine, and saline infusions. 

MODES OF APPLYING HEAT. 

PouJficcs or Cataplasms* — Cataplasms are compositions 
for the local application of heat and moisture. They are 
made, commonly, of flaxseed meal, bran, oatmeal, bread, 
potatoes and carrots. One or other of these is stirred up in 
boiling water until a thick, pasty consistency is reached. 
This mass may then be applied, while very hot, directly to 

'' Cataplasma Kaolini (U. S. P.) consists of kaolin, or porcelain clay, and is 
appilsi externally as a poultice. It acts to retain the body heat and is very 
similif to "Antiphlogistine," an excellent substitute for the ordinarv poultice. 



714 GENERAL THERAPEUTIC MEASURES 

the part when we wish to produce a softeuiug of the tissues, 
as in abscess or tender feet in horses, and tlie whole is 
covered hj a cloth. In poulticin{T horses' feet, the material — 
\isuallj bran and flaxseed meal, equal parts — is mixed in a 
pail, with boiling water, and spread on a piece of bagging 
(double thickness, and about two feet square), in sufficient 
quantity to surround and cover the entire foot. The bag- 
ging is then folded and tied about the pasterns, and over 
around the front and sole of the foot. The whole should 
occasionally be immersed in water to prevent drying of the 
poultice. When a poultice is used merely for its continued 
heat, in relieving heat and congestion, the material should 
be enclosed in a flannel bag, in order the longer to retain 
and radiate its warmth. 

A very hot poultice acts as a counter-irritant in con- 
tracting bloodvessels in more remote parts, besides its effect 
in abating pain. A warm, moist poultice causes a mild local 
hypersemia, softens broken down and dead tissues, and aids 
suppuration and sloughing. Poultices are not employed 
very mucb, except in the treatment of horses' feet, as they 
are clumsy, laborious contrivances, and difficult to keep in 
place. If long-continued, they cause tissues to become 
swollen, sodden and macerated, destroying their vitality. 
Antiseptic poultices are made by soaking sheet cotton, 
gauze or other absorbent material, in hot antiseptic 
solutions, as corrosive sublimate, 1-1000 ; creolin or lysol, 
1-100. The material is very lightly wrung out, wrapped 
about with dry gauze, covered with oil paper, silk or rubber 
protective, and applied to the part with a bandage. Anti- 
septic poultices are useful in the treatment of septic injuries, 
and when there is much pain, destruction of tissue, slough- 
ing and suppuration. Otherwise, poultices are decidedly 
contraindicated in the case of wounds, as dry antiseptic or 
aseptic absorbent dressings are far preferable in securing 
one of the cardinal requirements in the process of healing. 
i.e., dryness. As substitutes for ordinary poultices, we have 
spongio-pilene, counter-irritants, stupes and fomentations. 



COLD AND HEAT 715 

Spongio-pilene occurs in sheets, about an inch in thickness, 
made of a mixture of sponge and felt, backed with a flexible 
covering of gntta-percha. Its main objection is the expense. 
It forms, when soaked in water, a cleanly and easily applied 
poultice for non-suppurating parts. 

Counter-irritation, as has been pointed out, is produced 
by hot poulticing as well as by drugs. A combination of the 
two is obtained in stupes. 

Stupes, Stupa. — A stupe consists of a flannel or other 
cloth, wrung out in plain or medicated hot water, and ap- 
plied to the skin. These are often covered by waterproof 
protection, the better to retain heat. In the veterinary art, 
hot blankets are often applied over the whole chest or abdo- 
men to relieve internal congestion and pain in pleuritis, 
pneumonia and colic. Turpentine stupes are more in favor 
with abdominal troubles. These are made by simply sprink- 
ling oil of turpentine over the hot blankets, or by saturating 
flannel cloths in turpentine and wringing them out in very 
hot water. To get a very active counter-irritant effect, a 
mustard paste may be rubbed over the chest, and then hot 
blankets applied. 

Hot Water Bags, made of rubber, and enclosing water at 
a temperature of 120° F., may be placed along the spine, and 
by stimulating the cord and sympathetic ganglia, cause sti- 
ninlation of the vaso-constrictors in regions corresponding to 
the controlling areas over which the heat is applied. In this 
manner inflammatory conditions of the throat, chest, and 
abdomen are said to have been aborted, and internal haemor- 
rhage effectually arrested. Conversely, cold may be used 
over the spine to dilate distal arterioles. 

Fomentations are simply local baths. As technically 
employed, the word refers to bathing parts with plain or 
medicated hot water, by means of sponge or cloths. They 
may be used to cleanse wounds or parts of dried discharges ; 
they act as counter-irritants if very hot, or as mild, stimulat- 
ing, soothing and softening applications if warm. In order 
to pr'yduce much effect, besides a mere detergent one, they 



716 GENERAL THERAFEUTIC MEASURES 

slioukl be applied for a considerable length of time — one 
half hour at least — and be followed by drying and bandag- 
ing. Fomentations reduce swelling and pain, and hasten 
repair in bruises, strains and local inflammatory lesions. 

Injections of hot water are employed to cleanse wounds, 
stop bleeding and relieve pain and spasm. Injections mfiy 
be thrown into the rectum or vagina at a temperature of 
115° to 120° r. In the vagina, hot water may stop post- 
partum haemorrhage, pain and congestion in the pelvis, by 
producing uterine contractions, and atonic constriction of 
vessels in neighboring parts, which lasts for several hours 
following its use. Hot rectal injections (115° F.) subdue 
abdominal and pelvic pain or spasm, as intestinal or renal 
colic and spasm of the neck of the bladder. The heat per se 
in such injections may be invaluable in shock and collapse 
as noted above. 

The water may either be led off through a rubber tube, 
from a stop-cock in a pail or reservoir, placed a few feet 
above the patient, or else siphonage may be done off-hand 
through a bit of small-sized hose. Having hung a pail filled 
with water three or four feet above the patient, the hose is 
filled with water, and, closing the ends to keep it full, the 
upper part is put in the pail, while the lower, smooth and 
greased, is passed into the rectum or vagina; or water may 
be poured through a large tin funnel into the upper end of 
the tube. The ordinary fountain syringe is the best appa- 
ratus for smaller animals. 

Dry Heat may be applied by means of hot blankets, hot 
water bags, hot salt or sand in cloth bags, a flatiron or hot, 
wet cloths between waterproof coverings. Dry heat is often 
preferable to moist heat for simply relieving pain and con- 
gestion, as animals are less apt to become chilled by drafts 
and evaporation from the surface afterwards. It is gener- 
ally more difficult to obtain, however. 

Inhalations of plain or medicated steam are given for 
their local effect on the mucous membranes of the upper air 
passages. The moist heat has a soothing action on tht 



COLD AND HEAT 717 

nerves, and tends to loosen dry exudations. Agents may be 
iucoiporated in the inhalation haviug a sedative, stimulating 
or antiseptic action. (Vid. "Agents Acting on the Respiratory 
Organs," pp. 47, 48.) 

The technique consists in placing a bucket containing 
a boiling mash under the horse's nose, or in pouring cool 
water over a heated brick or iron in the bottom of a pail. 
The practice of tying a bag over a horse's head, and steam- 
ing him therein, is bad, if the animal is suffering from 
respiratory troubles, as insufficient pure air is obtainable. 
A dog may be placed on the seat of a cane bottomed chair, 
and covered loosely with a sheet over the whole, the steam 
being generated in a vessel beneath. 

Hot Baths at a temperature of 98° to 110° F. are imprac- 
ticable for larger animals. They can be given to the suialler 
animals in collapse, shock, rheumatism, and to abort cold 
after exposure. Glowing heat is applied by means of heated 
metal, and is treated under the section on counter-irri- 
tation. 

ACTION OF HEAT CONTRASTED WITH THAT OF COLD. 

The action of intense heat or cold on animal tissue is 
Tery similar in effect, producing vasomotor paralysis, con- 
gestion, inflammation, destruction of tissue and death. Even 
the sensations to which they give rise resemble each other 
so closely, that the coolies on first handling ice said they 
could not hold it because it burned their fingers. Strong heat 
(115° to 120° F.) contracts blood vessels in underlying parts 
and overcomes pain and congestion. Heat of this degree 
approaches cold in similarity of action. A moderate 
degree of heat dilates vessels, while cold of like intensity 
contracts them. Moderate heat relieves pain by relaxing 
tissue, diminishes vascular tension by dilating efferent ves- 
sels of the collateral circulation, and draining off blood from 
the congested areas. Moderate cold, on the other hand, 
accomplishes a similar result in benumbing nervous sensa- 
tion and lessening the impact of blood in the painful region 



718 GENERAL THERAPEUTIC MEASURES 

by coBstringing the afferent vessels. Tissue change is 
increased by moderate heat, but decreased by cold applied 
locally, or generally in fever. Swelling of tissue is reduced 
by cold directly ; only indirectly by heat, which may, indeed, 
increase it. Softening and sloughing of parts, suppuration 
and "ripening" of abscesses and "cleaning off" of wounds, 
are facilitated by moderate heat, but hindered by cold. , 

Disinfectants, Antiseptics and Deodorants. 

Disinfectants, or germicides, are agents which destroy 
the micro-organisms, causing infectious and contagious dis- 
eases, fermentation and putrefaction. Antiseptics are agents 
which prevent the growth and development of the micro- 
organisms, occasioning fermentation, putrefaction and dis- 
ease; more especially the micrococci producing suppuration. 

Deodorizers, or deodorants, are agents which destroy 
or counteract a foul odor. They are not necessarily anti- 
septic or disinfectants. Considerable confusion exists in 
relation to the terms disinfectant and antiseptic, because the 
latter is often described as an agent which inhibits the 
growth, or destroys the life of the micro-organisms of fer- 
mentation, putrefaction, and disease. This definition makes 
antiseptics synonymous with disinfectants. The distinction 
exists, however, according to common usage, that while dis- 
infectants may, in dilution, act as antiseptics, antiseptics are 
not often disinfectants, and in the nature of things are not 
strong enough to kill germs, although they may hinder their 
growth. Antiseptics may then be regarded as a subdivision 
of disinfectants. The two terms are iinnecessary and mis- 
leading, as either might embrace both interference with the 
growth and destruction of micro-organisms. Disinfection 
may fall short of sterilization ; i, e., death of all germs. 
Boiling a fluid containing micro-organisms wholly kills 
them ; but, while disinfectants may destroy the germs of 
disease, they often fail to kill more resistant and harmless 
organisms, as the spores of B. subtilis. 



DISINFECTANTS, ANTISEPTICS AND DEODORANTS 719 

A discrimination between disinfectants and anti- 
septics may be made in relation to their connec- 
tion with the body. Those agents employed to 
kill germs, in matter distinct from the living body, are 
disinfectants ; while those agents applied on the surface, or 
introduced within the body, may be classed as antiseptics, 
since they can rarely be used in such strength as to kill all 
micro-organisms without injuring or killing their host. 

DISINFECTANTS AND DISINFECTION. 

Air, sunlight, heat and water are naturally the best dis- 
infectants. Air scatters and dilutes micro-organisms, making 
them pathologically inactive. There is no more effective 
way to disinfect a stable, in which animals are living, than 
by free veutilation with pure air. It is well known that ani- 
mals are less liable to contract infectious diseases in the 
comparatively pure air of the country than in closely 
crowded and ill-ventilated city buildings. Likewise, the 
contagious diseases of children mostly occur in winter, when 
they are herded together in schools and in poorly ventilated 
dwellings. 

To attempt to disinfect the air surrounding a patient is 
the height of absurdity. The generation of chlorine and 
sulphurous acid gases for this purpose, although recom- 
mended in text books, is futile, and by irritating the respira- 
tory mucous membrane, accomplishes more harm than good, 
since a congested surface offers a more suitable field for 
bacterial growth. Air, on the other hand, may be a medium 
of infection when contaminated with dust containing patho- 
genic bacteria (B. tuberculosis). Sunlight is prejudicial 
to the vitality of bacteria. Whereas, the bacilli of tubercu- 
losis will live almost indefinitely in dark, damp places, they 
quickly succumb to sunlight and dry air. Sunlight and pure 
air are, then, imperative for both the immediate and pre- 
ventive treatment of germ diseases. Heat is the most 



720 GENERAL THERAPEUTIC MEASURES 

powerful agency for disinfection at our command. Dry 
heat, to be efficacious, must be aj)piied at a temijerature of 
140° C. (284° F.) for three hours to kill all bacteria and 
spores ; but this degree of heat scorches most fabrics and 
destroys many materials. Boiling water quickly kills all 
non-spore-bearing pathogenic bacteria, and these include 
most of the organisms causing the common contagious and 
infectious diseases (tuberculosis and anthrax excepted). 
Two hours of continuous boiling will not destroy the most 
resistant of micro-organisms — the spores of the hay ba- 
cillus — but moist or saturated steam, at 230° F., will infallibly 
kill any spores whatsoever within a few minutes. Fire is 
the most complete disinfectant, because it not only destroys 
germs, but their food and products. Water, like air, dilutes 
germs and aids oxidation and destruction of organic matter ; 
but, again like air, drinking water may be the source of in- 
fection when sufficiently contaminated. 

MECHANICAL MEANS OF PEOCUEING ASEPSIS. 

The placing of sole reliance upon chemical agents for 
surgical antisepsis, in relation to the body, is a common 
error. These agents may damage denuded tissue, and do not 
reach the micro-organism buried in the tissues. Therefore, 
it is impossible to render infected, living tissue absolutely 
aseptic, or sterile, by merely bathing it with chemical solu- 
tions. Far more efficacious is mechanical cleansing of the 
skin with soap, water and the scrubbing brush, and even of 
infected raw surfaces with gauze and corrosive sublimate 
solution,* supplemented, if necessary, by the knife, caustic 
and drainage, to remove necrosed tissue and septic material. 

CHEMICAL AGENTS. 

Mercuric bichloride, carbolic acid, quicklime, chlori- 
nated lime, sulphurous acid, and chlorine, are more fre- 
quently employed as disinfectants. Corrosive sublimate 

* Hari-ington's solution, see p. 216. 



DISINFECTANTS, ANTISEPTICS AND DEODORANTS 721 

solutions are decomposed by keeping, and by contact witb 
albumin and ammonia. Acids, or common salt, added to 
bichloride solutions prevent, in a measure, this decomposi- 
tion ; but, nevertheless, mercuric bichloride is rendered unfit 
for the disinfection of masses of decomposing albuminous 
matter, as manure. One of the best solutions, employed by 
the Paris Disinfection Service, is composed of corrosive 
sublimate, 2 grammes ; tartaric acid, 4 grammes ; and water, 

1 litre (1-500), colored with 5 drops of a 5 per cent, solution 
of indigo carminate. An English solution, in common use, 
consists of corrosive sublimate, 1 ounce ; hydrochloric acid, 

2 ounces, and water to make 3 gallons (1-768). The usual 
strength of cori-osive sublimate solutions, for disinfection, 
varies from 1-500 to 1-1000. These solutions are suitable 
for articles made wholly, or in part, of leather, rubber and 
fur; for blankets, cotton and woolen fabrics, and for floors, 
walls, and wood work of stables. Surgical instruments, and 
other metallic implements and fixtures, are injured by corro- 
sive sublimate solutions. Carbclic acid is more expensive 
than corrosive sublimate, and less efficnent in cases where 
the latter is applicable. Carbolic acid can, however, be used 
to disinfect albuminous material and metallic substances. 
It is employed on animal excreta in 5 per cent, aqueous 
solution (about 8 ounces to the gallon of hot water). This 
solution will cause the hands to dry, crack and fissure if 
they are immersed in it for any length of time. 

Chlorinated lime and quicklime are good disinfectant 
agents to mix with animal evacuations. In fact, bleaching 
powder is probably the best and cheapest disinfectant we 
possess for use in privies, drains, sinks, cesspools, and 
sewers, and for the destruction of micro-organisms on floors, 
and in fseces and urine, 

A few pounds of this preparation may be thrown into 
privies or cesspools once a week, and the pure compound, 
or a saturated solution, may be scattered over floors or 
mixed with manure. A 1 per cent, solution is used to dis- 
infect harness, which should be washed and greased directly 



722 GENERAL THEKAPEUTIC MEASURES 

afterwards. Stagnant and putrid water may be rendered 
drinkable, after some hours, by the addition of 1 to 2 ounces 
to eacli 65 gallons of water. Chlorinated lime is a powerful 
deodorant as well as disinfectaut, but is of no value in either 
capacity unless the compound contains so much chlorine gas 
that the face cannot be held near it without the production 
of great irritation to the eyes. Bleaching powder should be 
placed upon decomposing animal bodies, and sheets wet 
with a saturated solution should be wrapped about the car- 
casses of animals dead from contagious diseases, to prevent 
infection during transportation. Disinfection by sulphurous 
acid and chlorine gas is done to destroy germs which cannot 
be reached by other metheds. Three pounds of sulphur and 
two ounces of turpentine or alcohol (to afford moisture and 
aid combustion) are needful for every 1000 cubic feet of air 
space. Sulphur is generally burned in an iron vessel placed 
on sand, or floating in a tub of water. If the building is 
sufficiently tight to insure proper disinfection, it is difficult 
to secure combustion of the proper amount of sulphur. To 
obviate this, the sulphur may be saturated with turpentine, 
ignited and placed in an iron kettle on a tripod over an alco- 
hol lamp. Chlorine is disengaged from chlorinated lime, to 
which is added crude muiiatic acid, one pound of former 
to three of latter for every 5,000 cubic feet of air space. 
Buildings must be tightly sealed and made completely irre- 
spirable for animals during the space of three hours. Sul- 
phurous acid disinfection is not of much value, and has 
been discarded by most health authorities both here and 
abroad. It certainly will not kill the spores of anthrax and 
tuberculosis, and should never be allowed to replace 
thorough mechanical cleansing and disinfection with other 
chemical agents, but may be utilized as an additional 
safeguard. Chlorine gas is more reliable. Formaldehyde 
is now being employed by most boards of health for general 
disinfectant purposes, and it appears to be the best means 
of gaseous disinfection. (See p. 338.) 



DISINFECTANTS, ANTISEPTICS AND DEODORANTS 723 

ANTISEPTICS. 

It is perhaps well to consider here the sources of 
infection and the natural defenses or immunity possessed 
by animals against parasitic invasion. Pathogenic micro- 
organisms are commonly brought in contact with the body 
through the agency of the air, drinking water and food, and 
insects (flies and mosquitoes), and gain entrance by means 
of the air passages, digestive canal and blood ; but even in the 
two former cases, the ujicro-orgauisms are in a certain sense 
outside of the body, since it is not easy for them to penetrate 
the intact and healthy ciliated mucous membrane of the re- 
spiratory tract. But when the mucous membrane is damaged 
by inflammation, and the cilise becomes paralyzed, and 
abnormal secretions are formed, then a favorable opportunity 
is oflfered for their growth and entrance into the circulation. 
In the digestive tract the hydrochloric acid of the gastric 
juice and bile* act as natural antiseptics, while the liver is 
thought to destroy toxins resulting from bacterial life. 

When digestion is in a normal condition, putrefaction 
and fermentation do not occur ; but when its activity is 
diminished, and the secretion of the digestive juices is 
lessened, and the hepatic functions are depressed, then a 
chance is offered for bacterial growth, fermentation and 
absorption of toxins, or even actual transmigration of 
micro-organisms through the intestinal walls. To these 
natural agencies of defense, which may be likened to out- 
lying pickets shielding the animal from bacterial invasion, 
we must add the intrinsic power of resistance vested in the tis- 
sues, blood serum (opsinins) and leucocytes in combating mi- 
cro-organisms ; and the production of antitoxins in the body, 
antagonizing the toxins formed by bacterial action. Micro- 
organisms are always to be found on the surface of the body 
and within its natural cavities open to the air, but patho- 

* Recent experiments in human patients show that many forms of 
pathogenic bacteria may live in bile. It is but moderately bactericidal. 



724 GENERAL THERAPEUTIC MEASURES 

genie bacteria are less likely to do harm if the animal is in 
a healthy condition. A limited number of bacteria (micro- 
cocci) may even exist within the blood in health, and this 
fact accounts for suppuration occurring when the tissues 
are severely injured, without solution of continuity. The 
internal use of antiseptics is of comparatively little value, 
except when these agents come in direct contact with germs 
in the digestive tract. This follows because it is impossible 
to administer antiseptics in sufficient amount to seriously 
interfere with bacterial growth in the tissues, without injur- 
ing or even killing the patient. 

There is certainly known but a single instance (malaria) 
where the exhibition of an antiseptic will inhibit the develop- 
ment of micro-organisms of a general infectious disease, and 
so absolutely arrest it. It is verv possible, however, that 
mercury as a specific remedy in syphilis, salicylates in rheu- 
matism, and carbolic acid in tetanus, act therapeutically as 
internal antiseptics. Antiseptics are of benefit in rendering 
the contents of the digestive tube more or less aseptic, and 
(after absorption) they exert some antiseptic action on the 
mucous membrane of the respiratory tract (volatile oils), 
and also on the urinary tract (urotropin), during their 
elimination. The principal agents used as antiseptics for 
surgical purposes are : corrosive sublimate, carbolic acid, 
oreolin, lysol, hydrogen dioxide, potassium permanganate, 
zinc chloride, iodoform, salicylic acid, aristol, iodol, and 
boric acid. Those employed internally include naphtol, salol, 
creolin, carbolic acid, bismuth salicylate and subnitrate, 
quinine, salicylic acid, and many others. For a more de- 
tailed description the reader is referred to special articles on 
these agents in the preceding pages. 



DEODORIZERS OR DEODORANTS. 

Deodorants are not of any practical value in simply 
exchanging one odor for another, but, a^ in the case of 
chlorine, they sometimes actually destroy compounds which 
eive rise to the stench. Sewer and other malodorous e'ases, 
resulting from foul decomposing matter and excreta, may be 



DISINFECTANTS, ANTISEPTICS AND DEODORANTS 725 

freer from bacteria tlian ordinary air, and are not usually 
the carriers of micro-organisms, nor the cause of specific 
infectious diseases. These gases do, however, occasion in- 
definite symptoms of ill-health. Deodorizers, which are 
also disinfectants, are of service in destroying noxious 
emanations and their source ; but, to accomplish this, 
it is necessary that they come into direct contact with 
putrefying material, and should not be placed about the 
habitations of man or animals, with the ridiculous idea 
that they are achieving more than the production of a vile 
odor. 

PRACTICAL DISINFECTION. 

The premises occupied by animals suffering from con- 
tagious diseases, together with all articles contained therein, 
such as harness, blankets, stable implements, and evacua- 
tions, must be disinfected after the removal of all animals 
and isolation of the sick. The excreta should be mixed with 
milk of lime (1 part of freshly slacked quicklime, with 2 
parts, by volume, of water), or with pure chlorinated lime. 
The floors and walls must be scraped and washed. Boiling 
water should then be poured over every available part of 
the premises, and these brushed with a saturated solution of 
chlorinated lime.* Clothing may be treated by boiling in 
water, or by soaking in a solution of corrosive sublimate 
(1-500), or carbolic acid (1-20), for twelve hours. Harness 
is disinfected by washing with soap and water, and thf^u 
with a 2 per cent, crude carbolic acid or creolin, or 1-1000 
corrosive solution. Valueless articles are given to the 
flames. Stable and metallic instruments and fixtures are to 
be freed from dirt, scrubbed with soap and hot water, 
drenched with boiling water, and then with a 5 per cent, 
crude carbolic acid or creolin solution. 

Gaseous disinfection is now in order to kill micro- 
organisms in remote and inaccessible places. Live steam 
is the most efficient means at our disposal for this pur- 
pose, when a suitable apparatus for its application to 

* Or all available parts of infected stables should be saturated with one of the 
following solutions by means of a small hand force-pump, or brush : 5 per cent, 
formalin, 1 to ottO corrosive sublimate, or 5 per cent, carbolic acid. 



726 GENERAL THERAPEUTIC MEASURES 

woodwork, haymows, etc., is obtainable. In place of this 
we may resort to formaldehj'de, chlorine or sulphurous acid 
gas. The walls are finally painted or covered with white- 
wash containing 2 per cent, of crude carbolic acid. Healthy 
animals, which have not been exposed to infection, may 
now be allowed to return to their disinfected quarters. 

SURGICAL ANTISEPSIS AND ASEPSIS. 

It may be fitting, and not out of place, to briefly outline 
here the use of antiseptics and asepsis in veterinary surgery. 
Since the days when Lister introduced antisepsis, surgery 
has advanced in a manner which appears, however, like 
retrogression. It is now conceded that asepsis can be 
attained more satisfactorily and safely without the general 
use of antiseptics. For antiseptics, as has been noted, 
inflict a certain amount of damage upon denuded surfaces, 
and, in so far, lessen the resistance of the body to the 
inroads of bacteria. Modern surgery attempts to secure 
a comparative asepsis by mechanical cleanliness, which is 
more efficient, simpler, and harmless to the body. Antisep- 
tics are indicated to assist asepsis in the toilet of the 
unbroken skin, and when sepsis has already occurred, or is 
unavoidable. The gross neglect of aseptic precautions, often 
seen in the operations of veterinary surgery, would be con- 
sidered criminal practice in human surgery. 

Asepsis is, nevertheless, very difficult to secure in the 
lower animals living among filthy surroundings and lying on 
faecal discharges. In addition to these disadvantages, the 
trouble of controlling animal-movements during operation, 
and of keeping dressings in place, makg the attainment 
of asepsis embarrassing and frequently impossible. 
The more common administration of angesthetics would 
facilitate asepsis by preventing movements of the patient 
and contact of the operative field with dirt. 

But there are all degrees of infection, and while, with 
the best methods of securing cleanliness at our command, it 
is impossible to completely sterilize normal skin and 



DISINFECTANTS, ANTISEPTICS AND DEODORANTS 727 

tissues, yet the surgical result may be perfect. Therefore, 
in surgical operations, we should endeavor to procure 
as small an amount of infection, or dosage of micro-organ- 
isms, as possible, consistent with existing environment 
and conditions. 

The following aseptic technique is especially applicable 
in the case of any surgical operation undertaken upon a non- 
infected part. If it is possible to carry out all the details, 
and the result is successful, healing will take place without 
suppuration. 

Operations upon suppurating and infected areas should 
be conducted with cleanliness, and antiseptics are more de- 
sirable, particularly hydrogen dioxide in full strength, after 
thorough cleansing with normal salt solution. 

To prepare the surface of the body for operations, the 
hair is first clipped and shaved, the skin is thoroughly 
scrubbed with a brush, green soap and water for five 
minutes, and then with 70 per cent, alcohol. After the skin 
is incised there is no further necessity for antiseptics unless 
the wound is already infected, or becomes so by exposure 
to impure air or contact with dirt. The hands of the 
operator, including the finger nails, should be brushed until 
clean with green soap and water, and then with 70 per cent, 
alcohol. It is well for all participating in an operation to 
wear thin rubber surgical gloves after thorough hand-disin- 
fection — in pus cases, to prevent contamination of the 
hands ; in clean cases, to avoid infection of the wound from 
the hands. If gloves are not worn in operating upon clean 
cases, they are all the more useful in dressing or operating 
upon pus cases to avoid contamination of the hands which 
later might give rise to wound infection when the naked 
hands come in contact with a clean wound. Instruments are 
thoroughly scrubbed with soap and water, and boiled for 
ten minutes in an aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate 
(1 teaspoonful to the quart), and then placed in a solution 
of carbolic acid (1-40), or removed to a sterile towel. New 
sponges only should be empl'oyed, which have been previ- 



728 GENERAL THERAPEUTIC MEASURES 

ously cleansed, and then soaked in carbolic acid (1-40) 
solution, or pieces of sterile gauze may be used. 

If irrigation is desirable, normal salt solution (1 heaping 
teaspoonful to the quart of sterile water) is appropriate. 
Nothing else but this is allowable within the non-infected 
abdominal cavity.* Sutures of silk, and needles, are pre- 
pared by boiling in water for thirty minutes. The area about 
the operative field is to be surrounded with cloths, or towels, 
which have been boiled or baked, and instruments and 
sponges may be laid on these. t 

Dressings may consist of gauzef which has been exposed 
for three hours to dry heat at 140° C. (284° F.), or placed iu 
an oven of an ordinary cooking stove, in closed tin cans, until 
it becomes scorched and slightly brown. The same gauze 
may be used for spouges. Uusterilized articles are not to 
be suffered to come in contact with the operator, or wound, 
during the operation. 

Wound infection from exposure to the air and other 
media, is prevented by immediate dressing and bandaging, 
or by collodion applications. 

Venesection. 

Venesection, or blood-letting, formerly abused, has, for 
that reason, fallen into almost complete disuse. This is un- 
fortunate, since blood-lettiug is a valuable and often life- 
saving measure. The indications for venesection are chiefly 
limited to conditions associated with a general high arterial 
pressure and local engorgement of some organ. , 

In such cases venesection very rapidly reduces general 
blood-tension to a point lower than that existing in the 
engorged region, so that congestion is relieved. A full, in- 
compressible pulse is said to indicate the desirability of 



* It may be noted here that the peritoneum of the horse is so 
extremely delicate and liable to infection, as compared to that of man 
and dogs, that most abdominal operations are practically contraiudi- 
cated in the case of this animal. 

f Sterile gauze is now sold by all druggists. 



VENESECTION 



729 



venesection in severe acute disorders — in accordance with 
the above— bi;t this is not by any means invariably the fact, 
as will be shown. 

Venesection leads to a redaction of temperature, and 
vascular tension is lowered for from 3 to 48 hours, accord- 
ing to the quantity of blood withdrawn, but the bloodvessels 
quickly adjust themselves to the smaller mass of blood, and 
the original qu.mtity of this vital fluid is soon restored (24 
to 48 hours) through absorption from the tissues and ali- 
mentary canal. The heart beats more rapidly, owing to the 
lessened resistance in the vessels, and venesection is accom- 
panied by nausea and prostration. 

The blood is less dense and more fluid after blood- 
letting, and for this reason, if inflammatory processes follow, 
exudation is more apt to ensue. The fibrin is first regained, 
then the normal number of white, and finally that of red 
corpuscles, in from one to five weeks. Circulatory depress- 
ants — as veratrum viride — accomplish much the same results 
as blood-letting, by causing general reduction of vascular 
tension and relief from local congestion, thus " bleeding an 
animal into its own veins " without loss of blood, it is true, 
but with less rapid and certain effect. 

Cathartics, diuretics and diarphoretics also lower blood 
pressure by abstraction of fluid from the vessels, but their 
action is slow. The following disorders are those most 
suitable for treatment by venesection when they exist in an 
alarming form in robust animals : 



Cerebral congestion. In insolation 

and tympanitis. 
Apoplexy, particularly parturient 

apoplexy of cows. 
Encephalitis. 

Acute cerebral meningitis. 
Active pulmonary congestion and 

apoplexy. 
Passive pulmonary congestion in 

cardiac disease. 



Sthenic pneumonia. 
Sthenic pleuritis. 
Urticaria. 
LynajDliangitis. 
Hemoglobinemia. 

i Bacterial, 
Toxaemia -j Mineral, 

( Vegetable. 
(Followed by saline infusion.) 



Yenesection from the jugular in cerebral congestion is, 



730 GENEBAL THEKAPEUTIC MEASURES 

in fact, a species of local blood-letting by directly draining 
blood away from the brain ; and it preserves life by pre- 
venting pressure on, and paralysis of, tlie great vital medul- 
lary centres controlling the respiration and heart. Moderate 
blood-letting is sometimes advisable in the early stages of 
severe inflammatory attacks of the brain or its mem- 
branes. 

In cerebral congestion, and dyspnoea due to gastric 
tympany and pressure on the diaphragm, bleeding may give 
relief. Blood-letting is particularly applicable in the treat- 
ment of parturient apoplexy of cows, and, when the disease 
has once occurred, it may be employed as a prophylactic 
measure in plethoric animals immediately before parturition. 
Venesection alleviates dangerous pulmonary congestion, 
removes the venous load on the right heart, and relieves 
dyspnoea and cyanosis by making it possible for the heart to 
force a smaller quantity of blood through the less obstructed 
lungs. 

A feeble and easily compressible pulse does not neces- 
sarily contraindicate venesection in engorgement of the 
lungs, for this condition leads to stasis in the pulmonary 
circulation, prevents the proper flow of blood into the left 
ventricle, and thus causes arterial anaemia. Therefore, so 
far from contraindicating blood-letting, this condition urg- 
ently demands it. Alarming dyspnoea, great cyanosis, 
together with a general plethoric state, should guide us in 
blood-letting in sthenic pneumonia and pulmonary conges- 
tion, rather than the state of the pulse. Venesection is 
serviceable in advanced cases of cardiac disease in dogs — 
with failing compensation, venous engorgement of the lungs, 
and dyspnoea — by relieving the obstruction to the right 
heart. Moderate blood-letting is occasionally useful in 
severe cases of acute pleuritis, laminitis, lymphangitis and 
urticaria in plethoric horses. 

Finally, in various toxaemias, blood-letting drains away 
both the blood and its contained poison. The mass of 
blood removed may be advantageously replaced by injection 



VENESECTION 731 

of normal salt solution into a vein or under the skin. This 
method is not in prevalent use in veterinary medicine, but is 
applied wtth notable success in human practice. Every 
veterinary practitioner should be competent to bleed an 
animal. An amount greater than -|- of the total quantity of 
blood should not be withdrawn. The total quantity of blood 
is equal to about 13.5 per cent, of the body weight in horses ; 
to 2.2 per cent, of the body weight of fat swine ; to 6.6 per 
cent, of the body weight in dogs, and to 7.7 per cent, of the 
body weight in man. Large horses or cattle may be bled to 
the extent of from 4 to 6 qts.; smaller subjects, 2 to 4 qts. ; 
sheep, I to 1 pt. ; dogs, 4 oz. to 1 pt. 

Blood-letting is generally done to animals in the upright 
position by shaving the hair and cleansing the skin over the 
jugular vein in the upper part of the neck. The vein is 
made prominent by pressure below the site of operation, and 
a fleam, or knife carefully guarded, is plunged into the vein, 
making a good clean incision. The blood should be quickly 
withdrawn and carefully measured and the effect on the 
pulse noted, and the blood-letting maintained until there is 
noticeable reduction in the vascular tension and other 
symptoms, for the relief of which venesection is employed. 
The bleeding is arrested by suturing the lips of the wound 
and by pressure with a bandage. 

Local Blood-letfing, or Scarification, is often useful in 
relieving tension and pain in locally congested or inflamed 
tissues, and may even avert death of the part. Further- 
more, stasis is removed and exudation from the engorged 
vessels may be prevented, while a fresh supply of arterial 
blood flows in to reinstate the vital processes. 

Scarification is practiced by making numerous small, 
parallel incisions into the skin, fascia or other tissues in the 
long axis of a limb or part. In inflammation of the perios- 
teum it is necessary to puncture this membrane. Bleeding 
is facilitated by warm poulticing, and is arrested by packing 
the incisions with sterile gauze. 



732 GENERAL THERAPEUTIC MEASURES 



INDICATIONS. 



Mastitis. 
Laminitis. 

(To secure blood for miscroscopic 
examination. ) 



Lampas. 

Glossitis. 

Periostitis. 

Cellulitis. 

Conjunctivitis. 

Sometimes the veins leading from an inflamed area are 
opened, tlnis securing local abstraction of blood ; e. g., the 
digital veins in laminitis ; the milk veins in mammitis. 

Scarification, or pnncture, is indicated in the above- 
mentioned conditions whenever there is great swelling, pain 
and tension in the affected parts, and not otherwise. 

Transfusion. 

Transfusion is the transfer, directly or indirectly, of 
blood from one living animal to another. In this process 
the blood must be obtained from an animal of the same 
species as the patient,* but even then disintegration of the 
blood corpuscles follows, resulting in nephritis from the 
extra work put upon the kidneys in their effort to eliminate 
the destruction-products of the transfused blood. Embol- 
ism and sepsis are added dangers even when the blood ig 
defibrinated, after removal from the body of the host, and 
only the serum is injected into the patient. 

The injection of warm, normal salt solution (.6 of 1 per 
cent.) has been found to fill all the indications for trans- 
fusion of blood, and yet is free from the dangers and diffi- 
culties besetting the latter. 

Saline Infusion. 

Saline infusions are intended to replace the normal 
blood plasma, and, therefore, should contain approximately 
the amount of sodium chloride — .6 of 1 per cent.-r-contained 
in this fluid. The solutions should be filtered and boiled 
previous to their use, when this is possible, and are made 



*Crile, of Cleveland, has very recently (1907), in 225 experiments 
upon animals, shown the great superiority and feasibility of blood 
transfusion over saline infusion in hemorrhage. The hitherto existing 
dangers are eliminated by brinoing the intiraa of the artery of the 
donor in direct contact with that of the vein of the recipient, so the 
blood will not touch any foreign body. This is accomplished by a 
special device (Annals of Surgery, Sept. 1907). 



TEANSFDSION 733 

"by adding a heaping teaspoonful of sodium chloride to the 
quart of sterile water, which is used at a temperature of 
usually 103° to 115° F., according to the mode of introduc- 
tion and circumstances.* 

Simple distilled and ordinary water are noxious to tho 
tissues, while salt solution is entirely innocuous unless it 
contains three times the quantity of sodium chloride nor- 
mally present in the blood. 

3Iode of Introduction. — Saline infusions are introduced 
within the body (1) by intravenous injection ; (2) by injec- 
tion into muscular tissue (hypodermoclysis) ; and (3) by 
rectal injection (enteroclysis). 

liitravenous injection is the most rapid and certain 
method, biit not so simple and practicable as hypodermo- 
clysis. 

Any superficial yein which can be readily seen and 
isolated^; may be utilized ; preferably the jugular or internal 
Baphena vein in animals ; the median basilic, or cephalic, at 
the bend of the elbow in man. 

The Apparatus consists of a glass funnel or rubber bag 
connected by four or more feet of rubber tubing, with a 
canula or curved piece of glass tubing 4 inches long and | 
inch in diameter for horses ; | inch in diameter for dogs. 
The apparatus should be boiled immediately before using. 
The vein is made prominent by manual pressure exerted by 



* The tnie proportioa of sodium chloride in blood plasma of mam- 
mals is .8 per cent., or 123 grains to the quart. 0.6 of 1 per cent, of 
sodium chloride is not really "normal " for mammals, but was dedviced 
from that found in the plasma of frogs. The injection of a too dilute 
saline solution will cause the red blood cells to swell and part with 
their hemoglobin and will lead to great sweating and diuresis in the 
effort of nature to restore the plasma to its proper composition. A 
more exact solution for saline infusion consists of : Sodium chloride, 
.8 per cent.: potaosium chloride. .03 per cent.; calcium chloride, .02 per 
cent.; water, 100. In emergencies, ordinary table salt (which contains 
a slight amoimt of calcium chloride, causing its deliquescence), in the 
proportion of 123 grains to the quart or a level teaspoonful to pint of 
sterile water, may be employed for intravenous infusion or hypoder- 
moclysis. 



734 GENERAL THERAPEUTIC MEASURES 

an assistant, or by a bandage, applied proximally to the seat 
of operation. The hair is sliav^d from the part, which is 
cleansed, and an incision l^ to 2.| inches long is made by 
lifting a fold of the skin directly over the vein and snip- 
ping off the top of the fold with scissors parallel to 
its long axis. The sheath of the vein is exposed, raised by 
dissecting forceps, and divided. The vein is then lifted from 
its bed with an aneurism needle, and two silk or catgut liga- 
tures are drawn under it about an inch apart. The vein is 
now incised longitudinally, and, as the blood begins to spurt 
out, the distal ligature is tied about the vessel. The canula 
is next passed into the incision in the vein toward the heart 
and the proximal ligature is tied, with the first part of a 
surgeon's knot, about the vein and canula, holding the latter 
in place and preventing leaking of the salt solution from the 
vessel. When the injection is completed, the tube is with- 
drawn and the proximal suture is tied on the heart side of 
the incision, and thus the vessel is occluded on either side 
of the seat of operation. The apparatus is filled with salt 
solution — including the funnel, tubing, and canula — at a 
temperature of 103° to 110° F. before its introduction into 
the vein, and the funnel should be kept full during its use to 
prevent the entrance of air into the vessel. Any pressure, 
previously employed between the incision and the heart, 
should of course be removed before beginning the injection. 
A little clean absorbent cotton may be placed at the bottom 
of the funnel before the salt solution is poured into it, if the 
solution has not been previously filtered. In using the ap- 
paratus the funnel is raised about two feet above the vein. 
The quantity of salt solution to be injected will vary from a 
few ounces to two pints in the case of dogs ; from one to 
many quarts for horses. Enormous quantities of normal 
salt solution may be introduced into the blood without 
harm, even an amount equal to four times that of the blood, 
providing the inflow is not too rapid ; i. e., exceeding one 
fluid drachm to the pound of live weight in fifteen minutes. 
When this amount is exceeded the heart and kidneys cannot 



HYPODERMOCLYSIS 735 

take care of the great quantity of fluid in the vessels and 
tissues. A return to the normal volume, force, aud rate of 
the pulse, and of color to the mucous membranes, will lead 
us to stop the saline infusion. The use of intraveuous saline 
injections is frequeutly followed by a reaction within half an 
hour, characterized by a severe rigor, succeeded by sweat- 
ing, labored breathing, a strong pulse and increased urinary 
secretion. 

Hypodermoclysis. 

Injection of warm (103° to 105° F.) normal salt solution 
into the muscular tissue of the neck, abdomen or flank, is 
done aseptically with the same apparatus employed for in- 
travenous saline infusions, using a large hollow needle to 
thrust under the skin directly into the muscular tissue, 
instead of the glass tube for intravenous injection ; or a 
fountain syringe filled with saline solution and attached 
to a sterile aspirating needle may be used ; or a reversed 
aspirator apparatus may be utilized : i.e., by filling the 
jar with salt solution and forcing the air into the jar, 
thus displacing the fluid. The fountain syringe is the 
best apparatus. Hypodermoclysis may be employed in 
the same cases as intravenous infusion, and is a better 
method on account of its simplicity. We are guided as 
to the quantity of solution desirable by the same indica- 
tions noted above as referring to intravenous saline injec- 
tions. Hypodermoclysis may be done in several places, 
and absorption is assisted by massage. Salt solutions are 
injected under the udder in females, and are occasionally 
thrown into the peritoneal cavity, particularly after opera- 
tions in this region, before closing the abdominal walls. 



73G GENEKAL THERAPEUTIC MEASURES 

Enteroclysis. 

Euteioclysis applies to slow, rectal injection of normal 
salt solution (105° to 120° F.) to secure absorption. This 
method may be applied in cases not so urgent as to demand 
intravenous saline infusion or hypodermoclysis, more espe- 
cially moderate degrees of haemorrhage, shock, collapse and 
circulatory depression, when the intrinsic heat of the injec- 
tion is valuable in restoring the normal bodily temperature. 

USES. 
INDICATIONS FOR SALINE INFUSIONS. 



( Bacterial. 
Toxasmia -! Mineral. 

( Vegetable. 
In threatened death from any 

accidental cause. 
In any disease with feeble heart 
and low vascular tension. 



Grave haemorrhage. 

Shock, traumatic, operative, and 

electric. 
Suppression of urine. 
Severe diarrhoea. 
Eclampsia. 

Purpura hemorrhagica. 
Hemoglobinemia. 

Hypodermoclysis, or the intravenous injection of saline 
infusions, find their greatest usefulness as life-saving meas- 
ures in severe haemorrhage. While these methods are not 
in vogue in veterinary practice, they have become recognized 
procedures of great practical value in human medicine. The 
indications, following haemorrhage, are to fill up the vessels 
and to restore vascular tension, since danger is imminent, 
not from loss of blood corpuscles, but from lack of a circu- 
lating medium. There is a sufficient number of red cor- 
puscles to carry on the respiratory and oxygen-bearing 
functions even after the greatest loss of blood possible from 
ordinary causes. In fact, respiration is but slightly im- 
paired in human sul)jects suffering from pernicious anaemia, 
when there is a 90 per cent, reduction in the normal number 
of red corpuscles, and two-thirds of the blood may be with- 
drawn from animals and replaced with normal salt solutions 
without serious damage resulting. In shock there is general 

♦Since writing the above, favorable reports of the use of saline infusions 
have been accumulating. Thus G. W. Dunpliy (.Amer. Vet. BcvUir, June, 1905) 
writes that he treated two cases of purpura hemorrhagica in the horse by injection 
of t) liters of normal salt solution (see p. 733) following the removal of 5 liters of 
blood irom tlie jugular (by means of a trocar and canula), and, at the end of 
twenty-four hours, bled 3 more liters and injected 3 more liters of salt solution 
with very happy results. He also demonstrates the wonderful life-saving influence 
of intravenous saline infusion after the loss iby a horse) of :i5 liters of blood. 



kunsel's treatment 737 

vasomotor paralysis, so that most of the blood collects in 
the abdominal veins, while the ventricles and arteries are 
emptied. In this condition saline infusions (105° to 110° F.) 
are of infinite value, because absorption of drugs from the 
digestive canal and subcutaneous tissue is impaired. Saline 
infusions greatly dilute the blood — and, therefore, poisons 
in the blood — in toxaemia, while they increase the activity 
of the kidneys and elimination of toxins. The intrinsic heat 
of the injections is thought to stimulate antitoxin formation, 
and the restoration of vascular tension is believed to assist 
the natural bodily resistance of the patient. 

A great variety of disorders have been treated success- 
fully in human medicine with saline infusions, on this basis, 
including : septicaemia, pneumonia, uraemia, diabetic coma, 
purpura haemorrhagica, tetanus, ulcerative endocarditis, 
pyelitis ; acute alcohol, ether, chloroform, carbonic monoxide, 
arsenic and mushroom poisoning ; and toxaemias resulting 
from acute infectious disorders. The same treatment might 
be applied to haemoglobinaemia and other toxaemias peculiar 
to the domestic animals. Venesection for the purpose of 
removing the poisoned blood should, in most cases, be 
resorted to prior to practising saline injection in the 
toxaemias. Excluding shock and haemorrhage, where heat 
is invaluable, saline infusions are generally given at the 
temperature of 103° F. by the rectum, under the skin, or 
into a vein. 

Kunsel's Treatment for Milk Fever in Cows. 

This special form of treatment merits the attention of 
the veterinary profession because of the remarkably suc- 
cessful results which have been almost universally secured 
in the case of milk fever, which is not only a very common 
disease, but one which has hitherto baffled the best thera- 
peutic attempts of the veterinarian. Following the Schmidt 
treatment with his intramammai*y injections of potassium 
iodide — which was productive of great diminution of the 
mortality of milk fever, but was often followed by local 



738 GENEEAL THERAPEUTIC MEASURES 

injury to the udder — M. Kunsel, of Lucerne, in March, 1903, 
made bis first report of the method under discussion. This 
consists in the following : A tank of compressed oxygen, 
which can be had of any of the wholesale drug houses, is 
connected by rubber tubing six feet in length to a milking 
tube and firmly wired to the nozzle on the tank and to the 
tube, v/hisli should be boiled previous to use. The udder 
of the cow affected with milk fever should be stripped of 
milk and thoroughly washed with warm water and soap and 
the teats cleansed with 70 per cent, alcohol or some other 
effective antiseptic. The milking tube is then introduced 
into one of the upper teats and the oxygen gas is allowed to 
flow slowly into the teat until the corresponding quarter of 
the udder is tense and well distended. While pinching the 
teat to prevent the escape of gas, the tube is withdrawn and 
a strip of bandage or tape is bound about the lower part of 
the teat to retain the oxygen. The same procedure- is 
repeated in each of the remaining teats. The ligatures on 
the teats may be permitted to remain in place for an hour 
and a* half, when they should be removed. The inflation of 
the udder may be repeated in six hours, if necessary, owing 
to noii-improvement of the patient. As synergistic measures, 
the subcutaneous injection of one-half grain of strychnine 
nitrate, the use of enemata to empty the bowels, and cathe- 
terization are important in aiding recovery. 

The animal should also be comfortably propped up 
with bags of hay. 

If oxygen can not be readily obtained, the use of a 
bicycle pump connected with a milking tube may be 
employed with much success ; some veterinarians claining 
that the results are as good as with the use of oxygen, pro- 
viding the air is pure which is pumped into the udder.* This 

* Very convenient arrangements are now commonly sold at a small price for 
inflating tlie cow's udder with air. These consist of a rubber bulb and tubing, a 
chamber- containing sterile cotton (through which the air is filtered) and a milking 
tube for introduction into the teat. They may be used by the laity, and their 
employment has been as satisfactory as when oxygen was injected. The cow with 
milk lever should not be milked for ten or twelve hours after inflation of the 
udder, and only partially milked for several days following this time. Either 
emptying the udder of air l)y rubbing, or of milk by milking, within a few hours 
of inflation, has frequently led to a renewal of the disease in its worst form. The 
use ol the ta|>e to retain the injected air is said to be unnecessary, provided one 
compresses the teat for a few minutes after inflation. This needs further endorse- 
ment before general acceptance. 



LAVAGE 739 

purity of the air may be attained by blowing the air tlirougL 
a wash bottle containing 2 per cent, carbolic acid solution. 
Light massage of the udder should follow the inflation. The 
results of the Kuusel treatment are wonderful. Kunsel 
reported a series of twenty-two cases of milk fever, without a 
death, following the use of his method. Similar results have 
been secured in this country. The rationale of the treatment 
has yet to be elucidated. Various hypotheses have been 
advanced, such as the effect of the oxygen on a hypothetical 
anaerobic bacillus in the udder ; the action of the oxygen on 
the blood and general metabolism in destroying toxic 
products in the economy ; the action of air-compression in 
the udder in overcoming congestion in this part, and thus 
preventing anemia of the central nervous system ; and a pos- 
sible stimulation of the secretory function of the mammary 
gland with elitninatiou of toxins. The fact that injection of 
milk into the mammary gland has produced a condition simu- 
lating milk fever appears to augur a local cause of the disease. 

Lavage. 

Lavage is a term applied to washing out the stomach 
with the stomach tube. This process, while an e very-day 
occurrence in human medicine, has been too long neglected 
in Veterinary practice. Fortunately, new interest has been 
awakened in this useful procedure by Phillips, of St. Louis, 
who has perfected a tube and demonstrated the prac- 
ticability of its use.* 

The passage of the tube is chiefly of value in acute 
indigestion of the horse, with gastric flatulence and disten- 
tion, where pain and danger of rupture of the organ are 
averted by permitting escape of gas. By further washing 
out the stomach in such conditions, and in gastritis and 
engorgement, toxic, fermenting ingesta are immediately 
removed and the evil results, as tympanites and loca' 
inflammation of the stomach and of the intestines, are pre- 
vented. In choking, as by oats, the passage of the tube 
may afford relief, while in poisoning the washing out of the 
stomach is the one essential treatment. Gastric indiges- 



*Amer. Vet. Review, May, 1904. 



740 GENERAL THERAPEUTIC MEASURES 

tion and flatulence are shown by colic, distention in tlie 
region of the stomach, difficulty in thoracic breathing and 
eructations of gas by the mouth, or attempts at retching 
and vomiting. 

To pass the tube, the horse may be backed into a stall. 
The operator stands to the animal's left and an assistant, 
holding up the horse's head and the distal end of the tube, 
to the patient's right. 

The tube is placed in warm water and the surface is 
dusted with powdered slippery elm or smeared with vase- 
line. The left nostril of the horse is also lubricated in the 
same way. 

The operator pushes the tube gently along the floor of 
the left nasal fossa with the left hand, while guiding its 
direction with the right hand. 

The first obstruction is likely to be met, when the tube 
has been entered about a foot, by its contact with the tur- 
binates. The point of the tube should then be held down- 
wards, by the pressure of the right forefinger pushed as far 
as possible into the nostril, while the outer part of the tube 
is lifted upward to force the point down into the pharynx. 
When the tube enters the pharynx attempts at swallowing 
are likely to occur and these are just what are needed to 
close the epiglottis over the larynx and to force the tube 
into the gullet. If swallowing is not evident it may be 
brought on by pushing the end of the tube gently backward 
and forward into the pharynx, and, when an attempt at 
deglutition occurs, the tube should be thrust forward. If 
the tube goes into the trachea instead of the oesophagus, it 
will meet with little resistance and expired aif may be felt 
coming from it, while coughing often results. If it is in the 
gullet, the tube will be held more firmly by its walls and 
only fetid gas may escape with stomach contents. It should 
by these means be definitely established then that the tube 
is in the gullet before introducing it farther. 

The tube should be made with white marks on the 
rubber to show when it may be expected to have reached 
the gullet and again the stomach. 



SERUM THERAPY 741 

Dining tlie course of passing the tube it must be well 
lubricated. 

When the stomach is reached the gas may have already 
escaped and fluid contents maybe siphoned off by filling the 
tube with warm water from a funnel or syringe, holding the 
distal end tightly closed and lowering it to the ground so as 
to permit of the escape of stomach contents by siphonage. 
If the contents are largely solid, the stomach must be 
repeatedly filled with 2 to 4 quarts of warm water and 
allowed to escape again by lowering the outer end of the 
tube to the ground. If the flow stops, owing to choking of 
the tube, it may be started again by injection of water into 
the tube with a syringe or pump. 

The latter must not be used to suck out the contents of 
the stomach except so far, if necessary, as to start the 
siphonage. The st'bmach should thus be repeatedly washed 
until the water comes away clear. If water is injected with 
a syringe, care must be taken to avoid forcing air into the 
stomach. 

When passage of the tube becomes impossible through 
one nostril, the other one may be tried. Phillips reports 
failure to pass the tube in the horse in only 5 per cent, of 
trials. The tube is best made of red Para rubber and long 
enough to reach from the stomach to the ground when in 
place. 

Serum Therapy.* 

Antitoxic Serum. — The microscopic parasites which 
cause infectious diseases — of which the bacteria are the 
most common — do so chiefly through the production of cer- 

* In the use of serum therapy the strictest aseptic precautions are 
to be used. The animal is prepared by shaving off the hair from the 
part and the skin is washed with soap and water and then with alcoliol 
and water, 2 parts of the former and 1 part of the latter, or with 5 per 
cent, carbolic acid waiery solution, which is harder on the hands. The 
syringe and needle must be boiled for five minutes before using. When 
many animals are injected at one time, it may be sufficient to wijjc oflE 
the needle after each injection witii the alcohol solution. The puncture 
may be covered with collodion to ailvantage. Glass syringes, with 
asbestos packins; on plunger, are most suitable for boiling, the needle 
connected by rubber tubmg. 



742 GENERAL THERAPEUTIC MEASURES 

tain comi:)lex, poisonous, proteid bodies called toxins, whicK 
combine with the cells of the vital organism and destroy 
their vital functions. Indeed, all the classic symptoms of 
some of the infectious diseases may be caused by injection 
of the toxins of the bacteria which cause these diseases; 
such is the case with tetanus and diphtheria. Under favor- 
able circumstances, however, when the dose of toxins is not 
too large, the animal organism reacts against these toxins 
through the possession of antitoxic principles in the fluids 
of the body or by means of the secretion of antitoxins by 
the cells of the animal tissues. 

The antitoxins set free from the cells then combine 
with the toxins in the blood and so prevent the toxins from 
uniting with the cells of the body and thus destroying them. 
The subject is a very intricate one and is as yet in a some- 
what nebulous state and we here present but the briefest 
and crudest outline of the present and generally accepted 
hypothesis. 

To illustrate the method of artificially manufacturing 
antitoxins, we will take as an example the production of 
tetanus antitoxin. 

Tetanus Antitoxin. — Tetanus bacilli are grown in bouillon 
for two or three weeks in an incubator, when the culture is 
filtered free of bacilli and furnishes tetanus toxins. A horse 
is injected with one-half a cubic centimeter of toxin and an 
equal aipount of Lugol's solution to lessen its virulence. 
The injections are repeated in increasing quantities till the 
seventy-second day, when as much as 150 cc. are injected. 
The horse is very susceptible and reacts with local inflam- 
mation at the site of each injection and generally by the 
production of antitoxins in its blood. A few days after the 
last injection the horse's immunity is at its maximum — that 
is, its blood is highest in antitoxic strength. The horse's 
blood is then withdrawn under strictest aseptic precautions 
and the serum is decanted after a day or two. The serum 
is placed in aseptic bottles holding 10 cc, which are 
sealed. 



SEKUM THERAPY 743 

They are put iu an incubator for several days to prove 
their sterility ; if the serum turns cloudy it is rejected. 
Most serums will keep a year if preserved with a slight 
amount of carbolic acid or if treated by repeated steriliza- 
tion below 100° C. Cloudiness in a serum indicates that it 
is unfit for use. 

The activity of a serum is estimated in two ways. First, 
the amount of antitoxic serum required to neutralize a 
given volume of toxin of known strength. Second, the 
strength is stated in units. Thus a test toxin is prepared, 
•j-i^ cc. of which constitutes the smallest fatal dose of a 
guinea pig. This amount of toxin is neutralized by yoW of 
a unit of antitoxin. Or, to put it another way, 1 unit of 
antitoxin will protect 1,000 guinea pigs against the small- 
est fatal dose of toxin. 

The dosage is, then, reckoned in units of antitoxin, 
which is the most accurate method. While this mode of 
standardization is applied to the use of diphtheria antitoxin, 
unfortunately it is not employed in the case of the other 
serums where the dose is given in cc. This is inadvisable, 
as different manufactures possess different antitoxic 
strengths. 

The toxin of tetanus is developed by the bacteria of 
this disease, which gain entrance through wounds of the 
tissues of the body. The bacilli of tetanus are not distrib- 
uted by the blood, but remain at the site of infection, and 
the toxins they produce are taken up by the peripheral 
nerve endings in the vicinity and carried along the axis cyl- 
inders of the motor nerves to the central nervous system. 
The same thing happens in rabies. When the toxins reach 
the spinal cord the symptoms of tetanus appear and finally 
death occurs, when the important centers of the medulla 
become intoxicated. Tetanus bacilli live in the soil, and 
wounds which are contaminated with dirt or foreign bodies, 
and those which do not have free access to air — as bruised 
or punctured wounds — are chiefly liable to the development 
of tetanus. It will thus be seen that tetanus does nut 



'744 GENERAL THERAPEUTIC MEASURES 

"become apparent until some time after the involvement of 
the nervous system, and for this reason the use of tetanus 
antitoxin is not so actively preventive at this period, when 
the toxins have combined with proteid elements of the ner- 
vous system and are therefore unable to combine with and 
he neutralized by the antitoxin. Nevertheless, tetanus anti- 
toxin is of some value as a curative remedy in tetanus if 
used within thirty hours of the beginning of the attack. 

As a preventive agent when employed before infection, 
or immediately after it, tetanus antitoxin is almost certain. 
Nocard injected 2,727 horses with tetanus antitoxin in a cer- 
tain district, and while none of these developed tetanus, 
there were 259 cases in the same region in unprotected 
horses. The immunity produced by tetanus antitoxin is 
thought to last from fifteen to thirty days. So-called idio- 
pathic tetanus is in reality traumatic, resulting from small 
unseen wounds of the mucous membranes or integument. 
Tetanus antitoxin is then indicated for use in the horse 
when the case is seen early, or as a preventive when tetanus 
is prevalent,* or following wounds the character of which 
(see above) suggests the possibility of the development of 
the disease. The remedy may be employed without fear of 
doing any damage if properly administered. There are three 
ways of giving tetanus antitoxin ; as a preventive it may be 
given under the skin or intravenously, and, as a cure for the 
disease, it may be used in these ways or be injected within 
the brain. The latter method h^s been practiced consider- 
ably in human medicine and with somewhat uncertain re- 
sults as compared with the intravenous injection, although 
it is generally considered superior. Roux saved 35 out of 
45 guinea pigs by intracerebral injection, whereas by sub- 
cutaneous injection of antitoxin he had but two recoveries 
in seventeen cases of tetanus. The injection is made with 
a blunt needle into the substance of the brain through a 
small hole in the skull made with a drill at a point midway 
between the outer angle of the orbit and the centre of a line 



* In such localities it is wise to immunize animals against tetanus 
with a dose of antitoxin before undertaking surgery (as castration) upon 
them. 



SERUM THERAPY 745 

drawn over the top of tlie head from one auditory meatus to 
the other. 

In most cases in veterinary practice the subcutaneous, 
or, better, intravenous, administration will be found most 
practicable. The dose is 5 to 20 cc; the smaller dose as a 
prophylactic and when injected into the brain. 20 cc. is the 
usual curative dose for the horse, although the dose may 
vary according to the manufacturer. 

Tetanus bacilli and spores may live in the tissues for 
weeks, and thus it is safer to repeat the dose — when given 
for immunizing purposes — at the end of the first and third 
week to antagonize any later intoxication caused by a new 
crop of bacilli. 

Anti-wfectious Serum. — Antistreptococcus serum is in- 
cluded under this head because it appears to be especially 
antagonistic to streptococci themselves and to possess less 
antitoxic power. In the preparation of this serum (after 
Marmorek) streptococci are grown in human serum or 
serous exudate mixed with two parts of peptonized bouillon, 
and their virulence is greatly increased by repeatedly in- 
jecting them from rabbit to rabbit. This virulence becomes 
in this process so great that an amount of culture equivalent 
to one single streptococcus will certainly kill a rabbit. 
Small doses of a culture of living virulent streptococci from 
the rabbit are injected into the horse from time to time, this 
animal reacting vigorously to the injections. It is not until 
the horse has undergone this treatment for a year and 
has recovered from each injection that a serum is obtained 
of a sufficient strength to combat living streptococci and 
their toxins. The blood of the horse being withdrawn 
furnishes anti-streptococcic serum. It is now thought by 
many authorities that the serum to be most effective should 
be polyvalent — that is, should be active against the many 
varieties of streptococci by the cultivation of large numbers 
of streptococci to represent their different toxins. 

•Dried antitetanic serum has come into use and is of sc-vice as a dressing 
in wounds which may be suspected of infection with tetarius bacilli . With an 
equal part of chloretoue the dried serum is sold under the name ot Antitetanic 
Dusting Powder. The injection of the serum should be done, in addition to the 
use of dried serum on the wound . 



746 GENERAL THERAPEUTIC MEASURES 

Marmorek holds, however, that the streptococci causing 
erysipelas, cellulitis, abscess, sore throat, parturient in- 
fectious, scarlet fever, etc., are identical; that all produce 
the same toxins, and that all are antagonized by an anti- 
infectious or antitoxic serum made from any one or all 
of them. 

The therapeutic results of antistreptococcic serum are 
not* so certain as those following the use of some other 
serums — notably anti-diphtheritic serum in man — because 
so-called streptococcic infection is often a mixed infection, 
by which is meant that produced in part by other bacteria, 
and because serums produced by the cultivation and in- 
oculation of apparently the same varieties of streptococci 
seem to differ considerably in their protective value. 
As in the case of other serums, the therapeutic result is 
much more favorable when antistreptococcic serum is 
used as a prophylactic or in the early stages of the 
infection. 

The injection of antistreptococcic serum is practically 
devoid of danger. 

With the qualifications above noted, antistreptococcic 
serum has proven serviceable in the following morbid con- 
ditions : Medical and surgical septicemia, pyemia, parturient 
infections, purpura hemorrhagic influenza, traumatic infec- 
tions, peritosiitis, empyema, cellulitis, erysipelas, broncho 
and contagious pneumonia of horses, and cerebro-spinal 
meningitis. 10 c.c, used as a prophylactic dose, may prevent 
influenza in horses exposed to the disease ; and a full dose, 
during influenza, may avert purpura as a sequel. As some 
of the above diseases are often caused by infections other 
than streptococcus, the employment of antistreptococcic 
serum may be unavailing in them unless the etiology is 
known to be streptococcic invasion. 

Dosage.— In the larger animals from 20 to 50 cc. are 
injected at all ages at a single operation, and the dose 
should be repeated every twelve or twenty-four hours until 
the symptcms are abated. 



TOXINS 747 

A fresli specimen of antistreptococcic serum is always 
desirable, as its power to destroy streptococci is soon lost. 

Toxins. 

Tuherculm. — Koch's tuberculin is prepared by growing 
tubercle bacilli in flasks, containing peptonized bouillon 
and glycerin, in an incubator at 37° C. for six weeks. The 
cultures are boiled and filtered through porcelain to remove 
the dead bacilli, and the toxic substance is concentrated to 
one-tenth of its bulk by boiling. The result is a solution of 
the toxins of the tubercle bacilli in glycerin, and to this 
is added a \ per cent, aqueous solution of carbolic acid for 
injection. Tuberculin is used in veterinary medicine solely 
as a diagnostic test for tuberculosis in animals, chiefly 
cattle. It may be used with almost entire certainty for this 
purpose, Koch claiming 99 per cent, of correct results from 
its injection. Injections in tuberculous animals cause a rise 
of temperature of from one to three or more degrees F. in 
about twelve hours from the time of injection. If there is 
any focus of tuberculosis, as in the joints or bones, open to 
inspection, there will be a notable reaction observed in this 
locality, with heat, redness and decrease of function of the 
part. Erlich explains the fever following the injection of 
tuberculin to be due to a reaction of a zone of cells about 
the tuberculous focus which have been made unusually 
susceptible by the toxins of the disease so that they become 
inflamed by the sudden extra amount of toxin injected. In 
a tuberculous guinea pig, which has been killed by the 
injection of an overdose of tuberculin, zones of hyperemia 
may be seen surrounding each of the grey nodules charac- 
teristic of the disease. The injection of an ordinary dose of 
tuberculin is practically harmless and does not even render 
the milk of a cow unfit for food. In an advanced stage of 
tuberculosis the animal may not react to tuberculin, and 
this may be explained by the fact that the tissues are 
perhaps habituated to the toxins. 



.748 GENERAL THEKAPEUTIC MEASURER 

The Test. — It is best to take the temperature of the 
animal from 6 a.m. every two hours until the tuberculin is 
injected on the evening of the same day between 8 and 10 
P.M. The test is unreliable in animals whose temperature 
reaches 103° F. during this period prior to the injection, 
and sometimes in those in advanced stages of the disease. 
The injection is made aseptically into the subcutaneous 
tissue in the side of the neck with a syringe and needle 
previously boiled. The animals should be kept in the stable 
during the time required for the test, and should not be 
allowed to drink large quantities of cold water to reduce their 
temperature while the test is being made. The temperature 
of the animal should be taken at 6 a.m. on the morning fol- 
lowing the injection and from . that time every two hours 
till 8 P.M. 

A rise of two degrees F. is necessary for a positive 
reaction ; that is, a rise of two degrees over the maximum 
temperature of the animal in the fourteen to sixteen hours 
before the injection. Those animals in which the tem- 
perature does not rise over 103° F. within fifteen or at 
most twenty hours after injection may be considered non- 
tuberculous; when the temperature is between 103° and 
104° F. the test is doubtful, and the animals should be re- 
examined after a month ; when the temperature rises grad- 
ually to 104° F. or over within fifteen hours after the in- 
jection, the animals may be classed positively tuberculous, 
provided the temperature constitutes a rise of two degrees 
over the maximum temperature recorded prior to the in- 
jection. 

The average dose of tuberculin as prepared and diluted 
for immediate use by the U. S. Government is 2 cc. If 
tuberculin is to be kept for any period, it is better to procure 
the concentrated toxin and dilute it with a ^ per cent, car- 
bolic acid solution prior to injection. Tuberculin should be 
kept in a cool, dark place and should be rejected if it be- 
comes cloudy. 

plitlialmo-TubercuVm Diagnostic Test. — Simultan- 
eously both Calmette of Lille and Wolff-Eisner of Berlin 
announced this test in June, 1907. -It consists in drop23ing 
one drop of a 1 per cent, solution of tuberculin in the eye. 



TOXINS 749 

In tuberculous subjects this is followed by hyperemia, lach- 
rimation, and redness of the eyelids, which begins in about 
3 to 8 hours, reaches' the maximum in 8-1-i hours, and 
rema:ins 1 to 4 days. There is often edema of the lids and 
purulent discharge. The reaction is caused by an acquired 
resistance to the disease as shown by local leucocytosis and 
hyperemia. No harm results to the normal eye. 

The solution is made by precipitating crude tuberculin 
with alcohol, the precipitate is collected and dried and dis- 
solved in normal salt solution. It is possible that a 1 per 
cent, solution is too strong, as it is found that a 2 per cent, 
solution will cause a reaction in normal subjects, and a ^ 
per cent, solution is recommended in human medicine. 

The test appears to be very delicate and to follow closely 
the results obtained by the injection of tuberculin in the 
same subjects. Both recent lesions, and those entirely healed 
in healthy subjects, will give a positive reaction to the oph- 
thalmo-tuberculin test. It is best to perform the test early 
in the morning to observe the results. One should hold down 
the eyelid in making the instillation and gently massage the 
lids afterwards. If the ocular test proves negative on its 
first trial it may be repeated in the other eye after the lapse 
of three days. It should not be repeated much later than 
this, or one may get a reaction in the eye of any healthy 
animal owing to sensitization of the subject (anaphy- 
laxis). 

Tablets for dilution (and glass tubes containing single 
doses) of tuberculin for the eye reaction may now be bought 
of makers of biological products — together with pipette and 
directions for using. 

The skin reaction to tuberculin, rubbed into scarifica- 
tions of the epidermis, has also been used as a test for the 
presence of tuberculosis. Congestion, exudation, edema and 
thickening result in m,any subjects of tuberculosis. But it 
has been shown that the test is not reliable in children over 
2 years, and also Arloing and Valee found it gave uncertain 
reactions in cattle, rabbits and guinea pigs. 

The ophthalmo-tuberculin test should be especially val- 
uable on account of the ease of its performance and in fever 



^50 GENEEAL THERAPEUTIC MEASURES 

cases. Reaction may not occur in miliary or advanced cases 
of tuberculosis where exhaustion of the reactive mechanism 
has set in. This applies as well to the fever test by injecting 
tuberculin. A vast amount of work must yet be done on the 
eye test before its value can be precisely and definitely stated. 

Mallein. — This toxin is prepared in a manner almost 
precisely similar to that prescribed under tuberculin. The 
sterilized cultures, from which the dead bodies of the Bacilli 
mallei have been filtered, and containing their toxins, are 
employed to test horses and mules for the existence of 
glanders and farcy. A rise of two degrees F. in an animal 
of normal temperature (not exceeding 101° F.) within fif- 
teen hours of injection, together with a tender swelling five 
to ten inches in diameter at the site of injection, which is at 
its height in forty-eight hours, constitute positive proof of 
glanders. If the fever occurs without the swelling, or the 
swelling without the fever, the animal should be re-tested 
in a week. In the normal animal a swelling ocx3urs at the 
site of injection, without rise of temperature, but the swell- 
ing is much smaller and has almost disappeared by the end 
of twenty-four hours, whereas in the glandered animal the 
swelling persists until the third or fourth day after the in- 
jection. The temperature prior to the injection should not 
be over 102° F., but if it is, the occurrence of a large, per- 
sistent swelling at the site of injection renders a diagnosis of 
glanders' probable. The performance of the tests is similar 
to that with the use of tuberculin, including the preparatory 
temperature-taking and that following the injection. The 
injection is made aseptically with a sterile syringe under 
the skin on the side of the neck, and a temperature of 104° 
F. occurring within fifteen hours after the injection, together 
with a large and slowly disappearing swelling, is certain 
evidence of glanders.* 

The usual dose for a diagnostic test of mallein in the 
horse is 1 cc, but the dose varies with different brands 



* At 8th Internat. Vet. Congress at Budapest, 1905, it was resolved 
that a typical reaction to mallein consisted in a rise of 2° C. (3.4° F. ) 
to a point above 40° C. ( 104° F. ) ; the curve showing 1 or 2 elevations 
the first day, and rise on the second and even on the third day after. 
That the characteristic swelling at the site of injection was a positive 



VACCINES 'J 51 

\ 

of manufacture, the proper dose of each being stated on the 
bottle. If several injections of mallein are given to a 
glandered horse, the reaction may disappear, and in this 
^vay glandered horses may be fraudulently prepared for sale 
as free from the disease. 

Recently claim has been made by a reputable veterin- 
arian that glanders may be cured by one or more injections 
of mallein, and he bases his opinion on the failure of such 
animals to react a second or third time to the mallein test. 
The fact above related, that glandered animals become ordi- 
narily insusceptible to the repeated test,, while still uncured 
and a source of infection, together with the danger of accept- 
ing such a statement until fully proved, should make one 
very cautious to act on such a belief in practice. 

Semner* has, however, found that horses may be pro- 
tected against infection with glanders by injections of mal- 
lein. Mallein is now given as a routine measure to all the 
horses and mules of the IT. S. Army — quarterly or oftener — 
as prophylaxis against glanders. The possibility of the cura- 
bility of glanders by mallein is wholly in accord with the 
effect of tuberculin in stimulating antibodies (opsonins) 
when it is given subcutaneously to tuberculosis patients. 

By so doing it often aids recovery (See p. 756.) 

Mouilleron examined (at one time) four glandered 
horses after death, following three or four negative tests with 
mallein, and found no evidence of the disease by micro- 
scop}-, cultures and inoculation. JSTocard has also shown 
the curability of glanders. The exact status of the matter 
is as yet undetermined, and until it is we may more safely 
refuse to accept the general curability of glanders by mal- 
lein. 

Specific Vaccines. 

Vaccination consists in introducing, within the animal 
body, bacteria (or their products) of a disease — with the 
intention of protecting the animal against the disease. The 

sign of glanders, even in the absence of the typical temperature. But 
tliat two tests should always be made with mallein, the second froa- ten 
to twenty dav:^ after the first. 

* Ceiitral 1. f. Bacter., Bd. xvii, Nos. 9 and 10. 



752 GENERAL TllEKAPKUTIC MEASUKES 

theory consists in the fact that, by modifying the virnlcnce 
or action of the bacteria in some way, there are produced in 
the inoculated animal antitoxins. These not only prevent the 
occurrence of the inoculated disease, but even the develop- 
ment of the disease when introduced by natural channels. 
The activity of bacteria is lessened in various ways. Thus 
in preparing the vaccines against anthrax and blackleg the 
bacteria are exposed to heat. Then by inoculating the 
bacteria in a way, different from that in which they naturally 
gain entrance to the body, their activity may be diminished ; 
e.g., the bacillus of blackleg is introduced under the skin or 
intravenously, and the tail is sometimes chosen as a site, the 
blood supply being poor. The vaccines blackleg and anthrax 
do not prove curative if employed after the development of 
the disease, against which thev are preventives, and often 
they are ineffectual if used after the exposure of the animal 
to the infection of the disease. This is not the case in anti- 
rabic inoculation, however, as the treatment proves success- 
ful after the patient has been bitten and infected by a rabid 
animal. So in smallpox in the human, vaccination will 
modify and possibly prevent smallpox if done within four 
days after exposure to infection. The duration of the period 
of immunity conferred by vaccination differs in the case of 
the different vaccines. 

BlacMeg or Quorter Evil. — This disease is caused by 
B. Chauvoei and is distinct from anthrax. Calves should be 
vaccinated when six months old and again within a year. 
The best time is that before the usual occurrence of the 
disease, and no surgery, as branding, castration, marking, 
dehorning or spaying, should be done before, or within two 
weeks after, vaccination. Either one or two vaccines 
are used, the first being the weakest and prepared by heat- 
ing to 103° C, and the second being heated to 93° C. and 
used eight days later. Vaccination is done with a powder 
obtained by drying and triturating a piece of affected muscle. 
The Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, U. S. Agri- 
cult. Dep't., Washington, D. C, supplies gratis to stock own- 
ers black leg vaccine and directions for using the same. One 
dose given subcutaneously is usually sufficient to protect the 
animal for life against black leg, if used after the animal is 



GENERAL VACCINE THERAPY ,i Oo 

6 months old. In localities where the disease develops in 
3^ounger animals the vaccine must be given at an earlier age 
and — in these cases — repeated the following 3'ear. 

Immunity begins in 10 to 12 days following vaccination. 

Anthrax. — Anthrax is the most fatal disease attacking 
horses, sheep, goats, mnles and cattle. It occurs in the 
United States, more often in Mississippi and Louisiana. 
Vaccination was done bv Pasteur in 1880 and was the first 
attempt made in establishing artificial immunity in practice. 
Great crowds gathered to see the result of his treatment. 
He subjected 24 sheep, 1 goat and 5 cattle to vaccination, 
and then 60 animals (including the vaccinated and imvac- 
cinated) were inoculated with anthrax. Forty-eight hours 
later the sight presented to the public beggars description. 
In the paddock were seen dead and dying all the unvac- 
cinated animals, while the vaccinated ones appeared in per- 
fect health. A' small number of animals — especially sheep 
and goats — die from the treatment. In countries where 
anthrax is endemic, vaccination has reduced the mortality 
from 10 to 4^ of 1 per cent. Statistics also show that less 
than 1 per cent, of vaccinated animals die of the disease. 
When unvaccinated herds are attacked usually 80 per cent. 
die. The vaccination should be practiced usually in summer 
or fall, as these are the favorite seasons for development in 
infected regions. The protection lasts from six to twelve 
months. Two vaccines are used. Number one, the weaker, 
is made by growing baccilli in a current of air at 109° F. 
for twenty-four days ; number two is prepared in the same 
manner during twelve days. The weak number one is in- 
jected and followed in ten days by number two. Sick animals 
may infect a pasture for ten years, but vaccination will 
practically permit of pasturing on the infected land. The 
method of inoculation requires minute directions, which 
may be obtained from manufacturers. 

General Vaccine Therapy. 

By Greneral Vaccine Therapy we refer to the use of so- 
called vaccines, or bacterins, for infections generally. These 
vaccines are suspensions of killed bacteria in sterile salt so- 



754: GENEKAL THERAPEUTIC MEASURES 

lution. The vaccines may be used against any given infec- 
tion by injecting subcntaneonsly small doses of the killed 
bacteria of the same species as that causing the infection. 
Thus in the case of staphylococcus infection one must know 
by examination of pus from the infection what variety of 
staphylococcus is causing the trouble and use the killed germ 
of that same variety of staphylococcus in order to get the 
best results. This treatment is based on the fact that the in- 
jections of the dead bacilli and their toxins stimulate the 
formation of antibodies in the serum of the patient — more 
particularly opsonins — and probably bacteriolysins and ag- 
glutinins as well. These antibodies further act by enhancing 
phagocytosis or the power that the leucocytes have to enclose 
and destroy bacteria — apparently by some action on the 
bacteria. 

The antitoxins and antisera already contain antibodies, 
which are immediately imparted to the patient on their 
injection and so confer a temporary and passive immunity. 
The vaccines, on the contrary, act to stimulate the cells of the 
patient to produce antibodies and tend to confer an active 
and permanent immunity. Acute general infections com- 
monly counterindicate the use of vaccines, since in them 
there is already enough toxin in the blood (causing fever 
and other symptoms) to enable the patient to produce his 
own antibodies and so to recover. But some systemic in- 
fections have been successfully treated with vaccines, as puer- 
peral infection, pyemia and septicemia. Local infections 
are more amenable to vaccine therapy, but treatment should 
be begun early before a mixed infection occurs and before the 
part becomes surrounded by an impermeable barrier of 
])yogenic membrane or bacteria. Thus staphylococcus infec- 
tion, causing boils, acne and local suppurations; pneumococ- 
cus infection, producing empyema, cystitis, etc ; colon bacil- 
lus infection, inducing cystitis and other local infections, 
have been apparently cured by injections of vaccines. Sir 
A. E. Wright, of London, who has introduced the vaccine 
treatment of infections to the medical profession, believes 
that the treatment should be guided by the opsonic index. 
This means practically the comparison of the power of 
leucocytes to invest bacteria in the serum of the patient, with 



GENERAL VACCINE THERAPY 755 

the same action of leucocytes on the same bacteria in the 
serum of the normal person or animal. Thus 100 leucocj'tes 
may ingest 500 staphylococci in the presence of healthy 
serum. Employing the serum of an animal with furuncu- 
losis, 100 leucocytes may take up but 250 staphylococci. 
The opsonic index of the healthy individual is regarded as 
one and that of the example quoted would be 0.5. 

The determination of the opsonic index is an elaborate 
procedure and is not essential for vaccine treatment. In a 
general way, after the injection of vaccines, the power of 
phagocytosis is lessened, but, after a few days, it is in- 
creased. So that injections are commonly made every 3 
days or so, or after any depressing symptoms — as malaise 
and fever caused by the injections — have passed. Fever is 
rare, however, if proper doses are used. In systemic infec- 
tions it may be necessary to inject daily, to secure the forma- 
tion of antibodies, and the patient may be too depressed to 
be stimulated by the vaccines at all. 

Both antisera and vaccines may be used at the same 
time, as antistreptococcic serum and streptococcus vaccine. 
Then comes the question of the source of vaccines. They 
may be prepared from bacterial cultures obtained from 
locally infected tissue, or discharges, or from the blood of 
the patient (autogenous). Or stock vaccines may be used 
which are now sold by makers of biological laboratory prod- 
ucts, that is, vaccines kept on hand ready-made, while the 
autogenous vaccine is probably preferable in securing just 
the strain of infecting bacteria, very good results have been 
gotten from stock staphylococcus and streptococcus vaccines 
in these infections. 

The average dosage has been determined for in each vac- 
cine in human medicine. For instance, that for staphylococ- 
cus is about 600 million cocci at l dose. 

ISTow in regard to the use of vaccines in veterinary 
practice. While the use of vaccines in human medicine is 
still new and their exact value still undetermined, yet a 
vast amount of work has been done and a multitude of re- 
coveries have been reported from their injection. 

In veterinary medicine there is great opportunity for 
experimental emf)loyment of vaccines. The following re- 



^750 GENERAL THEKAPEUTIC MEASURES 

quirenients are, liowever, essential for their use. The var- 
iety of germ causing the infection it is desired to treat 
must be known. The dosage must be determined. It 
might be based on that in use in human medicine with 
regard tD the weight of the human and animal to be treated. 
A stock vaccine may be employed if facilities for the mak- 
ing of an autogenous vaccine are not at hand. 

For practical details as to the use of stock vaccines tlie 
reader is referred to literature supplied by their makers 
(H. K Mulford Co., Phila.) 

The subcutaneous injection of minute and gradually 
increasing doses of tuberculin (1/2000 to 10 mgm.) as treat- 
ment for tuberculosis in human medicine — now much in 
vogue — is an example of vaccine treatment to stimulate anti- 
bodies in the serum of the patient. Sometimes only the 
toxin of the tubercle bacillus is used (Koch's old tuberculin) 
and sometimes a suspension of killed tubercle bacilli. 

Strangles is caused by a specific streptococcus. The use 
of vaccines of killed streptococci will induce immunity to the 
disease. The disease may also be prevented, and even cured 
in its early stage, by immunizing serum obtained from 
horses receiving increasing doses of the specific cocci. The 
latter are sometimes protected against the immediate effects 
of the streptococci by immunizing serum. 

This method of combining the use of a protective serum 
and injections of active bacteria is now being employed 
against rabies, anthrax and rinderpest. The immunizing 
serum in rinderpest is obtained from animals recovering 
from the disease and the protective value of their serum is 
much augmented if these animals are injected with blood 
from animals affected Math a fatal form of rinderpest. 

In rabies the combined method of injecting active organ- 
isms and protective serum bids fair to supersede the Pasteur 
method of prolonged vaccination, as but one injection may 
suffice and the treatment may be given at a much later stage 
of incubation to protect from the disease. The immunizing 
serum for this method is obtained from sheep receiving in- 
irajugularly and subcutaneously increasing doses of an emul- 
sion of the brain of a dead, rabid rabbit. When an animal 
IS bitten by a rabid patient the bitten animal is given sub- 



GENERAL VACCINE THERAPY 757 

cutaneouslj an injection consisting- of the protective serum, 
made as above, and an emulsion of brain from a rabid rab- 
bit. Reports have been most favorable and in epidemics of 
rabies immunization of all animals by this method may be 
required in the future. 

In anthrax also the combined, or simultaneous, method 
is said to be yielding- much better results than the double in- 
noculation with the weak and stronger vaccine of Pasteur. 

While these later methods are still in the experimental 
stage, and so perhaps inappropriate for inclusion in a book 
of this kind, yet advance is so rapid that their acceptance 
will probably antedate another edition of this work. 



AN EPITOME OF MODERN TREATMENT OF 
DISEASES OF THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 



The numbers in this section refer to page numbers iti the text of the book where 
a detailed account of the remedy may be found. 



Abortion. 

(1) Accidental, all animals; ('2) Epizootic, in cows and ewes. 
1. To prevent, give opium 3G8 ; rest, laxative diet. 2. Isolate, burn 
foetus and membranes ; disinfect premises, 725 ; empty utei'us. 
Antiseptic vaginal injections; lysol, 335 ; creolin, 334; carbolic acid, 
329; corrosive sublimate, 216. Separate attendant and utensils; 
patients must not go to bull till vaginal discharge ceases ; bull apt 
to become infected and if has balanitis is unfitted for service of 
healthy animals. 

Abscess. 

To abort, paint Avitli tincture of iodine, 246 ; or inject 10 or more 
m. of 2 per cent carbolic acid solution ; poultices, 714; fly blister, 702; 
open with knife or actual cautery under ethj-l chloride spray, 350, and 
cocaine, 434. After opening, inject antiseptics, as hydrogen dioxide, 
120, and iodoform with vaseline or glycerin, 252. To aid resolution, 
a blister of cantharides, 646, 702. 

Abscess, Cold. 

Open with actual cautery or knife ; inject antiseptics, as carbolic 
acid in glycerine, 329; Peruvian balsam, 511. Dress with powder, 
equal parts of tannic acid, boric acid, iodoform and charcoal. 
ACARiASis. See 3Iange. 
Acne. 

Prevent by avoiding rough harness and by constant cleansing 
with sulphur soap after removal of harness. Abort by applying pure 
carbolic acid. When acute, hot fomentations with borax, 3 ii-Oi ; 
dry sulphur, sulphur ointment, 258. Fowler's solution in chronic 
cases, 226. 
Actinomycosis. 

Chiefly in young cattle, affecting the jaw and tongue ; excise, 
curette, chisel. Apply tincture or compound solution of iodine to 
wound or iodoform. Large doses of potassium iodide internally, 249 ; 
good food and tonics. 
759 



760 EPITOME OP MODERN TREATMENT OF 

After-PaiNS. 

Remove membranes and clots ; opium, 368 ; morphine, 368. If 
fever and foul vaginal discharge are present, see Puerperal Fever, 

Aged Animals, destruction of. 

Bullet, 307 ; chloroform, 307 ; prussic acid, 346. 

Alopecia (Baldness). 

If general, due to debility, give good food, iron, 201 ; arsenic, 227; 
bitters, 554 ; and apply to skin tinct. cantharis, § i ; lin. sanonis, 
3 viii. With scaling, use s\ilphur ointment, 255, and add later to it 
Peruvian balsam, 1-8 ; also groom very thoroughly. In alopecia 
areata, use ung. chrysarobini ; or equal parts, alcohol and tine, 
iodi ; or creoHn and alcohol (1-10-20) ; or balsam of Peru and alcohol 
(1-10.) 

Amaurosis. 

Treatment depends on cause. If owing to debility, loss of blood, 
trauma or quinine poisoning, give strychnine internally, 409 ; and 
apply fly blister, 645, about temples. In amaurosis due to cerebral 
disease (concussion, hydatids, parturient apoplexy), to renal dis- 
order, convulsions, lead poisoning, etc., treatment depends upon. 
the causative factor. 

Ammenorrhea. See Sterility. 

Anemia. 

Remove primary cause ; full diet, 690 ; fresh air and exercise ; 
comfortable housing ; sodium chloride, 139, and HCl, 262 ; iron, 
201 ; arsenic, 226 ; quinine, 488 ; gentian, 554 ; strychnine, 410 ; 
cupric sulphate, 188. Cod liver oil, 657 ; myrrh, 525. Clip horses 
with thick coats. In pernicious form. Fowler's solution in increas- 
ing doses till the maximum dose is reached : H, | ii twice daily ; D, 
TTlxxx thrice daily. 

Aneurism. 

Radical cure by ligation of aneurism on either side of sac and 
excision of sac. When impossible, ligate proximal side. Employ 
Matas' operation, in which temporary ligation on either side of sac 
and obliteration of orifices and sac with layers of buried chromic gut 
sutures are done and continuity of vessel remains intact. Continuous 
pressure by hands or truss ; potassium iodide, 249 ; ergot injections 
into sac in early stages ; needling ; acupuncture ; introduction of 
foreign bodies into sac, as wire. 

Anorexia (Appetite, loss of) . 

Gentian, 554 ; cinchona, 488 ; quinine, 488; quassia, 556 ; cascar- 
illa, 557 ; calumba, 558 ; taraxacum, 560 ; hydrastis, 562; hydrastine, 
562 ; hydrastin, 562 ; calamus, 564 ; capsicum, 526. 



DISEASES OF THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS 7G1 

Anthrax. Charbon. In Cattle, Horses and Sheep. 

Treatment is chiefly preventive ; bodies of dead burned or buried 
7 feet deep, with hide intact, Flesh of the dead may communicate 
the disease, if eaten. Isolate or kill patients ; infected premises 
and discharges must be thoroughly disinfected, 725 ; avoid in- 
fected pastiu'es ; antlirax vaccine confers immunity, 752 ; medical 
treatment is generally unsuccessful and may lead to infection of 
attendants or other animals. Internally, calomel and salts, in 
cattle, and carbolic acid or creolin in enormous doses have aided 
recovery in some cases, 332, 335 ; injection of 5 percent, carbolic acid 
solution at many points in anthrax carbimcles has proven curative 
in human patients. 

Aphtha. See Stomatitis. 

Apoplexy, Cerebral, 

Raise head, ice bag to poll ; venesection, 4-8 quarts in horse, 730 ; 
veratrum, 467. Mustard paste to legs and bandage ; croton oil, 582 : 
dark, quiet quarters ; gruels and mashes, if swallowing is possible. 
Change in position important ; also use of the catheter and ene- 
mata. To aid resolution, potassium iodide, 249 ; strychnine, 409 ; 
massage and electricity. 

Apoplexy, Parturient. In Cows. 

Prevent by witiiholding grain last six weeks of pregnancy, except 
bran mashes ; also give Epsom salts occasionally. Kunsel's treat- 
ment, 737, successful in 90 per cent of cases. Enemata, 737 ; ice to 
poll ; bandage legs ; prop patient up on sternum and change position 
every few hours. Catheterize and use enemata ; strychnine, 737 • 
alcohol, if collapse. Avoid drenches if animal unconscious ; other- 
wise, give Epsom salts, 163. For resulting paralysis, use potassium 
iodide, 249 ; strychnine, 737 ; blister over lumbar region ; gruels and 
mashes during convalesence. 

Apoplexy, Pulmonary. See Pulmonary Congestion and Edema. 

Apoplexy, Splenic. See Anthrax. 

Appetite, Depraved. See Depraved Appetite. 

Appetite, Loss of. See Anorexia. 

Arthritis. 

1. In horses, traumatic and septic ; 2, in new-born, due to um- 
bilical infection ; 3. may be variety of acute infection known as 
acute articular rheumatism ; in this form use salicylic acid or 
salicylates, 495 ; salol, 495 ; externally, methyl salicylate, 497 ; 
sodium bicarbonate, 135 ; iodine ointment, 246 ; later stages, salicy- 
lates and potassium iodide, 250 ; diet, milk for small, and gruels 
and mashes for large patients in acute stage. 3, Cleanliness of the 
navel and premises may prevent this form ; apply antiseptics and 
cover the navel. In traumatic arthritis, cold irrigations, 710; 



762 EPITOME OF MODERN TREATMENT OP 

Arthritis {continued) 

or hot fomentations, 716 ; internally, calomel, 219 ; Priessnitz poul- 
tice, 708 ; rest, splints and slings ; later, blisters, 702 ; red mercuric 
iodide, 219 ; iodine, 246. An arthritis may occur as a complication 
of almost any acute infection. 

ASCARIDES. See Parasites. 

Ascites. See Dropsy. 

Asthma, Bronchial, in Dogs. 

In attack, chloroform, 295 ; amyl nitrite, 313 ; morphine, 368 ; 
fumes of stramonium leaves and saltpetre, equal parts, 129. Chloral, 
818 ; bromides, 243 ; belladonna, 386 ; potassium iodide, 249 ; inhal- 
ations, 47 ; arsenic, 226 ; cod liver oil, 658 between attacks. 

AzOTURiA. See Hemoglobinemia. 

Balanitis. 

Cleanse with lysol, 335. If the lu-ethra discharges, give urethral 
injection, 1 percent, zinc sulphate and lead acetate mixed ; hydras- 
tis, 563. Horse or bull may have to be cast and glans cleansed with 
lysol (2 per cent.) and touched with stick silver nitrate. Rest, 
cathartic and sloppy food. 

Babreness, Sterility. 

Remove the immediate cause, if possible, after careful examin- 
ation of body and generative organs. In the female, injection of 
yeast (cow) has given favorable results ; one cake of fresh, com- 
pressed yeast dissolved in quart of tepid water, after standing 2 
hours, is used as a vaginal injection once daily for a few days ; the 
vagina should first be cleansed with soap and water. Aphrodisiacs, 
57 ; emmenagogues, 57, 58. Examine semen for spermatozoa. 
Exercise, reduce obesity (see Obesity). In debility, bitters, iron 
and good food. In female, change male ; may try intrauterine 
injection of semen ; dilatation of constricted os uteri. 

Bites. 

Of Snakes : Calmette's serum injected into muscle (10 c.c. human 
dose) very successful ; immediate cautery with hot ii-on, or free in- 
cision of the bite, and ligature above the injury on a limb must be 
done. Inject 15 grains of chlorinated lime in 2 ounces of sterile 
water about the bite in several places ; strychnine subcutaneously 
in enormous doses. 

Of Rabid Animals : — Cauterize with hot iron, nitric acid, or ex- 
cise the bite, even 24 hours after injury ; human patients should 
receive Pasteur's anti-rabic vaccine at a Pasteur institute. 

Of Insects : — Aromatic spirit of ammonia, 147 ; potassa. 123 ; or 
a 10 per cent solution of sodium bicarbonate should be applied to bite ; 
also wet dressing, clay, antiphlogistine. 



DISEASES OF THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS 763 

Black-Quarter. Black-Leg. 

Prevention seciu-ed by vaccine, 753 ; avoid infected pastures ; 
bury dead with hide intact, 7 feet below surface in quicklime ; dis- 
infect premises, 725 ; free incision of swellings (endangers spread 
of infection) and injection of hydrogen dioxide and other anti- 
septics in mild cases. 
Bladder, Irritable. 

Sloppy food, linseed tea. A cathartic ; rest ; hot enemata. Re- 
move smegma, calculi and other som-ces of irritation. Belladonna, 
386 ; hyoscyamus, 390 ; potassium citrate, 127 ; potassium acetate. 
127 ; spirit of nitrous ether, 313 ; camphor, 550 ; buchu, 541 ; salol, 
495 ; urotropin, 341. 
Bladder. Paralysis of. 

Empty by sterile catheter or, in horse, pressure through rectum. 
Treatment directed to cause. 
Blepharospasm. 

Atropine, 384. 

Bleeding. See Hemorrhage, 

Bog Spavin. See Synovitis. 

Rest ; in-igation, 710 ; hot fomentations, 716 ; Priessnitz poultice, 
708 ; high heel shoe or slings, in bad cases ; after acute stage passes, 
cantharidal blister, 646. 

Boils or Furuncles. 

Aborted by touching with tincture of iodine, 253 ; or pure car- 
bolic acid, 330 ; or painting with collodion, 659 ; or 20 per cent silver 
nitrate solution ; injection of 2 per cent carbolic solution. Puncture 
central opening with pure carbolic acid on toothpick and dress with 
^ carbolized vaseline ; or creolin in Peruvian balsam (1-10) ; poultices 
inadvisable as they spread infection. Internal remedies of doubtful 
advantage ; calcium sulphide, H, gr. 20-30 ; D, gr. ^-i, thrice daily ; 
or sodium sulphite, 143 ; or compressed yeast cake, 1 daily to dogs 
in pills. In anemia, bitters, iron and arsenic. Paracentesis in 
severe cases ; dress with Peruvian balsam and creolin, as above, of 
iodoform, 252 ; and avoid chafing of parts. 

BoTS IN Horses. 

Give carbon disulphide in capsules ; 2 drams at hourly intervals 
for three doses, followed in 24 hours by a pint of linseed oil. Laxa- 
tive diet of green fodder. Destroy larvae in feces in spring, then 
give bitters, iron and arsenic for a fortnight. 

Broken Knees. Horses. 

For mere abrasion of skin, tie head up, to prevent the animal from 
lying down for 2 or 3 days, and apply white lotion on a compress 
continuously, 175. When the skin is cut, cleanse and shave hair, 
wash skin thoroughly with Harrington's solution, 216 ; in-igate the 



764 EPITOME OF MODERN TREATMENT OF 

•wound with ly sol (2 per cent.) or corrosive (1-1000) solution, and 
use sterile silk sutures, aseptic gauze and bandage. Apply splint to 
leg, and tie the head up. If the wound suppurates, remove stitches, 
apply wet dressing (2 per cent, lysol) , covered with oil silk or rubber, 
for few days, and then Peruvian balsam, aseptic dressing and 
bandage. If the sheath of extensor tendon is opened and tendon 
exposed, or joint opened, place the animal in slings (with splints 
on leg) and keep on the wound a compress of aseptic gauze wet 
with antiseptic solution, as above, until swelling and acute inflam- 
mation subside. Then irrigate with lysol solution daily and apply 
dry aseptic gauze and Peruvian balsam, 511 ; carbolic acid and 
glycerin (1-16) or other antiseptic and stimulant, dry gauze and 
bandage. See Open Joints. Treatment is unavailing if the tendon 
is n:\uch lacerated, the bones of the knee fractured or joint opened 
— except in the case of invasion of the carpo-metacarpal articula- 
tion alone. 

Beoken Wind, or Heaves in Horses. 

Avoid water before hard or fast work ; give water in moderation 
between meals ; give mashes of bran and oats with carron oil, 156, 
570 ; also small amount of moistened hay. Arsenic for long periods 
226 ; iron, 201 ; and nux vomica in anemia and anorexia, 408. 
If heart at fault, give tine, of digitalis and strophanthus, 2 drams 
each, thrice daily. If bronchitis is a cause, see treatment under 
that disease. If there is true asthma, give spirit of chloroform, | i; 
in I ii of whiskey, and remedies advised for astluna in dogs. 

Bronchitis, Acute and Chronic. 

In acute, to shorten attack give full dose of Dover's powder, 475 ; 
also apply hot blanket and rubber sheet and dry blanket to chest, 
frequently changed ; rub mustard paste on legs and bandage. Give 
bran mash, roots or grass and pint of linseed oil or enema ; furnish 
a well-ventilated box stall. If there is fever, aconite, 463 ; spirit of 
nitrous ether, 313 ; and potassium citrate, 127 ; mixed in a drench, 
thrice daily. Employ inhalations of sodium bicarbonate ( 3 ss to 
Oi) to increase secretion ; later, inhalations of oil of turpentine ( 3 ss 
to Oi) to lessen secretion. In dogs with dyspnea, give tablespoonful 
of syrup of ipecac to produce emesis ; also, to increase secretion, 
ipecac, 475 ; with syrup of squill, 458 ; or ammonium chloride or 
carbonate, 149 ; in chloroform water. With excessive secretion, 
prescribe internally oil of turpentine, 503 ; or terpin hydrate or 
terebin, 500 ; or belladonna, 385 ; with tincture of nux vomica, 490. 
If cough is constant and wearing, administer chloral hydrate, 318 ; 
or codeine, 366 ; or heroin, 357 ; or paregoric, 379. In the horse, 
instead of expectorants, use mustard, or stimulating liniments 
and Priessnitz poultice, 708, to chest and throat, and inhalations ; 
if cough is persistent, potassium iodide, 249. 



DISEASES OF THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS 



^65 



Chronic Form . 

Treat as regards diet, fresh air, external applications and inhal- 
ations as in acute form. In dry cough, inhalations of sodium bi- 
carbonate ; with much secretion, use turpentine by inhalation. To 
increase secretion, administer internally sodium iodide, ammonium 
chloride, 150 ; and carbonate, 149. To lessen secretion, oil of tur- 
pentine, 503 ; or creosote, 333. When there is heart weakness, 
digitalis, 451, or strychnine, 408. In young or debilitated, fat in 
some form, as cream, olive oil, 603 ; or cod liver oil, 658 ; housing 
must be dry, warm, and well- ventilated. . Other remedies include 
the following : — Nitrites, 313 ; strophanthus, 455 ; quinine, 489 ; 
arsenic, 226; linseed tea, 611 ; tar, 509 ; benzoin, 515 ; Eucalyptol, 
521 ; resin, 506 ; balsam of Pei'u, 512 ; balsam of tolu, 512 ; myrrh. 
525 ; asafetida, 538 ; ammoniacum, 540 ; buchu, 541 ; compound 
spirit of juniper, 542 ; camphor, 550 ; sulphur, 258 ; sulphurous anhy- 
dride, 259 ; alum, 169 ; tannic acid, 593 ; eserine, 419 ; cantharides, 645. 

Bronchitis, Verminous. See Horse. 

Bronchocele, Thyroid Enlargement in Dogs. Goitre. 

Paint tumor repeatedly with tincture of iodine ; give potassium 
iodide internally thrice daily, 249. Or inject into gland 10 or 
15 drops of iodine tincture at intervals of three days for 10-20 in- 
jections, 246. Although there is some danger of hemorrhage or 
embolism. Insert hollow needle, before attaching syringe, to 
avoid entering a blood vessel. Surgery, jmrtial resection or 
eneucleation prove most successful, but goitre often disappears in 
puppies with drug treatment. 

Bruises. 

At the onset use : — Priessnitz poultice, 708 ; hot fomentations, 
715 ; or antiphlogistine or refrigerants, 711 ; or astringents, as com- 
presses, wet with white lotion, 175, and bandaging. Or alcohol, 289 ; 
or arnica, 523, or hamamelis, 601, may be used. Anodynes, as 
laudanum, 174, are indicated. To aid resolution, massage with 
stimulating liniments, 701 ; with camphor liniment, 549 ; with soap 
liniment, 605 ; with ichthyol, 659 ; with olive oil, 603. 

Burns. 

In burns of 1st degree:— Carron oil, 156 ; or flour, starch, salera- 
tus, 135 ; dusted over burn. In burns of 2nd degree :— Soak sterile 
gauze in 1 per cent solution of picric acid, cover with absorbent cotton 
and bandage ; reapply in 3 days and 2nd dressing may remain a 
week ; also boric acid in 10 per cent ointment (vaseline) is harmless 
and efficient. In 3rd degree : — Wet dressings of saturated boric acid 
solution, covered with oil silk, or equal parts of Peruvian balsam 
and castor oil ; remove dead tissue and treat as ordinary wound. 
In shock, stimulate with alcohol, strychnine and opium. Other 



766 EPITOME OF MODERN TREATMENT OP 

agents of service include : — Orthoform, 253 ; aristol, 156 ; borogly- 
ceride, 275; carbolic acid, 331 ; iodoform, 252; salicylic acid, 494; 
chalk, 154 ; menthol, 530 ; oil of turpentine, 502 ; chlorinated lime, 
240 ; chlorinated soda, 240. 
Bursitis (inflammation of the bursEe of the knee, elbow, hock, stifle, 
fetlock, cannon bone, withers and poll. 

In acute cases — Cold compresses and pressure by use of flannel 
bandages; cold irrigations, 710, or ice poultices. 706; compresses 
wet with white lotion, 175. 

In chronic conditions (Hygroma). — Aspiration and injection of 
iodine, 246, or carbolic acid, 329 ; also blisters, red mercuric iodide, 
246 ; or cantharides, 645. See Capped Elboio, Hock, Knee. 

Calculi, Biliary. See Gall Stones. 

Calculi, Intestinal. See Colic. 

Removal by high enemata, by hand in rectum or abdominal sec- 
tion. Pain relieved by morphine, 367, and atropine, 385, under the 
skin. Obstruction by sand may be overcome by physic ball, 568. 

Calculi, Renal and Vesical. 

In Cattle and Sheep — (iive sodium bicarbonate on the food, 136, 
and allow an abundance of Avater ; sheep should be compelled to 
move frequently to cause them to urinate. Ammonium and sodium 
benzoate, 513, in the horse, or hydrochloric or sulphuric acid, 272. 

In Dogs, lithium salts, 152, may be placed in the drinking water, 
orlycetol (dose, gr, 15). These agents may prevent calculus forma- 
tion out no drug will dissolve calculi in the body. 

In Oxen — Work forward ui'ethral stone by massage or do ischial 
urethrotomy. 

In Sheep — Stroke the urethra to remove stone or sediment about 
meatus. Success is only secured by amputation of the appendix in 
many cases ; lithotomy, lithotrity, or urethrotomy are often re- 
quired. To relieve pain and spasm in urinary calculus, give hot 
enemata, 716, and morphine, 367, and atropine, 885, under the skin. 

Canker of Ear. See Otorrhea. 

Canker op Feet in Horses. 

Throw the animal and remove by actual cautery or knife all the 
diseased horn of the sole and frog down to the sensitive tissue. 
Tight bandage above fetlock to prevent hemorrhage after animal 
up. Dress foot with one of following ; — Salicylic acid ; stick silver 
nitrate ; formaldehj^de (10 per cent), 340 ; equal parts of alum, or 
tannic acid, and iodoform ; creolin or iodine ointment (5 per cent.); 
equal parts of zinc, copper and iron sulphates, vaseline to make 
paste, and enough creolin to equal 5 per cent. Then cover with 
tow, false sole of leather or iron, and shoe. Dress daily with one 
of above agents. When horn forms, dress with tar or calomel. 



DISEASES OF THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS 767 

Capped Elbow, Hock, Knee. 

Treatment as for bursitis (see Bursitis) in acute stage ; in bur- 
sitis (of perforatus) or capped hock, apply high-heeled shoe ; in 
capped elbow, prevent increase of trouble by use of heel or ring 
pad ; when large amount of induration has formed it must be 
excised. 

Catarrh. See Coryza, Rhinitis, Acute. 

Catarrh, Chronic. 

Symptomatic of chronic rhinitis, disease of accessory sinus and 
guttural pouches, glanders, carious teeth and new growth ; treat- 
ment mainly surgical — trephining, drainage and irrigation of 
maxillary sinus ; hyovertebrotomy in disease of the guttural 
pouches. 

Catarrhal Fever. See Malignant Catarrhal Fever of Cattle. 

Cerebral Anemia. 

Shown by fainting (syncope). See Syncope. 

Cerebral Hemorrhage. See Apoplexy, Cerebral. 

Cerebral Hyperemia. 

Raise head, ice bag to poll ; venesection, 4-8 quarts in horse, 730 ; 
veratrum, 467. Mustard paste to legs and bandage. Warm cover- 
ing ; croton oil, 582 ; dark, quiet quarters ; if swallowing possible, 
gruels and mashes. 

Cerebritis. See Encephalitis. 

Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis. 

Chiefly enzootic and epizootic in horses and sheep. See also En' 
cephalitis for general treatment. Quiet, dark, cool quarters ; slings 
for horses if animal can not stand. Physic ball with calomel for 
horse, 568 ; ice to head, 706 ; ergot, 385, 629 ; atropine, 385 ; strych- 
nine, 409 ; cantharides, 645 ; catheterize ; avoid moldy food and 
stagnant water ; secure food from other regions ; dry stable ; dis- 
infect quarters after occupancy, 725. 

Choking. 

In Cattle : give olive oil by the mouth and try to push foreign, 
body upward in gullet with one hand externally, while the other 
is in the mouth. This failing, pass pi'obang or do oesophagotomy. 
Severe tympanites demands massage of left flank or passage of 
stomach tube ; if this ineffective, puncture most prominent point 
in left flank between last rib and angle of the haunch. 

In Horses, if foreign body may not be removed by the hand in the 
pharynx, pass probang. 

Cholera. See Fowl Cholera and Hog Cholera. 

Chorea. 

Occurs in dogs often after distemper or from indigestion or irri- 
tation of worms. In distemper, an outdoor life in the country, and 
diet with much fat and proteids — as bread or oatmeal with cream, 



768 EPITOME OF MODERN TREATMENT OF 

strong lA'otiis, and meat once daily — are indicated ; iron is also ad- 
visable, 203, as Blaud's pills, each gr.v. thrice daily ; arsenic, as 
Fowler's solution, may be prescribed in ihcreasing doses until nixxx 
are given daily. If movements severe, give dogs chloral, 318, gr, v, 
and sodium bromide, 343, gr. xx-xxx, thrice daily (with hividanum, 
vi v, if necessary). For the horse, chloral, 318, and sodium bromidf, 
243, each ? ss, with fluidextract belladonna, 3 i, twice dailj*. If 
due to worms or indigestion, treat these troubles ; if arthritis pre- 
cedes chorea, give sodium salicylate, 495. The Priessnitz poultice 
may afford relief, 708. Other remedies include: — Antipyretics, 323 
hyoscyamus, 890 ; cannabis, 394 ; anaesthetics, 307 ; eserine, 419 
gelsemium, 422; conium, 430; valerian, 537 ; zinc valerianate, 537 
ciamphor, 550 ; strychnine, 409 ; quinine, 488 ; asafetida, 538. 

CoENUROsis. Sturdy. Gid. Turn Sick in Sheep. 

Prevention : Brains of sheep and cattle must never be fed to 
dogs ; twice annually sheep dogs must be starved and given areca 
nut, 617, with male fern, 616, followed by a cathartic, and feces 
burned. Repeat this in two days. Sheep's brains, when infested, 
must be burned or boiled ; young sheep must not be pastured in 
infested regions. Treatment by trephining cysts, when they can. 
be localized in the brain. 

Cold, Exposure to. 

ApiDlications of hot blankets and mustard paste, 700 ; alcohol, 291. 

Colic in the Horse. 

Place in box stall with plenty of bedding ; in mild spasmodic 
colic, walking exercise, but in no other cases ; morphine, 367, and 
atropine, 385, under the skin. In mild cases of spasmodic colic, 
ether and aromatic spirit of ammonia (each, § ii) with spirit of 
chloroform, 3 i, may be given ; or chloral, 3 i in one pint of lin- 
seed oil. Hot turpentine stupes, 715, useful in all kinds of colic. 
In flatulent colic, oil of tm-pentine, 3 ss ; carbolic acid, tti,x ; ether 
and spirit of chloroform (each ^i), may be prescribed together 
in a pint of linseed oil. A purge is indicated at the earliest 
moment— an aloes' ball, 568, or linseed oil, 570, and hot enemata, 
in spasmodic colic ; in flatvdent colic, give barium chloride, 159, 
3 i, by mouth, or gr. xv intravenously, and enema ; also puncture 
with trocar between last rib and angle of ilium on right, or 
left side (when most distension here), if tympanites is increasing. 
In colic from overloading the stomach, use the stomach tube, 
739 ; also barium chloride, 159. In colic due to obstruction : 
here we generally avoid purges altogether and use enemata with 
soap suds, or glycerin (Oss), and epsom salts (ibii). With im- 
paction of colon, alternate linseed oil and Glauber's salts and 
give strychnine, 409, with atropine, 385, on tongue thrice daily ; 
empty rectum by hand and use enemata as above ; if all fails, try 



DISEASES OP THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS 769 

barium chloride, 161. Colic' due to enterolitlis and volvulus is 
only cured by surgery. Colic from invagination may be treated by 
elevation of hind quartei-s, enemata in enormous quantity and 
physic ball or barium chloride, 161 , or lapai'otomy. Colic from new 
growth or stricture of gut can be alleviated by manual removal of 
feces twice daily and by enemata. "Worm colic is cured by reme- 
dies found under Worms. Recurrent colic of influenza is treated 
with salicylates, 495, thrice daily and a physic ball (aloes 3 iv 
with gr. XX of calomel), and pain is relieved as in mild spasmodic 
colic. 

Coma. 

Apply ice to head, 706 ; use cold douche or alternate hot and 
cold douches, 709 ; mustard paste and bandaging to legs, 700 ; vene- 
section, 739 ; purgatives, aloes. 568 ; barium, 159 : croton oil, 582 ; 
stimulants, if collapsed — etlier, 294 ; or ammonia, 147 ; or strych- 
nine, 409. In diabetic coma, sodium bicarbonate, see Diabetes 
Mellitus. 

Congestion of Lungs. See Pidmonarij Congestion. 

Conjunctivitis. 

In mild form, drop in eye boric acid (2 per cent.) solution, or zinc 
sulphate, 185 (gr. i- 1 i) ; also alum, 168 ; or cupric sulphate, 187 ; or 
silver nitrate, 177, may be used. In muco-purulent and purulent 
forms, wash frequently in boric acid solution (2 per cent.) , and drop 
in the eye argyrol, 180, in 10 per cent, solution thric^e daily after 
boric acid irrigation ; in addition, shade both eyes and make constant 
applications of ice water in severe cases. In muco-purulent cases, 
silver nitrate (gr. ii- 3 i) may be painted on everted lid (instead of 
argyrol) once daily, in addition to frequent boric acid irrigations. 
Otlier remedies inckide : cocaine, 437 ; protargol, 179 ; mercuric 
oxides, 214 ; citrine ointment, 220 ; creolin, 334 ; lysol, 335 ; corrosive 
sublimate, 217; scarification, 731. Apply hydrai-gyri pxidum flavum 
in vaseline (gr. i- 3 i) at night to lids, to prevent them from adhering. 

Constipation. 

Diet, 688 ; exercise. 

Dogs : — Two or three compound cathartic pills, 210, or castor 
oil, 572. Injections of 3 ii sweet oil followed by warm water, 
combined with massage of belly and removal of feces by finger 
or blunt curette from rectum, in obstinate constipation. Until 
constipation relieved, give nothing but broth and lean cooked 

I meat with salt. In clironic constipation give some cooked liver and 
ciog biscuit, with mixed diet, and Sharp and Dohme's aromatic 
fluidextract cascara sagrada, 3 ss, once or more daily ; calomel 
occasionally, 218. 

Horses: — Aloes, 568; linseed oil, 570 ; calomel, 218; Epsom salts, 
163 ; eserine, 418 ; barium chloride, 159 ; enemata, 30, 138. 



770 EPITOME OF MODERN TREATMENT OP 

Cattle: — Epsom salts, 163 ; calomel, 218 ; linseed oil, 570 ; croton 
oil, TiSO ; gamboge, 585. 

Foals and Calves:— Carron oil, 570 : Gregory's powder, 576. 

Puppies: — Sujopositories, soap or glycerine, 607 ; small doses of 
castor oil ( 3 i-iv) or calomel (gr. i). 

Birds: — Fowl, calomel, gr. ion food; castor oil, 3 i ; cold enemata, 
tine, rhei, 576; rhubarb (gr. iii-vii), or senna, 579 (gr. xv-xx),inpill. 
Small birds, empty rectum with bulb-tipped probe and oil. Give 
artificial Carlsbad salts, 137, in drinking water (gr. iiss to 31). 

Other agents include the following : Buckthorn, 572 ; jalap, 584 ; 
colocynth, 587; elaterin, 587 ; podophyllin, 589; arecoline, 617.' ox 
gall, G"5; pilocarpine, 444 ; veratrine, 471 ; strychnine, 410; glyce- 
rin, 608; belladonna, 386, 410; hyoscyamus, 390^; sulphur, 258; 
myrrh, 525 ; asafetida, 538. 
CONVALESENCE. 

Diet, 690 ; fresh air, exercise ; hydrochloric acid, 262 ; pepsin, 
653 ; bitters, 289 ; strychnine, 410 ; gentian, 554 ; quinine, 489 ; 
calumba, 558 ; quassia, 556 ; hydrastin, 562 ; iron, 201 ; cod liver oil, 
658. 
Convulsions, Eclampsia, Epilepsy. 

Remove cause when possible by use of cathartics or emetics in 
indigestion and overloaded stomach ; by incising gums in teething ; 
by anthelmintics in worms. In attack, owner may immerse 
puppy in warm batli ; the veterinarian sliould give chloroform in- 
halation, 307, and afterwards administer fluidextract ipecac, t^SO, 
and enema. To prevent further attacks in dogs or horses, ad- 
minister chloral, 318, with sodium bromide, 243, thrice daily in 
water. When fits are recurrent, epilepsy is to be suspected. In 
this case, give sodium bromide, 243, thrice daily for co:i: iderable 
time; and tine, belladonnae, 373, or chloral, 318, if bromides in- 
effectual. Or acetanilid, 319, with monobromated camphor, 548, 
may be prescribed in capsules thrice daily for dogs. In puerperal 
eclampsia, 368, of bitches, inject morphine under the skin, or 
employ chloroform inhalation, and an enema of chloral in boiled 
starch solution. 
Corneal Opacities. 

When recent, apply yellow oxide of mercury ointment to upper 
lid once daily (gr. i-ii- 3 i) . 214, or calomel, 217. After a year, opacity 
becomes permanent ; do iridectomy under clear area in cornea. 
Corneal Ulcer. 

Yellow oxide of mercury, as for opacities ; calomel, as for opaci- 
ties ; or touch ulcer with silver nitrate solution (2-4 per cent.) by 
means of pointed camel's hair brusli ; atropine during treatment, 
374. In suppurating keratitis, touch yellow infiltrated ar^a of ulcer 
with point of knitting needle heated cherry red, after using cocaine. 



DISEASES OF THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS 771 

Corns ix Foot of Horse. 

Remove shoe and cut away discolored area to remove pressure or 
exudation under sole ; flaxseed poultices if much lameness, 713 ; bar 
or wide-web slioe with rubber or leather. 

CoRYZA, IN Horses. 

Fresh air, outdoors in suitable weather ; moderate covering, legs 
bandaged and mustard paste rubbed on them in stable. Diet : — 
roots, bi-an mashes wnth few ounces of linseed oil. Fluidextract 
belladonna ( 3 ss every 3 hours, first day or two). Inhalations, co. 
tine, benzoin, 47. Other remedies are : — Spirit of nitrous ether, 312; 
aconite, 433; Dover's powder, 475: opium, o70; cocaine, 347; adrena- 
lin, 639 ; menthol, 530 ; quinine, 590 ; arsenic, 225 ; bismuth, 192. 

Cough, 

Well-ventilated quarters, warm clothing ; inhalations, 47 ; tur- 
pentine stupes, 715; mustard to throat and chest, 517,700 ; Priess- 
nitz poultice, 70. 

From catarrh in upper air-passages, see Coryza, Pliarnygitis, 
Laryngitis. 

Bronchial Cough. See Bronchitis. 

Dry Cough — Ammonium chloride and carbonate, 149-150 ; ipecac, 
475; Dover's powder, 475 ; sodium bicarbonate, 47 ; or potassium cit- 
rate, 127. With excessive secretion — oil of turpentine, 503 ; terpin 
hydrate or terebin, 500 ; tar, 509 ; belladonna, 385 ; balsam of tola, 
512 ; creosote, 333 — internally or by inhalation, 47. 

Constant, Harassing or Reflex Cough — Opium, 369 ; heroin, 357 : 
chloral, 318; chloroform, 298; phenacetine, 323; bromides, Sib; 
belladonna, 385 ; wild cherry, 348 ; prussic acid, 347 ; cannabis in- 
dica, 394 ; gelsemium, 422 ; camphor, 550. 

Verminous Cough. See Hoose. 

Cough, Chronic, op Horses. See Bronchitis, Chronic and Broken 
Wind. 

Cracks or Fissures. See Fissures. 

Cramps. 

Atropine, 386 ; belladonna, 386. 

Crib Biting. See Wind-Sucking. 

Croup, or Roup. Pseudo-Membranous Croup. "Diphtheria." 

True diphtheria is rarely seen in cats and dogs (Klebs-LQ?ffler 
bacillus). 

Croup common in fowl. Isolate sick and newly-bought fowl. In- 
fected premises disinfected and whitewashed, 725. Dead fowl 
burned, utensils disinfected. Paint affected parts in throat with 
mixture of Dobell's solution and hydrogen dioxide with feather. 
Internally, give twice daily to fowl, potassium chlorate, gr. v, and 
tine, of feme chloride, Tq,v, in a little glycerine and water. Diarrhea 
relieved by 10-15tti, of 2 per cent, tannin solution, for fowl. Open 



772 EPITOME OF MODERN TREATMENT OP 

distended sinus's under eye. Wash eyes with boric solution (3 
per cent.) 

Croup in Calves, Lambs and Pigs. Isolate, disinfect premises. 
Tine, ferric chloride, 203, and potassium chlorate, 130, of each one- 
half dram thrice daily in glycerine and water. Cleanse nose with 
normal salt solution, 733, and throat with saturated boric acirJ 
solution with syringe and swab. Whiskey, 380 ; and milk and eggs ; 
green food and Carlsbad salts, 137. 

Curb. 

Fomentations, 715 ; cold irrigation, 706 ; Priessnitz poultices, 708 ; 
cantharidal blistering and actual cautery, 701. Rest and high- 
heeled shoe. 

Cow Pox. See Variola. 

Cystitis. Acute and Chronic. 

Diet: — Large animals, barley water and mashes ; small animals^ 
milk. Rest important. 

In acute form, ice water or hot enemata. Purge with salts or 
linseed oil, large patients ; with castor oil in dogs ; morphine and 
extract of belladonna in suppository to dogs (each gr. ^ to \). 
Large animals, spirit of nitrous ether, 313 ; laudanum, 369 (each 
§ i) , may be given together every 4 hours. When acute symptoms 
pass, prescribe one of the following: sodium benzoate, 515, with 
boric acid, 375 ; or for dogs, urotropin- 341. If urine is acid, use 
alkalies ; sodium bicarbonate, 135 ; potassium citrate or acetate, 
313. 

In clu'onic form, buchu, 541 ; but bladder irrigation then most 
valuable — silver nitrate (1-1,000), boric acid or borax(l-3 percent), 
creolin (1-200), 331. 

Other remedies are : — Hyoscyamus, 396 ; oil of juniper, 542 ; 
acacia, 606 ; cantharides, 647 ; lysol, 335 ; balsam of tolu and Peru, 
512 ; salol, 495 ; turpentine, 504 ; eucalyptol, 531 ; thymol, 523 ; 
myrrh, 535. 

Debility. 

Nourishing diet— milk, eggs, linseed and cotton seed meal, 610. 
Small animals — bovinine, broths, beef juice, cream ; olive oil, cod 
liver oil, 657 ; alcohol, 390, and bitters in convalescence, as qviinine, 
488 ; stryclinine, 409 ; gentian, 554 ; calumba, 558 ; iron, 301 ; and 
arsenic, 336, in anemia. 

To stimulate appetite and digestion, with bitters in large animals : 
ginger, 534 ; cardamon and coriander, 534 ; fennel and funugreek, 
534. 



DISEASES OF THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS 773 

In the young and in nervous debilty : calcium phosphate, 158, 
and phosphorus, 236. 

Decubitus. Bed Sores. 

Change position often or use slings ; sufficient bedding and clean- 
liness. Alcohol with tannic acid (5 per cent.) to harden skin 
Aristol, 253 ; chlorinated lime, 240. 

Delirium. 

In acute inflammations and injuries of head, ice to poll, 706 , 
venesection. 629 ; purges, as for Cerebritis. With exhaustive die 
eases— alcohol, 291 : strychnine, 4J0. Sedatives, if severe, si^^ 
morijhine ; chloral, 318 ; bromides, 243 

Depraved Appetite. Pica. Licking Habit, 

Cattle — Remove primary digestive disorder ; generous teediiig 
with plenty of salt ; outdoor existence. Apomorphine, gr. ii h> p'/" 
dermatically, once a week for 3 injections, 372. 

Calves and Lambs — Calves segregated ; lambs isolated when no;, 
sucking ; apomorphine (gr. i) subcutaneously. 

Foals — Keep in stable, give salt by mouth and apomorphine 
(gr. i-ii) subcutaneously once or twice weekly. 

Diabetes Insipidus. Horses. 

Commonly due to musty or moldy fodder, or symptomatic of 
other diseases. Change diet, or steam, boil or kiln-dry moldy food ; 
give physic ball ; place sodium bicarbonate in drinking water to 
relieve thirst, 4 1 daily, 136. Lugol's solution, 247, or potassium 
iodide, most successful remedies. Contract renal vessels witi. 
belladonna, 385; gallic acid, 594; ergot, 629. Tonics: iron, 201; 
nux vomica, 410 ; arsensic, 225. Restrict water to slight degree. 

Diabetes Mellitus. 

In dogs, restrict diet to cooked meat and fat and broths ; avoic 
liver. Sodium bicarbonate in enormous doses to prevent coma, Ibo , 
opium, 369 ; Fowler's solution, 226 ; urotropin, 341. 

Diaphragm, Spasm of. Hiccough. Thumps. 

Compound spirit of ether, 295 ; spirit of chloroform, 296. Give 
purge and use lavage, 739; morphine subcutaneously, 368, with 
atropine, 386; inhalation of amyl nitrite, 313, or chloroform, 307. 
Fomentations over diaphragm, traction on tongue. Enema, lauda- 
num (§iv), with sodium bromide (§1), in pint of boiled starcii 
solution. 

Dogs: — Emetic : Ipecac, 475. 



774: EPITOME OF MODERN TREATMENT OF 

Diarrhea. 

Laxatives to remove source of irritation in all cases at the ousev. 

Horses: — Linseed oil, 570 ; castor oil, 572; or calomel, 218. 

Cattle: — Magnesium sulphate, 163 ; calomel, castor oil. 

Foals and calves : — Castor oil, § ss ; gray powder, 214 • or 
rhubarb, 576. 

Special diet and restriction of water, 688, 689, 636. Rest and 
warm covering. Opium, 367 ; most useful after purge, with one of 
the following astringents : bismuth, 192 ; chalk, 155 ; catechu, 597 ; 
kino, 598 ; tannicacid, 593 ; aluminum hydroxide. 169 ; lead acelate, 
175 ; mineral acids, 272. Antiseptics, especially with flatulence 
and foul discharges ; carbolic acid, 332 ; cresote, 333 ; salol, 495 ; 
naphthalene, 337 ; boric acid, 275. 

In Fowl : — Dry, warm housing. Boiled rice and boiled milk, 
Ijaudanum, i^i-v. 

See also Enteritis and Dysentery. Arsenic, 225; in chronic cases. 

Diphtheria. 

Diphtheria, due to Klebs-Loeffler bacillus in man, is occasionally 
seen in cats and dogs. They should be killed to prevent spread of 
the disease to man. 
See Croup, Pseudo-Membranous. 

Dislocations. Luxations. 

Reduce by aid of anesthetics, 307. After reduction, fix joint by 
plaster of Paris splint for 10 days, and rest (in slings, if necessary). 
When splint not possible, apply fly blister to secure rest of joint, < 02. 

Distemper in Dogs and Cats. 

Give gr. ii. calomel night and morning at onset, till free cathaisis 
produced. For conjunctivitis, boric acid gr. x ; and zinc sulphate, 
gr. 1 ; in § i- water. If severe, 5 per cent, argyrol solution, 180. 
If oi^acity or ulcer of cornea, see Corneal Opacities and Ulcers for 
treatment. 

Cough : — Wet flannel bandage and oil silk about neck ; also syrup 
ipecac (ttiv-xv), in syrup squill (3i), with codeine (gr. yi-%),\i. 
necessary. 

Anorexia overcome by tine, nucis vomicae (Tri,v-xx), with equal 
amount of H CI in water after eating. 

Vomiting and diarrhea treated with bismuth subnitrate ^gr. 
x-xxx) with tannigen (gr. v-x) and laudanum (ni,v-x). 

In deliruim, use chloral (gr. v-xv) with bromides (gr. xx-xxx) , 
by mouth or rectum. 

With weakness and paralyses, syrup of the phosphates of iron, 
quinine and strychnine ( 5 ss-ii) ; strychnine, 409. 

In anemia, reduced iron in pills, 203. 



DISEASES OF THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS 775 

In eruption, use zinc oxide ointment. 

Diet :— Milk, scraped beef, bovinine, beef juice, strong broths, 
brandy with milk and white of egg. Boiled milk in diarrhea. 

Patients isolated, and when recovered the premises must be 
cleaned and disinfected, 725. Country air favors recovery. 
DouRiNE. See Maladie du Coit. 

Dropsy, Cardiac, Renal, Hepatic. Ascites. 

Increase function of heart, kidneys and liver by stimulants to 
these organs and use purges and diarphoretics. Digitalis, 219, and 
452, with squill, 458, are often combined with spirit of nitrous 
ether, 313, and potassium citrate or acetate, 127. Restrict fluids ; 
give horse physic ball, 568; cattle: magnesium sulphate, 163, in 
concentrated solution ; dogs : comp. jalap powder ( 3 ss) in capsules 
three times daily, 583; potassium iolide to absorb exudate, 249. 

In Ascites, aspirate dogs just behind navel and bandage belly ; 
cattle : aspirate belly midway between naval and stifle, right side. 

Diet, 690. 

Other remedies are : Caffeine, 400 ; strophanthus, 455 ; oil of 
juniper, 541 ; pilocarpine, 444 ; calomel, 458 ; colocynth, 584 ; 
elaterin, 586 ; sugar of milk, 652. 

Withhold salt from the food when there is nephritis. 

See also Hydrothorax. 

Dysentery. 

Common in new-born, especially calves, in which it is usually 
fatal. Prevent by antiseptic treatment of aborting and parturient 
cows ;" by isolation of patients and disinfection of their discharges ; 
by segregation of cows about to calve. Treatment of little value in 
calves. In other animals, give purge, calomel, 218 ; or magnesium 
sulphate, 163 ; or castor oil, 572. Ipecac is a specific, 476, especi- 
ally Dover's powder. Irrigations of rectum with creolin, 334 ; or 
lysol, 335 ; or silver nitrate, 178. Internally, opium, 367 ; with 
astringents, as : lead acetate, 175 ; white oak, 595 ; catechu, 597 ; 
kino, 598 ; tannic acid, 593 ; hematoxylon, 600. Rest ; external 
warmth ; and diet, 668, 669. Antiseptics : naphtalin, 337 ; turpen- 
tine, 503. Arsenic, 225. 

Dyspepsia. See Indigestion. 

Dyspnea. See Laryngitis, Broken Wind, Croup, Asthma. 

Pulmonary and Heart Diseases :— Nitroglycerin, 313 ; nitrites, 
312 ; chloroform inhalation, 295 ; or morphme, 368 ; in asthma or 
angina pectoris. 

In chest diseases, coimter-irritation externally, 700. Tracheo- 
tomy in mechanical obstruction. Treat causal disease. 



776 EPITOME OF MODERN TREATMENT OF 

Eclampsia. See Couimlsions. 

Ecthyma in Horses. Dogs and Sheep. 

Deep-seated pustules leading to formation of dark crusts, com- 
municated by contact with other animals, or by brushes, harness, 
or objects touching the lesions. Isolate patients and secure cleanli- 
ness and proper hygienic surroundings. Give tonics, bitters and 
good feeding. Remove crusts with Foap and water. Apply to 
lesions, salve containing salicylic acid (gr. xv- § i) in zinc ointment : 
or, when animal can not lick it off, hydrargyrum ammouiatum 
(gr, v-§i) in zinc ointment. Ulcerations are treated with Peru 
balsam covered with zinc ointment. 

Eczema. 

In Dogs — Avoid water except to remove crusts after soaking 
in sweet oil for 24 hours ; in chronic cases, shampoo skin witli 
green soap and water ; clip hair ; employ muzzle or bandaging to 
prevent biting and scratching and avoid external preparatons which 
will poison if swallowed. In acute eczema, carron oil, 570 ; or 
calamine lotion. 186. In moist stage, zinc oxide ointment, 185 ; 
after the application of black wash, 217. In weeping patches, sil- 
ver nitrate solution (2-6 per cent.) after cleansing with hydrogen 
dioxide. If suppuration, astringent dusting powders: bismuth, 191; 
starch, 609 ; dermatol, 19C glycerite of tannin. 593, With much 
itching, zinc ointment with creolin (5 per cent.). In Chronic 
Eczema with scaly, thickened skin, tar ointment, 508 : oil of cade, 
510, in oliv^e oil (1-8), or with zinc ointment (1-8). Relieve consti- 
pation by cascara sagrada, 572 ; give liver occasionally and dog 
biscuit. Avoid fleas, dirt, friction. In acute cases, bread, soup or 
milk and avoid oatmeal ; starving in over-fed animals, and 3-3 co. 
cathartic pills, 210. FoAvler's solution in chronic form, 221, 

In the Horse — In the scaly form (wrongly styled psoriasis), 
thorough grooming and destruction of parasites. Remove scales 
by soaking in olive oil and washing. Apply oil of cade, liquid tar, 
508, or creolin in alcohol (1-10). Pustular form on mane and tail, 
avoid constant wetting and common soap ; clip hair ; and apply 
hydrogen dioxide and 5 per cent, silver nitrate solution and dust 
with tannic acid and iodoform (1-3), or use tar ointment, 508. In 
eczema of heels (grease), in acute stage apply zinc ointment, or 
white lotion, 175 : or pink ointment, 185. In later stages, with 
moisture and scabs, cleanse and apply balsam of Peru. 511, wool 
dressing and bandage, or tannic acid and iodoform (1-3). Exuber- 
ant granulations treated with lunar caustic or actual cautery. 

In Cattle — Treatment similar to eczema in horse. Witl'i total loss 
of hair use liquid tar in alcohol (1-10). Other remedies include :— 



DISEASES OF THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS 777 

Icthj^ol, 660 ; sulphurated ]iotash, 261 ; sulpliur, 261 ; yellow wash, 
217; iodine, 246 ; boric acid, 275; clialk, 154; lead acetate, 174; 
zinc sulphate, 185 ; white precipitate ointment. 220 ; citrine oint- 
ment, 220; carbolic acid, 331 ; salicylic acid, 494; oleate of mer- 
cury, 214 ; blue ointment, 214 ; thymol, 552 ; chrysarobin, 577 ; 
hamamelis, 602 ; glycerite of starch, 608 ; jnlocarpine, 444 ; phos- 
phorus, 235 ; cod liver oil, 658. 

Emphysema, Subcutaneous. 

Air generally becomes absorbed without treatment. If external 
wound, try to prevent sepsis. If ab-:orption delayed, strap with 
adhesive plaster, or make pressure by bandage. Incision and punc- 
ture undesirable as aid to sepsis. 

Emphysema, Pulmonary. 

Chief lesion in '"Broken Wind." See Broken Wind. 

Empyema Thoracis. 

Incision into intercostal space, or better, excision of a portion of 
a rib for drainage, and great care in asepsis, under no (or partial) 
anesthesia, to facilitate expansion of luug through coughing. All 
adhesions to lui:g must be broken ; bleeding is stopped by hot, nor- 
mal salt solution from pitcher : drainage tube, self-retaining, of 
spool shape. Collargol, 181. Irrigation of the chest not usually 
advisable unless discharge very fetid. In localized abscess, aspira- 
tion is sufficient sometimes. 

Encephalitis. Cerebritis. Meningo Cerebritis. 

Quiet, dark, cool quarters. Box stall with slings for horses, if 
animal unable to stand. At onset, horse, aloes ball, 568, with 
calomel, 218. Cattle — Glauber's salts, 168, with croton oil, 518. 
With high fever and bounding pulse, venesection, 629, and aconite, 
463, or veratrum, 467. In excitement and mania, morphii.e, 367; 
chloral, 318 ; bromides. 243. Collargol, 180. Lumbar puncture 
behind 5th lumbar vertebra, to relieve pressure and for bacterial 
examination of cerebro-spinal fluid. In convalesence, overcome 
paralysis by ergot, 629, given with potassium iodide, 219. 

Endocarditis. 

Acute — Prevent in acute rheumatism by giving sodium bicarbon- 
cate, 136, and blistering over heart, 646 ; collargol, 181. If pulse 
strong, give aconite, 463, and fasten ice-bag over heart in acute 
stage. Morphine, under skin, 367, to quiet dyspnea. Digitalis, 
452, in irregular pulse, with nux vomica, 490. Aconite only at 
onset ; later, whiskey, 280, quinine, 489, and strychnine, 408. 
Nourishing, concentrated diet. 

Chronic Form. See Heart Disease. 



778 EPITOME OF MODERN TREATMENT OF 

Enteritis. 

In Horse — No solid food allowed, warm water in moderation. At 
onset only : castor oil, laudanum and belladonna, 572 ; or calomel, 
218, with powdered opium in ball, 369. To quiet peristalsis : opium, 
369, or morphine, 367, every few hours. With liigh fever and 
strong pulse : venesection, 629 ; aconite, 464 ; or veratrnm, 467. 
Turpentine stupes, 715. Stimulants : alcohol, 290, and strychnine, 
409, in case of threatened collapse. In convalescence : cooked 
gruels, followed by scalded oats and a little green food. 

' In Dogs — Avoid food or drink in vomiting. Calomel, followed by 
opium and bismuth subnitrate, 193. In convalesence : meat juice, 
broths, lime water and milk. 

In Cattle — Glauber's salts, 163, at onset. Externally, turpentine 
stupes, 715. Laudanum, 367, with chalk, 155, to stop diarrhea. 
With bloody diaiThea : laudanum with tannic acid, 593 ; also 
ergotin. 630. under the skin. Strychnine and alcohol. Diet : boiled 
milk, raw eggs, flour gruel with sodium bicarbonate, cooked roots. 

In Calves — In those not suckling, replace milk by whey, made by 
adding rennet to warm milk and straining. Also by broths, rice or 
barley water or thin flour gruel. When milk is again given, it 
should be scalded and diluted with an equal part of water. Give 
at onset castor oil ( I i). Sucklings fed every three hours, so as not 
to gorge. 

Cows giving milk containing over 4i percent, fat may be unfit 
mothers. After castor oil, give bismuth subnitrate (gr. xxx.) 
three times daily. Brandy for debility, and pai'egoric ( 3 ii.) if 
much pain and diarrhea. 

Entropium. 

If only inturned eyelashes, they may be pulled out at intervals. 
The application of a finely pointed stick of caustic potash in a line 
parallel and near to ciliary border of under lid on the skin — once or 
more — may cause lid to regain its normal shape. Otherwise remove 
elliptical piece of skin from eyelid and suture. At same time spilt 
margin of lid lengthwise, leaving all eyelashes on outer flap, and 
lengthen palpebral fissure at outer canthus by cutting with scissors. 

Epilepsy. See Convulsions. 

Epistaxis. Nose Bleed. 

Inject adrenalin, 639, with syringe (1-5,000). Pack nostril with 
gauze soaked in ^■ame. Vinegar and water (1-2), Insufflation of 
powdered alum, 168, or tannic acid, 593. Internally, ergot, 629 : 
hamamelis. 601 ; or turpentine. 503. In purpura: calcium chloride, 
159 ; gelatin, 159. Raise head and place ice-bag on forehead. 



DISEASES OF THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS 779 

Erysipelas. 

In Horses, enzootic. In Sheep, attacks head. Swine, as Mai 
Rouge or Swine Erysij5elas. See Hog Cholera. 

Generous diet with alcohol, 391, milk and eggs. Isolate patient 
and after recovery disinfect premises, 725. Well-ventilated quar- 
ters. Antiseptic treatment of any wound present. Injections of 
carbolic acid, 330. Cold compresses of saturated boric acid solu- 
tion. Heavy coat of collodion about lesion to limit spread, first 
shaving hair. If pus forms, it must be liberated by incisions; other- 
wise avoid the use of knife. Quinine, 489, and tine, ferric chloride, 
195. 

Erythema. 

In Horses, "Mud Fever," or "Scratches." 

Leave hair long on pasterns; do not wash legs after driving but 
wait until dry and brush off dirt. Pink ointment, 185; white lotion, 
175; calamine lotion, 185, 563; zinc oxide and starch, 185; lead ace- 
tate, 174; boric acid, 275; camphor, 549; vaseline, 350; hamamelis, 
602; tar, 508. When erythema results in a dermatitis, as in Cracked 
Heels of horses, stimulate with stick silver nitrate, or Peruvian 
balsam, and use astringents, as pink ointment, 185, and white lotion, 
175. In general erythema, give purge and light diet. 

Exostoses. 

In early stages treat as for Periostitis, which see. For later out- 
growth of bone, iodine, 246, or cantharides, 646, 702. Red mercuric 
iodide, 219; point firing; rest. 

Fainting. See Syncope. 

False Quarter. 

Blister coronet; cantharis, 646. Treat wound in coronary band 
which causes defect in wall of hoof. Apply bar shoe. Cut dead 
horn away. Keep dirt out of fissure by filling it with gutta percha 
and ammoniacum. 

Farcy. See Glanders. 

Favus, in Cats, Dogs, Horses, Cattle, Fowl. 

Remove crusts by soaking in sweet oil and washing in green soap 
and water. Sulphur ointment, 256, or 5-10 per cent, ointments of the 
following: Naphthol, resorcin, thymol, tar, or creolin and salicylic 
acid. Sulphur and salicylic acid least toxic. Paint with tine, of 
iodine and goose grease (1-8). 



780 EPITOME OF MODERN TREATMENT OP 

Fever. 

Cold air and moderate covering, and bandaging of limbs (horses). 
Cold applications, 706-712. Cold drinks, 706; cold enemata, 71U 
Spirit of nitrous ether, 313, with aconite, 463, and potassium citrate, 
125, especially in catarrhal conditions. With intestinal autointoxi- 
cation, calomel, 218; magnesium suphate, 163; castor oil, 572. 

In hyperpyrexia, phenacetin, acetanilid, antipyrin, 323. Diet, 691. 
In most infections, as influenza, septicemia, pneumonia, and in con- 
tinued low fevers: quinine, 489; alcohol, 290; strychnine, 410. 

In convalesence, see Convalesence. 

Fissure. 

Of Anus — Expose with speculum and touch with pure phenol on 
a small swab. Iodoform in carbolized vaseline (1-8), applied daily 
after enema. Keep bowels loose with salts or oil. Orthoform, 353; 
belladonna, 383-386. 

Of Teats — Udder and teats thoroughly washed with soap and 
water and saturated boric acid solution. Milk removed with boiled 
milking tube. Touch fissure with solid silver nitrate, 178, and coat 
with CO. tine, of benzoin, 512, frequently, and keep covered with 
boric acid in vaseline (10 per cent.). Also Peru balsam, 593; or 
tannin, 593. 

Fistula. 

Inject daily with hydrogen dioxide (8 oz.) containing 2 m. of 
formalin, if free opening. To secure healing, inject daily — after 
above — carbolic acid in glycerine, 329; or tine, of iodine, 246; or 
3 per cent, silver nitrate solution. Curette and open up sinus's. If 
milder measures fail, use arsenic, 224, or corrosive sublimate, 216. 
If fistula refuses to heal, suspect foreign body in wound. 

Flatulence. See Tympanites, Colic, Indigestion. 

Fleas. Pulex irritans var. Canis et Felis. 

In Dog and Cat — Frequent grooming and 2 per cent, creolin or 
lysol baths, followed by clean water and drying. Clean bedding of 
sawdust or shavings, frequently changed. Application of pyre- 
thrum, 624, to dampen hair, but not in puppies and kittens. Car- 
bolic soap. Oil of anise, 532. 

Foot-and-Mouth Disease. Epizootic Eczema. 

In Cattle, Sheep, Swine and Goats. — Diet: Gruels, mashes, green 
fodder, pulped roots. Wash mouth often with saturated boric acid. 



DISEASES OF THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS 781 

hydrogen dioxide, or potasium chlorate solution on swab. Drinking 
water constantly at animal's command. Clean, dry bedding. Feet 
washed with 2 per cent, lysol or creolin. Compresses wet with white 
lotion, 175, containing phenol, 1 per cent., constantly kept about 
coronets of cattle. Tar also applied to feet. Isolate patients. Milk 
of patients unfit for food; boil 20 minutes before feeding it to 
animals. Two weeks after recovery, cleansing and disinfection of 
premises, 725. During enzootic, innoculation of saliva of patient in- 
to well animal will cause a milder form of disease. 

Fly-Blow in Sheep. 

Dress wounds with tar, and 2 per cent, solutions of lysol or 
creolin. 

Foot-Rot in Sheep. 

Segregate newly bought animals for three weeks. Isolate patients 
and treat by driving (thrice weekly) through foot baths of creolin 
3 per cent, or ferrous sulphate, 4 per cent., or milk of lime. Fur- 
nish clean litter and dry quarters. If severe, treat feet locally 
by removing dead horn, applying carbolic acid in glycerin (1-10), 
330, or iodine or creolin ointment (5 per cent.). Cauterize fung- 
ous growths with pure phenol and protect parts with tar. In the 
form originating in bruises of sole, and purely traumatic, treat- 
ment consists in putting sheep on soft, dry pastures, cutting away 
dead horn and applying tar. 

Founder. See Laminitis. 

Foreign Bodies in Alimentary Tract. 

Dogs — When swallowing of foreign body is known to occur, give 
bread and porridge as diet. Cathartic 36 hours after ingestion, 
pro\iding it is a blunt body. Remove from within anus if symptoms 
of straining and lodgement there. Abdominal section, if body not 
passed. 

In ruminants the treatment is purely surgical. 

Foul in the Foot op Cattle. Canker. 

Avoid wet, dirty stables and litter. Remove all loose horn an3 ex- 
pose sensitive diseased parts for treatment. Apply carbolic add 
in glycerin (1-10), 330, 2 per cent, creolin or lysol, and protect with 
oil of cade or tar on tow and bandaging. Stimulate by applica- 
tions of nitric acid, and dress with powdered alum and iodoform, or 
iodoform and tannin, equal parts. 



782 EPITOME or MODERN TREATMENT OF 

Fowl Cholera. 

Treat with acid, hydrochlor. dil. (m. v.), and ferrous sulphate 
(gr. v), or tannic acid (gr. v), in ounce of peppermint water; dose: 
5SS. hourly for fowl; 1 teaspoonful for pigeons (Friedberger). 
Few drops of carbolic acid solution (5 per cent.) under skin. Pre- 
vent by isolation of well in new quarters. Burn dead and dis- 
charges. Before reoccupation of premises, hen yard must have sur- 
face soil removed and replaced by new earth. Thorough cleaning, 
disinfection and whitewashing of hen house, 735. 

Fractures. 

Examine and set under anesthetic, 307. I^arge animals, slings. 
Plaster of Paris or starch bandages, 636, or splints. In non-union, 
rub ends of bone together; or puncture ends of bones with drill; 
or suture with silver wire or chromic cat-gut. Compound fractures 
treated antiseptically through window in plaster of Paris splint. 
Fracture of jaw, rectal feeding, 695. 

[Frost Bite. 

Rub part with snow or cold water to gradually restore warmth — 
temperature of premises low for first twenty-four hours. In mild 
cases, rub on turpentine liniment, 503. With vesiculation and des- 
truction of tissue, treat as advised in burns of second and third 
degree. Ichthyol, 659; glycerite of tannin, 593. 

Gall Stones. Also see Colic. 

To increase flow of bile: sodium bicarbonate, 136; sodium salicy- 
late, 496; oil of turpentine, 503. Olive oil. Exercise. 

iGrALLs, Wind. See Tenosynovitis. 

Gangrene. 

Apply antiseptics to wound, as compress wet with corrosive sub- 
limate (1-3,000) while waiting for line of demarcation to form. 
Remove dead tissue by knife or actual cautery. Or apply bromine 
with glass rod, or phenol and glycerine (1-8), to slough. In moist 
gangrene, apply following paste: phenol (3ss.), powd. charcoal 
(5ii.), glycerine (3iv.). Tonics: tine, of ferric chloride, 195, and 
quinine, 410. 

Gapes (In Poultry). See Parasites. 



DISEASES OF THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS 783 

<jrARGET. See MammiUs or Mastitis. 

Gastritis and Gastro -Enteritis. See Indigestion, Acute. 

Gastroduouenitis. See Jaundice. 

Glanders. 

Exposed or suspicious cases tested with mallein, 749. In febrile 
cases the agglutination test may be used for diagnosis. After iso- 
lation of suspicious cases in a cow barn, the premises previously 
occupied must be most carefully cleaned, including harness, utensils, 
stable fittings, mangers, walls, floors, and disinfected. Horses 
found glandered, either by clinical signs or tests, should be killed. 

Glandular Swellings. 

Into acute swellings inject phenol, 330; or inject or apply exter- 
nally iodine, S-IG, to abort or hasten suppuration. Apply a mixture 
of icthyol, 659, and mercury and belladonna ointments and lard, 
equal parts, in acute and subacute cases, to aid resolution. May 
prevent abscess by fly blister, 702. When abscess inevitable, hot 
poultice, 714. See also mercury and mercuric oxides, 214. Red 
mercuric iodide, 219. Internally, to avert abscess, calcium sulphide, 
sodium sulphite or yeast. See Boils. 

Glaucoma. * 

In the inflammatory form, give a smart purge and low diet. Drop 
eserine sulphate solution (gr. iv to 51) in the eye thrice daily. 
After acute attack subsides, mild eserine solution (gr. l-4-5i.). 
Iridectomy, in most cases. 

In chronic form, weaker eserine solution (as above) and potas- 
sium iodide internally. 

In traumatic form, treatment depends upon injury and is chiefly 
surgical. 

Glossitis, Idiopathic or Traumatic. 

Swab often with saturated solution of boric acid in boiled solu- 
tion of starch or barlej' flour. Ice water at animal's command con- 
stantly'. If much swelling and edema, scarification of the tongue 
superficially in many places. If difficulty in swallowing, rectal 
feeding or stomach tube through nose in horse. When tongue 
lacerated, save all of the organ possible, and suture. If caused by 
alkalies, use vinegar and water (1-2) on swab. 

Glycosuria, See Diabetes Mellitus. 

Grapes. See Grease. 

Grease. 

In the early stage apply white lotion, 175, or pink ointment, 185 
(2 per cent.). To either, with fetid discharge, carbolic acid may be 
added. In the later stages, with copious greasy discharge, the hair 



784: EPITOME OF MODEKN TREATMENT OP 

should be clipped and the parts cleansed with soap and water and 
lysol solution (3 per cent.). Then balsam of Peru should be ap- 
plied and a dry wool dressing and bandage. For exuberant granu- 
lations, use a powder of tannic acid and iodoform (1-3). When 
these become large and of fungoid character ("Grapes"), they must 
be removed by knife, scissors or white-hot shovel or firing iron and 
parts dressed first with gauze moistened with creolin solution (5 
per cent.) and later with Peru balsam and dry dressing. In chronic 
swelling of the legs (Elephantiasis) with grease, give a course of 
tonics: iron, 201; arsenic, 226; bitters, 554, 420. 

Grogginess. See Navicular Disease. 
Haematemesis. See Hemorrhage. 

Heart Disease, Chronic. 

1. Valvular Lesions. 2. Enlargement (Hypertrophy, Dilata- 
tion). 3. Myocarditis, Acute and Chronic. 
V In Hypertrophy with violent action of the heart or palpitation, 
spirit of chloroform, 296, and tincture of aconite, 464; also in pal- 
pitation, belladonna, 384, may be useful with aconite or bromides, 
243. 

In palpitation, with feeble heart-beat and weak sounds, give digi- 
talis, 452, or strophanthus, 455, or camphor, 550. 

In valvular disease, with dyspnea, weakness, and other signs of 
failing compensation, give fluidextract of digitalis, or this with 
strychnine, 408. As substitutes for digitalis: strophanthus, 455, and 
caflFeine, 395. With high-tension pulse, combine nitro-glycerin, 309, 
with digitalis. With urgent dyspnea, give morphine, 368. 

In dropsy, give H. and C. aloes and salts; D., co. jalap powder 
(5ss). Also digitalis with squill and potassium acetate; see Dropsy. 
With dilated heart and urgent dyspnea and cyanosis, venesection, 
629. Atheroma as a cause of heart disease in the old is treated 
with potassium iodide (H., 3i; D., gr. x) thrice daily. 

In chronic heart disease, rest, concentrated, nutritious diet, with 
water between meals and not directly before exercise, are indicated. 

Myocarditis demands treatment as for valvular disease — rest, diet, 
stimulants, iodides. In Myocarditis of over-fat animals, reduce fat. 
See Obesity. 

In chronic heart disease with infrequent pulse, digitalis is contra- 
, indicated; use camphor, 550, ether, alcohol or aromatic spirit of 
ammonia. When there is anemia, iron is of great value. 

Heat Stroke. See Sun Stroke. 

Hematuria. 

Ice to loins. Ergotin under the skin, 629; or gallic acid, 593, with 
extract ergot internally. In hematuria of acute nephritis, after 



DISEASES OP THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS 785 

first '^reek, give tine, cantharis (H., 5ss; D., tn.i) with Same amount 
of fluidextract of cannabis indica. In bleeding from bladder, irri- 
gate with adrenalin, 639, with 1-5,000 solution; also inject water at 
130 deg. F. Urethral hemorrhage stopped by retention of catheter 
in urethra. If adrenalin stops bleeding, when injected into bladder, 
the source of the trouble is proven. Hematuria in young cows: 
This is enzootic in low-lying pastures; change pastures, drain pas- 
tures and fertilize them with lime and phosphates. 

Hemoglobinuria. Azoturia in Horses. 

Support in slings in box stall. Empty bladder by pressure through 
the rectum or by catheter. Purge with barium, 159; or eserine, 
418. Apply hot blankets. Venesection, 629, and replace by saline 
infusion, 733, in strong animals. Allow normal salt solution to flow 
slowly into rectum to stimulate kidneys. In restlessness, chloral, 
318; with heart weakness, strychnine, 408. 

Diet — Bran mashes, hay, roots, green food, little hay. Prevent 
by light feeding, when not working, or by exercise every day. 

Hemoglobinuria in Cattle. Texas Fever. 

This is caused by a protozoan parasite conveyed by ticks or their 
ova to cattle. Prevention. — Remove ticks from cattle by brushing 
or scraping them off; or by spraying or smearing cattle witla 
following mixture: 1 gallon each of kerosene and cottonseed oil, 
and 1 lb. of sulphur. Brush or spray legs and sides of cattle twice 
weekly from June to November. Dipping cattle in crude Beau- 
mont petroleum in a vat may be done to large numbers of cattle. 
By keeping cattle in spring in inclosures, tick-free inclosures, three 
weeks in each in turn, the ticks fall off and the cattle are not 
reinfested. The inclosures are then disinfected by spraying with 
kerosene and burning. 

Freeing Pastures of Ticks. — Exclude animals from June to 
November. Cultivate or burn over pastures. Pasture rotation. 

Immunizing. — Young stock may be immunized by innoculation 
with 1-3 c.c. of defibrinated blood from an immune animal. The 
treatment involves a mortality of about 7 per cent. 

Hemophilia. 

In "bleeders," local application of adrenalin chloride solution, 
639, or subcutaneous injection of it into bleeding part (1-10,000). 
Very hot or cold water, compression. Pure tannic acid, 593. In- 
ternally, calcium chloride and gelatin, 159. 

Hemoptysis. See Hemorrhage. 

Hemorrhage, Internal. 

Quiet and rest of animal and bleeding part in internal hemorr- 
hage; opium, 369. Infusion of salt solution after arrest of bleeding. 



78G EPITOME OF MODERN TREATMENT OP 

735. Gelatin and calcium chloride to coagulate blood, 159. Adren- 
alin chloride best hemostatic when can reach bleeding spot, 639. 

Subcutaneous injections of. fresh serum has recently given most 
successful results in persistent hemorrhages of all kinds. The 
serum should not be repeated at intervals longer than 10 days. 
That from the same species of animal as the patient is best. 
The dose is about 5ss for small animals; ^2-i for large patients. 
Gastric (hematemesis) and Intestinal (enterorrhagia) hemorrh- 
age, hot blankets externally; ice water internally; and bandaging 
of the limbs. 

In hematemesis, adrenalin by the mouth or Monsel's salt in pill 
(H., 3i; D., gr. x) every fifteen minutes for an hour, if adrenalin 
is inefficient; or tannic acid, 593; or ergot by mouth or subcutan- 
eously, 629. 

In enterorrhagia, ergot, tannic acid with opium, or Monsel's salt, 
as above. Hamamelis, 601. Diet, 689, oil of turpentine, 504, in 
slight enterorrhagia. 

In bleeding from rectum, enemata (H., Oi; D., 5-^-4). Enemata 
to contain either adrenalin (5SS to Oi), Monsel's salt, or alum, or 
tannic acid (5ss-0i). 

In Hemoj)tysis, amylnitrite liy inhalation most successful; mor- 
phine under the skin, or chloral and bromide by mouth. Gallic acid 
by mouth every 15 minutes (H., 5ii; D., gr. x). Inhalation of 
Monsel's solution (^ss-Oii). To prevent recurrence, give calcium 
chloride every 3 hours, and gelatin 1)t mouth. Also complete rest to 
avert pneumonia, and aconite to lower circulation. Ice ajjplied to 
chest during hemorrhage. 

Hemorrhage, Post-Partum. 

Remove fetal membranes. Intrauterine injections of sterile water 
(115-120 deg. F.). Pack uterus with aseptic gauze. Ergotin sub- 
cutaneously, 629. Raise hind quarters. Secure quiet by morphine 
under the skin, or laudanum by mouth. Tight binder about abdo- 
men to support uterus. In laceration of uterus, tight packing of 
sterile gauze or suture. If severe bleeding, saline infusion. Strych- 
nine under skin and alcohol, to avert collapse. 

Hernia. 

Umbilical Hernia in New-Born — Give purge, and, after 12 hours 
fast, cast and return protusion and draw 2 folds of skin together 
covering umbilical ring. The folds are held together by wooden or 
iron clamps, with not sufficient pressure' to cause the skin to slough; 
or by skewers introduced down to fascia, on either side ring, and 
held together by string wrapped around folds of skin, not tight 
enough to cause sloughing. 



DI8EASAS OF THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS 787 

Ventral Hernia — This occurs in any part of belly wall froni 
injury to wall, except at natural rings. Treatment is not often 
required. If small, same method as for umbilical hernia may be 
used, or blister applied over protrusion. If strangulated or large, 
an open operation under strictest asepsis, 7:36, with return of con- 
tents of sac and suture of wall in layers, and overlajiping of ex- 
ternal oblique aponeurosis, may be done. 

Inguinal Hernia — Rare in gelding; return bowel by taxis under 
anesthesia if possible, and apply clamps to skin as for umbilical 
hernia. If taxis fails, open operation with division of the ring 
must be done. In the stallion, covered castration oi^eration, fol- 
lowed by clamps applied to skin, or suture. 

Herpes. 

Lead acetate, 174. 

Hog Cholera. 

Under this title three distinct diseases are sometimes confounded 
— 1. Hog Cholera or Swine Fever, in U. S. and Great Britain. 
2. Swine Plague. 3. Swine Erysipelas or Mai Rouge. Treatment 
of these of little value and also attempts to immunize with vac- 
cine. Compulsory inspection and control; notification; isolation of 
diseased, suspects and new arrivals; examination of live and dead 
animals in markets; burning or deep burying of dead, with 
thorough disinfection of premises (725) and feces, are indicated. 
Much the same course for all three diseases. 

HoosE, Husk. Verminous Bronchitis. 

Due to presence in the bronchial tubes of S. filaria in lambs; S. 
micrurus in calves. 

Lambs — Internally, oil of turpentine (3i) 504, or oil of turpen- 
tine and tine, camphor; of each 3i once daily in milk; or creosote 
(^ii) 333, benzine (5i)> and water (2 qts.) in teaspoonful doses 
for week (Moussu) once daily. By inhalation — Calves, 5ii each of oil 
of turpentine and ether poured in each nostril of upturned head 
for one or more treatments (Read). Inhalation equal parts tar, 
sulphur and turpentine from kettle for 25 minutes for three treat- 
ments. 

Intratracheal Injections — Calves, oil of turpentine (5ii)> plienoT 
(m.xx), with chloroform (3ss) for one injection. Generous feeding. 
Iron and bitters. Slaughter of severe cases. 

Hydatids in Cattle and Sheep. See Coenurosis. 



788 EPITOME OP MODERN TREATMENT OP 

Hydrocele (Dropsy) of Scrotum. 

Distinguish from hernia by failure to reduce and translucency. 
Insert hj^odermic needle, and then completely empty with aspira- 
tor or fine trocar. Screw on hypodermic syringe to needle and in- 
ject pure phenol (m. x-xxx small animals; 3ii or more in large 
animals). In failure to cure, open scrotum, swab tunica vaginalis 
with pure phenol, and drain. 

Hydrocephalus (Dropsy of Lateral Ventricles). Sleepy 
Staggers. 

In Horses; rare in Cattle, Dogs and Swine. Impossible to effect 
a cure. General care as to excess in exercise, with laxative, restric- 
ted, nutritious diet. Quiet and cool quarters. Potassium iodide, 
248. Tap lateral ventricle. 

Hydrophobia. See Rabies. 

Hydrothorax. 

Purge with concentrated solution of salts, 163, in large animals; 
in dogs, give co. jalap powder (3ss) in capsule. 

Internally, digitalis, 219 and 452, oil of juniper, 541, and sweet 
spirit of nitre, 313, thrice daily to horse. For dogs, calomel, 458, 
and digitalis. Also give strychnine as heart stimulant. 

Externally, applications of mustard paste. Pilocarpine, 444 
(Friedberger) subcutaneously. In severe dyspnea and in large ef- 
fusions, aspirate pleural cavity. 

Impaction of Colon in Horse. See Colic from Impaction. 

Impaction of Omasum, Dry Murrain, Fardel Bound, Stomach 
or Grass Staggers. 

In Cattle; more rarely in Sheep and Goats, Epsom and common 
salt, with croton oil, 582 (C, m. xx). In non-febrile cases, two or 
three pails of linseed tea daily. Eserine (gr. i) with pilocarpine 
(gr. iii), in urgent cases, 444, given luider the skin. Enemata — 
Fluidextract of nux vomica, 410, thrice daily. With head symptoms, 
ice to poll. After free purgation, give sloppy food with plenty of 
salt and continue nux vomica thrice daily. 

Impaction of Rumen in Sheep and Cattle. 

To relieve tympany, puncture with trocar in most prominent 
point in left flank. Follow with daily doses of Glauber's salts, 163, 
and linseed oil, 570, and fluidextract of nux vomica, 410, thrice 



DISEASES OF THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS 789 

daily, and light diet of hay and mashes. Or give subcutaneously 
eserine (gr. i), 419, and pilocarpine (gr. ii), 444, in urgent cases. 
In less urgent cases give the salts, nux vomica and mashes as above. 
In acute and chronic cases, gastrotomy is indicated when medical 
treatment is unsuccessful, except in febrile cases and old cows; not 
more than two-thirds of stomach-contents should be removed 
(Moussu) . 

Incontinence of Urine. See Urinary Retention and Inconti- 
nence. 

Impotence^ Inability to Copulate. 

1. Loss of sexual desire and power (functional). — Regulate exer- 
cise and work, by decreasing or increasing, if either excessive. Avoid 
excessive or early copulation. Whimbin hydrochlorate. H. & C, 
gm.i. (gr.xv.) thrice d^iilj'. Give tine, cantharis and fluid extract nux 
vomica, 647, 410, well diluted, thrice daily. 

2. Organic impotence — Growths, disease and malformations or 
paralysis rarely yield to drugs. 

3. Premature ejaculation in male — Prevent masturbation and 
excessive copulation. Cold enemata and improvement in hygiene by 
outdoor life. 

Indigestion, Acute, in the Horse. 

Includes Acute Gastro-intestinal Catarrh. 

Use stomach tube with eructations, retching, pain and distension 
of stomach, 739. With flatulence, aloes ball, 568, with calomel, 
(3ss). With violent pain, see Colic. Lysol (3iv) in ball of use 
in flatulence. Follow later with powdered sodium bicarb., 135, 
ginger, 537, and nux vomica, 410, thrice daily. After an acute 
attack give HCl, 272, and fluidextract of nux vomica to stimulate 
gastric functions. When diarrhea is chief feature, give calomel 
(3ss) in a quart of linseed oil, 570; then prescribe opium and tan- 
nic acid (each 3ii) twice daily in ball. If dysentery with straining 
and mucus, enema of 1 per cent, tannic acid. Diet — Fasting first 
24 hours; then gruels, green food, chopped hay. In diarrhea, see 
688. 

Indigestion, Acute, in Cattle. Acute Gastritis, Rumenitis, 
Recticulitis, Omasitis, Abomasitis. 

Apply fly blister over affected stomach, 702. In abomasitis, vene- 
section (2-4 qts.) in severe cases. Eserine, 419, with pilocarpine, 
444, under the skin. Daily doses of Glauber's salts, 163. Nux 
vomica in convalesence, 410. Diet — Gruels, milk, bran mashes and 
little hay. 



790 EPITOME OP MODERN TREATMENT OP 

Indigestio>i, Chronic. Chronic Gastro-Enteritis (Horse). 
Diet, 688. Attend to condition of teeth. Powder (sodium bicarb, 
135, ginger, 527, and nux vomica, 410) thrice daily on feed. HCl, 
273, in some cases. Carlsbad salts {^i) on feed for constipation, 
137. Also daily, soap-suds enema. With diarrhea, copper sul- 
phate, 188, or lysol (^ss) daily with putrid feces. 

Indigestion, Chronic, in Cattle. Chronic Tympanites. 

Without diarrhea or constipation, give fluidextract nux vomica, 
410, with Carlsbad salts (3 tablespoonfuls) on feed thrice daily, 137. 
In constipation with mucus, add to Carlsbad salts sodium bicarb., 
135. With diarrhea, give HCI (5i-iii) in drinking water twice 
daily, and nux vomica and salt on feed. When blood in feces, give 
fluid diet (milk and gruels) and sodium bicarb., 135, on food. 

Indigestion in Calves. Milk Indigestion. Abomasal Indi- 
gestion. 

To stop vomiting and diarrhea, use only clean feeding utensils 
and clean warm milk in hand-fed patients. In sucklings, see that 
mother's milk not over rich and feed at short intervals. Skim milk 
from creameries must be scalded. In hand-fed, give scalded milk 
and pure water (half and half) mixture, warmed, till digestion 
good. At onset, castor oil (^ii). Scald utensils after feeding. Do 
not give meal at too early age. 

See also Enteritis in Calves. 

Indigestion, Acute, in Swine. Acute Gastritis. 

Calomel and tartar emetic (each gr. v) or calomel (gr. v) and 
ipecac (gr. xxx) in pill with meat. To check severe diarrhea, chalk 
(5ii) or bismuth subnitrate (3ss) on food thrice daily. Avoid im- 
proper food, sour swill, hotel washings, etc. Give boiled milk and 
gruels. Clean utensils, trough and pen. 

Indigestion, Acute. Acute Gastroenteritis in Dogs. 

Restrict water and starve patient. Encourage vomiting by fluid- 
extract ipecac (5i). If emesis prolonged, bismuth subnitrate, 192, 
and cerium oxalate in capsules, 170. Also potassium bromide (5i)> 
with chloral (gr. xx-xxx) in enema in boiled starch solution. 
Diarrhea is checked by castor oil (^i-ii), followed by bismuth 
(gr. xx), and salol (gr. v) with food thrice daily; or pills of lead 
acetate (gr. i), and camphor and powd. opium (each gr. ss), three 
times a day. Enemata (1 per cent, tannin) if much straining. 
Diet — Milk and lime water; raw scraped beef. In diarrhea, boiled 
milk and rice. In convalescene, tine, nux vomica, 410, thrice daily. 



DISEASES OP THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS 791 

Induration. 

Apply Priessnitz poultice, 708. Rub into parts frequently, equal 
parts, ichthyol, ung. hydrargyri and ung. belladonna, or employ a 
fly blister, 646. 

Inflammation. 

Acute — General treatment with aconite, 463, veratrum, 467, or, in 
robust patients and with very urgent symptoms, venesection, 728. 
Cool, airy, box stall, moderate body covering and bandage for limbs, 
in case of horses. Internally, laxatives, 570. Calomel is an intes- 
tinal disinfectant as well, '215. Externally, counter-irritation, 701, 
in some form. When trouble localized, hot poultices, 712, or ice, 
706. To relieve pain and quiet animal, opium, 369; bromides, 243; 
chloral, 318. Stimulate renal secretion: spirit of nitrous ether, 313; 
potassium citrate, or nitrate, 129. Diet, 691. Stimulants to sup- 
port the heart, strychnine, 408. In convalesence, bitters, 489, 408; 
and alcohol, 289, HCl, 272. 

In Chronic inflammation, supportive treatment. Internally, io- 
dides to aid resolution. 249. Externally, in local troubles, counter- 
irritants, 701. 

Influenza in Horses. 

Cool, airy box stall. Moderate covering of body and bandaging 
of limbs. Move bowels by enemata or mild laxatives, 570. Diet — 
Bran mashes, boiled oats, milk, beef tea, eggs, green food. Strych- 
nine solution, 408, dropped on tongue thrice daily and turpentine 
liniment rubbed daily onto limbs and belly to prevent edema. 
Steaming with co. tine, benzoin, 47, and application of turpentine 
liniment, 499, and bandage to JJiroat, to relieve catarrh of upper 
air passages. With laryngitis, apply fly blister to larynx, 646. With 
weali, feeble pulse, give strychnine as above and alcohol, as gin, 281, 
and digitalis, 451 ; or strophanthus, 455, or camphor, 550, or cafl^eine, 
399, or cofl^ee, 399. Antipyretics rarely desirable, except in hj^per- 
pyrexia, then a few doses of phenacetin (3ii) at 3 hours interval. 
Spirit of nitrous ether, 313, aconite, 463, and solution of ammonium 
acetate, 151, may be given. Alcohol as food and nerve sedative, 289. 
With icterus, give 1 pint of linseed oil and sodium bicarbonate, 135, 
on food. When conjunctivitis, keratitis arid iritis complicate, see 
these disorders. Polyvalent Antistreptococcic serum as a prophy 
lactic (10 c. c.) and curative agent (dose, 30 c. c.) has yielded gooa 
results and is said to prevent purpura. Suspects showing rise of 
temperature and all cases of influenza should be isolated. Com- 
munication of influenza by utensils and attendants should be avoid- 



792 EPITOME OF MODERN TREATMENT OF 

ed. Disinfect premises when cases no longer exist. For special 
complications, as Pneumonia, Purpura, see titles of these dis- 
orders. 

Intertrigo. See Erythema. 

Intestinal Hemorrhage. See Hemorrhage, Enterorrhagia. 

Intestinal Indigestion and Catarrh. See Indigestion and 
Enteritis. 

Intussusception or Invagination. See Colic. 

Iritis. 

Darkened quarters. Brisk purge. Hot fomentations to eye for 
one-half hour thrice daily. Two or three leeches on temples, after 
shaving hair. 1 per cent, atropine solution, 384, four to six times 
daily in large animals; m. i three times daily in smaller animals; 
dropped in the eye. Internally, sodium salicylates, 496, and potas- 
sium iodide, 249, in acute rheumatism. Enucleation of an injured 
and useless eye when it threatens sympathetic iritis in the other. 
Iridectomy for sequels of iritis, as occluded pupil or posterior 
synechiae. 

Jaundice. Gastro-Duodenitis. Cholangitis. In Dogs and 

Horses. 

Priesnitz poultices over liver, 708. 

In dogs, calomel at outset, 318, and bismuth subnitrates, 192, and 
sodium bicarb., 135, thrice daily in capsules. Diet, 689; skim milk 
and lime water, lean meat, broths and bread. Massage over gall 
bladder and cold enemata, 30. 

In the horse, artificial Carlsbad salts, 137, on feed thrice daily. 
Diet — Green fodder, pulped roots, boiled potatoes, steamed and 
cracked oats. An abundance of water. 

Keratitis. Abscess and Ulcer of Cornea. 

Brisk Purges. Quinine in good doses, 489. Extr. opii (gr. x), 
boric acid (gr. Iv) in water C^iy), on gauze and oil silk, bandaged 
over eye. Atropine (gr. i-iv to ^i) dropped in eye thrice daily 
(stronger solution with much photophobia and lachrimation) with 
application to lids of yellow oxide of mercury ointment (gr. iv-^ss). 
Or holocain hydrochlorate (gr. ii-5i) in place of atropine. In 
spreading ulcer, apply very carefully pure phenol to cocainized eye 



DISEASES OF THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS 793 

on a toothiiick. Then flush eye with normal salt solution (31 i-Oi). 
Fine galvano-cautery may be used instead. In abscess of cornea 
and pus in anterior chamber, rarely advisable to incise. 

Laminitis, Hor.sEs and Cattle. 

Horses — Remove shoes, thin horn on soles and place in well- 
bedded box stall. Let animal stand several hours at a time in hot 
water (frequently changed) and apply poultice in intervals. Or use 
cold water foot baths and ice poultices with bran. Diet, 688. Give 
aconite, 463, or bleed from jugular, 731, or toe in severe cases. 
Employ enemata and linseed oil, 570, and encourage animal to lie 
down, or cast or sling in very acute cases. After subsidence of 
acute inflammation, apply thick, wide, rocker, bar shoes; exercise 
in soft, wet ground and apply blister, 703, to cpronet. Neurectomy 
for prolonged lameness. 

In Cattle, same general treatment. Full dose of salts and mus- 
tard to chest at the beginning. 

jLaryngitis, Acute. 

Chiefly in Horses and Dogs. 

Locally, cold wet compress, 709, applied to throat and covered 
with oiled silk; or thick coat of antiphlogistine ; or ice bag, 706; or 
turpentine and sweet oil (equal parts) ; or, in severe cases, mustard 
paste, 517, or fly blister, 645. Steam inhalations with 2 per cent, 
carbolic acid solution. Internally, tine, aconite, 463, with spirit of 
nitrous ether, 463, every few hours for fever. Laryngeal cough and 
spasm relieved by morphine or Dover's powder (horse, 495) and 
by codeine (dogs, 356). 

iLaryngitis, Chronic. 

Chiefly in Horses and Dogs. 

Locally to throat, wet compresses, antiphlogistine or stimulating 
turpentine liniment, as above. ' 

Dogs — Application to larynx of 3 per cent, silver nitrate solution 
on human applicator, or inhalations of benzoin, 515, and ipecac, 47. 
Also insufflation of larynx with bismuth and orthoform equal parts 
with powder-blower. 

In the horse, injections into the larynx, through the crico-tracheai 
ligament, with a hollow needle (1-2 per cent, solutions of alum or 
lead acetate) are most eff'ective. Also give ammonium chloride, 150, 
and Carlsbad salts, 137, on the feed thrice daily. 

Laryngitis, Membranous. 

Chiefly in Cattle. 



794 EPITOME OP MODERN TREATMENT OP 

Bleed from jugular (4-6 qts.), or give tartar emetic (3ii-iii) in 
strong animals at onset. To throat, hot poultices frequently- 
changed, or sinapisms, 517. Potassium iodide, 349, thrice daily. 
Salts on feed. Diet — Mashes, green food and milk. Tracheotomy 
in threatened suffocation. In dogs and cats, give dram doses of 
syrup of ipecac, 475, in threatened asphyxia. Edema of the glottis 
occurs as result of acute laryngitis and proves rapidly fatal 
unless tracheotomy is done. 

Leucorrhea. See Vaginitis, Septic Metritis, Metritis, Puerperal 
Fever. 

Leukemia. 

Rare in Horses, Cattle, Swine, Dogs and Cats. Generally fatal. 
Fowler's solution of arsenic, 226, pushed to fullest extent — H. and 
C, from ^ss to ^ii; D., from m.v to m.xxx, twice daily. Otherwise 
the treatment is as for Anemia, Pernicious. 

'Lice, Pediculosis, Phthiriasis. 

P. equi (horse), P. eurj'sternus and tenuirostris (cattle), P. suis 
(swine), P. piliferus (dog). 

In large animals, apply pure kerosene night and morning for two 
days, then wash off with soap and water. Hair washed with vinegar 
for a few days to remove nits or eggs. In dogs, use tine, staphisag- 
ria, 624, or oil of anise in sweet oil (1-10), 532; also creolin, 334, 
in 5 per cent, solution; and corrosive sublimate in 1 per cent, solu- 
tion, applied in spots and carefully dried, may be used. Blue 
ointment often applied in cattle, 214, but not if there is derma- 
titis. When the animal is greatly infested and the hair is long, the 
hair may be clipped, but this is usually not necessary. In sheep, 
use dip as for scab. Keep hens out of stable to prevent hen lice' 
from infesting horses. Isolate infested animal till cured and disin- 
fect -its former quarters. Employ general cleanliness and generous 
feeding. 

Lichen. See Eczema. 

Licking Habit. See Depraved Appetite. 

LiTHiAsis; See Calculi. 

Liver Rot in Sheep. (Occasionally in Cattle.) 

Due to Distoma hepaticum. Treatment wholly preventive. Give 
concentrated, dry food with plenty of salt. Avoid overstocking 



DISEASES OF THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS 795 

pastures or give up pastures, if seriously infested. Sprinkle lime 
and salt or copperas (250 to 400 lbs. to the acre) on pastures from 
May to August. Drain pastures to destroy snails, the intermediary 
host of the Distomata. Diseased animals should be slaughtered 
and their livers burned. Keep sound sheep away from infested 
pastures. Disinfect manure of infested animals with quick lime. 

LoupiNG III in Sheep. 

Due to bacteria conveyed by ticks living in tall grass and damp 
spots. No cure; treatment wholly preventive. Isolate and kill 
diseased sheep. Dip the rest of flock as for Scab. Wet pastures 
avoided or drained. Long grass and rushes must be avoided. 

Luxations. See Dislocations. 

Lymphangitis. Cellulitis. Inflammatory Edema. 

Idiopathic in Horse in hind legs. Apply from the beginning hot 
compresses of 3 per cent, lysol or creolin solution, covered with 
waterproof protective and bandage, to whole limb; change fre- 
quently. Give aloes, 5iv, calomel, 5i, in ball, and light diet — mashes, 
green food and hay. Enforce absolute rest. Tine, of aconite, 46S, 
and spirit of nitrous ether, 313, may be used for fever every two 
hours, but local treatment most useful. Alcohol and milk in de- 
bilitated subjects. When acute symptoms subside, use dry ban- 
daging, friction with oil of turpentine and sweet oil (equal parts), 
and gentle exercise to reduce swelling of limb. Internally, potas- 
sium iodide, 249, may be given to hasten resolution, together with 
laxatives to remove water from the system, as artificial Carlsbad 
salts on the food, 137, 

Lymphatics, Inflamed, See Glandular Enlargements. 

Maggots From Flyblow. 

Ajjply kerosene, or turpentine and oil. Other antiseptics. 

Maladie du Coit. Dourine in Stallions and Mares Caused 
BY Trypanosoma Equiperdum. Vesicular Exanthema. 

Antiseptic irrigations of penis and vagina. Stallion, 2 per cent, 
lysol or creolin, or 1-2,000 solution of corrosive. In mares, injec- 
tions of 2 per cent, lysol. Also apply local application of 5 per 
cent, argyrol solution after cleansing as above. Great swelling is 
reduced by constant hot fomentation (saturated boric acid solution), 
or by incisions. After acute conditions subside, may inject sheath 
and vagina with 1 per cent, lead acetate or zinc sulphate solution. 



796 EPITOME OF MODERN TREATMENT OP 

and use black wash, 217, externally. Treat ulcerations with 10 per 
cent, silver nitrate solution. In the beginning, sloppy food, mashes, 
green food and milk may be given. Iron and arsenic, 301, 236, are 
indicated. The treatment must be persisted in for months; three 
years should elapse before a stallion is safe for service. Vesicular 
Exanthema may be treated locally, as advised for Dourine, but 
often disappears spontaneously. 

Malignant Catarrhal Fever in Cattle. 

Prophylaxis: clean, dry, well ventilated stables and removal of 
infected soil under barns. Isolate sick and disinfect discharges. Give 
creolin (3ii) twice daily in a pint of milk. Irrigate nose with 3 
per cent, lysol solution; eyes with saturated boric acid solution. 
Soft diet with milk and gruels. Enemata or laxatives. 

Mallenders and Sallenders in the Horse. Squamous Ec- 
zema. See Eczema. 

Attacks flexures of hock and knee. Soak over night in sweet oil. 
Wash next morning with green soap and warm water, to re- 
move scales. Apply oil of cade, liquid tar, or creolin, in alcohol 
(1-10). Carlsbad salts on the food, 137. Regular exercise. Arsenic 
and iron, 236. 

Malnutrition. See Dehility. 

Mammitis. Mastitis. Garget. 

At onset, milk every hour and give frequent massage of udder 
with full dose of Glauber's salts and common salts, 163. Restrict 
food and water. Attend to abrasions of teats. (See Teats, Fis- 
sured, etc.) Also, to abort, either use constant hot fomentations, 
715, or ice bag, and support udder by bandage and wide band about 
body. The surgeon should cleanse udder thoroughly and irrigate 
each quarter of the udder with 3 per cent, borax solution through 
sterile milking tube, in parenchymatous form. After gentle manip- 
ulation, draw ofi^ fluid in 15 minutes. If suppuration threatens, 
apply mercury binodide ointment (10 per cent.). With interstitial 
form and surrounding edema, puncture swelling in points by actual 
cautery, avoiding the veins. Then apply boric acid ointment (10 
per cent.). For suppuration of udder, incise and drain, and, if 
severe, amputate in part or altogether. In chronic suppuration, the 
pus poisons the milk; remove teats with scissors for drainage; fat- 
ten and kill. Separate milkers in mammitis to avoid infection of 
sound cows. To prevent mammitis, cleanliness of animal and prem- 
ises; use of proper stalls, so that teats are not stepped upon; im- 
mediate treatment of abrasions of the teats. 



DISEASES OF THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS 797 

Mange, Acariasis. Scabies. Itch. Scab. 

In the Horse — Sarcoptes scabei, beginning on head, neck and 
shoulders. Also Dermatodectes communis infesting inner thighs, 
root of mane and tail, sheath; and Symbiotes equi, seen on feet and 
pasterns. Clip hair, apply cottonseed oil with 5 per cent, creolin over 
night. Remove scabs with green soap and water next morning. Rub 
in one of the following remedies with brush and, when rubbed off by 
animal, reapply daily for a week. Then wash off and after a few 
days, repeat the treatment two or three times. Use liquid tar and 
sulphur, each 5i; soft soap and alcohol, each ^ii; or creolin and 
soft soap each 51; alcohol 5viii (Frohner). Also balsam of Peru 
and sulphur ointment, (1-7), 3 per cent, lysol or creolin solutions. 
Ointments in localized mange. In dermodectic and symbiotic mange, 
milder remedies — Peruvian balsam, carbolic soap, or creolin and 
glycerin (1-10). 

In Dogs — Follicular mange, caused by Dermodex foliculorum, var. 
canis, attacks head, neck and limbs, invading hair follicles and 
sebaceous glands; very difficult of cure. Sarcoptic mange, caused 
by Sarcoptes squamiferus, attacks head, chest, bellj^, elbows, root of 
tail and claws, and spreads to whole body. Readily cured. Isolate 
to prevent spread to man or dogs. Apply muzzle and clip hair 
over lesions. In sarcoptic mange, Peru balsam and sulphur oint- 
ment (Si-ji)' or 1 part each, liquid tar and soft soap, and 8 parts 
of alcohol. For follicular mange, weeks or months are required and 
result is doubtful. Give bath of potassa sulphurata (1-2 of 1 per 
cent.) for 15 minutes; follow by friction with pure Peru balsam. 
Creolin in 2 per cent, bath, followed by friction with equal parts 
creolin and alcohol, once or twice daily. Squeeze pus from all 
pustules. 

Masturration. Onanism. 

Dogs and Rams; Bulls and Stallions. 

Regular exercise or work, and light diet. Punishment; moderate 
amount of copulation. Castration, if habit incurable. 

Megrims. See Vertigo, Blind Staggers. 

Melanosis. Melanotic Sarcoma. 

Seen chiefly in grey horses. Remove by knife; recurrence rather 
the rule. 

Meningitis. See Encephalitis and Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis. 



798 EPITOME OF MODERN TREATMENT OP 

Metritis, Acute and Chronic. See also Puerperal Fever or 
Septic Metritis. 

Examine uterus with speculum. Treatment purely local and takes 
time and money. Animal may recover spontaneouslj'^ at pasture. 
Otherwise, irrigate with 2 per cent, lysol sohition daily. Apply 
Churchill's tine, iodine to lacerations of cervix and eroded os; or 
light application of actual cautery. Also dilate cervix and curette 
uterus, followed by loose packing with iodoform gauze for a few 
days. Afterwards daily lysol irrigations. 

Muscular Rheumatism. 

Warm covering. Give a purge: H., physic ball, 568; C, Glauber's 
salts, 163; D., two compound cathartic pills, 210. Rest of affected 
parts. Give sodium salicylate, 495, and potassium iodide, 249, in 
combination, to dogs in capsules, large animals in solution, thrice 
daily. Or the iodide may be reserved for subacute and chronic 
cases. Externally, rub into affected part methyl salicylate, 497, or 
chloroform liniment, 296. Heat is also very efficacious; hot wet 
blankets covered with rubber sheet and dry blanket, or apply dry 
blanket and iron over it with hot flat iron. Puncture of affected 
muscles with sterile needles, or injection of sterile water, sometimes 
effective. Shoulder lameness — Inject veratrine into muscle (H., gr. 
3-4 to 1 1-2 in alcohol, m.xxx), followed by walking exercise. 
Chronic cases — Tonic treatment; cod liver oil, 658; massage with 
liniment, moderate exercise and attention to hygiene. 

Hyalgia, Myositis. See Muscular Rheumatism. 

Nasal Catarrh or Rhinitis, Chronic. Gleet (In the Horse). 
Use cleansing, antiseptic, astringent solutions by atomizer, or 
fountain syringe and rubber tube in nostrils, by trephining cham- 
bers above, or by stomach tube introduced through posterior nasal 
openings. Cleansing and antiseptic solution, sodium bicarbonate and 
biborate (of each, 5iiss to Oi). Astringents, cupric sulphate or 
alum (1-2 per cent) ; tannic acid or zinc sulphate (1-2 per cent, 
solution). Solutions changed each two weeks. Outdoor life, feed- 
ing off ground; good food; bitters and iron. Isolation, unless 
glanders can be surely excluded. Gleet very often secondary and 
due to glanders, catarrh of guttural pouches, tumors, parasites, 
Abscess, etc. Employ a rhinoscope and inject mallein or use agglu- 
tination test. Discharge from one nostril is not usually simple 
gleet. 



DISEASES OF THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS 799 

Navicular Disease (in Horse). 

In acute cases remove shoes and use foot hath of hot or cold 
water, for hours at a time, with flaxseed poultice each night. Give 
green food, mashes and hay. Prescribe a phj^sic ball. When heat 
and tenderness in foot subsides, apply fly blister about coronet after 
clipping hair, 645. Shoe with rubber pad (shoe thick at heels and 
thin at toe), after a few weeks of rest. If lameness persists, plantar 
neurectomy may be done in animals with good feet and limbs. 

Nephritis, Acute. (In Horses, Cattle and Dogs.) 

Prophylaxis — In acute infections, avoid draughts, and use warm 
covering for patients; enforce rest, secure activity of bowels and 
skin and give abstemious diet. In acute nephritis, withhold all food 
and drink for the first few days. Diet — D., milk; large animals, 
mashes, green food and milk, after starving period. Give aloes ball 
(horse), 568, Glauber's salts, 136, to cattle; co. jalap powder to 
dogs (3i) at onset. Hot blankets over whole body and mustard paste 
over loins. Pilocarpine, 444, under skin in a single dose, with strych- 
nine, 403. With marked hematuria, fluid extract ergot thrice daily, 629. 
In later stages, as a diuretic, tine, digitalis, 453, with potassium 
citrate, 137. In convalesence, tine, ferric chloride, 301. Uremia is com- 
bated by cathartics and venesection, 739; and convulsions by chloral 
hydrate, 318, chloroform inhalation, 307, and morphine under the 
skin. 

Nephritis, Chronic. (All Animals.) 

Tine, chloride of iron, 195, and sweet spirit of nitre, 313, thrice 
daily. In dropsy, see Dropsy. Withhold common salt from the 
food. Protect animal from exposure to cold. In dogs, cHiefly milk 
diet. In Uremia, treat as recommended for Acute Nephritis. 

Nephritis, Suppurative. Pyelo-Nephritis. Pyelitis. 

Seen in all animals; often in Cows and Mares following septic 
parturient states. In Cattle it is often best to fatten and slaughter. 
Secure drinking of large amounts of water by placing an abund- 
ance of salt upon food. In early stage, spirit of nitrous ether, 313, 
and potassium acetate, 135, thrice daily. When urine alkaline, jive 
sodium benzoate, 515, to large animals; to small animals, give 
urotropin, 341, or salol, 495, and boric acid, 375, as urinary anti- 
septics. In chronic conditions in dogs, give sandalwood oil in cap- 
sules (m.x). In large animals in chronic pyelitis, give fluidextract 
buchu, 541. Accompanying anemia is treated with strychnine, 408, 
and tine, of ferric chloride, 195, on the tongue. Isolation of pa- 
tients is desirable to prevent infection of parturient animals. 



800 EPITOME OF MODEKN TREATMENT OF 

Nervous Palpitation of the Heart. 

Seen in Horses and Dogs from over-exertion, indigestion, "ner- 
vousness." In severe cases, morphine, 368, under the skin. Also 
spirit of chloroform, 296, in less urgent cases. Or chloral, 318, and 
potassium bromide, 243, may be given. In asthenia and over-ex- 
ertion, especially with irregular pulse, prescribe tine, digitalis, 451, 
with tine, aconite, 464, thrice daily. In anemia, give ferrous sul- 
phate and nux vomica to horses. Indigestion, as a cause, demands 
a physic and restriction of food. 

Nettlerash. Surfeit. Hives. See Urticaria. 

Neuralgia. Neuritis. 

Give laxatives, especially castor oil, 572. In debility and anemia, 
give strychnine in increasing doses, 410; also iron, 201, arsenic, 226, 
and phosphorus, 236, in combination (in pill or otherwise). Locally, 
freeze nerve with ethyl chloride spray, or apply Priessnitz poultice, 
708, or menthol, 529, or blister over root of, or along course of, 
nerve, or nerve-stretching or cutting. Potassium iodide in rheu- 
matic cases, 249. To simply relieve pain, morphine injected locally 
under the skin, 336, antipyrin, 323; internally. Aconitine locally, 
463; gelsemium, 422, internally. In wound or injury, apply anti- 
septic poultice. In asthenia, see Debility/. 

Obesity. 

Diet the chief remedy, 691-694; salt in, 141. In dogs, tablets of 
dessicated thyroid gland, (gr.v each) thrice daily. Restlessness and 
palpitation show overdosage; otherwise increase above dose. Potas- 
sium iodide, after meals thrice daily. Dailj^ laxative and exercise. 

Oesophagus. (Dilation and Obstruction.) 

In dilatation, feed frequently with small amounts of concentrated 
and soft food. Resect oesophageal pouch. 

In obstruction — If foreign body, give soft food. In dogs, pass 
a bristle probang or coin catcher; in horses, use stomach tube and 
stilet and inject water. Or expose gullet and ligate (temporarily) 
gullet about stomach tube, above obstruction, and forcibly inject 
water. Oesophagotomy. Apomorphine subcutaneously in dogs, 370, 
but dangeous. 

Inflammation of oesophagus due to irritants — Give linseed gruel 
with 1 per cent, boric acid, cold milk. Externally, Priessnitz poul- 
tice, 708. Later, rub externally with equal parts oil of turpentine 
and sweet oil. 

Oestrus Equi. See Bots. 



DISEASES OP THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS 801 

Oestrus Larvae ix Accessory Sinus's of Sheep. False Gid or 
Sturdy. Gadfly Vertigo. 

Treatment is unsatisfactoiy. Tar on nose of sheep to prevent en- 
trance of gadflies. Impossible to insufflate or inject agents to ex- 
pel larvae. Early slaughter often most satisfactory. Trephine 
either side of medium line between eyes and remove with forceps 
and irrigation (3 per cent, lysol), or by injection of a little ben- 
zine and water (Moussu). 

Opacity of Cornea. See Corneal Opacities. 

Open Joint. 

In recent M'ound, shave adjacent parts, wash them carefully with 
soap and water and 70 per cent, alcohol. Douch wound with force 
for 15 to 30 minutes, using corrosive sublimate (1-2,000), or lysol 
(3 per cent.), or other antiseptic solution. Then suture and close 
wound with iodoform collodium (1-10), sterile gauze and bandage, 
if latter possible. If suturing impossible, apply fly blisters about 
joint. If bandaging is not feasible, apply constant cold antiseptic 
irrigation to the joint for next few days. Remove shoes from 
horses and place in slings. Prescribe purge. Whenever possible, 
place over bandage a firm plaster of paris, wood or tin splint. 

Open Joint, Infected. 

Open so as to irrigate and drain thoroughly. Bandage and dress 
with sterile gauze daily, after thorougn irrigation with antiseptic 
fluid, as above. Fixation by splint, if possible. Repeated blisters 
in large animals may aid. Recovery occurs with stiff^ness, or anchy- 
losis, in most cases. Treatment in large animals of open, infected 
joints having much motion is not usually profitable. Laxative 
diet — H. and C, mashes, gruels, roots and green food. Dogs, gruels 
and milk, during acute stage. 

Ophthalmia. (Periodic in Horses.) 

Confine in dark quarters. Foment eye with hot boric acid( 2 per 
cent.) solution for one-half hour at time, tlirice daily. Drop 1 per 
cent, solution of atropine sulphate in eye four to six times daily. In- 
ternally, give physic ball, and sweet spirit of nitre and potassium 
citrate thrice daily, ^and sloppy or green food. 

Ophthalmia, Simple. See Conjunctivitis. 



802 EPITOME OF MODERN TREATMENT OP 

Orchitis or Epididymo-Orchitis. 

Seen in males owing to infections, trainna and tuberculosis. 
Support and compress testicle by thick pad and bandage. In 
acute stage, apply ice-bag to testicle, or hot flaxseed poultices, or 
lead and opium lotion, 1T4, or antiphlogistine in a thick coating. 
Give smart purge and restrict diet to soft food. After acute symp- 
toms subside, touch scrotum lightly in 10 or 1:3 points with Paque- 
lin cautery every few days and cover with compress of cotton and 
bandage. Also, to aid resolution, ointments of guaiacol (10 per 
cent.), or ichthyol (20 per cent.), or mercury, 207, may be rubbed 
in daily. Aspiration of fluid in tunica vaginalis advisable if done 
aseptically. In hematoma resulting in abscess, incise tunica vagin- 
alis and stitch it to edge of skin incision; wipe out with pure 
phenol and drain sac. Tuberculous form associated with tuber- 
culosis of kidneys, bladder and prostate (examine per rectum) ; if 
only testicle affected, castrate. 

Osteomalacia. 

In enzootic cases treatment is unavailing. Treatment must be 
imdertaken early. Food from other localities best. Beef meal, peas, 
beans, oats, bran, linseed or cotton seed meal, green clover or alfalfa 
are among the best foods. Change water and pasture. Apply phos- 
phatic fertilizers on pastures or meadows. Mix equally bone meal 
and precipitated lime phosphate, give C. 5!; Sh. and Sw., 5i-ii- fo 
this add equal parts ferrous sulphate and nux vomica; and give 
cattle, of the latter mixture, 3ii; Sh. and Sw. gr.xx on feed twice 
daily (Moussu). Adrenalin, 639. 

Ostitis. See Spavin, Ring Bone. 

Sometimes tuberculous. In acute stage, rest of part and cold ap- 
plication, as cold swab or continuous irrigation, or ice bag. Physic, 
soft and restricted diet. In subacute and chronic stages, firing, 
blistering and rest. 

Otorrhea (In Dogs). Canker of the Ear. Otitis Externa. 
In the acute stage, with much pain, give frequent and long-con- 
tinued injections of hot solution of saturated boric acid, or 3 per 
cent, carbolic, or 1-8,000 corrosive sublimate. Use fountain syringe 
and avoid any forcible injection, allowing water to flow in slowly. 
Carbolic solution most anesthetic. Dry out canal after syringing 
and blow in dry pure boric acid. -It is well to keep loose absorbent 
cotton plug in ear during treatment. If there is much swelling of 
the canal, scarify it. In the acute stage, give two to three co. cath- 
artic pills. Diet of milk, broths and bread. When the acute stage 



DISEASES OP THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS 803 

subsides, use astringent injections, as 2 to 4 per cent, solutions of 
lead acetate, zinc or copper sulphate, or silver nitrate. To avoid 
pain of injection one may blow in a little powdered cocaine first. 
Diachylon ointment is also useful in chronic form, and boric acid 
in alcohol (1-20). The occurrence of granulations in the canal calls 
for use of stick silver r.itrate after cocainization. 



Over-Reach, Wound of Coronet From, (In Horse). 

Treat wound with continuous wet compress of 2 per cent, lysol, 
335, for a few days, then with Peru balsam, .511, and bandage. To 
avoid: protect coronet with pad, and rasp off toes of hind feet, 
setting shoes back and rounding off toes of hind shoes, 

Oxyurides. See Parasites. 

Palpitation. See Nervous Palpitation of Heart. 

Paralysis. 

1. Hemiplegia, one-sided paralysis. Rare, due to apoplexy, cere- 
bral thrombosis or embolism, tumor, abscess, parasites, etc. Attend 
to bladder and rectum, change position of patient and supply good 
bedding. Later use electricity, and administer potassium iodide, 249, 
and strychnine, 409. Treatment generally inadvisable, as recovery 
is protracted and partial. 

2. Paraplegia or paralysis of the posterior extremities. Treat- 
ment depends upon the cause. Thus spinal inflammation (menin- 
gitis), fracture, hemorrhage, tumor, may induce it. 

In Dogs, obstinate constipation, worms, indigestion, abnormal 
dentition, nephritis, cystitis, lumbago and heart disease (disturbed 
spinal circulation or thrombosis of the femoral arteries), occasion 
paraplegia. Make a thorough physical examination to eliminate 
heart disease, lumbago, nephritis and cystitis. In teething, lance 
the gums if inflamed. Usually, thorough evacuation of the bowels 
by castor oil and enema or manual removal of feces, and light diet 
of broth, will lead to a cure, when constipation is a cause. If there 
is vomiting, give 2-3 co. cathartic pills or calomel, 218, cerium and 
bismuth by the mouth, 170, 192, and use enemata and manual re- 
moval of feces. 

In the Horse, paraplegia occurs sometimes transiently during 
colic, and in mares in heat. There is also an infectious enzootic 
form. Paraplegia in the horse is often mistaken for hemoglobi- 
nuria. Treat causative disease. 



804 EPITOME OF MODERN TREATMENT OF 

In Cattle, paraplegia is seen in impaction of the rumen and par- 
turient apoplexy. (See Indigestion and Apoplexy, Parturient.) In 
general, evacuate the rectum and bladder and apply hot fomenta- 
tions and sinapisms, 518, to loins, and later give strychnine, 409, 
and blister, 646, loins (unless there is a nephritis), and potassium 
iodide, 249. 

3. Local Paralysis due to a neuritis, from blows, pressure, in- 
juries, cold, or central lesion. Commonest form of paralysis in 
the horse. Paralysis of the facial, trigeminus, radial, crural, tibial, 
obturator, etc., not infrequent, and recovery commonly occurs. 
Treatment — Remove sources of pressure or irritation, as halter in 
facial paralysis. Use preferably galvanic current from the onset 
of paralysis over the nerve root and paralyzed area, or faradic cur- 
rent, if it causes contraction of muscles and is not too painful. Al- 
so apply sinapisms, 518, or capsicum, 526, or light applications of 
thermocautery over the course of the affected nerve. In chronic 
stage, employ massage with a liniment, hot and cold douches, alter- 
nately; electricity, as above, and strychnine, 409, under the sKin in 
large doses. 

Parasites, Intestinal. 

Order, Cestoda. Family, Taeniae or Tape Worms. 

Of the Dog — Genus Taenia; species: T. cucumerina, T. margin- 
ata, serrata, coenurus, echinococcus and serialis. 

Sheep — T. expansa, alba, and fimbriata in West. U. S. 

Cattle— T. expansa, alba, and denticulata. 

Horses — T. perfoliata, plicata and mamillana. 

Poultry — T. infundibuliformis and 19 other species. 

Treatment — Withhold all food for 24 hours, give anthelmintic, 
purge following it, and repeat dose wthin a few days if ineflPec- 
tive. Isolate the infected, burn feces and taeniae, avoid infected 
pastures, or disinfect same, and prevent animals from eating raw 
entrails of other animals. 

Special Treatment. — Dogs — Oleoresin of male fern, 616, or areca 
nut in capsules, 617, and follow by compound cathartic pills. Ene- 
mata to remove the worm. If the head of the worm is not re- 
moved, repeat the treatment in three days. Also oil of turpentine, 
503, pelletierine, 620, pomegranate, 620, kousso, 619, naphthol, 336, 
and ether, 295, are used as taeniacides. 

Sheep — Give areca nut (3i-ii) on food to lambs and repeat in 
three days if not effective. For T. fimbriata, give sheep thymol, 
552 (3ss-iiss) suspended in milk and repeat on succeeding days if 
ineffective. 



DISEASES OF THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS 805 

Cattle — Tartar emetic (3iss-nSs), or arsenouS acid (^gf, XV), once 
4aily foi' two or three days and follow with 1 lb. of Glauber's salts. 

Horses — Treat same as for round worms. 

Poultry — Areca nut in pills with butter (gr. xxx) and repeat in 
three days. 

Class — Nemathelminthes, Kound Worms. Order — Xematoda. 
Family — Ascaridae. Genus — Ascaris. 

In the Horse and Ass — A. megalocephala. Give tartar emetic 
(3ii-iv), 232, in a phj^sic ball of aloes, 568. Oil of turpentine (jiv), 
503, with oleoresin of aspidium (ji)* 616, in pint of linseed oil; or, 
santonin (5iv) in oil, 623; or calomeIi(5i)> 218, with santonin in 
ball. Follow this treatment with course of iron, 201, and nux 
vomica, 410, on feed thrice daily for weeks. 

t)og — A. marginata; Cat — A. mystax. Santonin in castor oil, 
623, or in pill with calomel; or areca nut, 617, in capsules or fluid- 
extract. 

Poultry — Hens, areca nut (gr. 45) ; pigeons (gr. xv) ; in pills 
with butter every third day. Other remedies include: Arsenic, 
226; creolin, 335; naphthol, 336; ether, 295; copper sulphate, 188; 
tannic acid, 593; kamala, 618; tobacco, 426. 

Genus — Oxyuris, Whip, Thread or Pin Worm. 

Horse — O. curvula, mastigodes, vivlpara. Eneraata of strong 
solutions of common salt, 141; of quassia, 556; or of lime water 
after flushing bowel with soap and water. Also give internal treat- 
ment as for round worms (see above). Tobacco, 426, ether, 295, 
and kamala, 618, are also remedies. 

Dog — O. vermicularis. Treat as for thread Morms in the horse. 

Family — S. Strongylidae. Genus — Strongylus. 

Horse — S. armatus and tetracanthus. Oil of turpentine, as 
recommended for round worms, or thymol, 552 (H. 5ii; Foals, 5i), 
in ball coated with keratin, for five mornings, followed at end of 
treatment by aloes ball, 568. 

Dog — S. (or Uncinaria) trigonocephalus. Hookworm disease, 
Uncinariasis. Thj'mol, 553, given hourly for three doses (gr. v-xx), 
preceded by 24 hours of starvation and followed by 3 compound 
cathartic pills. Or oleoresin of aspidium (51-4-i), after 24 hours, 
fast, and repeated in one hour and followed in 12 hours by dose of 
castor oil, 572. 

Strongylidae in Cattle, Sheep, Lambs and Goats. Several differ- 
ent species. Isolate sick, destroy feces and litter by fire; isolate 
sick and disinfect infested pastures, as below, for preventive meas- 
ures. Internally, oil of turpentine, 504 (51^') » to cattle. To sheep; 
thymol (lambs), 5ss; Sheep, (3i-iiss). 



806 EPITOME OP MOHEK'N TREATMENT OF 

Strongylosis in Sheep — Several species occur in abomasum, and, 
with tape worm, in bowels and feces. Prophylaxis: isolate sick, 
disinfect pastures with copperas (80 lbs. to acre in 10 per cent, 
solution) ; generous diet with plenty of salt. Give internally, on 
bran, areca nut (gr. 100), with arsenous acid, 226 (gr. ii), once daily 
for five or six doses. 

S. micrurus and filaria. See Verminous Bronchitis, Hoose or 
Husk. 

Gapes in Poultry and Birds, due to Strongulus (or Syngamus) 
trachealis. Oil of turpentine on feather, 504, in trachea; or trach- 
eotomy. Inject a few drops of turpentine or ether into trachea. 
Inject a 5 per cent, solution of sodium salicylate intratracheally. 
Clean thoroughly and disinfect premises and utensils, and isolate 
the sick. 

Parotitis. 

Secondary to various infections; idiopathic; traumatic; and acti- 
nomycosic. In acute inflammations, treat as recommended under 
Glandular Enlargements. In chronic, idiopathic, massage with tur- 
pentine liniment and give pilocarpine internally, 440. 

Parturient Apoplexy. See Apoplexy. 
Parturient Fever. See Puerperal Fever. 

Patella, Dislocation of. (In Horses and Cattle; Foals and 
Calves.) 

Reduce by pulling the leg forward and upward toward the elbow 
of the same side, with side line about neck and attached to fetlock 
of dislocated limb, while the operator pushes the patella into posi- 
tion. To prevent recurrence, the limb is kept in a less degree of 
this position for several hours and a smart fly blister, 646, is at 
once applied to the patella region. Prevent the animal from lying 
down hy tying up head. In the horse, apply shoe with high and 
projecting toe f"r three weeks to avoid recurrence. 

Pericarditis, Acute. 

In Horses and Dogs, from acute infections and trauma. In 
Cattle and Goats, from swallowing sharp bodies which penetrate 
the pericardium. The treatment of the latter form is unsuccessful. 
At the onset, bind an ice bag over the heart and give morphine and 
atropine, 369 and 386, under the skin to quiet the heart. For same 
purpose, with fever, also prescribe aconite every two hours, 464, till 



DISEASES OF THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS 807 

frequencj^ of pulse is clccreased. As the pulse begins to weaken 
with progress of the disease, administer strychnine, 409, with whiskey 
and aromatic spirits of ammonia, 147. Digitalis does not act well in 
fever. With large effusion and much dyspnea and cyanosis, punc- 
ture pericardial sac. Incision over anterior border of 5th or 6th 
rib, four inches above lowest point on the breast, and wall punc- 
tured with trocar and canula. Apply fly blister over the cardiac 
area, 646, and give potassium iodide internally to aid absorption of 
exudate, 249. Absolute rest and digestible, laxative diet. 

Peritonitis, Acute and Chronic. 

Acute form— In all animals; generally secondary to some local 
inflammation, injury or lesion in the belly or pelvis. Parturient 
sepsis i& a frequent cause. Treatment must be chiefly directed to 
primary cause. In dogs, the treatment should be laparotomy, to re- 
move the cause, and drain, if need be. Medically, use opium heroic- 
ally to quiet pain and peristalsis and enable nature to wall off in- 
fection with protective barrier of lymph, 369. Withhold all food 
by mouth for week or more. Move bowels by enemata and give 
normal saline, 741, and food per rectum, 695. Apply externally hot 
turpentine stupes, frequently renewed, 503, 701. Tympanites re- 
lieved by turpentine or asafetida, 538, per rectum. 

Chronic form — Treatment depends on cause, as inflammation of 
abdominal and pelvic viscera, tuberculosis, new growths. Ascites is 
often present (see Dropsy). Repeated blistering in small areas, and 
the use of tine, ferric chloride, 195, with oil of juniper, 541, and 
sweet spirit of nitre, 313 — in combination — are of service in ascites. 
If unsuccessful, potassium iodide, 249, may be tried. In dry 
peritonitis, with formation of adhesions, medical treatment is un- 
availing. 

» 
Pharyngitis, Acute. 

Occurs in Horses, Dogs, Pigs; less often in Cattle and Cats; rare 
in Sheep and Birds, except iiseudo-membranous form. In enzootic 
type, isolate patient. Good ventilation and housing; liquid or soft 
diet. Gruels, cooked roots, mashes, milk and green food for larger 
animals. Milk, gruels and soups for smaller patients. Drenches 
are dangerous in leading to foreign body pneumonia. Tincture of 
aconite hourly, 463, is useful till fever is reduced. In large animals, 
an electuary of Kermes mineral and potassium chlorate (each 3ii 
in dose) is beneficial. Externally, applications of ice, hot poultices, 
stimulating limiments and blisters are of advantage. A wet com- 
press covered with oil silk and bandage; or equal parts of cam- 
phor liniment and oil of turpentine rubbed in and applied on cloth. 



808 EPITOME OF MODERN TREATMENT OF 

wet wltli same, eire useful in less urgent cases. Antiphlogistine 
spread on hot and thick, after shaving skin, and renewed each 12 
hours, is also beneficial. When abscess of glands threatens, fre- 
quent hot poulticing or application of a fly blister are in order. 
Relieve constipation by carl-on oil or artificial Carlsbad salts, 156, 
137, in doses of a few ounces on the food, and by enemata. In- 
halations of 3 per cent, carbolic acid are efiicacious, with cleansing 
and greasing of nostrils with vaseline. Abscess about the pharynx 
calls for incision of skin and exploration with director or fingers. 
Severe dyspnea demands immediate tracheotomy. In dogs, silver 
nitrate solution (10 per cent.) may be painted on throat, or m.v of 
tine, ferri chloride maj^ be given in one-half dram of glycerine 
everj^ 2 hours for effect on throat. In swine, apply a good fly 
blister from ear to ear and give veratrum or ipecac (of either, 
gr. xxx) on food to cause emesis and avert suffocation. 

pHRENiTis. See Encephalitis. 

Phtheiriasis. See Lice. 

Pica. See Depraved Appetite. 

Piles. Hemorrhoids (In Dogs). 

Keep bowels loose with equal parts of sulphur, 257, and com- 
pound licorice powder, 579 (5ss-i in capsules), or with two parts of 
sulphur and one of potassium bitartrate (3ss in capsules). Apply 
externally fluidextract of hamamelis, 601, and inject some into the 
rectum. With much itching and pain: acidi gallici, gr.x; orthoformi, 
gr.x; extr. opii, gr.iv; extr. belladonnae, gr.iv; unguent, ad. 5iv; ap- 
ply externally. If aggravated and persistent, give an anesthetic; 
stretch sphincter ani until it is paralyzed; clamp base of piles and 
burn off pile down to clamp with dull red thermocautery. Lock 
bowels for three days with opium. Then give injection of sweet 
oil and castor oil, or two or three compound cathartic pills. 

Pleuritis and Empyema. Pleurisy. 

Venesection with much pain and dyspnea, 729. Fever and pain 
are relieved by phenacetin, 323. Also by tbe application of 
mustard paste and hot blankets with rubber covering to the chest. 
Instead of phenacetin, we may give — to relieve pain and dj^spnea — 
laudanum, 5ii, in a pint of linseed oil to the horse; or morphine 
subcutaneously, 370. With effusion, administer calomel, 219, and 
also a combination of fluidextract of digitalis (5i)j oil of juniper 
(3i)j and potassium acetate C^i) in water thrice daily to horses; 



DISEASES OF THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS 809 

to dogs, powd. squills and digitalis (aa gr. i), in pill with calomel, 
(gr. ss), three times daily. Use wet compress about chest contin- 
Tiously, 708, and applications of mustard occasionally. Give dry- 
diet with water reduced to minimum. With large or persistent effu- 
sion, piuicture the chest. In the horse, in the 8th and 9th intercostal 
spaces at the anterior margin of the rib and near the lower border 
of the lung, shave hair and use strict asepsis, 726. After punc., 
ture, or in the later stages, employ potassium iodide, 249; and give 
tine. ferHc chloride, 195, with gentian or nux vomica on the feed, 
554, 410. Also give to larger animals nourishing diet with milk, 
eggs, and whiskey; to dogs — milk, bovinine and meat juice. In 
Empyema or Purulent Pleurisy, the chest wall must be incised and 
often a portion of two or more ribs resected; all adhesions to 
pleurae broken under partial anesthesia; and wound closed, save 
for drainage. Irrigation of the chest is not desirable except in case 
of fetid discharge. 

Pneumonia, Croupous, and Broncho-Pneumonia. 

At the onset in rare cases with great dyspnea and full, bounding 
pulse, venesection, 729. Tincture of aconite, 463, in repeated doses 
every two hours, is more often useful in the beginning, to reduce 
the frequency of the pulse, except in influenza and asthenic condi- 
tions. An abundance of fresh cold air to stimulate the respiratory 
centers is of great import. In the horse, bandage the legs after 
rubbing mustard paste on them. For large animals, the diet should 
include haj', grain, roots, mashes, and, if animals do not eat well, 
eggs and milk; for dogs — milk, bovinine, broths, meat juice and a 
little meat. In the stage of hepatization, high fever (104.5 deg. F.) 
phenacetin (5iii) with caffeine (5i) may be given in a single dose. 
Usually, however, cold enemata, cold air, and cold compresses on the 
chest, changed frequently, will be safer and more eflBcient. Weak- 
ness of the pulse calls for digitalis, 451, strychnine, 408, camphor, 
550, ammonium carbonate, 149, singly, in alternation or combination, 
and repeated every few hours. The action of the kidneys is fav- 
ored by spirit of nitrous ether, 313. Keep the bowels active by 
enemata or with oil by the mouth. With the approach of crisis, 
stimulants are especially indicated, but should not be used until 
weakening of the pulse demands them. With overloading of the 
right heart and jugular pulse, employ venesection, 729. During 
resolution administer expectorants, as ammonium chloride and 
carbonate in combination, 149, 150, particularly in broncho-pneu- 
monia, and in this disease nutritious feeding is urgently demanded. 
In delayed resolution, give potassium iodide twice daily, 249. In 
convalesence, a])])etite and digestion are stimidated bj' whisl-cey with 
tine, of gentian and nux vomica, 554, 409. 



810 EPITOME OF MODERN TREATMENT OF 

Poisoning. 

For Antidotes, see special drugs. Use of stomach tube most ef- 
fective, 739. Emetics in dogs, cats and swine — mustard, 518; zinc 
sulphate, 186; apomorphine, 373. Stimulants, as strychnine, 408, 
camphor, 550. 

Poll Evil. See Abscess and Fistula. 

Polyuria. See Diabetes Insipidus. 

Post-Partum Hemorrhage. See Hemorrhage. 

Post-Partum Paralysis. See Apoplexy, Parturient. 

Prolapse of Rectum (In Cattle and Swine). 

If slight, of mucous membrane alone, apply ice cold water, and 
astringents — as fluidextract of ha'mamelis — and replace bowel, after 
washing and greasing it, and raising the hind quarters, or, if impos- 
sible to reduce, apply actual cautery to prolapse in lines radiating 
from its circumference to the center, and burn through the spliincter 
in two places to aid its contraction after return of bowel. Intro- 
duce morphine suppository, 356, or give it subcutaneously to pre- 
vent straining. If all coats of bowel are prolapsed, as happens in 
large prolapses, return bowel if possible, and then apply cautery in 
lines parallel to long axis of the bowel — just within the anus — to 
cause contraction there and prevent prolapse. Then apply pad over 
anus, and give opium. In severe (old or gangrenous) prolapse of 
great size, one must empty lower bowel by enema, push back any 
loop of small intestine in the prolapsed portion and amputate the 
prolapsed portion, performing an end to end anastomosis between 
the two ends of the bowels. To prevent escape of the upper seg- 
ment of bowel back into the bellj^ the two layers of bowel should 
be fixed by two or three silk sutures placed just outside the anus, 
before amputating. 

Prolapse of Uterus or Vagina. 

After cleansing and replacing parts, prevent recurrence of pro- 
lapse by the use of opium, as above; elevation of hind quarters; 
and by truss; West's vulval clamp; or closure of the vulva by wire 
sutures of the quilled type. 



DISEASES OF THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS 811 

Prostatitis (Occasional in All Entire Males). 

Occurs from extension from urethritis and cystitis, and from 
frequent copulation or masturbation. Rarely diagnosed. The symp- 
toms suggest cystitis with frequent, intermittent and painful mic- 
turition; and also rectal trouble with rubbing of the anus against 
objects. Examination shows enlarged and painful swelling about 
the neck of the bladder. Treatment — Frequent hot rectal injec- 
tions through double tube to allow of return flow; smart cathartic 
and diet of gruels, mashes or milk; entire rest. Internally, give a 
mixture of spirit of nitrous ether, 313, potassium acetate, 313, and 
tine, of belladonna in full dose, 387, thrice daily. Administer mor- 
phine in suppository, 356, or subcutaneously with much pain and 
straining. If swelling of prostate blocks urethra, pass a catheter. 
Abscess opened, not through rectum, but via perineum by careful 
dissection with catheter in bladder and finger in rectum as guides. 

Pruritis. Itching. 

Attacks Horses and Dogs and other animals independent of any 
skin eruption. First endeavor to remove or treat the cause. He- 
patic or digestive trouble, constipation, piles, fissure and worms 
cause pruritus ani; pregnancy leads to pruritus vulvae, diabetes, 
exposure to cold and heat, nervous debility. In general itching — - 
baths — sodium bicarb, (lb. 1-3 to 30 galls. )> or sponging with vine- 
gar. Local itching: Acid, carbol., 5i; liq- pota-ss., 5i; ol. lini, ^i. 
M. Sig. Use externally. Where there is danger of poisoning from 
licking or absorption, use liq. picis alkalinus (1-32)', or hydrogen 
dioxide pure. All antiseptics appear to be antipruritics. In pru- 
ritis of anus or vulva, apply hot fomentations, dry by sopping 
gently with soft cloth, and dust on powdered starch. Also, satur- 
ated boric acid solution, 331, or silver nitrate, 178, in spirit of nit- 
rous ether (3 per cent.), are efficient in these troubles. In debility, 
give iron, arsenic, and nux vomica. Other agents relieving itching 
are: Carbolic acid, 331; hamamelis, 603; chloral, 318; alcohol, 289; 
prussic acid, 347; corrosive sublimate, 216; tobacco, 426; cocaine, 
437; salicylic acid, 494; potassium bicarbonate, 123; tar, 508; oil of 
tar, 508; oil of cade, 510; menthol, 529; lime water, 157; alum, 168; 
yellow wash, 217; black wash, 217; thymol, 552. 

Psoas Muscle Strain in Horses and Dogs. 

Complete rest and the application of hot blankets about the loins 
and body with waterproof covering and dry blanket outside, fre- 
quently renewed. Give morphine suppository to dogs, 356; lauda- 
iv in boiled starch solution; to horses, per rectum. Use 



num. 



slings in case of strain of both muscles in horses. 



812 EPITOME OF MODERN TREATMENT OF 

Psoriasis. See Eczema, Scaly or Squamous. 

True psoriasis is unknown in vet3rinary practice. 

Ptyalism. Salivation. 

To combat the symptoms, give belladonna or atropine, 385, or alum, 
168. 



Puerperal Fever, Parturient Fever, Parturient Septicemia, 
Septic Metritis. 

Infection following labor is treated by removing local sources, 
as retained membranes; by repairing lacerations; and by wiping out 
the uterus with pure carbolic acid followed by pure alcohol; by ir- 
rigating the vagina and uterus twice daily with 3 per cent, lysol 
solution, after washing the external genitals with the same and 
lowering the hind quarters. Abrasions should be dusted with dry 
boric acid. Keep the bowels loose with salts in cows; castor oil in 
bitches; linseed oil in mares. Give ergot thrice daily to contract 
the womb, 629. Administer large doses of alcohol (5vi large pa- 
tients), with nourishing diet of grains, milk, eggs and (for small 
patients) beef juice and bovinine. Strychnine in full doses is also 
indicated, 408. Enemata of normal saline solution (sodium chloride, 
5i-Oi), in large amounts, so as to be retained, are of much value. 
Raise the receptacle holding the enema but a short distance above 
the patient so as to allow it to flow slowly. Prophylaxis: Isolation 
of animals about to calve or threatened with abortion. Treat as 
contagious disease. Avoidance of same utensils, sponges, attendants, 
food and water for sick and well. Disinfection of premises, 725. 
Quarantine of patient till all discharge stops. 



Pulmonary Congestion and Edema. 

With severe dyspnea, venesection is the most effective measure, 
729. Externally, apply turpentine stupes, 715, or mustard paste, 
517, and hot blankets to chest, frequently renewed. Also give a 
powerful hydragogue cathartic. In passive congestion due to heart 
disease or weakness, give digitalis, 451, strychnine, 408, and other 
heart stimulants. 



Pumiced Foot in Horses. 

Sequel to laminitis. Apply blister to coronet, 646, and wide bar 
shoe, leather and oakum packing with tar. 



DISEASES OP THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS 813 

PUNCTURED Foot in Horses. 

Remove shoes and pare away horn till the bottom of the punc- 
ure is exposed. If this treatment has not been applied at time of 
puncture and inflammation and pus has formed, expose suppurat- 
ing area and then employ bran and flaxseed poultice mixed with 
3 per cent, lysol or creolin solution for few days. Later, dress 
with Peru balsam and aseptic gauze, pad of oakum and bandage. 

PuRPUR.\ Hemorrhagica in the Horse. 

Employ remedies increasing the coagulability of the blood — cal- 
cium chloride and gelatine by the mouth or rectum, 159. Also tur- 
pentine, 504, thrice daily, to avert hemorrhages. If turpentine im- 
successful, try adrenalin chloride solution (very expensive) 3iv in 
Oi water. When purpura follows infections, one may use coUargol, 
1-180, intravenously or per rectum. Many favorable reports of it 
have been made. Also, with streptococcus infection, antistrepto- 
coccic serum has given good results (10-50 c. c), and the dose of 
this or of collargol may be repeated in 13 hours if improvement is 
slow. Good hygiene and food are of chief importance. Supply an 
airy, light, dry, warm bax stall; a ration of oats, bran, roots, green 
fodder; and milk and eggs, if there is anorexia. Onlj^ mild laxatives, 
as linseed oil, are indicated. During convalesence, a powder of 
arsenous acid (gr. iii), ferrous sulphate (5i). ^^^th nux vomica 
(5i), may be given thrice daily on the food. Swelling about the 
nostrils may be reduced by constant bathing in cold water. Sores 
and ulcers demand treatment (see Decubitus). Tracheotomy is de- 
manded for severe dyspnea. No harness of any sort should be per- 
mitted. Skin swellings are best overcome by the remedies prevent- 
ing hemorrhage and increasing the coagulability of the blood. In- 
cisions and local applications are generally harmful or unavailing. 

Pyemia. See Septicemia. 

Quarter Evil. See Black Quarter. 

QuiTTOR. (In the Horse.) 

Fistula of the coronet. Remove shoes. A bar shoe may be needed 
if the foot is broken down. If there is pus in the sole, make 
counter-opening here. Open up sinus to the bottom with knife or 
actual cauterj^. The latter is best in destroying pyogenic mem- 
brane of the fistule. Remove necrotic tissue. Irrigate wound with 
1-1,000 corrosive sublimate and apply aseptic gauze and jute, wet 



814 EPITOME OF MODERN TREATMENT OF 

with corrosive solution, and bandage. Keep this wet antiseptic 
poultice on for several days, or a week, till acu':e inflammation 
subsides. Inject fiistule occasionally with carbolic acid in glycerine 
(1-16). Apply dry aseptic dressing after the wet antiseptic poul- 
ticing. Repair of the horn hastened by fly blister to coronet, 646. 

Rabies in Animals. Hydrophobia in Man. (See Bites, p. 762.) 
When persons or animals are bitten by a dog, supposedly rabid, 
a diagnosis is imperative. An animal suspected of rabies should be 
kept caged for inspection. Death occurs invariably within 4 to 10 
days in rabies. If there is anj^ doubt about the diagnosis, micro- 
scopical examination of the brain — for Negri's bodies in Ammon's 
horn (Hippocampus Major) and changes in the plexiform ganglion 
of the vagus — by a trained pathologist will determine the diagnosis. 
Otherwise, inject an emulsion of one grain of medulla (of the sus- 
pected animal) in sterile water under the dura mater of the brain 
of a rabbit, when the disease will appear in 12 to 21 days, if rabies. 
All persons bitten by rabid dogs should at once be sent to a Pasteur 
Institute for Pasteur treatment. Treatment is successful in pre- 
venting hydrophobia in 99 per cent, of persons having recent rabid 
infection. If clinical history and autopsy are suggestive of rabies, 
it is unwise for bitten persons to await results of innoculation experi- 
ments before undertaking Pasteur treatment. Prophylaxis: When a 
case of rabies develops all dogs within a radius qf twenty miles 
should be muzzled for three months. Animals bitten by rabid dogs 
should at once be killed. 

Bheumatism, Acute Articular. (In Cattle, Dogs, Horses, 
Pigs and Goats.) See also Arthritis, Infectious. 

Give sodium salicylate, 495, with an equal amount of sodium bi- 
carbonate, 136, in solution. If the salicylates cause vomiting in 
dogs, administer salol, 495, and phenacetin, 323, in capsules thrice 
daily. To the afi'ected joints, apply cloths wet in pure methyl 
salicylate, 497; or cloths soaked in a hot, saturated solution of bak- 
ing soda, 135, and covered with waterproof and bandage. In the 
later, or subacute stages, prescribe equal parts of sodium salicylate 
and iodide, 249, three times daily. Iodine ointment, 246, rubbed on 
the joints, or firing and blistering, are most effective in chronically 
enlarged and stiff joints. Rest, and liquid diet are indicated at 
the onset. In the later period, cod liver oil, 658, quinine, 489, iron, 
201, arsenic, 226, and strychnine, 410, with generous feeding, are 
required. For complications, as pleuritis, endocarditis, see these 
titles. 



DISEASES OF THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS 815 

Rheumatism^ Muscular. See Muscular Rheumatism. 

Rickets. Rachitis. 

In the case of sucklings improve the mother's food in nitrogen, fat 
and salts. Give the mother cottonseed or linseed meal, or beef- 
meal, with rich ration of grain. Or the suckling may be weaned 
and receive — if herbivorous — oatmeal gruel of milk and a table- 
spoonful of linseed meal daily; cod liver oil, 65S; raw eggs and beef 
meal. Carnivora may be given milk, strong broths, gruels with milk, 
juice squeezed from rare beef, bovinine, cod liver oil. With anemia, 
sjrup of ferrous iodide (foals and calves, m.xv; puppies, m.ii-5v). 
Phosphorus and phosphates are bone foods. Prescribe jihosphorated 
oil (foals and calvesj 5i; puppies, m.ss to m. 1). General care 
and hygiene are of chief importance. These include grooming, 
cleanliness, warm, dry quarters, and fresh, country air. Pigs must 
be removed from dark, unhealthy styes. 

Ringbone in the Horse. 

Either a periarthritis or osteoarthritis of the os corona, and in the 
first involving the external, and in the second case, the articular 
surfaces of the bone. When in fore limb, apply a thin-heeled bar- 
shoe; when in hind limb, a high-heeled shoe, to favor the natural 
shifting of weight attempted by the patient. When the animal is 
in the stable, place a wet swab about the pastern, only work on 
soft ground, if possible. In acute cases, with lameness and heat 
in the pai't, apply cold swabs and enforce rest; follow by firing 
and blistering to secure anchylosis, if lameness persists. If this is 
unsuccessful, perform neurectomy. 

Ringworm. (Tricophytosis. Tinea or Herpes Tonsurans.) 
Attacks Cattle, Dogs, Horses, Pigs, Sheep, Goats, Cats and Poul- 
try. 

The disease is transmitted from animal to man and from indi- 
vidual to individual of same species; rarely from one species to an- 
other among animals. 

Isolate patients, and disinfect premises, harness, clothing, . bed- 
ding, cleaning utensils and objects in contact with the patient. 
Burn hair and crusts from the skin. The disease may be spread 
over the body by grooming. First soak crusts in oil and remove 
them with green soap and water.- Paint diseased area daily with 
tincture of iodine, or rub in ointment (1-8) of iodine crystals and 
goose grease once daily, 246. Moussu recommends on cattle with 
localized spots, equal parts of chloral, phenol and tincture of io- 
dine. When generalized, wash the body with green or tar soap and 



816 EPITOME OF MODEEN TREATMENT OF 

apply boric acid (5ii in alcohol (5x) and ether (jiiss). Salicylic 
acid in alcohol (1-10) may also be used over large areas without 
fear of poisoning from absorption or licking of the drug. Many 
other drugs are curative, as 10 per cent, ointment of either creolin, 
lysol, or tar. In small areas, ung. hydrargyri ammoniati, 230, It is 
best to clip the hair about diseased patches and pulL out that on 
the patches, if feasible. 

EOARING. 

In Horses; rarely in Cattle and Dogs. 

Due to left-sided paralysis of the larynx, from toxemia of acute 
infections; also to thickening of the mucous membrane, obstructions, 
stenoses, and new growths in the upper air passages. Paralysis of 
the larynx is only relieved by arytenectomy. Following acute in- 
flammation of the throat, apply a fly blister over the larynx, 646, 
or better, red mercuric iodide, 310. Give internally potassium iodide, 
249, thrice daily for some time. The local injection of strychnine, 
408, into the region of the larynx once daily is said to delay the on- 
set of paralysis. Arsenic internally may aid the action of the 
iodide in promoting resolution of thickened mucous membrane, 236. 

Rot in Sheep, Distomiasis. See Liver Rot. 

Roup. See Laryngitis, Diphtheria, Croup. 

Saddle Galls. 

Avoid friction and imdue pressure of badly fitting harness, and 
heavy cloth or felt linings. Use only harness linings of liglit leather. 
Treat at first with wet dressing of two parts of saturated boric acid 
solution and one part alcohol on aseptic gauze, covered with oil silk 
blanket and surcingle. Treat inflamed sebaceous folicles as advised 
for Acne (see Acne). Islands of necrotic tissue, or sit fasts, must 
be removed by the knife. To the remaining wound apply balsam 
of Peru, 511, and aseptic dressings, or an astringent, stimulant and 
antiseptic powder. 

Sand Crack. Quarter-Crack. 

Prophylaxis: — Avoid weakening the foot by paring away sole and 
frog, and thus putting all the horses's weight on wall of foot. Oc- 
curs in inner quarter of fore foot; in toe of hind foot. Remove 
the shoes, and pare thin the edges of the fissure. Apply flaxseed 
and bran poultice mixed with 2 per cent, creolin, and rest, to re- 
lieve the inflammation. After the inflammation has passed, treat 



DISEASES OF THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS 817 

the crack hy either removing a V-shaped piece of horn; bj'^ paring 
away the upper portion of crack to sensitive laminae and coronary 
band above, and clamjiing the crack below; or by grooving the wall 
above at right angles with the crack. All these measures tend to 
immobilize the edges of the crack and allow of formation of new 
horn. To stimulate growth of horn, also blister the coronet. Apply 
bar shoe, with thin heels and side clasps in fissure of toe; a three- 
quartered bar shoe in quarter-crack. Employ covering of wood 
tar on hoof continuously. 

Sarcoma. 

Use knife freely and try Coley's mixture of toxins of erysipelas 
and B. prodigiosus. At times very successful in human practice. 

Scab in Sheep. 

Due to Dermodectes communis, var. ovis. Lambs and yearlings 
most susceptible. 

Segregate and dip newly-boug-ht sheep. Isolate sick and disinfect 
premises and contaminated objects. Shear sick and remove crusts 
with soft soap solution (1-50), aided bj' brush. Treatment is done 
with baths or dips. They are given only four hours after feeding 
and at body heat. Repeat dip in ten days and keep animal in bath 
two minutes. Dip head under once, in sulphur dip; keep mouth, 
nose and eyes out in poisonous (tobacco, arsenical) dips. For 
shorn sheep, use U. S. Bureau of Animal Industry Dip, which is 
cheap, safe and efficient. Flowers of sulphur, 24 lbs.; unslaked 
lime, 8 lbs.; water, 100 galls. "Mix lime in box with water to make 
paste; sift on sulphur; stir all well together. Boil with 25 galls, of 
water for two hours or longer, till solution of chocolate-liver color 
and sulphur mostly disappears from surface. Settle mixture in a 
barrel with bunghole four inches from bottom; allow four hours for 
settling. Draw off only clear liquid into dipping vat and add water 
to make 100 galls. For animals in full fleece, use manufactured 
tobacco, 1 lb.; flowers of sulphur, 1 lb.; water, 5 galls. Soak to- 
bacco 24 hours or more, on night before dipping, boil tobacco solu- 
tion for a minute and allow tobacco to remain in it over night. Mix 
sulphur to paste with water in a pail. Strain liquid from tobacco 
by pressure, and add liquid to sulphur paste and enough water 
to make 5 gallons. After dipping, turn sheep into clean yard. 
Dip healthy sheep first; then scabby ones, when a flock is attacked. 
There are many excellent commercial dips on the market; follow 
specific directions with each. Other agents include: creolin, 2 gal- 
Ions; arsenic, 1.5 lbs.; iron sulphate, 10 lbs.; water, 100 gallons, etc. 
Good pasturing and generous feeding aid retiistance against scab. 



818 EPITOME OP MODERN TREATMENT OP 

Scabies. See Mange. 

Scratches. See Erythema. 

Seedy Toe in Horses. 

Sequel to laminitis. 

Remove all diseased horn and apply Peru balsam to the exposed 
tissues. If there is lameness, use bran and flaxseed poultice mixed 
with 3 per cent, lysol solution. Otherwise, blister the coronet. Ap- 
ply a bar-shoe with sole pressure and keep the cavity dressed with 
the balsam. Frequent changing of the shoe and trimming of the 
foot is required to restore and keep it in normal shape. 



Septicemia. Pyemia. Sapremia. 

In blood poisoning, with germs or their products, the treatment 
is chiefly surgical: the use of antiseptic poultices or other anti- 
septic applications to wounds; the removal of septic and dead tissue 
by the knife; the drainage of purulent foci, etc. Nourishing diet — 
reinforced by milk and eggs, beef juice, bovinine, etc. Oil of tur- 
pentine may be used as a stimulant and antiseptic (H., 5i) in emul- 
sion with milk and eggs. Calomel is useful as an antiseptic cathar- 
tic, 318. Saline infusions are often most valuable, 732. Collargol 
has also given very good results, 180. Antistreptococcic serum is 
remedial in streptoccus infection, 745. The tine, of ferric 
chloride is indicated during and succeeding an attack, 195. 

Sexual Excitement. Nymphomania. Satyriasis. 

In female (nymphomania), sexual excitement depends upon var- 
ious inflammatory diseases, as vaginitis, metritis and other disor- 
ders of the vagina, womb, ovary. Retained testis is a common cause 
in males. Over feeding, lack of exercise, and constant companion- 
ship with females favor sexual excitement in the male. Treatment 
consists in removing the cause, as surgery in organic lesions yield- 
ing to the knife. Secure only proper amount of coition and avoid 
proximity of male to opposite sex. Give hard work, low diet, and 
full doses of potassium bromide, 243. If trouble due to spinal or 
cerebral lesions, little can be done. As a last resource, castration 
of either sex or slaughter. 



Shoe Ball. See Capped Elbow, 



DISEASES OF THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS 819 

Shoulder Lameness (In the Horse). 

Sprain of the spinati and, to a less extent of the teres muscles, 
with swelling, followed by atrophy of these parts. In the acute 
stage, apply constant, hot fomentations to the shoulder muscles, and 
secure absolute rest. When local tenderness and swelling abate, ap- 
ply cantharides blister to muscle, and later exercise at pasture may 
lead to recovery. Local intramuscular injections of veratrine, 471, 
may be of service in atrophy of the muscles. Occasional blistering 
is of most service. Avoid ploughing to prevent return of trouble. 

Sick, Destruction of. 

Chloroform, 307; prussic acid, 346. 

Side Bone in the Horse. Ossification on thh Lateral Car- 
tilages. 

Rest and cold swab about foot with heat and lameness. In other 
cases, firing and blistering are indicated, and the application of a 
bar-shoe. The eflfects of concussion may be somewhat averted by 
making a groove below the cartilage in the wall of the foot with a 
knife or firing iron. 

Sitfast. See Saddle Galls. 

Sleepy Staggers. See Encephalitis. 

Snake Bite. See Bites. 

Sore Throat. See Pharyngitis. 

Sores, See W^ounds. 

Sore Shins. See Periostitis and Ostitis. 

Spasm of the Diaphragm (In the Horse). Thumps. 

Give spirit of chloroform or compound spirit of ether, 295. If 
persistent, try morphine under the skin, 368; also inhalations of 
amyl nitrate, 313. Apply hot applications over the diaphragm; pull 
out the tongue. If breathing becomes difficult, use venesection, 729, 
to avert pulmonary apoplexy. 

Spasms. See Convulsions, Eclampsia, Epilepsy, Chorea, Tetanus, 
Colic, Asthma, Thumps, Etc. 

Spavin, Bog. See Bog Spavin. 



820 EPITOME OF MODERN TREATMENT OP 

Spavin, Bone (In the Horse). 

In acute cases, rest and the application of a compress kept con- 
stantly wet with cold water. This rnaj^ be followed b_y firing and 
blistering — to secure anchylosis — in young animals. The use of a 
high-heeled shoe may benefit many cases. Other operations which 
may relieve the lameness are cunean tenotomy and anterior tibial 
neurectomy. 

Splint. 

Apply cold compresses, when the animal is in the stable, and 
later the ointment of red mercuric iodide, every other day till blis- 
tering occurs, 219. When this is not curative, fire in points and 
blister with cantharides, followed by rest. In very acute cases, in- 
cise the periosteum at the onset. 

Speedy Cut (In the Horse). 

Apply antiseptic gauze, wet with 2 per cent, lysol and covered 
with rubber or oil silk, and bandage, to injurj'^ on knee. Otherwise 
treat as for Wovnds. Employ a boot to save knee from being 
struck. To prevent, pare away inner side of striking foot and use 
accurately fitting three-quarter shoes. Shoe once in three weeks. 
Avoid too rapid work. 

Spinal Inflammation. Spinal Pachy- and Lepto-Meningitis. 
Myelitis. 

Traumatism, tuberculosis, septicemia, pyemia, distemper, stran- 
gles and growths are etiological factors. Treatment depends on 
etiology to some extent. In acute spinal meningitis, treat as for 
cerebro-spinal meningitis, except cold should be applied to spine 
rather than to the head. In the later stages, blistei-s applied over 
the lumbar region — or over centers corresponding to the peripheral 
lesions — are indicated. Potassium iodide may be useful in aiding 
resolution, 249. Tonics, as strychnine and iron, are valuable. When 
there is marked paraplegia, keep horses in slings and empty bowels 
and bladder regularly. Employ faradism and massage of para- 
lyzed muscles. Recovery is uncertain and treatment is often eco- 
nomically inadvisable. 

Sprains or Strains of Muscles, Tendons or Ligaments. 

Usually involve actual rupture of the fibres of these structures. 
At the onset, secure rest and immobilization of the part as far as 
possible. Take off weight by slings; apply high-heeled shoe in strain 
of flexor tendons of feet in horses. Apply frequently repeated hot 
fomentations, 715, or cold irrigations, 710, and Priessnitz poulti"'^ 



DISEASES OF THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS 821 

at night, 708, with bandaging to prevent exudation and swelling of 
the part. After the acute symptoms abate, alternate hot and cold 
applications of water — to stimulate circulation — and begin soon 
with massage and movement of the part and gradually increasing 
exercise. Keep the part bandaged if possible when not applying 
treatment. Various liniments may be used to aid massage, as 
chloroform, 298, or turpentine liniment, 502. Firing and blistering, 
or simply blistering, and turning out animal to pasture, may secure 
recovery. Subsequent cicatrization with contraction of tendons and 
ligaments can not be prevented except in part by early movement 
of the injured limb. 

Sterility (Sexual). See Barrenness. 

Stomach Staggers. See Indigestion. 

Stomatitis. 

In simple stomatitis, use mel boracis (B. P.) on a swab in the 
mouth. The food should be liquid or soft. Give potassium chlorate 
internall)^, 130. With ulceration, swab out mouth with 1 per cent, 
lysol solution several times daily and touch the ulcers with 10 per 
cent, silver nitrate solution, or with tine, of iodine. To the large 
animals, give a few drams of Glauber's salts and saleratus on the 
food thrice daily. To sheep, sodium chloride and salicylate in their 
drinking water (in the proportion of 15 gr. each to the pint). Hy- 
drogen dioxide is perhaps the most effective antiseptic mouth-wash, 
120, but more expensive than boric acid. Stomatitis is very preva- 
lent in the young. Fresh air, cleanly premises and exercise must be 
given. Nourishing food is a requisite to recovery. Isolate the sick 
and avoid common use of utensils for eating or drinking. Stoma- 
titis is a complication of infected umbilicus in calves; gangrenous 
tissue must be cut away and the navel packed with iodoform and 
boric acid. 

Strains. See Sprains. 

Strangles in Horses. 

Isolate the sick in roomy, airy box-stall and disinfect the vacated 
premises. Diet — Gruels, mashes, steamed oats, grass, roots; and 
milk, eggs and alcohol, if there is anorexia. Apply, and frequently 
renew, hot flaxseed poultices to the inflamed submaxillary gland, 
and open when "ripe." Syringe abscess cavity with hydrogen di- 
oxide and dress with Peru balsam. Remove induration by a fly 
blister to the surrounding area, 646. Treat complications as they 
arise. Tracheotomy is required for obstruction about the larynx. 



822 EPITOME OF MODEBN TREATMENT OP 

Stringiialt in Horses. 
Several forms. 

1. In some cases it is purely a functional nervous disease like 
chorea; treatment on this basis includes the use of bromides, 243, 
improvement in general hj^giene, and rest. 

2. A form dependent on retraction of peroneo-phalangeus, which 
may be cured by peroneal tenotomy and aponeurotomy. 

3. A form produced by tarsal deformative arthritis, or spavin. 
Treat as recommended for Spavin. 

4. Patellar form. Sometimes cured by section of the tibio-patellar 
ligament. 

Sturdy. See Coenurus Cerebralis. 

Sunstroke. Isolation. Heat Stroke. 

1. Apdlectic form, with coma and very high rectal temperature. 
Turn hose of cold water on the head and body and make vigorous 
friction of the body with ice. With injected mucosa and labored 
breathing, venesection, 729. With failing pulse, inject under the 
skin of the horse camphor (gr.xv), with ether (5ss), and sweet 
oil (3ii)- Also strychnine. 

2. In the form with weak pulse and prostration (without hyper- 
pyrexia), give stimulants as above, and externally hot pack. 

Prophylaxis: Head coverings; give cold water frequently and 
apply it to head; moderate work; avoid work in heat of day. 

Surgical Shock. 

Give morphine under the skin, 370, and apply heat externally, 
713, with mustard, 700. Inject normal salt solution into the rectum, 
into a vein, or under the skin, 735. Of less value are strychnine, 
408, and tincture of digitalis, 451, given hypodermatically. 

Surfeit. See Urticaria. 

Swine Fever. See Hog Cholera. 

Syncope. Heart Failure. Fainting. See Cerebral Anemia. 

Keep the head low and inject under the skin pure ether, 294, or 

aqua ammonia, 147. Give subcutaneously strychnine, 409, 

with tincture of digitalis, 451, every few hours. Also the injection 

of camphor, 550, is useful. 



DISEASES OF THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS 823 

Synovitis. 

Rest and fixation of joint most important. Slings or the use of 
splints secure rest and fixation. The application of an ice and saw- 
dust poultice, or ice bag bandaged on to the joint or constant cold ir- 
rigation, 710; or, sometimes more useful, are frequent, hot fomen- 
tations, 715. Compression of the joint by rubber or flannel band- 
age is serviceable after the more acute symptoms abate. In sub- 
acute stage, firing and blistering are to be recommended. When 
effusion and most of the thickening about the joint disappear, al- 
low gentle exercise, which may be gradually increased. 

See also Open Joint, and Arthritis. 

Tapeworms. See Parasites, Intestinal. 

Teats, Fissured, Cracked. 

Wash udder thoroughly with soap and water and saturated boric 
acid solution. Withdraw milk through sterile milking tube. Coat 
fissures with co. tine, benzoin, 513, or with solid lunar caustic, 178. 
Keep teats anointed with 10 per cent, boric acid vaseline. 

Teats, Obstructed. 

If obstruction not overcome by passage of bougie and manipula- 
tion of the udder it may be necessary to cut the teat with teat 
bistoury to relieve a stricture. Growths within the teat are re- 
moved by scissors or ligature. 

Tendons, Rupture of. 

Splints and treatment as for fracture. If open wound, suture 
the tendon and sheath. Subcutaneous rupture unites more surely 
with aseptic suturing in human practice, but there is great danger 
of sepsis in veterinary practice. 

Tenosynovitis. 

General treatment as for synovitis. Rest, fixation, applications 
of heat and cold, counterirritants, and finally exercise. 

Tetanus. 

Common to all animals; especially to Horses, Cattle and Sheep. 

Therapeutic treatment is generally unsuccessful, but prophy- 
laxis (before symptoms arise) is usually very effective in preventing 
tetanus when antitoxin is injected, 1A:2. In wounds of the feet, 
in regions where tetanus is prevalent; also in the new-born, in cows 
just calved and for all animals after surgical operations in regions 



824 EPITOME OF MODERN TREATMENT OF 

infected by tetanus, the antitoxin preventive treatment should be 
employed. Immunity thus conferred lasts about a month and is 
without danger. Repeat these injections of antitoxin at the end 
of tlie first and third week, to prevent the intoxication caused by 
belated crops of tetanus bacilli. Locallj^, any wound likely to con- 
t-ain tetanus germs must be opened freely to the bottom and pure 
phenol applied. Cover the navels of calves with iodoform. Bacelli's 
carbolic acid treatment internally is the most successful for fully 
developed tetanus, 330. Inject into muscles of the neck of horse 
5i of pure phenol in 5 per cent, watery solution every two hours, 
for first 36 hours, and less often thereafter. To relieve spasm of 
jaw and elsewhere, give morphine (gr. vii-x), 368, subcutaneously, 
with chloral (3ii-iii) in boiled starch solution by rectum, 318. Chlo- 
roform by inhalation may give temporary freedom from spasm. 
The use of slings, a quiet, darkened box-stall, and gentle manage- 
ment are desirable. The diet shoukl be of a sloppy character — 
milk, gruels, r id perhaps some green fodder, with water within 
reach at all times. Empty the bowels manually or by enema; the 
bladder by catheter or pressure within the rectum. Thorough dis- 
infection of the premises after a case of tetanus is imperative. 

Texas Fever. See Hemoslo'binuria in Cattle, 



Thick Wind in Horses. 

Treat as for Broken Wind. 



Thorough-Pin of the Hock and Knee. 

Tenosynovitis of the perforatus tendon just at the summit of 
the OS calcis. Usually chronic, as hydrops of the tendon sheath. 
In acute cases, apply a high-heeled shoe and secure rest, and apply 
w^et compresses and flannel bandage about the lower limb and 
hock. In chronic cases, apply spring truss, or operate by aseptic 
excision or curetting of wall of the sac and free drainage, to se- 
cure obliteration of the sac and adhesion of the tendon to the 
tendon sheath. There is considerable danger of sepsis, however, 
in the operation. Aseptic aspiration of the sac and injection of 
tincture of iodine or of carbolic acid (m.v-x) may produce the 
same result with less danger of infection. Unless the animal is 
valuable, operation is inadvisable. Firing and blisters have little 
curative value. Hydrops or hygroma of the common tendon sheath 
of the perforatus and perforans at the back of the carpus. This 
is treated exactly as recommended for hydrops or dropsy of the 
perforatus tendon (thorough-pin) at the hock. 



DISEASES OF THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS 825 

Thrombosis. 

Of the Cerebral Arteries. See Apoplexy. 

Of the Anterior Mesenteric Artery. See Colic. 

Of Femoral an'd Axillary Arteries. 

Shown by intermittent lameness and complete paresis, with loss of 
pulse, in affected limb. Treatment by rest for many weeks and 
potassium iodide, 349, thrice daily. The clot in femoral artery 
may be felt per rectum, and massage over it has been recommended, 
but is liable to cause sudden death by embolus. Swelling of the 
limb may be combated by bandaging. 

Thrush (In the Mouth). See Stomatitis. 

Thrush in Frog of Horse. 

Keep the feet out of manure and urine by constant cleanliness 
of stable or by movable leather sole and calks, to prevent moisture 
from reaching the foot. Remove from wet yard or pasture. Dust 
calomel and iodoform (equal parts) on the frog and work the 
powder into cleft of the frog, by means of a probe, and pack with 
tow on top of it. Application of wood tar and tow and leather 
soles may be placed over this. If seen in fore feet, without ap- 
parent cause, or if there is swelling of the limbs and evidence of 
poor circulation, give a purge, tonics, and regular exercise. 

Ticks. Ixodae. 

Ticks are the means of transmitting Texas fever to cattle (Boo- 
philus annulatus), and the allied disorders — Australian tick fever 
and ixodic anemia of cattle — by innoculating the organisms of these 
diseases through their bites. In sheep, louping ill is likewise com- 
municated by ticks (Ixodes ricinus or reduvius), which innoculate 
a special organism by means of their bites. The Ixodes americanus 
— common in dogs, cattle and man — is the most frequent in the 
U. S. I. reduvius attacks dogs and cattle, as well as sheep. Ticks 
should not be torn away from the skin, as their bodies will be 
severed from their heads and the latter be left in the skin. Unless 
buried deep in the skin, the application of butter, kerosene, oil of 
turpentine or benzine will cause the ticks to loose their hold. The 
whole tick may be removed by cutting them out with scissors, skin 
and all. Ked or Keb refers to Melophagus o\inus, which is not a 
tick, but a wingless fly attacking sheep and usually confused with 
ixodidae. This insect may be removed by baths, as for Scab in 
Sheep, and their inroads prevented by applications of kerosene. 
Baths or dips are also prophylactic in louping ill. 



826 EPITOME OP ]\rODERN TREATMENT OP 

Tinea Tonsurans. See Ringtvorm. 

Toothache. 

In the Horse — Extraction by forceps, or by trephining and 
punching out the offending molar. 

In the Dog — Counter-irritation of gum by tincture of iodine; 
filling the tooth with dental amalgam after proper removal of 
carious matter; lancing the gum for alveolar abscess; or extraction. 

Tracheitis, or Tracheo-Bronchitis. See Bronchitis. 

Tread. ■ 

Bruise of coronet by opposite foot or by foot of another horse. 
Apply wet compress (3 per cent, creolin) and treat as for 
TVounds. 

Trichinosis. 

The Trichina spiralis attacks all animals, but more often swine. 
Treatment is wholly preventive in destroying rats and mice, where 
pigs are kept, and in not feeding flesh to swine. Trichinous meat 
should be burned. 

Tuberculosis. 

In order of frequency affects Cattle, Birds, Swine, Cats, Goats, 
Horses, Sheep and Dogs. 

Most animals are infected bj^ the bovine type of B. tuberculosis. 
Dogs and cats are susceptible to the human type of bacillus. In- 
fections occur through the digestive and respiratory tracts, and 
extend by the lymphatics — sometimes by the blood stream (leuco- 
cytes) or by continuity — and bacteria often penetrate a part without 
producing lesions at the point of entry. Tuberculosis is acquired by 
the bacilli in the nasal discharge and feces of patients, infecting 
the water, fodder and dust of a barn. Crowding, poor ventilation 
and poor nutrition favor the disease. Tuberculosis is not inherited, 
but the tendency to it is; the young are most susceptibje ; some six 
months' habitation in infected surroundings may be required for 
the disease to be acquired by the previously healthy. 

Treatment — This is rarely advisable in animals, since it is so 
often unsuccessful and because the existence of the disease threat- 
ens the life of other animals, and man through diseased meat, milk, 
, and — in the case of cats and dogs — through their sputum. An 
outdoor life, day and night, together with highly nutritious diet, 
may lead to recovery and is the most hopeful and successful form 
of treatment for animals, as for man. Prophylaxis is secured by 



DISEASES OF THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS 827 

an outdoor life, or one in clean, well-ventilated and uncrowded 
stables. The sick should be isolated and killed. The offspring of 
tuberculous parents are undesirable, but, if raised, should be isolated 
in clean quarters away from all tuberculous anmials, and be fed on 
milk from healthy cows, or, if necessarj', the boiled milk from the 
tuberculous mother. The infected barn should be washed and 
cleaned and sprayed with formalin, or 1-500 corrosive sublimate 
solution, on the walls, floors, and feed boxes; the floors should be 
covered with quicklime; and the premises then disinfected with 
formalin or sulphur vapor. The tuberculin test must be applied to 
all newly-bought animals, before they are included in the herd, 
and the whole herd should be tuberculin-tested once a year. Milk 
from tuberculous cows is unfit for food and is a means of trans- 
mitting the disease to man, especially to infants. Von Behring's 
Bovovaccine — of dry, living, tubercle bacilli of the human type — 
appears to confer immunity, for a more or less indefinite period 
(two weeks — three months), in cattle. It is indicated for injection 
into young animals, as a preventive agent, when tuberculosis is 
prevalent in a herd. Its value is still a matter for the future to 
determine. 

iTympanites, Acute (In Cattle and Sheep). 

Gaseous distension of the rumen is common in sudden changes of 
diet from dry fodder to clover or lush grass. Perform active mas- 
sage of the left flank. Pass a stomach tube. To stimulate peristalis, 
throw a stream of cold water against the left flank, and give com- 
pound spirit of ether, 293, internally. With increasing distension, 
plunge a knife, or, better, a trocar and canula, into the most 
prominent part of the left flank, midway between the angle of the 
hip and last rib. Compress the tissues about the canula, to prevent 
gas and food from entering the tissues. The canula may be left in 
place 34 to 48 hours and the animal should receive but little food — 
hay and bran mash. If the rumen is impacted, see Indigestion. 

Udder, Inflammation of. See Mastitis. 

.Ulcers. 

Wounds with general tendency to break down (necrosis) and 
suppurate rather than to heal. These include ulcers at point of ear 
(dogs) and point of tail (cattle and dogs). 

Ulcers in hind legs of horses, associated with swelling and gen- 
eral debility. 

Gangrenous ulcers, carbimcle of coronet or foot rot in horses — 
from injury, special infection and frost bite about the coronary 
region. 

Indolent ulcer about the coronet of old horses. 



828 EPITOME OP MODERN TREATMENT OF 

Corneal ulcers and stomatitis ulcers in dogs and other animals. 

Ulcers due to carcinoma of the skin (horses and dogs); to tuber- 
culosis, actinomycosis and glanders in horses. 

Decubitus, or ulcei-s due to pressure in lying down. 

Ulcers due to treads on coronet and to pressure of collar and 
saddle on the neck and withers. 

Treatment — In general, the treatment consists in destroying and 
removing the unhealthy necrotic tissue and substituting in its place 
a healthy wound. For this purpose we use the actual cautery, 
curette, scissors, knife or caustics, as in the case of gangrenous 
ulcers. For less urgent cases we may apply the stick lunar caustic, 
tine, iodine, phenol, or strong solutions of mercuric bichloride, 
formalin (10 per cent.), or zinc chloride. If there is much sur- 
rounding inflammation and tissue to be gotten rid of by sloughing, 
we should apply aseptic gauze soaked in 2 per cent, lysol and cov- 
ered with waterproof and bandage till sloughing has proceeded and 
inflammation subdued. Then we may dress with Peru balsam, or 
stimulating and antiseptic powder, as calomel and iodoform. For 
ulcers due to specific diseases see names of those diseases. Removal 
of cause of irritation is essential, as of foreign body or dead tissue. 
Rest of the part is also requisite, as bandaging or ear-cap in 
case of ulcer of the ear in dogs. 

Urethritis in Dogs. 

Associated with Balanitis very often. 

At first give cathartic and light diet of milk and bread, and en- 
force rest. Foment frequently with hot saturated boric acid solu- 
tion and inject hot 3 per cent, solution of the same into the urethra. 
Internally, give tine, hyoscyamus (m.x-xx) and sweet spirit of 
nitre (m.xxx) with potassium citrate (gr.xv) in solution thrice daily. 
After subsidence of more acute symptoms, inject 1 per cent, solu- 
tion of zinc sulphate and lead acetate in combination or use 5 per 
cent, argyrol solution, 180; or silver nitrate solution (1-16,000 to 
1-4,000). Use boiled, soft-rubber catheter, if there is urethral ob- 
struction. Obstruction from swelling of urethra, or urethral stone, 
may require perineal section. 

XJrinary Retention and Incontinence. 

If retention is due to spasm of the sphincter, as in colic, then 
the application of hot fomentations to the loins, morphine and 
atropine under the skin, or warm baths in small animals, will re- 
lieve. Pressure on the bladder through the rectum, or the use of 
the catheter, are most rapidly effective in horses. If retention of 
urine is due to stone in the ischial region or S curve of the urethra 



DISEASES OF THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS 829 

in oxen, then massage it out; do urethrotomy; or slaughter before 
the bladder ruptures and absorption of urine spoils the meat. In 
sheep with urethral stone, massage the urethra and excise the spiral 
filament at the end of the penis; or slaughter. In retention from 
phimosis, paraphimosis, and stone in the bladder, circumcision, 
incision of the sheath, and cystotomy are respectively indicated. 
Stone in the bladder in sheep and cattle may be prevented by giving 
sodium bicarbonate with the food and allowing water at the ani- 
mal's constant disposal; and this generally is necessary in fatten- 
ing. Retention of urine from paralysis of the detrusor muscles, in 
nervous disease, may be overcome by the use of strychnine and 
remedies combating the primarj"^ disorder. 

Urinary Incontinence may be caused by paralysis of the sphincter 
muscle of the bladder from prolonged retention of urine; or from 
obstruction by stones and new growths in the bladder. In paretic 
conditions, the administration of strychnine, alternate injections 
into the bladder of cold and hot water, and treatment indicated 
for general debility are in order. 

Urticaria, Nettlerash, Surfeit, Hives. 

In Horses, Cattle, Pigs and Dogs. 

Due to external irritation by nettles; bites of insects, fleas and 
lice; chemicals, and sudden cooling of the skin. Also to irritants 
within the body — as products of indigestion and toxines from in- 
fections, pregnancy, rheumatism, and hemoglobinemia; and to speci- 
fic foods and medicines. 

Treatment — Give a purge — H., aloes; C, Epsom salts and calo- 
mel; swine, calomel; dogs, the same, or two to three compound 
cathartic pills. Externally, bathe with saleratus and water (5i-0ii), 
or vinegar, pure or diluted. Sanitas (1 to 2) and terebene (1 to 8) 
in water, are also beneficial. 

Uterine Inertia and Subinvolution. 

Give fluidextract of ergot in full dose thrice daily for two or three 
weeks, 639, and it may well be combined with an equal dose of 
fluidextract of hydrastis, 560, and a moderate dose of quinine sul- 
phate, 480. In subinvolution or hypertrophy of the womb follow- 
ing labor, the use of hot vaginal injections also aids the action 
of ergot in restoring a normal condition. 

Vaginitis and Vulvo-Vaginitis. 

Due to infection of injured parts after labor; to the action of 
strong injections or foreign bodies; and a third form to infection 
from the bull. Croupous vaginitis is sometimes seen as a variety 



830 EPITOME OP MODEEN TREATMENT OF 

of puerperal infection. In the acute stage, with swelling of the 
vulva and inflammation and discharge from the vagina, anoint the 
vulva with carbolized vaseline and inject sodium bicarbonate solu- 
tion (3SS-Oi) through a sterile, perforated, soft-rubber tube. If 
there are lacerations in the vagina, it should be irrigated with 1 per 
cent, lysol solution and the vagina filled with dry boric acid and 
packed with sterile gauze. Renew the dressings frequently. After 
the subsidence of the acute stage, inject zinc or copper sulphate 
solution (of either, 5i-0i) twice daily. An occasional swabbing of 
the vagina with freshly made 5 per cent, argyrol is also beneficial. 
Examine the vagina with a speculum, as a vaginal discharge may 
arise from the uterus. 

Varicose Veins. 

Permanent dilatations of veins. 

Very rare in the domestic animals. Treatment — Support by ban- 
dage. Radical cure can only be obtained by excision of the vein 
or double ligation, at either end of dilatation. 

Variola. Pox of Sheep, Cattle, Swine, Dogs, Birds and 
Monkeys. 

Caused by a protozoon Cytoryctes variolae, found in the skin 
of man (smallpox), sheep and cattle. Sheep pox is the most com- 
mon and important disease — Variola Ovina. It is not readily com- 
municable to man but occasionally to dogs, swine and goats. Variola 
in sheep is highly infectious and very fatal (90 per cent.). In 
sheep pox, slaughter of the sick and exposed animals and thorough 
disinfection of the infected premises are essential. Infection may 
last for six months in the infected premises, and for six weeks 
about sheep after their recovery from variola. The sheep — on re- 
covery — should therefore be dijjped in 2 per cent, creolin or lysol 
solution. Ovination, or innoculation of sheep with the virus of 
sheep pox, has been done with greatlj^ varying mortality (from 3 
to 20 per cent.). Innoculation from an already innoculated sheep, 
by means of the virus taken from a pustule at the tenth day, and 
introduced into the tail of a healthy sheep, will produce immunity 
without eruption. No innoculations must be made until variola 
breaks out in a flock, or the disease may be spread by the process. 
Medical treatment includes cleanliness of surroundings and bedding; 
warm shelter;, fresh air; soft and nourishing food. The nostrils 
and eyes should be cleaned with saturated boric acid solution; and 
chalk may be put in the drinking water, if dian-hea is present. 

Cow Pox and Horse Pox appear to arise from contact: of healthy 
animals with variolous or vaccinated persons. Cow Pox therefore 



DISEASES OF THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS 831 

usually occurs in cows; occasionally in hulls, oxen and young stock. 
Cow Pox is very rare and valuable in providing a source of vaccine 
lymph. The use of a milking tube; frequent hot fomentations; and 
measures ad\ased for mastitis are indicated, when the udder is in- 
flamed. 

In Horse Pox, clip the hair and cleanse and bathe the parts with 
2 per cent, lysol solution, and apply wet compresses of the same. 
In later stages, the use of carbolized vaseline is to be recommended. 



Verminous Bronchitis. See Bronchitis, 

Vehtigo. Megrims. Blind Staggers in the Horse. 

Occasionally seen in Dogs, Pigs, Cattle and Sheep. 

Cover the eyes with a blanket; remove harness about the neck; and! 
walk the animal about. Also throw cold water forcibly over the 
head. Cerebral congestion from pressure on the neck, or from 
short over-draw check, from overheating, and from chronic lung 
or heart disease, may cause it. Cerebral anemia or general anemia 
may induce the disorder. A strong glare of light affecting the 
eyes, foreign bodies in the ears, and perhaps indigestion, may 
induce megrims. Often it is an inexplicable neurosis. If cause 
can be discovered, it should be remedied, if possible. Animals may 
often be ridden without danger of an attack (which would appear 
if they were driven). Certain blinders favor the disorder. Reg- 
ular and hard exercise is often beneficial. Following a seizure, 
give an aloes ball. 



Villitis. Coronitis (In Horses). 

I"nflammation of the coronet with heat, bulging and tenderness 
of the coronet; and brittle, striated appearance of hoof. If severe, 
separation of the hoof may occur. Remove shoes and enforce rest, 
with bran and flaxseed poultice to the forefeet. With the subsi- 
dence of acute symptoms, apply fly blister to the coronet. May 
work with bar shoes, or the animal may be sent to pasture if re- 
covery is not rapid, but wet pastures or standing in water and snow 
are often responsible for the disease. 



Volvulus or Twist of the Bowel. See Colic. 

May reduce by rectal manipulation. If this is unsuccessful, one 
may do a laparotomy. 



832 EPITOME OF MODERN TREATMENT OP 

Warbles. Hypodermosis (In Cattle). 

Prophylaxis — Prevent gadflies from lighting on cattle by the use 
of covers, and by spraying 3 per cent, creolin solution on the skin; 
also by thorough brushing to remove the eggs laid on the skin. In- 
jection of kerosene into the openings of the swellings on the skin» 
by means of a machinist's oil can (when done at the earliest mo- 
ment) leads to killing the larvae and subsidence of the swellings. 
Otherwise there is nothing to do but gently express the larvae when 
they are ready to escape. Incision of the swellings is undesirable. 

Warts. Verrucae. Papillomata. 

In young animals on the belly, prepuce, mammae, lips, eyelids, 
ears, mouth and vagina (bitches) ; and about the fetlocks (grapes) 
in horses. They should be removed by excision with scissors, or the 
knife. Torsion and ligature are also employed. Strong acetic or 
nitric acid may be applied to small growths, but are not so certain 
as scissors and should never be used about the mouth or eyes. 
Warty growths of the lids are apt to become malignant and should 
be removed with a free elliptical incision; also warts on the penis 
should be freely removed with scissors and their base cauterized 
with strong nitric acid. The actual cautery may be employed, as 
in grapes. 

Weed. See Lymphangitis. * 

Whistling. See Roaring. 

Wind Galls. 

This condition is a tenosynovitis and hygroma of the sheath of 
the perforatus behind the metacarpus. See Tenosynovitis. 

Wind-Sucking. Crib-Biting in Horses. 

Cover stable fixtures with metal and give so much work that 
vicious habits wiU not be acquired. The use of a muzzle or spiked 
strap about the larynx may sometimes prevent wind-sucking. Avoid 
any articles which can be bitten; feed off the ground, or remove 
manger after feeding. Cut hay and grain with an ounce of carron 
oil are indicated in tympany. Isolation of wind suckers is advis- 
able, to avoid acquisition of the trick by other animals. 

Withers, Fistulous. See Fistula. 
Worms. See Parasites, Intestinal. 



diseases of the domestic animals 833 

Wounds. 

Simple Ojjerative "Wouncls — The hair should be shaven from the 
surrounding area. The skin should be washed with green soap and 
water, with 50 per cent, alcohol and finallj' with pure ether or, better, 
Harrington's solution, 216. The operator's hands should be 
cleansed likewise and covered with rubber gloves. Tne wound 
should be handled as little as may be. All hemorrhage must be 
arrested. If the wound is deep, it should be closed by layers of 
buried catgut sutures, the skin by silk-worm gut sutures (inter- 
rupted). Drainage should be avoided unless the conditions are very 
unfavorable. Cover the wound with dry aseptic gauze and band- 
age. Secure rest by splints if possible. Leave dressings in place 
for a week or t\\o, unless they become soiled and displaced. 

Accidental "W'junds — if the wound is fresh, arrest hemorrhage 
by hot (or even bulling) water; ice water; actual cautery, in very 
vascular or dtcij seated parts, using a dull-red heat; rubber tourni- 
quet; acupressure; pressure by fingers or hemostatic forceps; tor- 
sion; or chemicals — as adrenalin solution. Long and continuous 
cleansing of the wound with corrosive solution (1-5,000), Ij'sol or 
creolin (2 per cent.), and svvabblng the v.ound with pure hydrogen 
dioxide, are essential to remove macroscopic and microscopic for- 
eign matter and germs. The skin surrounding the wound should 
first be treated as for operative wounds (see above). Divided struc- 
tures, as tendons, nerves and muscles, should be sutured with sterile 
catgut (as St. John Leavens). If the surroundings are favorable 
and the wound can be bandaged, it should be closed as an opera- 
tive wound without drainage. If the wound is deep, and the con- 
ditions unfavorable, drainage by a sterile rubber tube placed into 
the deeper parts of the wound, and the rest of the wound sutured 
— should be the rule. It is alwaj's easy to reopen a wound and re- 
move sutures, if infection occurs, but to secure a first intention is 
impossible when the wound has become generally infected. The 
first dressing should always be retained as long as possible to avert 
infection. 

Old and contused wounds should be treated by the application of 
aseptic gauze soaked in 2 per cent, creolin, covered with oil silk 
and bandage and renewed each day, until the septic condition has 
been somewhat overcome. Unhealthy granulations are treated by 
applications of lunar caustic and stimulant, antiseptic remedies, 
as Peru balsam or carbolic acid in glycerin (1-10 — 16). A bandage 
should always be employed when possible. Otherwise, healing mat 
be had under a scab by the application of 'annin, silver nitrate 
stick, or 10 per cent, formalin; or the wound may be kept cov- 
ered with an ointment of 10 per cent, boric acid in vaseline. Some* 
times, if one trims off all septic tissue and disinfects the wound 



83-± DISEASES OF THE DOaiESTIC ANIMALS 

with tincture of iodine, or pure carbolic acid, followed by alcohol 
and free irrigation with 2 per cent, lysol solution, it may be pos- 
sible to secure first intention by suture of an old wound. In vet- 
erinary practice, asepsis is difficult to obtain, as the application and 
retention of b.mdages, the attainment of rest of a part by position 
and splint, ami a pure abnosphere and premises, are often unat- 
tainable. But when possible, p.uticulariy in canine practice, the 
methods of human surgery should be closely followed. If a fresh 
wound is much soiled, it m^y be treated with pure phenol and 
alcohol, or tincture of iodine, as above, or packed with iodoform 
gauze. 

Perforating Wounds of the Abdomen — The surrounding region 
sboujJ be prepared by shaving and disinfection of the skin, as des- 
cribed for operative wounds. If there is protrusion of the viscera, 
it should be protected meanwhile by a covering of sterile gauze 
wrung out in hot water. If omentum prolapse, it should be ligated 
ano excised. If there is a protrusion of bowel, it must be cleansed 
by the most painstaking and prolonged irrigation with warm 
(ITO deg. F.) sterile normal salt solution (1 teaspoonful of sodium 
chloride to the pint of boiled water), and then returned into the 
bel)y. The abdominal wall should be closed in layers with buried 
sterile, chromic catgut (as St. John Leavens) ; the skin may be 
approximated by interrupted silkworm gut sutures, while sutures 
of silkworm gut should be placed through all layers — except the 
peritoneum — at several points, to reinforce the catgut and prevent 
hernia. The wound may be sealed with iodoform and collodion 
(1 to 8) and covered with dry aseptic gauze held in place by ad- 
hesive plaster and bandage. 

Punctured Wounds — Hemorrhage may be arrested by pressure of 
an aseptic tampon of gauze, after the external wound has been 
shaved and thoroughly disinfected with soap and water and Har- 
rington's solution (216). If signs of local inflammation and in- 
fection occur, then one must incise the wound down to its lowest 
point and drain. 

Gunshot Wounds — The chief indication is to disinfect thoroughly 
the wound of entrance and cover with an antiseptic dressing (asep- 
tic gauze soaked in 3 per cent, lysol solution) and bandage, and 
enforce rest so fkr as j^ossible. Do not probe or try to remove 
the bullet unless it is subcutaneous. If local and general infection 
ensue, then incision becomes necessary to afford drainage, but not 
for the purpose of discovering the missile. 

Joint Wounds — Here careful cleansing of the^ surrounding area, 
with immediate sealing of the woimd v.ith iodoform and collodion 
(1-8), actual cautery, or suture, and the application of splints, anti- 
septic dressing, and bandaging, arc indicated. 



DISEASES OF THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS 835 

See also Ulcers, Open Joints, Bites and Rabies. 

For detailed description as to antiseptics and aseptics, see pp. 
718 to 738. The following agents are used in the treatment of 
wounds, and their indications may be found on the corresponding 
page numbers: Hydrogen dioxide, 120; lime and charcoal, 157; 
alum, 168; silver nitrate, 177; potassium permanganate, 305; mer- 
curic oxides, 214; corrosive sublimate, 216; resin, 506; naphtalin, 
336; chloral, 318; chlorinated soda, 240; chlorinated lime, 240; iodo- 
form, 251; iodol, 257; aristol, 253; acetanilid, 238; bismuth, 253; 
salol, 253, 494; boric acid, 253, 275; sulphurous acid, 260; nitric 
acid, 272; charcoal, 277; carbolic acid, 328; creosote, 333; creolin, 
333; lysol, 335; formalin, 338; glutol, 341; vaseline, 350; salicylic 
acid, 494; tar, 509; balsam of Peru, 511; benzoin, 514; myrrh, 525; 
eucalyptol, 521; zinc sulphate, 185; conium, 430; laudanum, 367; 
oil of turpentine, 502; camphor, 549; thymol, 552; hydrastis, 563; 
tincture of aloes and myrrh, 568; collodion, 637; glycerite of tan- 
nin, 593; cantharides, 645, 646; antiseptic poultices, 714. 



GENERAL INDEX^ 



Abbreviations 

Ablution 

Absorbent cotton 

Absorption of drugs 

Absorption through skin. . . . 

Aca'cia 

Accelerating apparatus, 

drugs acting on 

Ace'ta 

Acetan'ilid 

Acetanili'dum 

Ace'tic acid 

diluted 

glacial 

Acetphenet'idin 

Acetphenetidi'num 

Acid, ace'tic 

diluted , 

glacial 

arse'nous 

solution of 

benzo'ic 510 

borac'ic 

bo'ric 

carbol'ic 

crude 

cit'ric 

syrup of 

gal'lic 

hydriod'ic 

syrup of 

hydrocyan'ic, diluted . . . 

hydrochlo'ric 

diluted 

lac'tic 

muriat'ic 

ni'tric 

diluted 

nitroliydrochlo'ric 

diluted 

nitromuriat'ic 



PAGE 

, 86 

706 

636 

3 

10 

, 611 

34 

78 
319 
319 
266 
266 
266 
319 
319 
266 

, 266 
266 
220 
221 

, 513 
273 
273 
324 
324 
267 

, 268 
593 
248 
248 
342 
262 
262 
268 
262 
264 
264 
264 
265 
264 



PAGE 

Acid, phosphor'ic 265 

diluted 265 

salicyl'ic 490 

sulphu'ric 263 

diluted 263 

aromatic 263 

sulphu'rous or sul'- 

phurous 259 

tann'ic 590 

tartar'ic 267 

Acids 18 

Ac'idum acet'icum 266 

dilu'tum 266 

glacia'le 266 

arseno'sum 220 

benzo'icum 513 

bo'ricum 273 

carbol'icum 324 

cru'dum 324 

liquefact'um 324 

chrysophan'icum 575 

cit'ricum 267 

gaU'icum 593 

hydrochlo'ricum 262 

dilu'tum 265 

hydrocyan'icum dilu'tum 342 

lac'ticum 268 

mecon'icum 352 

ni'tricum 264 

dilu'tum 264 

nitrohydrochlo'ricum . . 264 

dilu'tum 265 

phosphor'icum 265 

phosphor'icum dilu'tum 265 

salicyl'icum 490 

sulphur'icum 263 

dilu'tum 263 

aromat'icum 263 

sulpluirosum 259 

tan'nicum 590 

tartar icum 267 



* The accented syllable is indicated by the sign '. 

837 



838 



GENERAL INDEX 



PAGE 

Ac'onine 459 

Ac'onite 458 

Aconiti'na 459 

ni'tras 459 

Acon'itine 459 

nitrate 459 

Aconi'tum 458 

Ac'orin 563 

Ac'rinyl sulphocy'anide 515 

Action of drugs — 

cumulative 4, 449 

influenced by — 

time given 13 

habit 14 

disease 14 

idiosyncrasy 14 

mode of 2 

on animals compared 

with man 11 

on horses compared with 

other animals 12 

on pigs and dogs 13 

on ruminants 12 

Action of heat contrasted 

with cold 717 

Actual cautery 701 

Ad'eps 648 

benzoina'tus 512 

la'nse 649 

Ad'juvant 89 

Administration of drugs.. 6, 13 

Adre'nalin chlo'ride 639 

^ther 292 

^thylis chloridum 350 

African pepper 525 

Al'cohol 278 

absolute 280 

absolu'tum 280 

amyl'ic 280 

amyl'icum 280 

diluted 279 

dilu'tum 279 

ethyl 280 

ethyl'icum 280 

phe'nyl 324 

Ale 283 

Alkaline earths 153 

metals 121 

Alkaloi'dea 70 

Alkaloids 70 

Al'lyl sulphocy'anide 516 

Al'oe or al'oe 564 

barbaden'sis 564 

. capen'sis 565 



PAGE 

Al'oe, socotri'na 564 

Al'oin 565 

Alterative 59 

Althse'a 613 

Al'um 166 

amonio ferric 64 

burnt 167 

exsicca'ted 167 

potas'sium 166 

Alu'men 166 

exsicca'tum 167 

us'tum 167 

Alu'mina hydra'ted 167 

Alu'mini hy'dras 167 

sul'phas 166 

Alu'minum 166 

hydrate 167 

hydroxide 167 

sulphate 167 

and potassium sulphate. 166 

American hellebore 464 

Ammo'nia, aromatic spirit of 148 

liniment 144 

spirit of 145 

aromatic 148 

water 144 

Ammo'niac 539 

mixture of 539 

plaster with mercury. . . 539 

Ammoni'acum 539 

Ammoniated mercury 210 

Ammoniated mercury oint- 
ment 211 

Ammo'nii ben'zoas 513 

carbo'nas 147 

chlo'ridum 149 

val'eras 535 

Ammonio ferric alum 64 

Ammo'nium 144 

acetate, solution of 150 

benzoate 513 

car'bonate 147 

chlo'ride 149 

ich'thyol sul'phonate . . . 659 

Amyg'dalin 610 

Am'ylis ni'tris 308 

Am'yl ni'trite 308 

Amyl'ic al'cohol 280 

Am'ylum 635 

Ansesthe'sia 299 

dangers of 301 

practical 305 

primary 30^ 

uses of 307 



GENERAL INDEX 



839 



PAGE 

Anaesthe sia, general 40 

local 43 

Analge'sics 319 

Anaphrodis'iacs 57 

Anatomy influencing the 

action of drugs 11 

Anhydrot'ics 66 

An'ise 530 

oil 532 

spirit of 532 

water 532 

Ani'si fru'ctus 531 

stella'ti fru'ctus 531 

Ani'sum 530 

An'odyne, Hoffman's 293 

Anodynes 39 

local 43 

Antac'ids ., 17 

Anthrax vac'cine 752 

Anthelmin'tics 67 

Antidote, arsenic 196 

Anti-emetics 23 

Antifeb'rin 319 

Antigalact'agogues 59 

Antimo'nii et potas'sii tar'- 

tras 228 

ox'idum 228 

sul'phidum 227 

purifica'tum 227 

Antimo'nium sulphura'tum. 227 
Antimony and potassium 

tartrate 228 

Antimony, tartrated 228 

wine of 229 

Antiparsit'ics 68 

Antiphlogistine 713 

Antipyret'ics 60, 319 

Antipyri'na 320 

Antisep'sis, surgical 726 

Antiseptics . .19, 67, 718, 723 

Antisial'agogues 15 

Antispasmod'ics 534 

Antistreptococ'cic serum . . . 745 

Antitox'in tet'anus 742 

Aphrodis'iacs 57 

Apomorphin'se hydrochlo'- 

ridum 370 

Apomor'phine hydrochlo'ride 370 

Apore'tin 575 

Aq'ua 117 

ammo'niae 144 

for'tior 144 

ani'si 532 

cam'phorae 547 



PAGE 

Aqua, chloroform'! . . 296 

destilla'ta 117 

hydroge'nii diox'idum 19 

men'thae piperi'tae 529 

men'thae vir'idis 530 

Aq'uae 77 

Ar'abin 524, 611 

Ar'abic acid 611 

Ar'achin 636 

Araro'ba powder 577 

Are'ca 616 

nut 616 

Arec'oline 616 

hydrobro'mate 617 

Argen'ti cyan'idum ....176, 347 

io'didum 176 

ni'tras 175 

ni'tras dilutus 176 

ni'tras fu'sus 176 

ox'idum 176 

Argen'tum 175 

Ar'gyrol 180 

Ar'istol 252 

Aristo'lum 252 

Ar'nica 522 

flowers 522 

root 522 

Ar'nicae ra'dix 522 

flo'res 522 

Ar'nicin 522 

Aromatic bitters 16 

oils 71, 497 

. spirit of ammonia 148 

Aromatics 16 

Ar'seni triox'idum 220 

Ar'senic 220 

administration of 226 

antidote .* 196, 224 

Fowler's solution of . . . . 221 

triox'ide 220 

white 220 

Ar'senous or arse'nous acid. 220 

solution of 221 

Ar'senum or arse'num 220 

Artiflcial feeding 694 

Asafet'ida 537 

Asafcet'ida 537 

Asepsis, means of procuring. 720 

surgical 726 

Aspi'din 615 

Aspi'dinin 615 

Aspi'dium 615 

Astringents 63 

Atropi'na 374 



840 



GENERAL INDEX 



PAGE 

Atropi'nae sulphas 375 

At'ropine 374 

At'ropine sul'phate 375 

Bacelli's treatment 330 

Baking soda 134 

Balsam of Peru 510 

of tolu 511 

of flr 505 

Bal'sama 72 

Bal'samum Peruvia'num . . . 510 

Toluta'num 511 

Balls 80 

Barba'does al'oes 564 

Barbal'oin 565 

Ba'rii chlo'ridum 160 

Ba'rium 160 

Ba'rium chlo'ride 160 

Baros'mln 540 

Basll'icon ointment 506 

Basis 89 

Baths, cold 709 

hot 717 

sheet 707 

Beer 283 

Belladon'na 372 

Belladon'nse fo'lia 372 

ra'dix 373 

Benzo'ic acid . .510, 511, 512, 513 

Ben'zoinated lard 512 

Benzoi'num 512 

Benzyl'ic ben'zoate 511 

cin'namate 511 

Ber'berine 558, 560 

Be'ta napthol 335 

Be'tal nut or be'tel nut 616 

Bhang 391 

Bichlo'ride of mer'cury 208 

Bile, drugs acting on 26 

Bis'muth 189 

salic'ylate or sal'icylate. 190 

subcarb'onate 189 

subgal'late 190 

subni'trate 190 

subsalic'ylate 190 

Bismu'thi subcarbo'nas .... 189 

subgal'las 190 

subni'tras 190 

subsalic'ylas 190 

Bismu'thum 189 

Bitters 16 

Black mustard 515 

wash 217 

Black-leg vac'cine 752 

Bleaching powder 237 



PAGE 

Bleeding 728 

local 731 

Blister beetles 643 

Blistering collo'dion 637 

Blood, drugs acting on 32 

vessels, drugs acting on. 36 

Blue mass 206 

pill 206 

stone 186 

ointment 207 

vitriol 186 

Bodily heat, drugs in- 
fluencing 60 

Bo'li 80 

Bo'luses 80 

Bone black 276 

Borac'ic acid 273 

Bo'rax 278 

Bo'ric acid 273 

Boroglyc'eride, solution of. . 273 
Boroglyc'erin, gly'cerite of.. 273 

Brain, drugs acting on 38 

Brandy 281 

Braye'ra 619 

Bro'mides 240 

Bro'mine 240 

Bro'mum 240 

Bronchial tubes, drugs in- 
fluencing the 49 

Bronchial spasm 50 

Bru'cine 400 

Buc'co 540 

Bu'chu 540 

Buckthorn 572, 573, 574 

Burgundy pitch 504 

plaster 505 

Burnt alum 167 

Butter of caca'o 636 

Caca'o butter 636 

Cade, oil of 508 

Caffei'na 395 

citra'ta : 395 

Caffeine, cit'rated 396 

Cal'abar bean 410 

Calab'arine 411 

Cal'amine 185, 563 

Cal'amus 563 

Cal'cii carbo'nas praecipita'- 

tus 154 

hy'dras 156 

phos'phas prsecipita'tus . 157 

sulphas exsicca'tus 160 

Cal'cined mague'sia 164 



GENERAL INDEX 



841 



PAGE 

Carcium 153 

bro'mide 241 

carbonate, precip'itated 154 

chlo'ride 159 

hy'drate, solution of... 155 
lactophos'phate, syrup of 158 
phos'phate, precip'itated 157 

Calisa'ya bark 476 

Cal'omel 209 

Calum'ba 557 

Calum'bic acid 558 

Calum'bin 558 

Calx 155 

chlorina'ta 237 

Cambo'gia 585 

Cam'phor 547 

Cam'phora 547 

Cam'phorated oil 548 

Cam'phor gum 547 

laurel 547 

raonobro'mated 548 

Can'nabis In'dian 391 

in'dica 391 

Canthar'ides 643 

Canthar'idin 643 

Can'tharis 643 

Cape al'oes 565 

Capron'ic acid 522 

Capryl'ic acid 522 

Cap'saicin 526 

Cap'sici fructus 525 

Cap'sicin 526 

Cap'sicum 525 

Car'bo 276 

anima'lis 276 

purifica'tus 276 

lig'ni 276 

Carbol'ic ac'id 324 

Car'bon 276 

disul'phide 278 

Carbo'nei bisul'phidum .... 278 

disul'phidum 278 

Car'damon 532 

Cardamo'mum 532 

Carlsbad salts 137 

Carmin'atives 19 

Car'ron oil 156 

Cascar'a or cas'cara sagra'da 572 

Cascaril'la 556 

Cascaril'lin 557 

Cas'tile soap 603 

Cas'tor oil 571 

seeds 57 

Cataplas'ma kaoli'ni 713 



PAGE 

Cat'aplasms 713 

Cat'echin 596 

Cat'echu 595 

red 596 

tannic acid 596 

Catechu'ic acid 596 

Cathar'tic acid 578 

pills, compound 20& 

Cathar'tics 24 

Cathartoman'nit 578 

Caucas'ian insect powder... 624 

Caus'tic, lunar 176 

mitigated 176 

potash 122 

soda 132 

Caus'tics 63, 703 

Cay'enne pepper 525 

Cephaeline 472 

Ce'ra al'ba 650 

Ce'ra Fla'va 649 

Cera'ta 79, 648 

Ce'rates 79, 648 

Cera'tum 648 

canthar'ides 644 

cam'phorae 548 

resi'nag 506 

Cer'ebral depress'ants 39 

Ce'rii ox'alas 170 

Ce'rium 170 

ox'alate 170 

Ceta'ceum 650 

Ce'tin 651 

Cetyl'ic al'cohol 651 

Chalk, drop 153 

mixture 153 

powder, compound .... 153 

prepared 153 

Champagne 283 

Charcoal, animal 276 

purified 276 

wood 276 

Charges 79 

Char'tse 79 

Cherry, wild 348 

Chinoi'dine 482 

Chit'tem bark 572 

Chlo'ral hydrate 314 

Chloral'um hydra'tum 314 

Chlo'ride of ethyl 350 

Chlo'ride of lime 159 

Chlo'rinated lime 237 

solution of 238 

Chlo'rine 237 

water 237 



842 



GENERAL INDEX 



PAGE 

Chlo'roform 295 

lin'iment 296 

spirit 296 

water 296 

Chlorofor'mum 295 

purifica'tum 295 

Chlo'rum 237 

Cho'lagogues 26 

Choles'terin 602 

Chrysaro'bin 577 

Chrysarobi'num 577 

Chrys'ophan 575, 577 

Chrysophan'ic acid. 575, 577, 578 

Chrysotoxin 625 

Chur'rus 391 

Cider 283 

Cincho'na 476 

red 479 

rubra 479 

Clncho'nse cortex 476 

Cinchonidi'na 483 

Cinchonidi'nse sul'phas 483 

Cincho'nidine 477, 483 

sulphate 483 

Cinchoni'ninse sul'phas .... 483 

Ciu'chonine 477 

sulphate 483 

Cin'chotiism 486 

Cinchotan'nic acid 478 

Cin'eol 519 

Cinnam'ein 510 

Cinnam'ic acid 510, 511 

Circulation, drugs acting on 32 

Cit'rated caffeine 396 

Cit'ric acid 267 

Cit'rine ointment 210 

Cit'rullin 586 

Classification 113 

Clys'ters 9. 30 

Co'ca 431 

Cocai'nse hydrochlo'ridum . . 431 

Co'caine or coca'ine 431 

Codei'na 356 

Cod liver oil 656 

Coffee 396, 397 

Colchic'eine 632 

Col'chicine 632 

Corchicum 631 

corna 631 

seed 632 

Cold as a remedy 704 

baths 709 

drinks 710 

ene'mata 711 



PAGE 

Collar'gol 180 

Col'lidine 423 

Colloi'dal silver 180 

Collo'dia 79, 637 

Collo'dion 637 

blistering 637 

cantharidal 637 

flexible 638 

styptic 638 

Collodions 79, 591, 637 

Colloxin 637 

Collyr'ia 86 

Col'ocynth 586 

Colocyn'thin 586 

Colocyn'this 586 

Colocyn'thitin 586 

Col'ophony 506 

Colum'bo 557 

Common salt 139 

Compound cathartic pills... 209 

liquorice powder 579 

powder of catechu 596 

powder of kino 598 

solution of iodine 244 

of chlorine 237 

syrup of squill 229 

Confect'iones 79 

Confect'ions 79 

Conhydrine 4:i / 

Co'nine ,. . 427 

Coni'ninae hydrobro'mas .'. . 427 

Coni'um 427 

Convallamar'in 456 

Convala'ria 455 

Conval'larin 456 

Convol'vulin 584 

Copper 186 

ac'etate 188 

sul'phate 186 

Cop'peras 193 

Corian'der 533 

Corian'dri fru'ctus 533 

Corian'drum 533 

Cor'nutine 625 

Corros'ive mercur'ic chlo'- 

ride 208 

Cos'moline 348 

Cotton 636 

absorbent 636 

purified 636 

root bark 630 

seed oil 602 

soluble gun 637 

Counter-irritants ...62, 696, 715 



GENERAL INDEX 



843 



PAGE 

Cox's hive syrup 457 

Cream of tar'tar 131 

Cre'de's ointment 118 

Cre'olin 333 

Creoli'num 333 

Cre'osote 323 

Creoso'tum 333 

Cre'ta praepara'ta 153 

Croton oil 580 

seeds 580 

Cro'tonol 580 

Crude carbol'ic acid... 324 

Cryp'topin 352 

Cu'ca 431 

Cumulative action 4 

Cu'pri ace'tas 188 

sul'phas 186 

Cu'pric sul'pliate 186 

Cu'prum 186 

Cus'so 619 

Cutch 595 

Cy'mene 519 

Dalmatian insect powder... 624 

Deadly nightshade 372 

Decoc'ta 76 

Decoc'tions 76 

Definitions 1 

of drugs 2 

Del'phinine 623 

Delphinoi'dine 624 

Delphin'isine 624 

Demul'cents 64, 602 

Deo'dorants 67, 718, 724 

Deo'dorized o'pium 354 

Deo'dorizers 67 

Der'matol 190 

Diach'ylon plaster 171 

Diarphoret'ics 65 

Digestion 75 

Digestive organs, drugs act- 
ing on 15 

Diges'tives 19 

Digita'lein 445 

Digita'lin 445, 446 

Digita'lis 445 

fo'lia 445 

Digito'nin 445 

Digito'phyllin 445 

Digitox'in 445 

Diosphe'nol 540 

Disease, affecting the action 

of drugs 14 

Disinfectants 67, 718, 719 

Disinfec'tion, practical .... 725 



PAGE? 

Displacement or percolation. 73 
Dissolu'tion, law of, 

11, 39, 286, 299, 362 

Distil'led oils 71, 497 

water 117 

Diuret'ics 52 

Domestic measures 92 

Dosage 10 

Dose table 661 

Double muriate of quinine 

and , urea 482 

Douch'es 709 

Dover's powder 353 

Dras'tics 24 

Draught 81 

Drench 81 

Dried al'um 167 

cal'cium sul'phate 160 

fer'rous sul'phate 193 

so'dium car'bonate .... 133 

Drop chalk 153 

Drugs acting on the — 

bodily heat 60 

blood 32 

vessels 36 

brain 38 

circulation 32 

digestive organs 15 

ears 46 

eye 44 

heart , 34 

metabolism 59 

nerves 43 

special sense 44 

nervous system 38 

respiratory organs 46 

sexual organs 56 

skin 62 

spinal cord 42 

urinary organs 52 

Drugs, absorption of 3 

classification of 113 

cumulative action of. .n . 4 

definition of 2 

destroying parasites ... 67 

doses of 661 

elimination of 4 

excretion of 5 

general action of 2 

influencing the composi- 
tion of urine 55 

reaction of urine... 54 
influencing secretion of 

sweat 65 

local action of 2 



844 



GENERAL INDEX 



PAGE 

Drugs, mode of action of 2 

mode of administration... . 6 

primary action of 2 

secondary action of . , . . 2 
selective action of 2 

Dry heat 716 

Ears, drugs acting on 46 

Ecbol'lcs 58 

Elat'erin 586 

Elaterl'num 586 

Electua'ria 82 

Elec'tuarles 82 

Elimination 4 

Elix'irs 77 

Ellx'ir proprieta'tis paracel'- 

sl 566, 568 

Elutria'tion 73 

Emetics 20 

Em'etine 472 

Emmen'agogues 57 

Em'odin 574, 575 

Emol'llents 64 

Empirical therapeu'tics ... 1 

Emplas'tra 79 

Emplas'trum 79 

adh^sivum . 506 

ammonl'acl cum hy- 

drarg'yro 539 

pi'cls 505 

resi'nae 506 

sapo'nls 604 

Emul'sa 77 

Emul'slons 77 

En'emas 9, 30 

Ene'mata 9, 30 

Enterociysls 733, 736 

Epispas'tlcs 697, 701 

Epsom salt 163 

Er'got 625 

Er'got of rye 625 

Ergo'ta 625 

Ergot'ic acid 625 

Er'gotin 626 

Ergotinic acid 625 

Ergoti'num 626 

Err'hlnes 46 

Erythor'etin 575 

Erythrox'ylon 431 

Escharotics 63, 703 

Eseridlne 411 

Es'erine 411 

sallc'ylate 411 

sul'phate 412 

Es'sences 71 

Essentiae 71 



PAGE 

Essential oils 71, 497 

E'ther 292 

nl'trous spirit of 308 

spirit of 292 

compound 293 

sulphu'rlc 292 

Ethe'real oils 71, 497 

Etli'yl al'cohol 280 

chlo'rlde 350 

ni'trite 308 

oxide 292 

Eu'cain hydrochlo'rate .... 438 

Eucalyp'tene 519 

Eucalyp'tol 519 

Eucalyp'tus 518 

Euphor'blum 638 

Euphor'bon 638 

Evaporating solutions 711 

Excipients 75 

Excre'tlon 5 

Expect'orants 49 

depressing 49 

stimulating 49 

Extrac'ta " 78 

Ex'tracts 78 

Extrac'tum belladon'nse fo- 

llo'rum 373 

can'nabls in'dicae 392 

casca'rae sagra'dae liq'ul- 

dum 573 

cincho'nse 478 

dlgltaiis 446 

ergo'tae 626 

liq'uidum 626 

fiiicls liq'uidum 615 

gentia'nae 553 

glycyrrhl'zae liq'uidum. 609 

hsematox'yll 600 

hamamel'ldls liq'uidum- 601 

hyoscy'aml 388 

jaboran'di 440 

krame'riae 599 

nu'cls vom'icae 400 

o'pii 353 

o'pil liq'uidum 354 

quas'siae 555 

rhe'i 576 

tarax'ici 559 

Eye, drugs acting on 44 

lotions 87 

Fats 71 

Feeding, artificial 694 

rectal 694 

Fel bo'vis 655 

purlfica'tum 655 



GE>fKRAL INDEX 



845 



PAGE 

Fel tau'ri , 655 

Feu'nel 533 

Fern, male 615 

Fer'ri carbo'nas sacchara'tus 194 

chlo'ridum 194 

et ammo'nii cit'ras .... 197 
et potas'sii tar'tras .... 196 

et quini'nae cit'ras 197 

solu'bilis 198 

hydrox'idum cum mag- 

ne'sia 196, 224 

sul'phas 193 

exsicca'tus 193 

granula'tus 194 

val'eras 536 

Fer'ric chlo'ride 195 

solution of 195 

tincture of 195 

Fer'ric hy'drate with magne'- 

sia 196 

subsul'phate, solution of 196 

val'erate 536 

Fer'rous car'bonate, mass of 194 

sacchara'ted 194 

Fer'rous i'odide, syrup of. . . 194 

sul'phate 193 

dried 193 

exsicca'ted 193 

granula'ted 193 

Fer'rum 192 

reduc'tum 192 

Ferulaic acid 538 

Fil'icin 615 

Fi'lix mas 615 

Filic'ic acid 615 

Fixed oils .71, 79 

Flax seed 610 

oil of 569 

Fleming's tincture 460 

Flexible collo'dion 638 

Flies, Spanish 643 

Flowers of sulphur 255 

Fluidextracta 78 

Fluidextracts 78 

Fluidextrac'tum aconi'ti '. . . 460 
belladon'naB rad'icis .... 373 

bu'chu 540 

cal'ami . '. 563 

calum'bse 558 

can'nabis in'dicae 392 

cap'sici 526 

cincho'nse 478 

coni'i 428 

convalla'riae 456 



PACE 

Fluidextrac'tum cus'so 619 

digita'lis 446 

ergo'tse 626 

eucalyp'ti 519 

frang'ulae 574 

gelsem'ii 420 

gentia'nae 553 

glycyrrhi'zse 609 

gossyp'ii rad'icis 630 

grana'ti 620 

hamamel'idis 601 

hydras'tis 560 

hyoscy'ami 388 

ipecacuan'hae 472 

krame'rise 599 

nu'cis vom'icae 401 

pilocar'pi 440 

quas'sia 555 

quer'cus 595 

rham'ni purshian'ae .... 573 

rhe'i 575 

sabi'nae 543 

scil'lae 457 

sen'nse 579 

tarax'ici 559 

valeria'nse 535 

vera'tri 465 

zingib'eris 527 

Foenic'uli fruc'tus 533 

Fcenic'ulum 533 

Fcen'ugreek 534 

Fomen'ta 715 

Fomenta'tions 715 

Food and feeding 679 

artificial 694 

in anaemia 690 

in black water 690 

in chronic indigestion . . 688 

in constipation 688 

Food in convalescence 690 

in debility 690 

in diarrhoea 688, 689 

in fever 691 

in gastroenteritis ..688, 689" 
in haemorrhage from 
stomach and bowels.. 689 

in jaundice 689 

in laminitis 688 

in obesity 691 

Formal'dehyde 338 

For'malin 338 

For'mic acid 535, 651 

Formic aldehyde 338 

Fox glove 445 



846 



GENERAL INDEX 



PAGE 

Fowler's solution 221 

Fran'gula 573 

Fran'gulin 574 

Friar's balsam 512 

Fusel oil 280 

Gad'uin 657 

Galac'tagogue 58 

Galls 589 

Gal'la 589 

Gal'lic a'cid 593 

Gam'boge 585 

Gambog'ic acid 585 

Gas'tric antisep'tics 19 

sed'atives 23 

Gaulthe'ria 495 

oil of 495 

Gel'atin 159 

•Gelsem'ium 420 

Gelsem'ina 420, 421 

Gelsemin'ic acid 420 

Gelsem'inine 420 

General action of drugs .... 2 

therapeut'ics 1 

therapeut'ic measures. . 679 

Gen'tian 552 

Gentia'na 552 

Gentis'ic acid 553 

Gentiopicrin 553 

Germ'icides 67, 718 

Gin 281 

Gin'ger 527 

Gin'gerol 527 

Gla'cial ace'tic acid 266 

Glan'dulse suprarena'les sic'- 

cae 639 

Glau'ber's salts 136 

Glo'noin 309 

spirit of 309 

Glonoi'num 309 

Glucosi'dea 70 

Glu'cosides 70 

Glyc'erin 606 

suppos'itories of 607 

Glyceri'num 606 

pepsi'ni 653 

Glyceritum amyli 607 

Gly'cyramin 609 

Glycyrrhi'za 609 

Glycyrrhi'zin 609 

Go'a powder 577 

Golden seal 560 

sulphur 229 

Gossyp'ii cortex 630 



PAGB 

Gossyp'ium purifica'tum . . . 636 

Goulard's extract 171 

Grana'tum 620 

Gran'ulated fer'rous sul'- 

phate 194 

Gray powder 206 

Gregory's powder 576 

Green hel'lebore 464 

Green soap *. . . 604 

vit'riol 193 

Guara'na 396 

Guara'nine 395 

Gum ar'abic 611 

Gum-resi'nae 72 

Gum-res'ins 72 

Gum'mi 72 

Gun cotton, soluble 637 

Gun'jah 392 

Gut'tae 91 

Habit, influencing action of 

drugs 14 

Hse'matein 600 

Haematin'ics 33 

Haematox'ylin 600 

Haematox'ylon 600 

Haemostatics 63 

Hamame'lidis fo'lia 601 

Hard soap 603 

Harrington's solution ..216, 720 

Hasch'isch 391 

Hartshorn 144 

Haus*tus 81 

Heart, drugs acting on ..34, 445 
Heat 712 

bodily, drugs acting on. 60 

Heavy magneigia 165 

Hel'lebore, American 464 

Hemides'mus 472 

Hem'lock 427 

Hemp, Indian 391 

Hen'bane 387 

Her'oin 357 

Her'oin hydrochlo'ride .... 357 

Hexamethylenam'ina 341 

Hir'cin 648 

Hive syrup 229 

Hock 282 

Hoffman's anodyne 293 

Homolle's digita'lin 446 

Honey 651 

clarified 651 

Honeys 80 

Hot baths 717 



GENERAL INDEX 



847 



PAGE 

Hot water bags 715 

Hy'dragogues 25 

Hydrarg'yri chlo'ridum cor- 

rosi'vum 208 

chlo'ridum mi'te 209 

io'didum ru'brum 209 

o'leas 208 

ox'idum fla'vum 207 

ox'idum ru'brum 207 

subchlo'ridum 209 

Hydrarg'yrum 206 

Hydrarg'yrum ammonia'tum 210 

cum cre'ta 206 

Hydras'tin 561 

Hydras'tine 560 

Hydrasti'nae hydrochlo'ridum 561 

Hydras'tis 560 

Hy'drated alu'mina 167 

Hydrio'dic acid, syrup of . . 248 

Hydrochlo'ric acid 262 

solution of arsenic .... 221 
Hydrocyan'ic acid, diluted.. 342 
Hy'drogen diox'ide, solution 

of 119 

perox'ide, solution of . . 119 

Hy'drous wool fat 649 

Hydro'xide, potas'sium 122 

so'dium 132 

Hyosci'nse hydrobro'mide . . 389 

Hy'oscine S89 

Hy'oscine hydrobro'mide . . 389 

Hyoscy'amine 372, 388 

hydrobro'mide 389 

sul'phate 388 

Hyoscy'ami fo'lia 387 

Hyoscy'amus 387 

Hypnot'ics 40 

Hypodermat'ic injections . . 7 

Hypodermoc'lysis 733, 735 

Hypophos'phites 235 

Ice bags 706 

poultices 706 

Ic'thyol (ik-the-ol) 659 

Icthy'olum 659 

Idiosyncrasy in action of 

drugs 14 

Igasu'ric acid 400 

Illic'ium 531 

Incompatibility, chemical... 83 

physical 85 

physiological 85 

Index for diseases and re- 
medial measures 759 



PAGE 

In'dian can'nabis 391 

Indian hemp 391 

In'eine 453 

Infu'sa 76 

Infu'sions 76 

saline 732 

Infu'sum cal'ami 564 

cascaril'lse 557 

cincho'nas 479 

ac'idum 479 

digita'lis 446 

Inhala'tions 7, 47, 716 

Injec'tio apomorphi'nae hypo- 

der'mica 371 

ergoti'ni hypoder'mica . 626 

raorphi'ni hypoder'mica. 356 

Injec'tions, intratra'cheal . . 8 

intrave'nous 6, 733 

rec'tal 9 

subcuta'neous 7 

Intes'tinal antisep'tics 20 

Intratra'cheal injection 8 

Intrave'nous injection 6, 733 

In'ulin 559 

Inunc'tions 10 

I'odine 243 

compound solution of . 244 

ointment 244 

tincture of 244 

lo'doform 250, 

lodoform'um 250 

I'odol 252 

lodo'lum 252 

lo'dum 243 

Ip'ecac 471 

Ipecacuan'hji 471 

Ipecacuan'hic acid 472 

Iron 192 

and ammo'nium cit'rate 197 
and potas'sium tar'trate 196 
and qui'nine cit'rate . . 197 

soluble 198 

by hydrogen 193 

metallic 192 

Quevenne's 192 

reduced 192 

Irriga'tion 710 

Ir'ritants 62 

Isopellet'ierine 620 

Jabora'ndi 439 

Pernambuco 439 

Rio Janiero 439 

Jaboran'dine 440 



848 



GENERAL INDEX 



PAGE 

Jab'orine 439 

Jal'ap 583 

Jala'pa 583 

Jal'apin 583 

Jalapur'gin 583 

Jas'mine, yellow 420 

Jer'vine 464, 465, 468 

Kama'la 618 

Ker'mes mineral 227 

Kin'ic acid 478 

Ki'no 597 

Ki'no red 598 

Ki'noin 598 

Kino'vic acid 478 

Kino'vin 478 

Kino-tan'nic acid 478, 597 

Ko'la nut 396 

Kombe poison , 453 

Kom'bic acid 453 

Koos'o 619 

Ko'sin 619 

Kous'sin 619 

Koiis'so 619 

Krame'ria 598 

Kramero-tan'nic acid 599 

Kunsel's treatment, milk 

fever 737 

Labarraq'ue's solu'tion 238 

Lac sul'phuris 256 

Lac'tose 652 

Lan'olin 649 

Lard 648 

ben'zoinated or ben'- 

zoated 648 

Latin words and phrases . . 86 

Laud'anum 353 

Laiir'el cam'phor 547 

Laur'in 636 

Lava'ge 739 

Law of dissolution, 

11, 39, 286, 299, 362 

Lax'atives 24 

Lead 170 

ac'etate 171 

car'bonate 172 

I'odide 172 

ointment 173 

ni'trate 172 

ox'ide 170 

plaster 171 

poisoning 173 

subac'etate, ce'rate of. . 172 



PAGE 

Lead solution of 171 

sugar of 171 

white 172 

water 171 

Lev'ant or levant' wormseed 621 

Leviga'tion 73 

Light magne'sia 164 

Lily of valley 455 

Lime 155 

chlorina'ted 237 

chlo'ride of 159 

lin'iment 156 

phos'phate, precip'itated 157 

solution of 155 

syr'up of 156 

water 155 

Linimen'ta 79 

Lin'iments 79 

Linimen'tum ammo'niae .... 144 

belladon'nse 374 

cal'cis 156 

cam'phorse 548 

chloroform'! 296 

sapo'nis 604 

mol'lis 604 

terebinthi'nse 499 

Lin'seed 610 

oil of 569 

Lino'lein 569 

Li'num 610 

Liquid petrola'tum 348 

Li'quor ac'idi arseno'si .... 221 

ammo'niae 144 

aceta'tis 150 

Li'quor ammo'niae for'tis . . 144 

arsenica'lis 221 

arsen ici hydrochlo'ricus 221 

cal'cis 155 

chlo'rinats 238 

chlo'ri compos'itus 237 

cre'solis compos'itus . . . 335 

fer'ri chlo'ridi 195 

perchlo'ridi ., 195 

subsulpha'tis 196 

formaldehy'di 338 

hydroge'nii diox'idi .... 119 

i'odi compos'itus 244 

morphi'nse aceta'tis .... 356 

nydrochlo'ridi .... S56 

plum'bi subaceta'tis . . . 171 

potas'sii hydrox'idi . . . 122 

arseni'tis 221 

so'dii hydrox'idi 132 

so'dse chlorina'tae 238 



GENERAL INDEX 



849 



PAGE 

Liquor zin'ci clilo'ridi 182 

Liquo'res 76 

Liq'uorice root 609 

powder, compound .... 255 

Lith'age 170 

Lith'ii ben'zoas 513 

bro'midum 241 

carbo'nas 151 

cit'ras 152 

sal'icylas 152, 491 

Lith'ium 151 

Liver, drugs acting on 26 

of sul'phur 260 

Lixivia'tion 74 

Local action 2 

an'odynes 43 

anesthet'ics 43 

blood letting 731 

Logwood 600 

Lo'tio fla'va 216 

ni'gra 217 

Lu'gol's solu'tion 244 

Lunar caustic 176, 178 

Ly'sol 335 

Lyso'lum 335 

Macera'tion 75 

Magne'sia 164 

cal'cined 164 

heavy 165 

light 164 

milk of, Phillip's 165 

pondero'sa 165 

Magne'sii carbo'nas 164 

ox'idum 164 

pondero'sa 165 

sul'phas 163 

Magne'sium 163 

car'bonate 164 

sul'phate 163 

Male fern 615 

Ma'lic ac'id 535 

Mal'lein 749 

Man'ganese 203 

Man'ganum 203 

Marshmal'low 613 

Mass, blue 206 

Mass of fer'rous car'bonate. 194 
Mas'sa fer'ri carbona'tis . . 194 

hydrarg'yri 206 

Mas'sas 79 

Mate • 396 

Mate'ria Me'dica 1 

May apple 587 



PAGE 

Meadow saffron 631 

Measures, weights, tables 

of— 90, 91, 92, 93, 94 

domestic 92 

Mecon'ic ac'id 352 

Mec'onin 352 

Medicines, definition of ... . 1 

Mel 651 

depura'tum 651 

Melli'ta 80 

Men'struum 75 

Men'tha piperi'ta 528 

vir'idis 530 

Men'thene 528 

Men'thol 528, 529 

Mercu'rial ointment 207 

Mercu'ric ammo'nium chlo'- 

ride 210 

Mercu'ric corro'sive chlo'- 

ride 208 

i'odide, red 209 

ni'trate, ointment of . . 210 

ox'ide, red 207 

ointment of . . . 207 

yellow 207 

ointment of . . . 208 
Mer'curous chlo'ride, mild . . 209 

Mer'cury 206 

ammo'niated 210 

ointment 211 

bichlo'ride 208 

. bini'odide 209 

chlo'ride, corro'sive .... 208 

mild 209 

i'odide, red 209 

mass of 206 

subchlo'ride 209 

with chalk 206 

Metab'olism, drugs influenc- 
ing 59 

Metacreosot'ic acid ....490, 492 

Me'thyl co'niTne 427 

pellet'i'erine 620 

sal'icylas • 496 

sal'icylate or salic'ylate 496 

Metric system 92, 98 

Milk, drugs Influencing se- 
cretion of 58 

drugs eliminated In ... . 59 

of asafet'ida 538 

of sul'phur 256 

peptoni'zed 694 

sugar of 652 

fever, Kunsel's treatment . 737 



850 



GENERAL INDEX 



PAGE 

Mindere'rus, spirit of 150 

Mistu'ra ammo'niaci 539 

cre'tae 153 

Mistu'rae 77 

Mixtures 77 

Mit'igated caustic 176 

Molas'ses 614 

Monobro'mated cam'phor . . 548 

Mon'sel's solu'tion 196 

Morphi'na 351, 354 

Morphi'nae ace'tas 355 

hydrocho'ridum 355 

sul'ptias 356 

Mor'phine 351, 354 

ac'etate 355 

hydrochlo'ridum 355 

sul'phate 356 

Mor'rhuol 657 

Motor nerves, drugs acting 

on 43 

Moulded silver nitrate 176 

Mu'cilage of aca'cia 612 

Mucila'go aca'cise 612 

tragacan'thae 612 

Mus'carine 382 

Muriat'ic acid 262 

diluted 262 

Mustard 515 

black 515 

white 515 

Mutton suet 648 

Mydriat'ics 45 

Myot'ics 45 

Myris'tin 569 

My'rosin 515, 516 

Myrrh 524 

Myr'rha 524 

Myr'rhin 524 

Myr'rhol 524 

Napth'talene 336 

Naph'talin or naph'taline. . . 336 

Naph'thalenum 336 

Naph'tol 335 

Nar'ceine 351 

Narcot'ics 40 

Nar'cotine 351 

Natal'oin 566 

Nativelle's digita'lin 445 

Nerves, drugs acting on ... . 43 
of special sense, drugs 

acting on 44 

Nervous system, drugs act- 
ing on 38 



PAGE 

Nic'otine 424 

Nightshade, deadly 372 

Ni'tric acid 264 

diluted 264 

Ni'trites 308 

Ni'tre 127 

Ni'tre, sweet spirit of 308 

Nitroglyc'erin 309 

spirit of 309 

Nitrohydrochlo'ric acid .... 264 

diluted 265 

Ni'trous e'ther, spirit of . . . 308 

Normal salt solution 733 

Nutgall 589 

ointment 590 

Nux vom'ica 400 

Oak, white 595 

Oakum 637 

Official preparations 76 

Oil of an'ise 531, 532 

bet'ula 496 

boxberry 495 

cade 508 

car'ron 156 

castor 571 

checkerberry 495 

cod liver 65& 

corian'der 533 

cotton seed 602 

croton 580 

ethe'real 71 

eucalyp'tus 519 

fen'nel 534 

flax-seed 569 

fu'sel 280 

gaulthe'ria 495 

artificial 496 

synthet'ic 496 

jun'iper 541 

lin'seed 569 

mustard, volatile 516 

olive 602 

peppermint 528 

phos'phorated 234 

sav'ine 543 

sweet 602 

spearmint 530 

tar 507 

theobro'ma 636 

tur'pentine 498 

rec'tified 499 

of wintergreen 495 

artificial 496 



GENERAL INDEX 



851 



PAGE 

Oil of wintergreen 495 

synthet'ic 496 

Oils 71, 79 

distill'ed 71 

essen'tial 71 

etlie'real 71 

fixed 71 

vol'atile 71 

O'lea 71, 79 

Olea'ta 79 

O'leate of mercury 208 

veratrine 469 

O'leates 79 

O'lein 602, 603, 636, 648 

Oleoresi'na fil'icis ma'ris . . 615 

cap'sici 526 

zingib'eris 527 

Oleoresl'nse 71, 78 

Oleores'ins 71, 78 

O'leum ani'si 531, 532 

bet'iilae 496 

cadi'num 508 

corian'dri 533 

eucalyp'ti 519 

foenic'uli 534 

fcen'ugreek 534 

gaulthe'riae 495 

gossyp'ii sem'inis 602 

junip'eri 541 

li'nl 569 

men'thse piperi'tae , 528 

vir'idis 530 

mor'rhuse 656 

oli'vae 602 

phosphora'tum 234 

pi'cis liq'uidae 507 

ric'ini 571 

sabi'nae 543 

sina'pis volat'ile 516 

terebin'thinae 498 

rectifica'tum 499 

theobro'matis 636 

tig'lii 580 

Olive oil 602 

Ophthalmo-tuberculin test . 748 

O'pii pul'vis 352 

O'pium 351 

deuarcotiza'tum 354 

deodora'tum 354 

Opsonins 754 

Opsonic index 754 

Ordeal bean '. 410 

Organs, sexual, drugs acting 

on 56 



PAGE 

Orthocreoso'tic acid ....490, 492 

Or'thoform 253 

Orthoform'um 253 

Ox gall 655 

purified 655 

Oxytocics (oks-e-tos'-iks).. . 58 

Pack, cold 708 

Pal'mitin 602, 603, 648 

Pancre'atin 654 

Pa'pain 656 

Papa'verine 351 

Papers 70 

Pa'poid 656 

Parasit'icides 68 

Paregor'ic 353 

Pellet'ierine 620 

Pepper, cay'cnne or cayenne' 525 

red 525 

Peppermint 528 

water 529 

Pep'sin 652 

sac'charated 653 

sacchara'tum 653 

Pep'tonized milk 694 

Percola'tion 73 

Perman'ganate of potas'sium 203 

Persian insect powder 624 

Peru'vian bal'sam 510 

Petrola'tum 348 

al'bum 349 

liquid 348 

liq'uidum 348 

mol'le 348 

soft 348 

Petroleum ointment 348 

Phseoret'in 575 

Pharmaceu'tical processes . . 72 

Pharmacodynam'ics 1 

Pharmacog'nosy, definition 

of 1 

Pliarmacol'ogy, definition 

or . . 1 

Pharmacopoe'ia, definition of 75 

preparations of the.... 76 

Phar'macy, definition of.... 1 

Plienac'etin 319 

Phenaceti'num 319 

Phe'nol 324 

Phenyl is sal icy las 491 

Phillip's milk of magne'sia. . 165 
Physical incompatibility. 83, 85 
Physiological incompatibil- 
ity 83, 85 



852 



GENERAL INDEX 



PAGE 

Phos'phide of zinc 236 

Phos'phorated oil 234 

Phosphor'ic acid 265 

diluted 265 

Phos'phorus 233 

pills of 234 

Physiology influencing the 

action of druss 11 

Physoste'rin 411 

Physostig'ma 410 

Physostigmi'uae sal'icylas or 

salic'ylas 411 

sul'phas 412 

Physostig'mine 411 

sal'icylate or salic'ylate. 411 

sul'phate 412 

Picropodophyl'lin 588 

Pills 79 

of asafet'ida 538 

blue 206 

cathartic, compound . . . 209 

of phos'phorus 234 

Pilocarpi'nge hydrochlo'ridum 440 

ni'tras 441 

Pilocar'pine 439 

hydrochlo'ride 440 

ni'trate 441 

Pilocar'pidine 439 

Pilocar'pus 439 

Pil'ula hydrarg'yri 206 

Pil'ulse 79 

Pi'nene 500 

Pink ointment 185 

Pitch 507 

Burgundy 504 

plaster 505 

Pix burgun'dica 504 

liq'uida 507 

ni'gra 507 

Plasma, drugs acting on 32 

Plaster of paris 160 

Plasters 79 

Plum'bi ace'tas 171 

carbo'nas 172 

io'didum 172 

ni'tras 172 

ox'idum 170 

Plum'bum 170 

Pneumogastric, drugs acting 

on 34 

Podophyl'Iin 588 

Podophyllin'ic acid 588 

Podophyl'lum 587 

Podophylloquer'citin 588 

Podophyllotox'in 588 



PAGE 

Pomegranate (pom'-gran-at) 620 

Port wine 282 

Posol'ogy 10 

table of 661 

Potash, caustic 122 

Potas'sa 122 

cum cal'ce 123 

solu'tion of 122 

sulphura'ta 260 

with lime 123 

Potas'sii ace'tas 125 

bicarbo'nas 125 

bitar'tras 131 

bro'midum 240 

carbo'nas 124 

chlo'ras 129 

cit'ras 125 

cyan'idum 347 

hydrox'idum 122 

io'didum 247 

ni'tras 127 

perman'ganas 203 

Potas'sium 121 

ac'etate 125 

al'um 166 

ar'senite, solution of. . . 221 

bicar'bonate 125 

bitar'trate 131 

bro'mide 240 

car'bonate 124 

chlo'rate 129 

cit'rate 125 

cy'anide 347 

hy'drate 122 

solution of 122 

h^drox'ide 122 

i'odide 247 

ni'trate 127 

perman'ganate 203 

tar'trate, acid 131 

Powder, compound cat'echu. 596 

chalk 153 

liq'uorice . ., 255, 579 

Dover's 473 

Gregory's 576 

ip'ecac and o'pium 473 

Powders 78 

Poultices 713 

Priessnitz 708 

Practical disinfection 725 

Precip'itate, red 207 

white 210 

Precipita'ted cal'cium car'- 
bonate 154 

phos'phate 157 



GENERAL INDEX 



853 



PAGE 

Preface iii 

Preparations, pharmacopoe'ial 76 

Prepared chalk 153 

Prescription, definition of . . . 88 

writing 86 

words and phrases 

used in . .' 86 

Prescriptions for balls 103 

drenches 106 

elec'tuaries 110 

lin'iments 112 

mixtures 105 

ointments Ill 

pills 101 

powders 107 

suppos'itories Ill 

Priessuitz poultice . . , , 708 

Primary action 2 

Protar'gol 179 

Protopine 352 

Protoveratrine 468 

Pru'nus virginia'na 348 

Prus'sic acid 342 

Pseudoacon'itine 459 

ac'onine 450 

jer'vine 464 

pellet'ierine 620 

Pseudojervine 468 

Psychotrine 472 

Pul'vis cat'echu compos'itus. 596 

cre'tfe aromat'icus 153 

cum o'pii 153 

compos'itus 153 

glycyrrhi'zas compos'itus 

255, 579 

ipecacuan'hae et o'p'ii.353, 473 

kino compos'itus 598 

rhe'i compos'itus 576 

Pul'veres 78 

Pu'nicotan'nic acid 620 

Pupils, drugs acting on 45 

Pur'gatives 24 

chol'agogue 26 

dras'tic 24 

hy'dragogue 25 

lax'ative 24 

sa'line 25 

simple 24 

uses of 28 

Purified cotton 636 

ox gall 655 

Pus'tulants .' 62, 697 

Pyre'thrum 624 

Pyr'idine 423 



PAGE 

Pyrocat'echin 598 

Pyrogal'lic acid 594 

Pyrogal'lol 594 

Pyrox'ylin 637 

Pyroxyli'num 637 

Quarter evil vac'cine 752 

Quas'sia 555 

Quas'siin 555 

Quer'cin 595 

Quercitan'nic acid 595 

Quer'cite 595 

Quer'cus al'ba 595 

Quevenne's digita'lin 446 

Quicksilver 206 

Quin'amine 477 

Quin'ic acid 478 

Quin'icine 477 

Quinidi'nse sul'phas 482 

Quin'idine 477 

sulphate 482 

Quini'na 477 

Quini'nse bimuria'tis car'ba- 

mas 482 

bisul'phas 480 

hydrobro'mas 481 

hydrochlo'ridum 481 

sul'phas 479 

val'eras 482 

Qui'nine (or kwin-een) 477 

bisul'phate 480 

hydrobro'mate 481 

hydrochlo'rate 481 

hydrochlo'ride 481 

sul'phate 479 

val'erate 482 

Quinoi'dine 477, 482 

Quinoidi'num 482 

Rational therapeu'tics 1 

Rectal feeding 694 

injections 9 

Rectified oil of turpentine. . . 499 

Rectification 75 

Red corpuscles, drugs acting 

on 33 

Red cincho'na 479 

mercu'ric ox'ide 207 

pepper 525 

precipitate 207 

ointment 207 

wine . . . ; 283 

Reduced iron 192 



854 



GENERAL IXDEX 



PAGE 

Refrig'erants 711 

Remote action 2 

Res'in ce'rate 506 

plaster 506 

Resi'na jala'pae 583 

podophyl'li 588 

scammo'nii 583 

Resi'nse 71 

Resins 71 

Resor'cin 337 

Resor'cinol 337 

Resorci'nnra 337 

Respiratory organs, drugs 

acting on 46, 471 

mucous membrane, 

drugs acting on 46 

purshia'na 572 

Rham'nose 574 

Rham'nus cathar'ticus .... 574 

Rhatan'in 599 

Rilatan'ilic red 599 

Rhiat'any 598 

Rlieotan'nic acid 575 

Rhe'um 575 

Rhe'in 575, 577 

Rhigoline 350 

Rliubarb 575 

Ricino'lein 571 

Ros'in 506 

Rot'tlera 618 

Rot'tlerin 618 

Rubefa'cients 62, 700 

Rubijer'vine 464, 468 

Rum 281 

Ru'tin 540 

Sabi'na 543 

Saccara'ted fer'rous car'bo- 

nate 194 

pepsin 653 

Sac'chari faex 614 

Sac'charum 613 

lac'tis 652 

Sal ammo'niac 149 

so'da 133 

volatile 147 

Sal'icin 491 

Salici'num 491 

Salicyl'ic acid 490 

Sal'icylism 492 

Salicyl'ous acid 492 

Salicylu'ric aoid 492 

Saline pur'gatives 25 

infu'sions 732 



PAGE 

Salivary glands, drugs act- 
ing on 15 

Salol 491 

Salt, common 139 

Epsom 163 

Glauber's 136 

Salts of tar'tar 124 

Saltpe'tre 127 

Santon'ica 621 

San'tonin 621 

Santoni'num 621 

Sa'po 603 

mol'lis 604 

vir'idis 604 

Sa'vine 543 

Scam'monin 583 

Scammo'nium 582 

Scam'mony 582 

Scarifica'tion 731 

Scheele's prussic acid 342 

Schmiedeberg's digita'lin . . 446 

Scil'Ia 456 

Scil'lih 457 

Scillipic'rin 457 

Scillitox'in 457 

Scopolamine 391 

Secondary action 2 

Secretion of milk, drugs in- 
fluencing 58 

Sedatives, gastric 23 

Selective action 2 

Sen'na 578 

Alexandria 578 

Indian 578 

Ticnivelly 578 

Sen'nacro'l 578 

Sennapic'rin 578 

Sensory nerves, drugs acting 

on 431 

Serum ther'apy 741 

antistreptococ'cic 745 

Se'vum 648 

Sexual organs, drugs acting 

on 56 

Sherry 283 

Sheet bath 707 

Sial'agogues 15 

Silver 175 

cy'anide 176, 347 

i'odide 176 

nitrate 175 

diluted 176 

, moulded 176 

cx'ide 176 



GENERAL INDEX 



855 



PAGE 

Silver soluble 180 

Simple pur'gatives 24 

Sinal'bin 515 

Sin'ipin sul'phate 515 

Sin'apis 515 

al'ba 515 

ni'gra 515 

Sin'apism 518 

Sin'igrin 516 

Skin, drugs acting on 62 

Soap 603 

composition of 603 

green : . 604 

hard 603 

liniment 604 

plaster 604 

soft 604 

white castile 603 

Socal'oin 565 

Soc'atrine al'oes 564 

So'da 132 

baking 134 

caustic 132 

solution of 132 

washing 133 

So'dii ben'zoas 513 

bicarbo'nas 134 

bisul'phis 142 

bo'ras 273 

bro'midum 241 

carbo'nas 133 

exsicca'tus 133 

chlo'ridum 139 

hydrox'idum 132 

hyposul'phis 143 

io'didum 247 

phos'phas 141 

salic'ylas or sal'icylas. . 491 

sul'phas 136 

sul'phis 142 

thiosul'phas 143 

So'dium 132 

ben'zoate 513 

bicar'bonate 134 

bisul'phite 142 

bo'rate 273 

bro'mide 241 

car'bonate 133 

dried 133 

chlo'ride 139 

hy'drate 132 

hydroxide 132 

solution of 132 

hyposul'phite 143 



PAGE 

So'dium iodide ,. . 247 

phos'phate 141 

salic'ylate or sal'icylate. 491 

sul'phate 136 

sul'phite 142 

thiosul'phate 143 

Soft petrola'tum 348 

petroleum ointment . . . 348 

soap 604 

liniment 604 

Soluble silver 180 

Solution of ac'etate of am- 

mo'nium 150 

ammo'nia 144 

ar'senite of potas'sium. . 221 
arse'nous or ar'senous 

acid 221 

chlo'ride of iron 195 

zinc 182 

chlorina'ted lime 238 

soda 238 

hy'drogen diox'ide 119 

mor'phine ac'etate 356 

Solution of mor'phine hydro- 

chlo'ride 356 

i'odine compound 244 

lime 155 

potash 123 

soda 132 

subac'etate of lead .... 171 

diluted 172 

subsul'phate of iron . . . 196 

Solutions 74 

Soporifics 40 

Spanish flies 643 

Spear'mint 530 

oil of 530 

spirit of 530 

water of 530 

Spermace'ti 650 

Sphacelin'ic acid 625 

Sphacelotoxin 625 

Spinal cord, drugs acting 

on 423 

Spirit of ammo'nia 145 

aromat'ie 148 

cam'phor 548 

chlo'roform 296 

an'ise 532 

e'ther 292. 

compound 293 

glyc'eryl ni'trate 309 

glon'oin 309 

ju'niper 543 



856 



GENERAL INDEZ 



PAGE 

Spirit of juniper 

compound 281, 542 

ni'trous e'ther 308 

peppermint 528 

rectified 278 

Spirits 77 

Spir'itus 77 

se'theris 292 

compos'itus 293 

nitro'si 308 

ammo'nise 145 

aromat'icus 148 

ani'si 532 

glyceryl'is nitra'tis .... 309 

men'thse piperi'tae 528 

vir'ldis 530 

phos'phori 236 

Spir'itus rectifica'tus 278 

tenu'lor 278 

vi'ni gal'lici 281 

Squill . 456 

compound syrup of 457 

Stapriisag'ria 623 

Staphisag'rine 624 

Starch 635 

Stavesacre (stavz-a-ker) ... 623 

Stear'in 648 

Stearop'ten 547 

Sternu'atories 46 

Stimulants, cerebral 38 

hepatic 26 

Stomach, drugs acting on.. 16 

tube, uses of '739 

Stomaeh'ics 16 

Stout 283 

Stovaine 439 

Stron'tium bro'mide 241 

salic'ylate or sal'icylate 491 

Strophan'thidin 453 

Strophan'thin 453, 454 

Strophan'thus 453 

Strychni'na = 401 

sul'phas 402 

Strych'nine 401 

sul'phate 402 

Stu'pes 715 

Styp'tic collo'dion 501, 591 

Styp'tics 63 

Sty'rol 510 

Subcutaneous injections ... 7 

Sub'limate, corrosive 208 

Sublimed sulphur 255 

Suc'cus, hyoscy'ami 388 

Sudcrifics 65 



PAGE 

Suet 648 

mutton 648 

Sugar 613 , 

cane 613 

of milk 652 

of lead 171 

Sul'phur . . . 255 

flowers of 255 

liver of 260 

lo'tum 255 

milk of 256 

ointment 255 

precip'itated 256 

precipita'tum 256 

sublima'tum 255 

sublimed 255 

washed 255 

Sulphu'ric acid 263 

aromat'ic 263 

diluted 263 

e'ther 292 

Sul'phurated potas'sa 2.G0 

Sulphu'rous or sul'phurous 

acid 25D 

Supposito'ria 79 

glyceri'ni 60? 

iodofcr mi 250, 252 

morphi'nse 356 

Suppos'itories 79 

Sup'purants 704 

Surgical asepsis and anti- 
sepsis 726 

Sweat, drugs influencing 

the secretion of 65 

Sweet flag 563 

oil* 602 

spirit of ni'tre 308 

Symbols and signs 90, 91 

Synthet'ic oil of wintergreen 496 

Syr'up, simple 614 

Syru'pi 77 

Syr'ups 77, 614 

Syru'pus aca'cise 612 

ac'idi hydriod'ici ..'.... 248 

althse'se 613 

cal'cii lactophospha'tis. 158 

cal'cis 156 

fer'ri io'didi 194 

fus'cl 614 

Ipecacuan'hse 473 

pru'ni virginia'nae 348 

rham'ni cathar'tici .... 574 

scil'lfe 457 

compos'itus ....229, 457 



GENERAL INDEX 



857 



PAGE 

Syru'pus sen'nge 579 

toluta'nus 511 

Taba'cum 423 

Tables of weights and meas- 
ures 90-98 

Tallianine 545 

Tan'nic acid 590 

Tan'nin 590 

Tar 507 

Tarax'acin 559 

Taraxace'rin 559 

Tarax'acum 559 

Tar'trated an'timony 228 

Tar'tar emet'ic 228 

salts of 124 

cream of . ., 131 

Tea 396, 399 

Ter'ebene 500 

Terebe'num 500 

Terebin'thina 498 

canaden'sis 505 

Ter'penes 499 

Ter'pin hy'drate 500 

Terpi'ni hy'dras 500 

Tetanocan'nabine 392 

Tet'anus antitox'in 742 

The'baine (the-ba-in) 351 

The'ine (the-in) 395 

Theobro'ma, oil of 636 

Therapeu'tics 1 

definition of 1 

empirical 1 

general 1 

rational . . . 1 

Theri'aca 614 

Thi'ol 660 

Thymol (ti'mol) 551 

Tiglin'ic acid 580 

Tinctu'ra aconi'ti 459 

al'oes et myr'rhse ..524, 566 

ar'nicse 523 

asafoet'idse •. . 538 

belladon'nae folio'rum.. 373 

benzoi'ni 512 

compos'ita 512 

bu'chu 541 

calum'bse 558 

Tinctu'ra can'nabis lin'dicse. 392 

canthar'idis 644 

cap'sici 526 

cardamo'mi 533 

compos'ita • 533 

cascaril'lse 557 



PACK 

Tinctu'ra cat'echu 596 

cinchona; 479 

compos'ita 479 

col'chici sem'inis 633 

delphinii 624 

digita'lis 446 

er'gotae ammonia'tae . . . 626 

fer'ri chlo'ridi 195 

perchlo'ridi 195 

gam'bir compos'ita .... 596 

gelsem'ii 420 

gentia'nae compos'ita . . 553 

hydras'tis 561 

hyoscy'ami 388 

i'odi 244 

ipecacuan'hse etopii353, 473 

kl'no 598 

krame'rise 599 

.myr'rhse 524 

nuc'is vom'icae 401 

o'pii 353 

camphora'tse 353 

deodora'tae 354 

quas'siae 555 

scil'lae 457 

strophan'thi 453 

valeria'nse 535 

ammonia'tae 535 

Tinctu'rse 77 

Tinc'tures 77 

Tobac'co 423 

Tolu 511 

Ton'ics 60 

Tow 637 

Toxicol'ogy, defintion of . . . 1 

Trag'acanth 612 

Tragacan'tha 612 

Transfu'sion 732 

Tre'acle 614 

Trituration 72 

Trituratio'nes 78 

Triturations 78 

Trochis'ci santoni'ni 622 

Tuber'culin 747 

Tur'pentine 498 

Canada 505 

liniment 499 

oil of 499 

Unguen'ta 79 

Unguen'tum 648 

ac'idi bo'rici 273 

carbol'ici 325 

tan'nici 591 

aconit'inae 460 



858 



GENERAL INDEX 



PAGE 

Unguen'tum belladon'nae ... 373 

ceta'cei 651 

chrysarobi'ni 577 

Crede 181 

eucalyp'ti 519 

gal'lae 590 

cum o'pio 590 

hydrarg'yri 207 

ammonia'ti 211 

nitra'tis 210 

ox'idi fla'vi 208 

ru'bri 207 

i'odi 244 

iodofor'mi 250 

petro'lei 348 

pi'cis liq'uidae 507 

potas'sii io'didi 247 

sabi'nae 544 

sul'phuris 255 

zin'ci ox'idi 184 

United States Pharmacopoe'- 

ia 75 

Urinary tract, drugs acting 

on 52 

sed'atives 56 

antisep'tics 56 

Urine, drugs altering the 

composition of 55 

drugs increasing seci'e- 

tion of ^53 

acidifying 55 

drugs making alltaline. 55 

malving aseptic .... 56 

Urotro'pin 341 

Uterus, drugs acting on.... 58 
Uterine action, drugs re- 
straining 58 

Vac'cines, anthrax, black leg 

or quarter evil 752 

general therapy of ...... 753 

specific 751 

Vagus, drugs acting on . .34, 35 

Vale'rian 534 

Valeria'na 534 

Valeria'nse rhizo'ma 534 

Valerian'ic acid 535 

Vas'eline 348 

Vaso-motor centre, drugs 

acting on 36 

Vegetable bitters 552 

cathar'tics 564 

drugs 351 

Venesec'tion 728 



PAGE 

Veratral'bine 468 

Veratri'na 468 

Verat'rine 464, 468 

Veratroi'dine 464, 465 

Verat'rum vir'ide 464 

Verat'rum Al'bum 468 

Ver'micides 67 

Ver'raifuges 68 

Ves'icants 62 

Vessels, drugs acting on. . . . 36 

Vien'na paste 123 

Vi'na 77 

Vinegars 78 

Vi'num al'bum 282 

antimo'nii 229 

col'chici 632 

rad'icis 632 

sem'inis 632 

ipecacuan'hae 473 

o'pii 354 

porten'se 282 

ru'brum 282 

xer'icum 283 

Vit'riol, blue 186 

green 193 

Volatile oils 71, 497 

oil of mustard 516 

Warm baths 717 

Wash, black 217 

yellow 216 

Washed sulphur 235 

Washing soda 133 

Water 117 

Waters 77 

Wax 649 

yellow 649 

white 650 

Weights and measures 92-98 

Wet pack 708 

Whiskey 280 

White ar'senic 220 

castile soap 6(|3 

corpuscles, drugs acting 

on 33 

hel'lebore 468 

lead 172 

lotion 174 

mustard 515 

oak 595 

White precip'itate 211 

ointment 211 

wax 650 

wine 282 



W99 



GENERAL INDEX 



859 



PAGE 

Wild cherry 348 

Wine, white 282 

red 282 

Wines 77 

Wintergreen, oil of 495 

artificial oil of 496 

synthet'ic oil of 496 

Witchhazel 601 

Wool fat, hydrous 649 

Wormseed 621 

oil of 621 

Yellow jas'mine 420 

mercu'ric ox'ide 207 

wash 216 

Yellow wax 649 

Zinc 182 



PAGE 

Zinc acetate 184 

car'bonate, precip'itated 183 

ohlo'ride 182 

ox'ide 184 

ointment 184 

phos'phide 236 

sul'phate 183 

val'erate 536 

Zin'ci ace'tas 184 

carbo'nas praecipata'tus. 183 

chlo'ridum 182 

ox'idum 184 

phos'phidum 236 

sul'phas 183 

val'eras 536 

Zin'cum 182 

Zin'giber 527 

Zy'mine 654 





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